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href="../913/stereoisomerism.html">Stereoisomerism</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../363/measurement.html">Measurement</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../908/uncertainties-errors-and-graphs.html">Uncertainties, errors and graphs</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../915/spectroscopic-identification-i.html">Spectroscopic identification I</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../916/spectroscopic-identification-ii.html">Spectroscopic identification II</a></label></li></ul></li></ul></div> <button id="show-periodic-table" class="btn btn-default btn-block" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-table"></i> Periodic table</button> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Atomic Structure <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="355" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../chemistry.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i> Home</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Atomic Structure</span></li> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><img class="intro-image" readonly="true" src="../../images/atomic-structure/the-atom.png"> <div class="content" readonly="true"> <p class="text"><em>Atomos</em> is an ancient Greek word meaning 'indivisible' or 'cannot be cut'. Atoms are the building blocks of matter; they are the smallest particles that when combined together have the properties of a particular chemical element or compound</p> <p>This section of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme Chemistry revision and study guide focuses on sections 2 (Core) and 12 (Additional Higher Level) of the IBDP Chemistry course: Find links to the chemistry immediately below. </p> </div> </div> <div class="yellowBg"> <div class="index-list"> <div class="index-list"> <div class="item"> <div class="bg-cover cover-96" onclick="window.location='/chemistry/page/709/the-nuclear-atom'" style="background-image: url('../../images/atomic-structure/the-nucleus.png')" title="The nuclear atom"> </div> <div class="content"> <h4 class="head"><a href="../709/the-nuclear-atom.html">The nuclear atom</a></h4> <p class="body">This section covers the foundations of atomic structure and explains the numerical values given on the periodic table. It is a relatively straightforward part of the course in terms of concepts, but a firm grip of the specific terms and calculations are needed before moving on.</p> </div> </div> <div class="item"> <div class="bg-cover cover-96" onclick="window.location='/chemistry/page/713/electron-configuration'" style="background-image: url('../../images/atomic-structure/electronconfig.png')" title="Electron configuration"> </div> <div class="content"> <h4 class="head"><a href="../713/electron-configuration.html">Electron configuration</a></h4> <p class="body">Electron configuration, that is the distribution or arrangement of electrons in the atom, can be described by the Bohr model, or the quantum mechanical model, of the atom. The Bohr model is simpler and the quantum mechanical model more complex, but both are similar in some ways.</p> </div> </div> <div class="item"> <div class="bg-cover cover-96" onclick="window.location='/chemistry/page/716/electrons-in-atoms'" style="background-image: url('../../images/atomic-structure/electronsinatoms.png')" title="Electrons in atoms"> </div> <div class="content"> <h4 class="head"><a href="../716/electrons-in-atoms.html">Electrons in atoms</a></h4> <p class="body">First ionisation energies provide evidence for our quantum mechanical model of the atom. This is a challenging section of the course; abstract concepts and lots of specific terms, combined later with mathematics create a real challenge. But you will get your head around it eventually!</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="blueBg"> <h2>What's in an Atom?</h2> <p>Protons, neutrons and electrons are sub-atomic particles that together make up atoms. Protons and neutrons are found in the centre (nucleus) of an atom and electrons are found in the space around the nucleus. Read more: <a href="../709/the-nuclear-atom.html" title="The nuclear atom">The nuclear atom</a></p> <h2>What are mass and charge of a proton, neutron and electron?</h2> <p>Protons are positively charged, and have a mass of 1 unit; neutrons are neutral and have a mass of 1 unit; electrons are negatively charged and have negligible mass. See the revision cards: <a href="../709/the-nuclear-atom.html" title="The nuclear atom">The nuclear atom</a></p> <h2>What's the definition of an isotope?</h2> <p>Isotopes are atoms of the same element (same number of protons) with a different mass number (different number of neutrons). See the revision cards: <a href="../709/the-nuclear-atom.html" title="The nuclear atom">The nuclear atom</a></p> <h2>What does a mass spectrum show?</h2> <p>A mass spectrum is a chart showing the mass numbers of chemical species (atoms, molecules, fragments of molecules; all of which have been turned into ions so that they can be detected). Read more: <a href="../709/the-nuclear-atom.html" title="The nuclear atom">The nuclear atom</a> and <a href="../915/spectroscopic-identification-i.html" title="Spectroscopic identification I">Spectroscopic identification I</a></p> <h2>What does Bohr's model explain?