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10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Fundamentals of organic chemistry <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="909" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../chemistry.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../342/organic-chemistry.html">Organic Chemistry</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Fundamentals of organic chemistry</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 60 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 60'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <p><img alt="" src="../../images/organic-chemistry/methane-1.jpg" style="width: 160px; height: 161px; float: left;">Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry dedicated to the study of carbon-based compounds. This section looks at their nomenclature and how they are classified. Naming and writing formulae of organic compounds are fundamental skills that require attention to detail. <strong>Use the revision cards to familiarise yourself with the IUPAC rules of organic nomenclature and then use the practice questions to apply them. </strong>Benzene is an an aromatic unsaturated compound but it does not behave like other unsaturated molecules due to the presence of a delocalised pi-electron cloud. <strong>Use revision card 10 to ensure that you understand how this model of benzene is supported by evidence</strong>.</p> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Ensure you are confident using the terms below and learn the asterisked* definitions</p> <p><strong>homologous series*</strong>, full structural (displayed) formula, structural formula, skeletal formula, stereochemical formula, <strong>structural isomers*</strong>, chain isomers, position isomers, 1<sup>o</sup> molecule, 2<sup>o</sup> molecule, 3<sup>o</sup> molecule</p> <div class="tib-flashcard"><a class="show-flashcards btn btn-success btn-xs-block btn-block " data-levels="1" data-mode="" data-topics="472" data-subject-id="7" data-n-flashcards="11" style="text-align:center">Show flashcards</a></div><hr> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow panel-has-colored-body"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p> The revision cards contain all of the essential content:</p> <div id="carousel-219" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="219"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" 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label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following correctly describes the properties of the compounds of a homologous series?</p><p><strong>1: </strong>They differ in formula in successive series by CH<sub>2</sub></p><p><strong>2: </strong>They have the same chemical properties</p><p><strong>3: </strong>They have the same functional group</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1 and 2 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1, 2 and 3</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>2 and 3 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>1 and 3 only</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Homologous series of compounds have the same general formula. Their formulae differ in successive sequence by CH<sub>2</sub>. They have the same functional group and similar chemical properties. They show a gradation in physical properties.</p><p>Therefore statements <strong>1 and 3 only </strong>are correct, but statement 2 is not correct, as homologous series do not have the<strong> same</strong> chemical properties, but <strong>similar</strong> chemical properties; an important distinction.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">2</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following compounds are members of the same homologous series?</p><p><strong>1: </strong>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CHO</p><p><strong>2: </strong>CH<sub>3</sub>COCH<sub>3</sub></p><p><strong>3: </strong>CH<sub>3</sub>COC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1 and 3 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>2 and 3 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1 and 2 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1, 2 and 3</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Homologous series of compounds have the same general formula. Their formulae differ in successive sequence by CH<sub>2</sub>. They have the same functional group and similar chemical properties. They show a gradation in physical properties.</p><p>Compound 1 is an aldehyde. Compounds 2 and 3 are both ketones are differ in formula by CH<sub>2</sub> so are neighbouring members of the same homologoues series.</p><p>Therefore <strong>2 and 3 only </strong>is the correct answer.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">3</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following formulae represent a molecule of ethyl ethanoate?</p><p>In formulae 3, the red atoms are oxygen, grey are carbon and white are hydrogen.</p><p><strong>1: </strong>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub></p><p><strong>2: </strong><img alt="" src="../../images/organic-chemistry/ethyl-ethanoate-skel.png" style="width: 240px; height: 132px;"></p><p><strong>3: </strong><img alt="" src="../../images/organic-chemistry/methyl-propanoate-stereo.png" style="width: 240px; height: 170px;"></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>2 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1, 2 and 3</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1 and 3 only</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Esters are named by the 'alcohol bit' first then the 'acid bit', that is firstly the carbon chain section that is directly attached to the oxygen atom by a single bond, then the carbon chain section that includes the C=O.</p><p>Formulae 1 represents methyl propanoate. Formulae 2 represents ethyl ethanoate. Formulae 3 also represents methyl propanote.</p><p>Therefore <strong>2 only </strong>is the correct answer.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">4</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following compounds is an amide?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>NH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>H</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>2</sub></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CONH<sub>2</sub></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CN</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>It is important to thoroughly learn all of the functional groups and the classes of compounds by heart.</p><p>The amide group is <img alt="" src="../../images/organic-chemistry/amide-display.png" style="width: 120px; height: 82px;"> represented in structural formula by CONH<sub>2</sub>.</p><p>Therefore <strong>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CONH<sub>2 </sub></strong>is the correct answer.