File "calculations-involving-acids-and-bases.html"
Path: /StudyIB/chemistry/page/903/calculations-involving-acids-and-baseshtml
File size: 63.64 KB
MIME-type: text/html
Charset: utf-8
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="EN"><head> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-PZBWZ8J');</script> <title>Calculations involving acids and bases</title><!-- Removed by WebCopy --><!--<base href="/">--><!-- Removed by WebCopy --><meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link href="../../../css/bootstrap.flatly.min.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../fonts/awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css"><link href="../../../js/jquery-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/style.min.css?v=202301301645"><meta name="robots" content="index, follow"><meta name="googlebot" content="noarchive"><meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:title" name="og:title" content="StudyIB Chemistry: Calculations involving acids and bases"> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:image" content="https://studyib.net/img/studyib-card-default.jpg"> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:description" name="og:description" content="Topic 18.2 Learning how to calculate the pH of weak acids and bases."> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:url" name="og:url" content="https://studyib.net/chemistry/page/903/calculations-involving-acids-and-bases"> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:site_name" name="og:site_name" content="StudyIB - Your IB learning companion"> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:locale" name="og:locale" content="en"> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:type" name="og:type" content="website"> <meta name="description" content="Topic 18.2 Learning how to calculate the pH of weak acids and bases."> <meta name="image" content="https://studyib.net/img/studyib-card-default.jpg"> <meta name="keywords" content="IB, IBDP, InThinking, International Baccalaureate, Revision, Revision websites, Student Sites, Students, Learning, Guidance, Exam, Questions, Practice problems, Diagnose, Help, Notes"> <meta itemprop="name" content="StudyIB Chemistry: Calculations involving acids and bases"> <meta itemprop="description" content="Topic 18.2 Learning how to calculate the pH of weak acids and bases."> <meta itemprop="image" content="https://studyib.net/img/studyib-card-default.jpg"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="StudyIB Chemistry: Calculations involving acids and bases"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Topic 18.2 Learning how to calculate the pH of weak acids and bases."> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://studyib.net/img/studyib-card-default.jpg"> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@inthinker"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/snippets.min.css?v=202209111300"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/article.min.css?v=202211221000"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../css/flashcards/flashcards.min.css?v=202211221000"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/flashcards/magic.min.css"><style type="text/css">.filter-sl-only { display: none; }</style><script src="../../../ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.0/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"></script><script src="../../../js/ifvisible.min.js"></script><script>ifvisible.setIdleDuration(300);</script><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/favicon-196x196.png" sizes="196x196"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/favicon-128.png" sizes="128x128"> <meta name="application-name" content="StudyIB: Your IB Learning Companion"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#A5BED5"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/img/favicon/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="/img/favicon/mstile-70x70.png"> <meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="/img/favicon/mstile-150x150.png"> <meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="/img/favicon/mstile-310x150.png"> <meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="/img/favicon/mstile-310x310.png"><script>var stdHash = "6da675cbcb3d25f050b05557349abc79", stdTicket = "082b9c9c4ae3624d";</script><script src="../../../js/user/local-stats.min.js?v=202205311700"></script><link href="../../../css/subjects-frontpage.min.css?v=202302031000" rel="stylesheet"></head><body class="public chemistry"> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PZBWZ8J" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <div id="top-header"> <div class="wmap general hidden-sm hidden-xs subjects"> <div class="layout-wrapper"> <div class="container-fluid"> <a href=""> <img class="header-thinker" src="../../../img/header-thinker.svg"> </a> <h1> <a href="../../../chemistry.html"> IBDP Chemistry </a> <a href="https://inthinking.net" title="inthinking.net" class="inthinking-logo pull-right"> <img src="../../../img/header-logo.svg" style="height: 80px; width: auto;"> </a> </h1> <p class="slogan">InThinking Revision Sites for students</p> <p class="author">Website by <strong>Paul Lloyd</strong></p> <p class="updated">Updated 1 February 2023</p> </div> </div> </div> <nav id="public-topnav" class="navbar navbar-default"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="navbar-header"> <a class="navbar-brand hidden-md hidden-lg" href="../../../index.htm"> <img class="header-xs-thinker" src="../../../img/header-thinker.svg"> </a> <button type="button" class="collapsed navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#subject-navbar-collapse" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <i class="fa fa-fw fa-2x fa-user"></i> </button> <div class="brand hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm"> <a class="brand-xs" href="../../../chemistry.html"> <strong class="title" style="white-space: nowrap;font-size: 18px;">Chemistry</strong> </a> </div> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="subject-navbar-collapse"> <ul class="nav navbar-bar navbar-userbox hidden-md hidden-lg"><li class="dropdown"><a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-lg fa-user-circle" style="margin-right: 5px;"></i><span style="font-size: 16px;"></span></a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="dropdown-submenu"><a class="dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-globe"></i> Subjects</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li></li><li class=""><a href="../../../biology.html">DP Biology</a></li><li class="active"><a href="../../../chemistry.html"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i> DP Chemistry</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../englishalanglit.html">DP English A: Language & Literature</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../mathsanalysis.html">DP Maths: Analysis & Approaches</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../mathsapplications.html">DP Maths: Applications & Interpretations SL</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../physics.html">DP Physics</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../spanishb.html">DP Spanish B</a></li></ul></li><li class="menu-item"><a href="../../../user.