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<div id="main-column" class="span9"> <article id="german" style="margin-top: 16px;">
<h1 class="section-title">German</h1>
<ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a title="Home" href="../../../index.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Language System</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Key Language Issues</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">L1 interference</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="active">German</span></li></ul>
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<p><span style="font-size:16px"><em><strong><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive"><img alt="" class="left noborder" src="../../../ib/englishb/images/Guest%20Page%20icon.jpg" style="height:111px; width:122px"></span></strong></em></span></p>
<h2>The relationships between cousins ...</h2>
<p><span style="font-size:16px"><em><strong><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive">P</span></strong></em><em><strong><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive">aul Shoebottom teaches English at Frankfurt International School</span></strong></em></span></p>
<p>.</p>
<p>.</p>
<p>Let's assume I ask the mixed nationality students in my English class to turn in a piece of writing anonymously, and I read this extract in one of them:</p>
<p style="margin-left: 120px;"><em>She mustn't help her mother in the kitchen, because she has many homeworks.</em></p>
<p>I can be virtually certain that the writer will be one of the German students, who has incorrectly rendered into English the following thought:</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em>Sie muss nicht ihrer Mutter in der Küche helfen, da sie viele Hausaufgaben hat.</em></p>
<p>The correct translation of this is:</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em>She doesn't have to help her mother in the kitchen because she has a lot of homework.</em></p>
<p>What is interesting about this example is that only some of the German original has negatively tranferred into English. In fact, a direct translation would result in:</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em>She mustn't her mother in the kitchen help, because she many homeworks has.</em></p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><em><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive">[In German, the lexical verb following modals such as muss (must) or kann (can) are placed at the end of the independent clause. Similarly, the main verb in dependent clauses must also be separated from its subject and placed at the end of the clause.]</span></em></p>
<p>In my experience, German students often write <em>mustn't</em> when they mean <em>don't have to</em> and <em>homeworks</em> when it should be <em>homework</em>. But only very rarely do they write English sentences with German word order as exemplified above.</p>
<p>Why some aspects of the original German transfer negatively into English but others do not (for example, the clause structure) is explored on this related page: <a href="../16561/german-background.html"><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Background to L1 interference</strong></span></a>.What follows here is a brief analysis of common examples of interference (negative transfer) from German into English.</p>
<h3>Ten common errors</h3>
<p>I have chosen the 10 aspects of language that, in my experience, are the most common sources of negative transfer from German. Click on a title in blue to jump to the relevant section.</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>1. <a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="verb">Verb grammar</a></strong></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>2. <a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="vocabulary">Vocabulary choice</a></strong></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>3. <a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="syntax">Syntax</a></strong></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>4. <a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="articles">Articles</a></strong></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>5. <a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="orthog">Orthography</a></strong></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>6. <a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="adverbs">Miscellaneous: Adverbs</a></strong></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>7. <a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="gender">Miscellaneous: Gender</a></strong></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>8. <a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="number">Miscellaneous: Number</a></strong></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>9. <a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="pronouns">Miscellaneous: Relative pronouns</a></strong></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>10. <a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="gerunds">Miscellaneous: Gerunds</a></strong></span></p>
<p>The first five categories are specifically identified and each contains two or more sub-categories. The Miscellaneous group itself consists of 5 errors of a specific type.</p>
<p>The order of the error categories above is a very rough reflection of the, in my estimation, seriousness of the mistake. I believe, for example, that it is more important for students to get their verb grammar right than to avoid article errors. This is because the verb generally carries the most essential meaning of the sentence. Vocabulary choice follows closely in order of importance, because wrong word selection can more often result in communication breakdown than other kinds of error.</p>
<h4>1. Verb grammar<a class="anchor" id="verb"> </a></h4>
<p>Much of German verb grammar is similar to English. It has tense inflections, modal verbs, past and present participles, active and passive moods. There are two significant differences, however, that can lead unwary German learners to produce ungrammatical English. The first difference is that German has no progressive tense. To convey the idea of the continuous nature of an activity, German uses the simple tense plus an adverb such as <em>gerade</em> (at this moment): <em>Er schläft gerade</em> (He's sleeping).</p>
<p>The second difference is that German and English often use different tenses to express the same idea:</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">i. German uses the present perfect tense for completed actions or states where English requires the past tense<br>
ii. German uses the present tense for future events where English requires <em>will + infinitive</em>.<br>
iii. German uses the present for states continuing into the present where English requires the present perfect.<br>
iv. German uses the subjunctive or retains the present tense in reported clauses where English switches to the past tense.</p>
<p>The above differences can result in mistakes such as the following:</p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28"></td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>English error</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>German transfer</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>Correct English</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><span style="font-size:12px">a</span></p>
