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href="../792/meiosis-33.html">Meiosis 3.3</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../793/inheritance-34.html">Inheritance 3.4</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../794/genetic-modification-35.html">Genetic Modification 3.5</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Chromosomes 3.2 <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="791" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../465/03-genetics-sl.html">03 Genetics SL</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Chromosomes 3.2</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <style type="text/css">ol.breadcrumb { margin-bottom: 0 }</style><div id="toc-1675505956" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a><ol><li><a href="#header-1" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-1">Summary list for topic 3.1 Chromosomes</a></li><li><a href="#header-2" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-2">Mindmaps</a></li><li><a href="#header-3" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-3">Exam style question about chromosomes</a></li><li><a href="#header-4" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-4">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-5" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-5">Model answer</a><ol></ol></li><li><a href="#header-6" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-6"> 3.2 Chromosomes 1/1 </a></li></ol><li><a href="#header-7" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-7">Drag and drop activities</a></li></div><div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><img class="intro-image" readonly="true" src="../../images/03_genetics/karyotype_activity_male-1.jpg" style="width: 800px; height: 607px;"> <div class="content" readonly="true"> <div class="text">Chromosomes are circular in prokaryotes and linear in eukaryotes. The number of chromosomes is a characteristic of eukaryote species. The structure and shape of the chromosomes in an organism can also give information about the genetic diseases, gender and about genome size. Karyograms are used to display this information and the technique of autoradiography has improved our understanding. These are the essential points of this topic.</div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary for 3.2 chromosomes using these flashcards.</p> <p><iframe frameborder="0" height="420" scrolling="no" src="https://quizlet.com/56852855/flashcards/embed" width="100%"><br> </iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - good revision for all students.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-147" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="147"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-147/img0.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-147" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-147/img0.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-147/img1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-147" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-147/img1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-147/img2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-147" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-147/img2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-147/img3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-147" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-147/img3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-147/img4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-147" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-147/img4.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-147" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-147" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-147/img0-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-147/img1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-147/img2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-147/img3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-147/img4-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-1">Summary list for topic 3.1 Chromosomes<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505956" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Prokaryotes have one single circular DNA molecules as a chromosome.<img alt="" height="94" src="../../../ib/biology/images/chromatin%20to%20chromosome.jpg" style="float: right;" width="224"></li> <li class="liWithoutP">Some prokaryotes also have plasmids but eukaryotes don't.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Eukaryote chromosomes are linear DNA molecules associated with histone proteins.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">In a eukaryote species there are a characteristic number of different chromosomes each carrying different genes.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Pairs of chromosomes with the same sequence of genes (not necessarily the same alleles) are "Homologous chromosomes".</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Diploid nuclei have pairs of homologous chromosomes.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Haploid nuclei have one chromosome of each pair.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Sister chromatids are the two DNA molecules formed by DNA replication before cell division.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">two separate chromosomes are formed at the splitting of the centromere at the start of anaphase.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">A karyogram shows the chromosomes of an organism in homologous pairs of decreasing length. (Note: karyotype is the number and type of chromosomes present in the nucleus, while a karyogram is a diagram of these).</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Sex chromosomes determine the gender of an individual and autosomes are chromosomes that do not determine sex.</li> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><u>Applications</u> (can you ....)</p> <ul> <li>Understand Cairns’ technique for measuring the length of DNA molecules by autoradiography.</li> <li>Compare genome size in T2 phage, <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>, <em>Homo sapiens</em> and <em>Paris japonica. (</em>selected for points of interest.Genome size comparative activity.</li> <li>Use karyograms to compare diploid chromosome numbers of <em>Homo sapiens</em>, <em>Pan troglodytes</em>, <em>Canis familiaris</em>, <em>Oryza sativa</em>, <em>Parascaris equorum.</em></li> <li>Use karyograms to deduce sex and diagnose Down syndrome in humans.</li> <li>Use of databases to identify the locus of a human gene and its polypeptide product.</li> </ul> </div> <h3 id="header-2">Mindmaps<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505956" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>These diagram summaries cover the main details of topic 3.2 Chromosomes<br> Study them and draw your own list or concept map, from memory if you can.</p> <div id="carousel-145" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="145"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-145/32spidersimple.jpeg" data-fancybox="gallery-145" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-145/32spidersimple.jpeg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-145/32spider.jpeg" data-fancybox="gallery-145" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-145/32spider.jpeg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-145/32spiderlist.jpeg" data-fancybox="gallery-145" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-145/32spiderlist.jpeg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-145" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-145" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-145/32spidersimple-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-145/32spider-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-145/32spiderlist-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-3">Exam style question about chromosomes<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505956" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>The skill of deducing sex and diagnosing Down syndrome using karyograms is important in this topic.</p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer with the model answer.</p> <div class="militia"> <p>The image shows karyograms from three different people.