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-dashboard"></i> Dashboard</a></li><li class="menu-item"><a href="../../../user/profile.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-cog"></i> My profile</a></li><li class="menu-item"><a href="../../../user/messages.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i> Messages</a></li><li class="menu-item hidden-md hidden-lg mt-xs-3"><a href="../../../index.htm?logout=1" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs-block"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-lg fa-power-off text-danger"></i>Log out</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul class="nav navbar-bar"><li class=""><a class="home" href="../../../chemistry.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> Home</a></li><li class=""><a class="topics" href="#"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-th-large"></i> Topics</a></li><li class=""><a class="favorites" href="../../../chemistry.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-star"></i> My favorites</a></li><li class=""><a class="" href="../../flashcards.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-bolt"></i> Flashcards</a></li><li class=""><a class="qbank" href="../../test-your-knowledge.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-question"></i> Question bank</a></li><li class=""><a class="networks" href="../../networks.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-graduation-cap"></i> Virtual tutor</a></li><li class=""><a class="" href="../../blogs.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-paperclip"></i> Blog</a></li><li class=""><a class="sitemap" href="../../sitemap.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sitemap"></i> Sitemap</a></li><li class=""><a class="activity" href="../../../chemistry.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-calendar-check-o"></i> My activity</a></li></ul> <ul class="nav navbar-bar navbar-right"> <li> <form class="navbar-form hidden-md hidden-lg" role="search" method="get" action="chemistry/search"> <div class="input-group"> <input class="form-control nav-search" name="glob" type="search" placeholder="Search..."> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button type="submit" class="btn bg-blue"> <i class="fa fa-search"> </i> </button> </span> </div> </form> <a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search hidden-sm hidden-xs" data-toggle="dropdown"> <i class="fa fa-lg fa-search"></i> </a> </li></ul> </div> </div></nav><nav id="nav-menu-search" class="shadow-bottom hidden-sm hidden-xs" style="display: none;"> <div class="container-fluid"> <form class="" role="search" method="get" action="chemistry/search"> <input class="form-control nav-search" name="glob" type="search" placeholder="Search Chemistry..."> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" type="submit"> Search </button> </form> </div></nav><div class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" id="modal-mini-login"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-body"> <button aria-hidden="true" data-dismiss="modal" class="close hidden-xs login-button-close" type="button">×</button> <form method="post"> <div class="form-group"> <input name="user-email" class="form-control" type="text" placeholder="Email"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input name="user-password" class="form-control" type="password" placeholder="Password"> <input name="user-fp" class="fp" value="d8c893da5db7501669ffeeac46273ba6" type="hidden"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <a href="../../../reset-password.html" class="reset-password" style="font-weight: normal;"> Forgot your password? </a> </div> <div class="form-group"> <button type="submit" name="submit-login" value="1" class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center"> <i class="fa fa-user fa-fw"></i> Log in </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div></div></div><div class="modal fade" id="show-topics" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"><div id="dialog-topics" class="modal-dialog modal-dialog-topics"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-body modal-body-topics"><div id="new-frontpage-toplevels-topics" class="frontpage-box"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../3004/free-access-weekend.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Free Access Weekend!</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../images/general-images/free.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../2075/paper-1-exam-questions.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Paper 1 Exam Questions</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../images/test-images/exams.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../2124/paper-2-exam-questions.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Paper 2 Exam Questions</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../images/general-images/paper-2.2.png'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../1138/start-here.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Start Here</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../images/general-images/start-here.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../343/stoichiometry.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Stoichiometry</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../images/stoichiometry/scales-1333455_640.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../355/atomic-structure.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Atomic Structure</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../images/atomic-structure/the-atom.png'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../356/periodicity.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Periodicity</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/chemistry/images/periodicity/p-block.png'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../357/bonding-and-structure.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Bonding & Structure</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/chemistry/images/chemical-bonding-and-structure/crystallize-482971_640.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../358/energetics.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Energetics</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/chemistry/images/energetics-thermochemistry/fire-1030751_640.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../359/kinetics.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Kinetics</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/chemistry/images/chemical-kinetics/time-731110_640.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../360/equilibrium.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Equilibrium</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/chemistry/images/equilibrium/soda-466542_640.