</td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">When I got home a man stood at the door.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Als ich nach Hause kam, stand ein Mann vor der Tür.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">When I got home a man was standing at the door.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><span style="font-size:12px">b</span></p>
</td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">I have seen the film last week.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Ich habe letzte Woche den Film gesehen.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">I saw the film last week.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><span style="font-size:12px">c</span></p>
</td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">I tell her when I see her.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Ich sage es ihr, wenn ich sie sehe.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">I will tell him when I see him.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><span style="font-size:12px">d</span></p>
</td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">She lives since three years in London.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Sie wohnt seit drei Jahren in London.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">She's been living in London for 3 years.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><span style="font-size:12px">e</span></p>
</td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">I didn't know what he wants.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Ich wusste nicht, was er will.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">I didn't know what he wanted.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4>2. Vocabulary<a class="anchor" id="vocabulary"> </a></h4>
<p>English and German are cognate languages. They belong to the same language family and share much vocabulary that comes from common origins. For this reason, German learners of English generally have a much easier time comprehending English texts than do Chinese or Finnish learners. But the news is not all good, since cognate languages are also full of '<em>false friends'</em>. These are words that are similarly (or identically) spelled or pronunced, but which have different meanings in the two languages. Below are some common <em>'false friend'</em> mistakes (a) that I see in German students' English work.</p>
<p>A second extremely common vocabulary transfer error made German learners is in the choice of prepositions (b). There is a considerable lack of correspondence between the two languages, and this often results in mistakes as in the following table:</p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28"></td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>English error</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>German transfer</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>Correct English</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><span style="font-size:12px">a</span></p>
</td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">He will go home.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Er will nach Hause.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">He wants to go home.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28"></td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">She becomes a doll for her birthday.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Sie bekommt eine Puppe zum Geburtstag.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">She's getting a doll for her birthday.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><span style="font-size:12px">b</span></p>
</td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">She lives by her grandmother.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Sie wohnt bei ihrer Großmutter.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">She's living with her grandmother.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28"></td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">She came with the bus to school.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Sie kam mit dem Bus zur Schule.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">She came to school by bus.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4>3. Syntax (word order)<a class="anchor" id="syntax"> </a></h4>
<p>Both English and German follow the same basic <strong>SVO</strong> (subject-verb-object) word order, but with two important exceptions. Firstly, German requires the main verb to be the second element in independent clauses. This will naturally be the case if the subject is placed first: <em>Meine Schwester übt Klavier jeden Abend</em> (my sister practices the piano every evening), But if the adverbial is brought to the front, subject and verb must be inverted to retain the second position of the verb: <em>Jeden Abend übt meine Schwester Klavier</em> (= every evening practises my sister piano).</p>
<p>Secondly, the main verb must be placed at the end of dependent (subordinate) clauses: <em>Ich fahre nach Frankfurt, wenn ich Klamotten kaufen will</em> (= I go to Frankfurt, when I clothes buy want to).</p>
<p>While my students occasionally make inversion errors, I rarely see errors that place the main verb at the end of dependent clauses. Much more frequent than either of these, however, are the syntax mistakes that contravene (a) the fairly English strong rule that the verb should not be separated from its direct object, and (b) the fairly strong convention that adjuncts of time precede adjuncts of place. In contrast, separation of verb and direct object is common in German; and the usual order is time before place. Here are some examples of interference in this area :</p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28"></td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>English error</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>German transfer</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>Correct English</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><span style="font-size:12px">a1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">He plays very often football.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Er spielt sehr oft Fußball.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">He plays football very often.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">a2</span></p>
</td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">I drink every morning a cup of lemon tea.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Ich trinke jeden Morgen eine Tasse Zitronentee.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">I drink a cup of lemon tea every morning.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><span style="font-size:12px">b1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">He flies once a month to New York.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Er fliegt einmal im Monat nach New York.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">He flies to New York once a month.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">b2</span></p>