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">5</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following compounds is an alkene?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>CH<sub>3</sub>CCH</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>CH<sub>3</sub>CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)CH<sub>3</sub></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CHCH<sub>2</sub></span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>It is important to thoroughly learn all of the functional groups and the classes of compounds by heart,a nd to be confident in drawing out displayed formulae from structural formula.</p><p>CH<sub>3</sub>CCH is propyne (CH<sub>3</sub>C≡CH), CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> is propane, CH<sub>3</sub>CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)CH<sub>3</sub> is methyl propane, and CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CHCH<sub>2</sub> is but-1-ene.</p><p>Therefore <strong>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CHCH</strong><sub><strong>2</strong> </sub>is the correct answer.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">6</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the correct IUPAC name for the compound below?</p><p>Grey atoms are carbon, white are hydrogen, and green are chlorine.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/organic-chemistry/2-chloropentane-display.png" style="width: 240px; height: 180px;"></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>pentyl-4-chloride</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>2-chloropentane</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>pentyl-2-chloride</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>4-chloropentane</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The longest carbon chain is 5 atoms, so the root of the name is pentane. A chlorine atom in an organic molecule is named with the prefix 'chloro' and the number (before it) is used to indicate the numbered carbon in the chain that it is found on. Numbers should be kept as low as possible.</p><p>Thus the correct answer is <strong>2-chloropentane</strong>.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">7</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the correct IUPAC name for the compound below?</p><p>Grey atoms are carbon, white are hydrogen, and red are oxygen.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/organic-chemistry/propan-1_1-diol.png" style="width: 240px; height: 201px;"></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>Propan-1,1-diol</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Propandiol</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Propyl dialcohol</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Propan-1-ol</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The longest carbon chain is 3 atoms, so the root of the name is propane. An OH group in an organic molecule is named with the prefix 'hydroxy' or a suffix (preferred) of 'ol' and the number (before it) is used to indicate the numbered carbon in the chain that it is found on. Numbers should be kept as low as possible. Two groups the same (as here) also require the prefix 'di'.</p><p>Thus the correct answer is <strong>Propan-1,1-diol</strong>.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">8</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following molecules represent pentane or structural isomers of pentane?</p><p><strong>1: </strong>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub></p><p><strong>2: </strong>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)CH<sub>3</sub></p><p><strong>3: </strong>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CHCHCH<sub>3</sub></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>2 and 3 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1 and 3 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>2 only</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Pentane has the molecular formula C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>12</sub> and is a straight chain hydrocarbon. Isomers of pentane have the same molecular formula but different structures.</p><p>Molecule 1 is butane with formula C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub>. Molecule 2 is methylbutane (C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>12</sub>). Molecule 3 is pent-2-ene (C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>10</sub>). Only methylbutane is an isomer of pentane.</p><p>Therefore <strong>2 only </strong>is the correct answer.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">9</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following molecules are secondary alcohols?</p><p><strong>1:</strong> propan-1-ol</p><p><strong>2: </strong>propan-2-ol</p><p><strong>3: </strong>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CHOHCH<sub>3</sub></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>2 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>2 and 3 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1 and 3 only</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>A secondary alcohol has a hydroxyl group (−OH) that is attached to a carbon atom that is attached to two other carbon atoms.</p><p>This is the case for molecule<strong> 2:</strong> propan-2-ol (CH<sub>3</sub>CHOHCH<sub>3</sub>) and for molecule <strong>3:</strong> CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CHOHCH<sub>3 </sub>(butan-2-ol).</p><p>Therefore <strong>2 and 3 only </strong>is the correct answer.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">10</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following statements about benzene (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>) are true?</p><p><strong>1: </strong>Benzene has a planar structure</p><p><strong>2: </strong>Benzene has three double carbon-carbon bonds</p><p><strong>3: </strong>Benzene will not react with bromine in an addition reaction</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1, 2 and 3</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>1 and 3 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>2 and 3 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1 and 2 only</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Benzene is a planar molecule, with the six carbon atoms forming the shape of a regular hexagon. The carbon-carbon bonds are all the same length, but that is an intermediate length between a double and single bond. Although we sometimes draw it with three double (C=C) and three single (C−C) bonds, it does not possess double bonds because benzene is a delocalised structure. The delocalised structure gives benzene extra stability.</p><p>Therefore statement <strong>1 and 3 only </strong>are correct, but statement 2 is not correct; the bonds are delocalised and all of an intermediate length.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam-style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h4>Paper 1</h4> <h5>Core (SL&HL): <a 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