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../361/acids-and-bases.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Acids & Bases</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../images/acids-and-bases/ui-paper-2.png'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../362/redox-processes.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Redox Processes</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/chemistry/images/redox-processes/oxide-1241222_640.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../342/organic-chemistry.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Organic Chemistry</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../images/organic-chemistry/d-idose_molekulbaukasten_9173.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../363/measurement.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Measurement</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/chemistry/images/measurement-and-data/tablet-600649_640.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="container-fluid shadow-ith"><div class="row frontpage"> <div class="col-md-3" id="left-column"> <p class="visible-xs-block"></p><div class="dropdown user-menu hidden-xs" style="margin-bottom: 20px;"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" style="border-radius: 0; padding: 6px 18px;"> <i class="fa fa-fw fa-user-circle"></i> <small><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></small> </button> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="dropdown-submenu"><a href="#"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-globe"></i> Subjects</a><ul id="user-subjects-menu" class="dropdown-menu"><li></li><li class=""><a href="../../../biology.html">DP Biology</a></li><li class="active"><a href="../../../chemistry.html"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i> DP Chemistry</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../englishalanglit.html">DP English A: Language & Literature</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../mathsanalysis.html">DP Maths: Analysis & Approaches</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../mathsapplications.html">DP Maths: Applications & Interpretations SL</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../physics.html">DP Physics</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../spanishb.html">DP Spanish B</a></li></ul></li><li class="divider"></li><li><a href="../../../user.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-dashboard"></i> Dashboard</a></li><li><a href="../../../user/profile.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-cog"></i> My profile</a></li><li><a href="../../../user/messages.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i> Messages</a></li> <li class="divider"></li> <li> <a href="../../../index.htm?logout=1"> <i class="fa fa-fw fa-power-off"></i> Log out </a> </li> </ul></div> <div id="side-nav"><h4 class="side-nav-title dropdown"><a href="../361/acids-and-bases.html" class="dropdown-toggle toplevel-dropdown" data-toggle="dropdown"><i class="fa fa-ellipsis-v"></i></a> <a href="../361/acids-and-bases.html">Acids and Bases</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li><a href="../../../chemistry.html" style="padding-left: 5px; border-bottom: solid 1px #ddd"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> Home</a></li><li><a href="../3004/free-access-weekend.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Free Access Weekend!</a></li><li><a href="../2075/paper-1-exam-questions.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Paper 1 Exam Questions</a></li><li><a href="../2124/paper-2-exam-questions.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Paper 2 Exam Questions</a></li><li><a href="../1138/start-here.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Start Here</a></li><li><a href="../343/stoichiometry.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Stoichiometry</a></li><li><a href="../355/atomic-structure.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Atomic Structure</a></li><li><a href="../356/periodicity.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Periodicity</a></li><li><a href="../357/bonding-and-structure.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Bonding and Structure</a></li><li><a href="../358/energetics.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Energetics</a></li><li><a href="../359/kinetics.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Kinetics</a></li><li><a href="../360/equilibrium.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Equilibrium</a></li><li><a href="../362/redox-processes.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Redox Processes</a></li><li><a href="../342/organic-chemistry.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Organic Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="../363/measurement.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Measurement</a></li></ul><div class="pull-right"><a class="sidenav-expand" title="Expand all" href="#"><i class="fa fa-plus-circle"></i></a> <a class="sidenav-compress" title="Compress all" href="#"><i class="fa fa-minus-circle"></i></a></div></h4><ul class="side-nav level-0"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../897/theories-and-properties-of-acids-and-bases.html">Theories and properties of acids and bases</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../899/ph-strong-and-weak-acids-and-acid-deposition.html">pH, strong and weak acids and acid deposition</a></label></li><li class="expanded parent selected"><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="calculations-involving-acids-and-bases.html">Calculations involving acids and bases</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../902/lewis-acids-and-bases-and-ph-curves.html">Lewis acids and bases, and pH curves</a></label></li></ul></div> <button id="show-periodic-table" class="btn btn-default btn-block" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-table"></i> Periodic table</button> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Calculations involving acids and bases <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="903" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../chemistry.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../361/acids-and-bases.html">Acids and Bases</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Calculations involving acids and bases</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 45 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 45'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <p><img alt="" src="../../images/acids-and-bases/laboratory-1009188_640.jpg" style="width: 160px; height: 107px; float: left;">This section is focused on calculations, so there is not a lot of information to learn. However, weak acid and base calculations always crop up in the exam paper somewhere, so it is important to understand the relationships between the variables and the constants in this topic and to ensure practice in the calculations.