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<h1 class="section-title">About articles 1</h1>
<ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a title="Home" href="../../../index.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Language System</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Key Language Issues</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="active">About articles 1</span></li></ul>
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<p>Articles - <em><strong>the + a/an</strong></em> - can be annoying things. To start with, many languages simply don't have them, so articles just seem like an unnecessary complication. Or ... your home language <em>does</em> have articles, but uses them in different ways. And anyway, English being the rather disorganised language that it is, there are few rules about articles - and many more exceptions than rules !</p><p>So how can we get a grip on how the English articles work?</p><hr class="hidden"><h2><span style="color:#0000CD;">Generic ... definite ... indefinite</span></h2><p>We use articles (or don't use articles) in front of a noun to show how general or particular the noun is, in a given statement. For instance :-</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong><span style="color:#008000;">Cars are vehicles.</span> </strong></span></p><p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#000080;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">> <strong>GENERIC</strong> - if we don't use an article, we understand that we are not talking about any particular car, but rather the whole <u>general class or category</u> described as 'car' (but notice the plural, here)</span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="color:#008000;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>The car is in the garage.</strong></span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#000080;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;"><strong>> DEFINITE </strong>- using 'the' shows that we are talking about a <u>particular</u> one, that you and I both know about.</span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="color:#008000;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>A car drove past me.</strong></span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#000080;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;"><strong>> INDEFINITE</strong> - using 'a/an' indicates that we are talking about one that is <u>not specific or particular</u>, and that we don't know anything much about it ... it's just an example. </span></span></p><p>Are we clear about the three main ideas here - 'generic' + 'definite' + 'indefinite' ? Remember the three basic example sentences ... and have a look at this diagram :-</p><hr class="hidden"><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/englishb/images/Articles%20diagram%202.jpg" style="width: 766px; height: 337px;"></p><hr class="hidden"><hr class="hidden"><h3><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><em><strong>BUT...</strong></em></span></span></h3><p><span style="color:#000080;">... it's not as simple as that! Each of these three main concepts can be expressed in different ways:-</span></p><blockquote><div class="dottedBox"><p><span style="color:#000080;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">the<em> <span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>Generic </strong></span></em>idea can be expressed in two different ways:</span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="color:#000080;">.</span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="color:#000080;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">1. no article + <u>plural</u> - as in the example </span></span><strong><span style="color:#008000;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;"><em>'Cars are vehicles'</em></span></span></strong></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="color:#000080;">.</span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="color:#000080;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">2. 'the' + <u>singular</u> - as in <strong><em>'</em></strong></span></span><strong><span style="color:#008000;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;"></span><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;"><em>The car is economically important'</em></span></span></strong><span style="color:#000080;"></span></p></div><div class="dottedBox"><p><span style="color:#000080;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">you can use 'the' to show the<span style="font-size:14px;"><em><strong> Definite</strong></em></span> idea if : </span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="color:#000080;">.</span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="color:#000080;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">1. the noun has already been mentioned, so the reader knows which one we're talking about</span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#000080;">.</span></p><p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#000080;"><em><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">(e.g. </span></em></span><strong><span style="color:#008000;"><em><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">'While I was waiting, a car and two lorries passed by. The car was red, and ...'</span></em></span></strong><span style="color:#000080;"><em><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">)</span></em></span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="color:#000080;">.</span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="color:#000080;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">2. the noun hasn't been mentioned before, but you immediately give information to show which you mean</span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#000080;">.</span></p><p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#000080;"><em><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">(e.g. </span></em></span><strong><span style="color:#008000;"><em><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">'The car that passed while I was waiting at the bus-stop was red, and ...'</span></em></span></strong><span style="color:#000080;"><em><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">)</span></em></span></p></div><div class="dottedBox"><p><span style="color:#000080;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">you don't use 'a' to express the <span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>Indefinite</strong></span> idea of examples which are not particular if : </span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="color:#000080;">.</span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="color:#000080;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">1. you use <u>plura</u>l examples - like 'cars'</span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#000080;">.</span></p><p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#000080;"><em><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">(e.g. </span></em></span><strong><span style="color:#008000;"><em><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">'Cars cause many accidents.'</span></em></span></strong><span style="color:#000080;"><em><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">)</span></em></span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="color:#000080;">.</span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="color:#000080;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">2. the example that use are using is <u>uncountable</u> - a quantity :</span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#000080;">.</span></p><p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#000080;"><em><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">(e.g. </span></em></span><strong><span style="color:#008000;"><em><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">'Petrol is the commonest fuel for cars.'</span></em></span></strong><span style="color:#000080;"><em><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">)</span></em></span></p></div></blockquote><p>This may already be beginning to look complicated, but it isn't really. You should really learn all of the above rules, but you will get most of the article-choices right most of the time if you remember :-</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>**</strong></span> When <span style="color:#0000CD;"><em><strong>generalising</strong></em></span> - either plural ('cars') or singular + 'the' ... it doesn't usually matter, so you choose.</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>**</strong></span> When referring to a <span style="color:#0000CD;"><em><strong>particular or definite</strong></em></span> thing - does the reader / listener know which one you're talking about? (It's always better to give too much information than too little!)</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>**</strong></span> When referring to a <em><span style="color:#0000CD;"><strong>non-specific or indefinite</strong></span></em> example - you don't use 'a/an' with plurals or uncountable nouns.</p><h3>Practising</h3><p>Here are links to some exercises. The point about practising through exercises is that making the right choice of grammar should become automatic - in the same way as practising a musical instrument helps you to use it easily and freely.</p><p>The exercises in the following pages are online - you can do the exercise and then check the answers.</p><p><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/englishb/page/10478/articles-1a-basic" title="Language System » Key Language Issues » About articles 1 » Articles 1a Basic">Articles 1a Basic</a> </p><p>This exercise practises the basic understanding of the <em><strong>Generic / Definite / Indefinite</strong></em> ideas.</p><p><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/englishb/page/10479/articles-1b-mixed" title="Language System » Key Language Issues » About articles 1 » Articles 1b Mixed">Articles 1b Mixed</a> </p><p>This exercise has examples which include the <em><strong>Generic / Definite / Indefinite</strong></em> distinction in the same sentence. You have to choose which is the correct one for each of the gaps.</p><p><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/englishb/page/10477/articles-1c-correct-incorrect" title="Language System » Key Language Issues » About articles 1 » Articles 1c Correct / Incorrect">Articles 1c Correct / Incorrect</a> </p><p>This extract from a student's essay has many examples of the articles in use - but some are correctly used and others are not. You have to recognise which is right and which is wrong.</p><div class="pinkBg"><h3>qBank resources</h3><p><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Articles </strong></span>... review of articles in action in a range of different contexts</p></div><p>.</p><div class="yellowBg"><h3>For teachers...</h3><p>* This page has basically been written as a student access page, for individual students to study on their own, but ...</p><p>* ... it can certainly be used as a projection to support the teaching of these rules to a whole class. Note that it has been laid out so that it fits conveniently if you use the whole-screen 'Enter presentation mode' button at the top</p><p>* After presenting the basic rules, you can practise them with the whole class by projecting the exercises available in the pages listed just above this box.</p><p>* Finally, follow-up drilling can be achieved by using the qBank, which has a mass of relevant question items. Note that these can also be printed out in handout form.</p></div><script>document.querySelectorAll('.tib-teacher-only').forEach(e => e.remove());</script>
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