</td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">She wants to go on Friday to the cinema.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Sie will am Freitag ins Kino gehen.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">She wants to go to the cinema on Friday.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4>4. Articles<a class="anchor" id="articles"> </a></h4>
<p>The English and German article systems are very close, so German learners typically do not have the significant problems encountered by native speakers of languages which do not have articles at all - such as Japanese or Russian. Nevertheless, there are times when German uses an article where English doesn't, and vice-versa. This often results in errors such as the following:</p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28"></td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>English error</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>German transfer</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>Correct English</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><span style="font-size:12px">a1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">He wants to be teacher.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Er will Lehrer werden.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">He wants to be a teacher.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">a2</span></p>
</td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">You can't get there without car.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Ohne Auto kommt man nicht dahin.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">You can't get there without a car</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><span style="font-size:12px">b1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">She is only 3; she doesn't go to the school.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Sie ist erst 3; sie geht noch nicht in die Schule.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">She is only 3; she doesn't go to school.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">b2</span></p>
</td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">The life is hard.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Das Leben ist schwer.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Life is hard</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4>5. Mechanics: punctuation, capitalization<a class="anchor" id="orthog"> </a></h4>
<p>German has a rule that all clauses must be separated by commas. English (particularly American English) has a similar rule about placing a comma after a dependent clause that starts a sentence. There are two important places, however, where it is ungrammatical to insert a comma between clauses in English. The first is in front of a defining relative pronoun, and the second is after a reporting verb. There are examples (a) in the following table.</p>
<p>Other common orthographical mistakes made by German learners are (b) capitalising nouns - as in German - and (c) failing to insert the possessive apostrophe, which German does not have.</p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28"></td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>English error</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>German transfer</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>Correct English</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><span style="font-size:12px">a1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">That's the boy, who broke the window.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Das ist der Junge, der das Fenster kaputtgemacht hat.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">That's the boy who broke the window.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">a2</span></p>
</td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">She said, that she had forgotten her homework.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Sie sagte, dass sie die Hausaufgaben vergessen habe.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">She said that she had forgotten her homework.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><span style="font-size:12px">b</span></p>
</td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Today she is come with the Bus to the Town.*</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Heute ist sie mit dem Bus in die Schule gekommen.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">She came to town by bus today.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><span style="font-size:12px">c</span></p>
</td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Do you know Johns sister?</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Kennst du Johns Schwester?</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Do you know John's sister?</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4>6. Miscellaneous: Adverbs<a class="anchor" id="adverbs"> </a></h4>
<p>Unlike English, adjectives and adverbs in German do not have a different form. Hence such errors:</p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28"></td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>English error</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>German transfer</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>Correct English</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28"></td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">She can dance very good.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Sie kann sehr gut tanzen.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">She can dance very well.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4>7. Miscellaneous: Gender<a class="anchor" id="gender"> </a></h4>
<p>All German nouns are one of three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter), and their corresponding pronouns reflect this (<em>er, sie, es</em>). The result can be negative transfer mistakes such as the following:</p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28"></td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:11px"><strong>English error</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:11px"><strong>German transfer</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:11px"><strong>Correct English</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28"></td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:11px">Jane took the spoon and threw him onto the floor.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:11px">Jane nahm den Löffel und warf ihn auf den Fuusboden.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:11px">Jane took the spoon and threw it onto the floor.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4>8. Miscellaneous: Number<a class="anchor" id="number"> </a></h4>