</p> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Ensure you are confident using the terms below and learn the asterisked* definitions</p> <p><strong>Acid dissociation constant <em>K<sub>a</sub></em>*, Base dissociation constant, <em>K<sub>b</sub></em>*, p<em>K<sub>a</sub></em> / p<em>K<sub>b</sub></em>*</strong></p> <div class="tib-flashcard"><a class="show-flashcards btn btn-success btn-xs-block btn-block " data-levels="3" data-mode="Normal" data-topics="642" data-subject-id="7" data-n-flashcards="3" style="text-align:center">Show flashcards</a></div><hr> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow panel-has-colored-body"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p> The revision cards contain all of the essential content:</p> <div id="carousel-223" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="223"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/7-223/screenshot-2020-08-29-at-085334.png" data-fancybox="gallery-223" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/7-223/screenshot-2020-08-29-at-085334.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/7-223/screenshot-2020-08-28-at-202123.png" data-fancybox="gallery-223" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/7-223/screenshot-2020-08-28-at-202123.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/7-223/screenshot-2020-08-28-at-202138.png" data-fancybox="gallery-223" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/7-223/screenshot-2020-08-28-at-202138.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/7-223/screenshot-2020-08-28-at-202158.png" data-fancybox="gallery-223" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/7-223/screenshot-2020-08-28-at-202158.png"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-223" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-223" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/7-223/screenshot-2020-08-29-at-085334-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/7-223/screenshot-2020-08-28-at-202123-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/7-223/screenshot-2020-08-28-at-202138-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/7-223/screenshot-2020-08-28-at-202158-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="7-550-903"><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which is the correct acid dissociation expression for the aqueous equilibrium as given below?</p><p>CH<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>H ⇌ CH<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> + H<sup>+</sup></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span><span class="math-tex">\(K_a = {{[CH_3CO_2H]} \over [CH_3CO_2^-][H^+] }\)</span></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span> <span class="math-tex">\(K_a = {{[CH_3CO_2H][H^+] } \over [CH_3CO_2^-]}\)</span></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span> <span class="math-tex">\(K_a = {{[H^+] } \over [CH_3CO_2^-][CH_3CO_2H]}\)</span></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span><span class="math-tex">\(K_a = {{[CH_3CO_2^-][H^+]} \over [CH_3CO_2H]}\)</span></span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Any equilibrium constant (including the acid dissociation constant) is defined as being the product of the concentrations of the products (each to the power of the number of moles) over the product of the concentrations of the reactants (each to the power of the number of moles), e.g. for a reaction:</p><p>aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD</p><p><img alt="" height="45" src="../../images/equilibrium/generic-kc.png" width="576"></p><p>Therefore the correct answer here is:</p><p><span class="math-tex">\(K_a = {{[CH_3CO_2^-][H^+]} \over [CH_3CO_2H]}\)</span></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">2</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which is the correct base dissociation expression for the aqueous equilibrium as given below?</p><p>NH<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O ⇌ NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> + OH<sup>−</sup></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span> <span class="math-tex">\(K_b = {{[OH^-] } \over [NH_4^+][NH_3]}\)</span></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span><span class="math-tex">\(K_b = {{[NH_4^+][OH^-]} \over [NH_3]}\)</span></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span> <span class="math-tex">\(K_b = {{[NH_3][OH^-] } \over [NH_4^+]}\)</span></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span><span class="math-tex">\(K_b = {{[NH_3]} \over [NH_4^+][OH^-] }\)</span></span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Any equilibrium constant (including the base dissociation constant) is defined as being the product of the concentrations of the products (each to the power of the number of moles) over the product of the concentrations of the reactants (each to the power of the number of moles), e.g. for a reaction:</p><p>aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD</p><p><img alt="" height="45" src="../../images/equilibrium/generic-kc.png" width="576"></p><p><strong>However</strong>, the concentration of water in an aqueous solution is effectively constant, so [H<sub>2</sub>O] is incorporated into the constant. Therefore the correct answer here is:</p><p><span class="math-tex">\(K_b = {{[NH_4^+][OH^-]} \over [NH_3]}\)</span></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">3</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following are true statements about 1 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous solutions of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid?</p><p>1: The K<sub>a</sub> of hydrochloric acid is greater than that of ethanoic acid.</p><p>2: The pK<sub>a</sub> of hydrochloric acid is greater than that of ethanoic acid.</p><p>3: The pH of hydrochloric acid is greater than that of ethanoic acid.</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1, 2 and 3</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>3 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>1 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1 and 2 only</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Strong acids (like hydrochloric) and alkalis fully dissociate into ions in aqueous solution, weak acids (like ethanoic) and alkalis only partially dissociate.</p><p><span class="math-tex">\(K_a = {{ [A^-][H^+] } \over [HA]}\)</span></p><p>Therefore the K<sub>a</sub> for a strong acid will be greater than for a weak acid (more ions on top of fraction).</p><p>pKa = −log<sub>10</sub>K<sub>a</sub></p><p>Therefore higher K<sub>a</sub> leads to lower pK<sub>a</sub> (similarly to the relationship between [H<sup>+</sup>] and the pH scale).</p><p>Strong acids will always have lower pH than weak acids of the same concentration, again because of the dissociation.</p><p>Therefore <strong>1 only</strong> is the correct answer.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">4</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following are true statements about 1 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide and ammonia?