</h2> <p>The Bohr model shows electrons in shells (or energy levels) around the nucleus with the number of electrons in the outermost shell matching the main group number (old Roman numerals) on the periodic table. Watch the video: <a href="../713/electron-configuration.html" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></p> <h2>What is the quantum mechanical model of the atom?</h2> <p>The quantum mechanical model of the atom is a development of the Bohr model, showing the electrons in energy levels, but also showing finer detail with the electrons in sub-levels and orbitals. The quantum mechanical model of the atom is reflected in the arrangement of elements in the periodic table! Watch the videos: <a href="../713/electron-configuration.html" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></p> <h2>What is an orbital in chemistry?</h2> <p>A three-dimensional space in which a maximum of two electrons may be found. Read more: <a href="../713/electron-configuration.html" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></p> <h2>What is the emission spectrum of hydrogen?</h2> <p>The emission spectrum of hydrogen is a line spectrum − showing specific frequencies of light − indicating the energy associated with particular transitions (movement) of electrons between energy levels. The spectrum provides evidence for the quantum mechanical model of the atom. Watch the video: <a href="../713/electron-configuration.html" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></p> <h2>What is first ionisation energy?</h2> <p>First ionisation energy for the an atom of an element is an indication of the energy needed to remove the outermost electron in the atom (more specifically one electron from every atom in one mole of atoms in the gas phase). So first ionisation energies tell us the relative energies of electrons; that is the energy of the orbital, sub-level and energy level in which the electron sits. Watch the video: <a href="../713/electron-configuration.html" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></p> </div> <hr class="thin"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-12"><br><ul class="resources"><li class="resource-item"><div class="img-container"><img class="thumb thumb-cover" src="../../images/atomic-structure/electronconfig.png"></div><div class="media-body"><h4 style="font-size: 19px;"><a class="text-normal" href="../713/electron-configuration.html">Electron configuration</a></h4><p class="body">Topic 2.2 Introducing a new model of the atom, which is a development of Bohr's model.</p></div></li><li class="resource-item"><div class="img-container"><img class="thumb thumb-cover" src="../../images/atomic-structure/electronsinatoms.png"></div><div class="media-body"><h4 style="font-size: 19px;"><a class="text-normal" href="../716/electrons-in-atoms.html">Electrons in atoms</a></h4><p class="body">Topic 12.1 Exploring what ionisation energies can tell us about the nature of the atom.</p></div></li><li class="resource-item"><div class="img-container"><img class="thumb thumb-cover" src="../../images/atomic-structure/the-nucleus.png"></div><div class="media-body"><h4 style="font-size: 19px;"><a class="text-normal" href="../709/the-nuclear-atom.html">The nuclear atom</a></h4><p class="body">Topic 2.1 Introducing the principle of sub-atomic particles.</p></div></li></ul></div></div> <div id="modal-feedback" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h4 class="modal-title">Feedback</h4> <button type="button" class="close hidden-xs hidden-sm" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="errors"></div> <p><strong>Which of the following best describes your feedback?</strong></p> <form method="post" style="overflow: hidden"> <div class="form-group"> <div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Recommendation"> Recommend</label></div><div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Problem"> Report a problem</label></div><div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Improvement"> Suggest an improvement</label></div><div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Other"> Other</label></div> </div> <hr> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="feedback-name">Name</label> <input type="text" class="form-control" name="feedback-name" placeholder="Name" value=" "> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="feedback-email">Email address</label> <input type="email" class="form-control" name="feedback-email" placeholder="Email" value="@airmail.cc"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="feedback-comments">Comments</label> <textarea class="form-control" name="feedback-comments" style="resize: vertical;"></textarea> </div> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-ticket" value="082b9c9c4ae3624d"> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-url" value="https://studyib.net/chemistry/page/355/atomic-structure"> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-subject" value="7"> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-subject-name" value="Chemistry"> <div class="pull-left"> </div> </form> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs-block feedback-submit mb-xs-3 pull-right"> <i class="fa fa-send"></i> Send </button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block m-xs-0 pull-left" data-dismiss="modal"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div></div> <style type="text/css" media="screen">/* Important part */
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