<p>There are several words that are typically singular in English but plural in German. At the top of this article we saw one example: <em>homework/Hausaufgaben</em>. Here are two more:</p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28"></td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>English error</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>German transfer</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>Correct English</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28"></td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">We need new furnitures.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Wir brauchen neue Möbel.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">We need new furnitures</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28"></td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">He gave me a lot of advices.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Er gab mir viele Ratschläge.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">He gave me a lot of advice.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4>9. Miscellaneous: Relative pronouns<a class="anchor" id="pronouns"> </a></h4>
<p>English uses the relative pronoun which to refer back to a whole clause (as in: She arrived late again, which annoyed the teacher). The pronoun that is used to refer back to words such as everything or nothing (e.g., There is nothing that I would rather do). In both cases, German uses the relative pronoun <em>was</em> (what), which can result in mistakes such as:</p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28"></td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>English error</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>German transfer</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>Correct English</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><span style="font-size:12px">a</span></p>
</td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">He refused to help, what surprised me.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Er wollte nicht helfen, was mich überraschte.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">He refused to help, which surprised me.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><span style="font-size:12px">b</span></p>
</td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">She said something what I couldn't understand.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Sie sagte etwas, was ich nicht verstehen konnte.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">She said something that I couldn't understand.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4>10. Miscellaneous: Gerunds<a class="anchor" id="gerunds"> </a></h4>
<p>English uses a gerund (the present participle of a verb that is used as a noun) in numerous contexts where German requires the infinitive. This commonly results in negative transfer errors following prepositions such as:</p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28"></td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>English error</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>German transfer</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>Correct English</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="28">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">[More]</span></p>
</td>
<td width="280">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">He left without to tell me.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="104">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">Er ging, ohne mir zu sagen.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="98">
<p><span style="font-size:12px">He left without telling me.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4></h4>
<h4>Helping students to avoid negative transfer errors</h4>
<p>In conclusion, it is worth pointing out that mother-tongue interference will disappear over time as students acquire more English, particularly if they read extensively. Well-written texts provide models of correct written English that students can automatically assimilate (Krashen) . Students can play a more active role in this aspect of English acquisition if they pay explicit attention to the writer's choice of tense, vocabulary and syntax.</p>
<p>In the meantime, however, probably the best thing teachers can do is to make students aware of the general issue of negative transfer and review with them the most common examples. Teachers can then give specific reminders when transfer errors appear in student writing.</p>
<p>There are also various exercises that teachers can assign, that will help students to identify and correct transfer errors. For example, students could be asked to translate a German text containing several predictable sources of negative transfer, and then to analyse each others' answers.</p>
<p>Another strategy that teachers can employ is to point students to resources that they can use to get to seek independent advice on questions about grammar or semantics. Some of these resources listed below.</p>
<p>And a final point: while it is of course important that students try to avoid language transfer mistakes, it is of greater importance that they understand and fulfil the requirements of the writing task, structuring their answer appropriately and including sufficient supporting detail.</p>
<h4>Student resources</h4>
<p><a href="http://ell.stackexchange.com/"><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>English Language Learners</strong></span></a></p>
<p>This is a question and answer site where students can ask specific questions about the English language and (in most cases) get good answers.</p>
<p><a href="http://books.google.com/ngrams"><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Ngrams</strong></span></a></p>
<p>This a Google site that allows the student to search for the existence of words or phrases in a large corpus of published books. The result will be with a graph showing the use of those words or phrases over the last decades. In this way students can establish if a particular formulation is in common usage. They can also view the comparative results of two formulations.</p>
<p><a href="http://german.about.com/library/weekly/aa030199.htm"><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>False friends</strong></span></a></p>
<p>This page and its linked pages provides a comprehensive list of the numerous false cognates.</p>
<h4>References</h4>
<p>The following resources were used in the preparation of this page.</p>
<p>Bartels, Bernhard. <em><strong>The English Companion's Modern Grammar.</strong></em> Diesterweg, 1987. Print.</p>
<p>Krashen, Stephen D. <em><strong>The Power of Reading: Insights from the Research.</strong></em> Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited, 2004. Print.</p>
<p>Shoebottom, Paul. <em><strong>"The differences between English and German." A guide to learning English</strong></em>. Frankfurt International School, n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2014. <<u>http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/langdiff/german.htm</u>>.</p>
<p>Swan, Michael, and Bernhard Smith, eds.<em><strong> Learner English: A Teacher's Guide to Interference and Other Problems</strong></em>. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2001. Print.</p>
<p>Swan, Michael. <em>The influence of the mother-tongue on second language vocabulary acquisition and use</em>. In: Schmitt, N. & McCarthy, M. (eds.) <em><strong>Vocabulary: Description, Acquisition and Pedagogy.</strong></em> Cambridge University Press. 1997.<br>
See also : <<u>http://www.mikeswan.co.uk/elt-applied-linguistics/influence-second-language.htm</u>></p>
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