</p><p>1: The K<sub>b</sub> of sodium hydroxide is greater than that of ammonia.</p><p>2: The pK<sub>b</sub> of sodium hydroxide is greater than that of ammonia.</p><p>3: The pH of sodium hydroxide is greater than that of ammonia.</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>1 and 3 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1, 2 and 3</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>3 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>2 only</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Strong acids and bases (like sodium hydroxide) fully dissociate into ions in aqueous solution, weak acids and bases (like ammonia) only partially dissociate.</p><p><span class="math-tex">\(K_b = {{ [OH^-][BH^+] } \over [B]}\)</span></p><p>Therefore the K<sub>b</sub> for a strong base will be greater than for a weak base (more ions on top of fraction).</p><p>pK<sub>b</sub> = −log<sub>10</sub>K<sub>b</sub></p><p>Therefore higher K<sub>b</sub> leads to lower pK<sub>b</sub> (similarly to the relationship between [H<sup>+</sup>] and the pH scale).</p><p>Strong bases will always have higher pH than weak bases of the same concentration, again because of the dissociation.</p><p>Therefore <strong>1 and 3 only</strong> is the correct answer.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">5</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The K<sub>a</sub> for methanoic acid (HCO<sub>2</sub>H) at 298K is 1.78 × 10<sup>−4</sup>. What is the <strong>pK<sub>b</sub></strong> of the methanoate ion (HCO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>) at 298K (3sf)?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>17.8</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>17.7</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>10.3</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>10.2</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>K<sub>a</sub> = 1.78 × 10<sup>−4</sup> (given in question).</p><p>pK<sub>a </sub>= −log<sub>10</sub>K<sub>a</sub> = −log<sub>10</sub>1.78 × 10<sup>−4</sup> = 3.74958</p><p>For any given conjugate acid-base pair at 298K <strong>pK<sub>a </sub>+ pK<sub>b </sub>= 14. </strong>The methanoate ion is the conjugate base of methanoic acid.</p><p>Therefore, methanoate ion pK<sub>b </sub>= 14 − 3.74958 = 10.25042 = 10.3 (3sf)</p><p><strong>10.3</strong> is thus the corect answer.</p><p>(This can also be calculated using K<sub>a</sub> × K<sub>b</sub> = K<sub>w</sub>)</p><p><strong>Incorrect answers</strong></p><p>17.8 is a missed negative sign in the pK<sub>a</sub> expression.</p><p>10.2 is a rounding error (a 5 rounds up by convention).</p><p>17.7 assumes a missed negative sign in the pK<sub>a</sub> expression and includes a rounding error (a 5 rounds up by convention).</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">6</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following are assumptions that we make when calculating the pH of ethanoic acid?</p><p>1: That [CH<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>H] = [CH<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>]</p><p>2: That water makes no contribution to [H<sup>+</sup>] at equilibrium</p><p>3: That the concentration of the undissociated acid at equilibrium is the same as the initial concentration</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>2 and 3 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1, 2 and 3</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>2 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1 only</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>For a weak acid: HA ⇌ H<sup>+</sup> + A<sup>–</sup></p><p>The assumptions that we make when calculating the pH of weak acids (like ethanoic) include:</p><p>We assume <strong>[H<sup>+</sup>] = [A<sup>–</sup>]</strong> and therefore that there is <strong>no contribution by water to [H<sup>+</sup>]</strong>.</p><p>And we assume that <strong>[CH<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>H] at equilibrium </strong>= <strong>initial [CH<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>H] </strong>since there is only partial dissociation.</p><p>This gives us the expression:</p><p><span class="math-tex">\(K_a = {{ [H^+]^2 } \over [HA]}\)</span></p><p>We do <strong>not </strong>assume that [CH<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>H] = [CH<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>].</p><p>Therefore <strong>2 and 3 only</strong> is the correct answer.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">7</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the pH of a 0.20 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous solution of methanoic acid at 298K (2sf)?</p><p>pK<sub>a</sub> for methanoic acid = 3.75 at 298K (from the data book)</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>0.062</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>0.70</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>2.2</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>4.4</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>For a weak acid: HA ⇌ H<sup>+</sup> + A<sup>–</sup></p><p>The assumptions that we make when calculating the pH of weak acids include:</p><p>We assume <strong>[H<sup>+</sup>] = [A<sup>–</sup>]</strong> and therefore that there is <strong>no contribution by water to [H<sup>+</sup>]</strong>.</p><p>And we assume that <strong>[HA] at equilibrium </strong>= <strong>initial [HA] </strong>since there is only partial dissociation.</p><p>This gives us the expression:</p><p><span class="math-tex">\(K_a = {{ [H^+]^2 } \over [HA]}\)</span></p><p>Using the pK<sub>a</sub> given, K<sub>a</sub> = 10<sup>–</sup><sup>pKa </sup>= 10<sup>−3.75</sup> = 1.77828 × 10<sup>−4</sup></p><p>And using the equation one row above: 1.77828 × 10<sup>−4</sup> = [H<sup>+</sup>]<sup>2</sup> / 0.20</p><p>[H<sup>+</sup>]<sup>2</sup> = 1.77828 × 10<sup>−4</sup> × 0.20 = 3.5565 × 10<sup>−5</sup></p><p>[H<sup>+</sup>] = 0.0059637</p><p>pH = −log<sub>10</sub> 0.0059637 = 2.224485 = 2.2 (2sf)</p><p>Therefore <strong>2.2</strong> is the correct answer.</p><p><strong>Incorrect answers</strong></p><p>4.4 is forgetting the square root</p><p>0.062 is using pKa (3.75) in the Ka expression instead of Ka (1.77828 × 10<sup>−4</sup>)</p><p>0.70 assumes a strong acid, so pH = −log<sub>10</sub> 0.20</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">8</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the pH of a 0.50 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous solution of propanoic acid at 298K (2sf)?</p><p>K<sub>a</sub> for propanoic acid = 1.35 × 10<sup>−5</sup> at 298K</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>5.2</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>−5.2</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>−2.6</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>2.6</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>For a weak acid: HA ⇌ H<sup>+</sup> + A<sup>–</sup></p><p>The assumptions that we make when calculating the pH of weak acids include:</p><p>We assume <strong>[H<sup>+</sup>] = [A<sup>–</sup>]</strong> and therefore that there is <strong>no contribution by water to [H<sup>+</sup>]</strong>.</p><p>And we assume that <strong>[HA] at equilibrium </strong>= <strong>initial [HA] </strong>since there is only partial dissociation.</p><p>This gives us the expression:</p><p><span class="math-tex">\(K_a = {{ [H^+]^2 } \over [HA]}\)</span></p><p>1.35 × 10<sup>−5</sup> = [H<sup>+</sup>]<sup>2</sup> / 0.50</p><p>[H<sup>+</sup>]<sup>2</sup> = 1.35 × 10<sup>−5</sup> × 0.50 = 6.75 × 10<sup>−6</sup></p><p>[H<sup>+</sup>] = 0.0025981</p><p>pH = −log<sub>10</sub> 0.0025981 = 2.5853481 = 2.6 (2sf)</p><p>Therefore <strong>2.6</strong> is the correct answer.</p><p><strong>Incorrect answers</strong></p><p>5.2 is forgetting the square root</p><p>−2.6 is forgetting the minus in the pH expression</p><p>−5.2 is forgetting the square root and the minus in the pH expression</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">9</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the pH of a 0.50 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous solution of methylamine (CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>2</sub>) at 298K (3sf)?</p><p>K<sub>b</sub> for methylamine = 4.57 × 10<sup>−4</sup> at 298K</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>10.4</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> 1.82<span></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> 3.64<span></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>12.2</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>For a weak base: B + H<sub>2</sub>O ⇌ BH<sup>+</sup> + OH<sup>–</sup></p><p>The assumptions that we make when calculating the pH of weak bases include:</p><p>We assume <strong>[OH<sup>−</sup>] = [BH<sup>+</sup>]</strong> and therefore that there is <strong>no contribution by water to [OH<sup>−</sup>]</strong>.</p><p>And we assume that <strong>[B] at equilibrium </strong>= <strong>initial [B] </strong>since there is only partial dissociation.</p><p>This gives us the expression:</p><p><span class="math-tex">\(K_b = {{ [OH^-]^2 } \over [B]}\)</span></p><p>4.57 × 10<sup>−4</sup> = [OH<sup>−</sup>]<sup>2</sup> / 0.50</p><p>[OH<sup>−</sup>]<sup>2</sup> = 4.57 × 10<sup>−4</sup> × 0.50 = 2.285 × 10<sup>−4</sup></p><p>[OH<sup>−</sup>] = 0.0151162</p><p>pOH = −log<sub>10</sub> 0.0151162 = 1.8205569</p><p>pH = 14−1.8205569 = 12.179443 = 12.2 (2sf)</p><p>Therefore <strong>12.2</strong> is the correct answer.</p><p><strong>Incorrect answers</strong></p><p>10.4 is forgetting the square root</p><p>1.82 is giving the pOH instead of pH</p><p>3.64 is forgetting the square root and giving the pOH instead of pH</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam-style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <h4>Paper 1</h4> <h5>Core (SL&HL): <a href="../2758/acids-and-bases-core-sl-and-hl-paper-1-questions.html" title="Acids and Bases core (SL and HL) paper 1 questions">Acids and Bases core (SL and HL) paper 1 questions</a></h5> <h5>AHL (HL only): <a href="../2761/acids-and-bases-ahl-hl-only-paper-1-questions.html" title="Acids and Bases AHL (HL only) paper 1 questions">Acids and Bases AHL (HL only) paper 1 questions</a></h5> <h4>Paper 2</h4> <h5>Core (SL&HL): <a href="../2762/acids-and-bases-core-sl-hl-paper-2-questions.html" title="Acids and Bases core (SL & HL) paper 2 questions">Acids and Bases core (SL & HL) paper 2 questions</a></h5> <h5>AHL (HL only): <a href="../2767/acids-and-bases-ahl-hl-only-paper-2-questions.html" title="Acids and Bases AHL (HL only) paper 2 questions">Acids and Bases AHL (HL only) paper 2 questions</a></h5> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page-container panel-self-assessment" data-id="903"> <div class="panel-heading">MY PROGRESS</div> <div class="panel-body understanding-rate"> <div class="msg"></div> <label class="label-lg">Self-assessment</label><p>How much of <strong>Calculations involving acids and bases</strong> have you understood?</p><div class="slider-container text-center"><div id="self-assessment-slider" class="sib-slider self-assessment " data-value="1" data-percentage=""></div></div> <label class="label-lg">My notes</label> <textarea name="page-notes" class="form-control" rows="3" placeholder="Write your notes here..."></textarea> </div> <div class="panel-footer text-xs-center"> <span id="last-edited" class="mb-xs-3"> </span> <div class="actions mt-xs-3"> <button id="save-my-progress" type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary text-center btn-xs-block"> <i class="fa fa-fw fa-floppy-o"></i> Save </button> </div> </div></div> <div id="modal-feedback" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h4 class="modal-title">Feedback</h4> <button type="button" class="close hidden-xs hidden-sm" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="errors"></div> <p><strong>Which of the following best describes your feedback?</strong></p> <form method="post" style="overflow: hidden"> <div class="form-group"> <div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Recommendation"> Recommend</label></div><div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Problem"> Report a problem</label></div><div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Improvement"> Suggest an improvement</label></div><div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Other"> Other</label></div> </div> <hr> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="feedback-name">Name</label> <input type="text" class="form-control" name="feedback-name" placeholder="Name" value=" "> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="feedback-email">Email address</label> <input type="email" class="form-control" name="feedback-email" placeholder="Email" value="@airmail.cc"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="feedback-comments">Comments</label> <textarea class="form-control" name="feedback-comments" style="resize: vertical;"></textarea> </div> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-ticket" value="082b9c9c4ae3624d"> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-url" value="https://studyib.net/chemistry/page/903/calculations-involving-acids-and-bases"> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-subject" value="7"> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-subject-name" value="Chemistry"> <div class="pull-left"> </div> </form> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs-block feedback-submit mb-xs-3 pull-right"> <i class="fa fa-send"></i> Send </button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block m-xs-0 pull-left" data-dismiss="modal"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div></div> <style type="text/css" media="screen">/* Important part */
.modal-dialog{ overflow-y: initial !important
}
.modal-body{ overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto;
}</style><div id="modal-periodic-table" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-lg" role="document" style="width: 90vw;"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h4 class="modal-title">Periodic table</h4> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <img src="../../../img/periodic-table/periodic-table-2020.png" style="max-width: 1400px; height: auto"> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block m-xs-0 pull-right" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div></div> <div id="fc-viewer" class="modal fade modal-flashcard" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"><div class="modal-dialog" role="document"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header" style="background-color: #fafafa;"><div class="row" style="width: 100%;"><div class="col-md-12 tags-heading"><div style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center;"><p id="fc-viewer-info" style="width: 80%;"></p><button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button></div></div></div></div><div id="flashcard-body" class="modal-body"><div class="row" style="margin: 0;"><div class="col-md-8 fc-viewer-main"><div class="fc-viewer-inner"><div id="fc-viewer-main-front"><div class="fc-viewer-content"></div><span class="mark-favorite" style="position: absolute; top: 10px; right: 10px; font-size: 22px;"><i class="fa fa-lg fa-star-o"></i></span><span id="issue-report" class="issue-report hidden-xs hidden-sm" title="Report a problem"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-lg fa-exclamation-circle" style="font-size: 1.5em;"></i> </span> </div><div id="fc-viewer-main-back" class="reverse-flashcard green-bg"><div class="fc-viewer-content"></div><span class="mark-favorite" style="position: absolute; top: 10px; right: 10px; font-size: 22px;"><i class="fa fa-lg fa-star-o"></i></span></div></div></div><div class="col-md-4 fc-viewer-controls"><div class="fc-viewer-controls-middle"> <div class="fc-viewer-controls-middle-inner fc-back"><div class="fc-viewer-controls-answers mt-xs-0 mx-xs-0"><button id="right-answer" class="btn btn-success text-center btn-block" title="Mark this flashcard as CORRECT"><i class="fa fa-check"></i> Correct</button><button id="wrong-answer" class="btn text-center bg-red btn-block" title="Mark this flashcard as INCORRECT"><i class="fa fa-remove"></i> Incorrect</button></div><table class="table stats"><tr><td>Times flipped</td><td id="fc-viewer-tflipped" class="text-right">0</td></tr><tr><td>Marked as <em>correct</em></td><td id="fc-viewer-right" class="text-right">0</td></tr><tr><td>Marked as <em>incorrect</em></td><td id="fc-viewer-wrong" class="text-right">0</td></tr></table><a href="#" class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-block text-center reset-stats hidden-xs hidden-sm" title="Reset stats for this flashcard" style="margin: 10px 0;"><i class="fa fa-undo"></i> Reset</a> <div class="fc-notes-container hidden-xs hidden-sm"><textarea class="form-control notes fc-back card-notes" rows="4" placeholder="Write your own notes here..." style="resize: none;">
</textarea><a href="#" class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-block text-center save-notes" title="Save personal notes for this flashcard" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i> Save notes</a> </div><div class="fc-viewer-actions-sm hidden-md hidden-lg"><button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-xs-block reset-stats"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-undo"></i>Reset</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-xs-block" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#card-notes-sm-modal"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-pencil"></i>Notes</button><button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-xs-block" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#report-problem-sm-modal"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-exclamation-circle"></i>Report error</button></div> </div></div><div class="fc-viewer-controls-bottom hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="fc-move"> <button class="btn bg-turquoise text-center disabled" rel="prev" title="Previous flashcard"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i>Prev</button><button class="btn bg-turquoise text-center disabled" rel="next" title="Next flashcard">Next<i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></button></div><div class="fc-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-center shuffle"><i class="fa fa-random"></i> Shuffle</button><div class="fc-progress"><div class="progress"><div class="progress-bar"></div></div><div class="text-right"><span class="fc-viewer-results-counter"></span></div></div></div></div><div class="fc-close-sm hidden-md hidden-lg"><button id="fc-xs-close" type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-block text-center" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">Close</button> <hr class="thin"> <div class="fc-actions" style="width: 100%;"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-center shuffle"> <i class="fa fa-random"></i> Shuffle </button><div class="fc-progress"><div class="progress"><div class="progress-bar"></div></div><div class="text-right"><span class="fc-viewer-results-counter hidden-md hidden-lg"></span></div></div> </div></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div id="report-error-container" class="report-problem"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-8"><div class="msg"></div><div class="form-group"><label>Report a problem for flashcard <span class="fc-viewer-id"></span></label><textarea class="form-control issue-description" cols="4"></textarea></div><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary pull-right send-report disabled"><i class="fa fa-paper-plane"></i>Send</button><button id="close-send-report" type="button" class="btn btn-default" style="margin-left: 0;">Close</button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="card-notes-sm-modal" class="modal fade overlay-modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"><div class="modal-dialog modal-sm" role="document"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header p-xs-3"><h4 class="modal-title text-center my-xs-2">Notes</h4></div><div class="modal-body p-xs-3"><textarea class="form-control notes fc-back card-notes p-xs-3" rows="8" style="resize: none;">
</textarea></div><div class="modal-footer p-xs-3"><button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary btn-xs-block save-notes"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-pencil"></i>Save</button><button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-default btn-xs-block mx-xs-0" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">Close</button></div></div></div></div><div id="report-problem-sm-modal" class="modal fade overlay-modal report-problem" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"><div class="modal-dialog modal-sm" role="document"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header p-xs-3"><h4 class="modal-title text-center my-xs-2">Report a problem for flashcard <span class="fc-viewer-id"></span></h4></div><div class="modal-body p-xs-3"><div class="msg"></div><div class="form-group mb-xs-0"><textarea class="form-control issue-description p-xs-3" rows="8"></textarea></div></div><div class="modal-footer p-xs-3"><button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary text-center btn-xs-block mb-xs-3 disabled send-report"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-paper-plane"></i>Send</button><button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-default text-center btn-xs-block mx-xs-0" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">Close</button></div></div></div></div> <div id="fcgame-viewer" class="modal fade modal-flashcard" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-lg modal-dialog-fcgame" role="document"> <div class="modal-content mc-flashcard modal-content-fcgame"> <div class="modal-header" style="background-color: #fafafa;"> <div class="row text-center" style="width: 100%;"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center;"> <div class="text-left"> Your time: <span class="chronometer c-mobile" id="chronometer">00:00:</span> <span class="chronometer msec c-mobile" id="chronometer-msec">000</span> <br> Your best time: <span class="chronometer c-mobile" id="best-record"></span> </div> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="fcgame-body" class=" modal-body modal-body-fcgame"> <div class="row-fluid"> <div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 fc-content" id="fc-content" style="padding: 15px;"></div> </div> </div> <div id="end-game" style="display: none;"> <div class="col-lg-10 col-lg-offset-1 col-md-10 col-md-offset-1 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 result shadow-bottom"> <div id="end-game-dismiss"></div> <div id="end-game-results"></div> <div id="show-percent" style="margin-bottom: 30px;font-size: 16px;"></div> </div> <div id="end-game-fc" class="col-lg-12"></div> </div> <div id="start-game" class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 centered"> <div style="width: 200px;"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block" id="play-game" style="display: block; width: 100%; margin: 10px 0;">Start</button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block" id="cancel-game" style="display: block; width: 100%; margin: 10px 0;">Cancel</button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer"></div> </div> </div></div><div id="fcgame-modal-issue-report" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> <h4 class="modal-title">Report error</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <textarea id="issue-description-fcgame" class="form-control"></textarea> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button id="send-report-fcgame" type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Send Report</button> </div> </div> </div></div> </article> <hr class="hidden-md hidden-lg"> <div class="hidden-md hidden-lg mt-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" id="user-id" value="38342"></div><input id="ticket" type="hidden" value="082b9c9c4ae3624d"><input id="tzoffset" type="hidden" value="new"><input id="fp" class="fp" type="hidden" value=""></div><div id="std-footer"> <div class="wmap"> <div class="layout-wrapper"> <p> <a href="https://www.inthinking.net"> © <span id="footer-year"></span> <em>InThinking</em> <script>document.getElementById("footer-year").innerHTML = new Date().getFullYear();</script> </a> | <a target="_self" href="../../../about.html"> About us </a> | <a target="_self" href="../../../terms-and-conditions.html"> Legal </a> | <a target="_self" href="../../../contact.html"> Contact </a> </p> <p> <a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/#!/inthinker"> <img src="../../../img/social/twitter-square.svg"> Twitter </a> <a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/inthinking.net"> <img src="../../../img/social/facebook-square.svg"> Facebook </a> <a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=139741989"> <img src="../../../img/social/linkedin-square.svg"> LinkedIn </a> </p> </div> </div></div><script src="../../../js/jquery-1.11.3.min.js"></script><script src="../../../js/bootstrap.min.js"></script><script src="../../../js/jquery-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.js"></script><script>var pageId = 903;</script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/std-galleries.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/jqueryui/jquery-ui-custom.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/jqueryui/jquery.ui.touch-punch.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/std-quizzes-helpers.min.js?v=20220406"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/std-quizzes.min.js?v=2022041300"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/jq-boxfit/jquery.boxfit.min.js"></script><script src="../../../ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.0/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/flashcards/flashcards-utils.min.js?v=202211221200"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/flashcards/std-flashcards.min.js?v=202211221000"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/hammerjs/hammerjs.min-1.js?v=20220414"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/jqueryui/jquery-ui.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/jqueryui/jquery.ui.touch-punch.min.js"></script><script src="../../../js/user/page-my-progress.min.js?v=202211221000"></script><script>var sAJAX='/pages/subjects/activity/user-stats-page.php?t=082b9c9c4ae3624d&p=903&s=7&x=7382';var sData='k4iA6GSB03BgPm1qOdORPHpsE3KeSVBAEzP5PHpsE39FIxiA6GSB0bfjSYyBPm1FC3cR6bKR60fjW3qDPYB2SnvRSnB2E4ps63Bg74psWnCl6ncDE0OFIxiA6GSB0bfsEbOFwHRFWYK3EGyDPmjWOLLvIxi860fB7nBsWVOFwnEsWVaBIxiDSGigW3LsZGNFwFPFIxiA60f1Pm1F0xvmZYK8Z0ar7HB7IbpsE3K7IDgAOLAh63cR6bKR60fjW3qDIGB2SnvRSnB2E4Ls63Bg74LsWnC86ncDE0OFeC==';var loopSecs = 30;var minSecsLog = 60;var lsKey = '7-83606-903';</script><script src="../../../js/subjects/activity/user-stats-page.min.js?v=202205311700"></script><script src="../../../js/subjects/activity/my-favorites.min.js?v=20220610"></script><script src="../../../js/subjects/periodic-table.min.js"></script><script src="../../../js/subjects/feedback.min.js?v=202211221000"></script><script>var sessionUpdateSecs = 300;</script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/session-updater.js"></script><script>(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)})(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');ga('create', 'UA-98480796-1', 'auto');ga('send', 'pageview');</script><script src="../../../js/devicefp/devicefp.min.js"></script><script src="../../../js/jq-quickfit/jq-quickfit.min.js?v=20220201"></script><script src="../../../js/frontpage-subjects.min.js?v=202211161300"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/studyib-jq.min.js?v=202211241300"></script><script type="text/javascript">$(document).ready(function(){ $('#trigger-modal-video-overview').click(function() { if( $('#modal-video-overview .modal-body iframe').attr('src').length == 0 ) { $('#modal-video-overview .modal-body iframe').attr('src', 'https://www.youtube.com/embed/hxxtdiLdTFk?rel=0'); } }); $('#modal-video-overview').on('hidden.bs.modal', function() { $('#modal-video-overview .modal-body iframe').attr('src', ''); }); });</script></body></html>