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../images/03_genetics/kartotype-analysis-three_small.jpg" style="width: 700px; height: 206px;"></p> <p><strong>Analyse these karyotypes, giving a statement about the genetic condition and an explanation [3]</strong></p> <p>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</p> <p>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</p> <p>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</p> <p>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <div class="yellowBg"> <h3 id="header-4">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505956" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Analyse these karyotypes, giving a statement about the genetic condition and an explanation [3]</strong></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The there is no Down syndrome in A - this is a normal female karyotype, </span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Chromosomes are all in pairs</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">In Karyotype B there is no Down syndrome, but the sex chromosomes are unusual, there is only one X.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">In karyotype C there is Down syndrome (trisomy 21) three copies of chromosome 21, and XX sex chromosomes, so this karyotype if from a female with Down syndrome.</span></p> <p><img alt="" src="../../images/03_genetics/kartotype-analysis-three_small_ms.jpg" style="width: 700px; height: 206px;"></p> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on genome size</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>This question requires knowledge of evaluating a hypothesis.</p> <p>The data set shows the genome size and chromosome number of several organisms</p> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:149px;"> <p>Organism</p> </td> <td style="width:130px;"> <p>Genome size in bp (base pairs)</p> </td> <td style="width:142px;"> <p>Diploid chromosome number</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:149px;"> <p><em>Homo sapiens</em></p> </td> <td style="width:130px;"> <p align="center">3.3 X 10<sup>9</sup> bp</p> </td> <td style="width:142px;"> <p align="center">46</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:149px;"> <p><em>Pan troglodytes </em>(chimpanzee)</p> </td> <td style="width:130px;"> <p align="center">2.9 x 10<sup>9 </sup> bp</p> </td> <td style="width:142px;"> <p align="center">48</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:149px;"> <p><em>Canis familiaris</em> (domestic dog)</p> </td> <td style="width:130px;"> <p align="center">2.5 x 10<sup>9</sup> bp</p> </td> <td style="width:142px;"> <p align="center">78</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:149px;"> <p><em>Drosophila</em> species (fruit fly)</p> </td> <td style="width:130px;"> <p align="center">1.4 x 10<sup>8</sup> bp</p> </td> <td style="width:142px;"> <p align="center">8</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:149px;"> <p><em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> (yeast)</p> </td> <td style="width:130px;"> <p align="center">1.2 x10<sup>7</sup> bp</p> </td> <td style="width:142px;"> <p align="center">16</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Evaluate, using the data, the hypothesis that the genome size of an organism is correlated to the number of chromosomes in a diploid cell of that organism. (4 marks) </strong></p> <p>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</p> <p>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</p> <p>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</p> <p>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer. </p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-5">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505956" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p>E<em>valuate using the data – give the strengths and weaknesses of the data in supporting an argument.</em></p> <p><strong> Evaluate, using the data, the hypothesis that the genome size of an organism is correlated to the number of chromosomes in a diploid cell of that organism. (4 marks) </strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">It is a small data set. </span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">A small data set is not entirely valid to support or reject a hypothesis.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The data does not have a good spread of values for comparison, it has 3 mammals, one insect, one fungus.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The data does not show a correlation.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The dog has a similar genome size to the chimpanzee (and <em>Homo sapiens</em>) but 30 more chromosomes.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The yeast has a smaller genome size than the fruit fly but twice as many chromosomes</span></li> </ul> <p><em>Any valid example from the data can be used as long as the data used matches your evaluation.</em></p> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>A quiz containing multiple choice questions covering the understanding and skills from this topic.</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#cf394be5"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="cf394be5"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 id="header-6"> 3.2 Chromosomes <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505956" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-364-791" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following best describes the way DNA forms a chromosome in a eukaryote.</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Several DNA molecules form several linear chromosomes.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A single DNA molecule forms a linear chromosome.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A single DNA molecule forms a circular chromosome.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Several DNA molecules form a circular chromosome.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Prokaryotes have one single circular DNA molecules as a chromosome.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which type of chromosomes are linear DNA molecules associated with histone proteins?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Eukaryote chromosomes</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Homologous chromosomes</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Plasmids</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Prokaryote chromosomes</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Eukaryote chromosomes are linear DNA molecules associated with histone proteins.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The following table shows chromosome numbers in four species of animal.</p><p>Which of the following statements is the best deduction about chromosomes from this data?</p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:50%;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;">Species name</td><td style="text-align: center;">Diploid chromosome number</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">Human</td><td style="text-align: center;">46</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">Dog</td><td style="text-align: center;">78</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">Cat</td><td style="text-align: center;">28</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">Frog</td><td style="text-align: center;">26</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Chromosomes shorter in dogs and longer in cats.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Dog are more complex than humans.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Dogs have more DNA than humans, cats and frogs.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Species each have a characteristic number of chromosomes</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>In a eukaryote species there are a characteristic number of different chromosomes each carrying different genes. The number of chromosomes does not corellate to the size of the genome</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the name given to a pairs of chromosomes with the same sequence of genes, but not necessarily the same alleles of these genes.</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Diploid.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Sisters.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Homologous.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Hetralogous.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Pairs of chromosomes with the same sequence of genes (not necessarily the same alleles) are "Homologous chromosomes"</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Gametes are said to be haploid. What does this term mean?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They contian only one nucleus.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> They only contain one chromosome of each pair.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They contain two chromosomes of each pair.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They contain at least 30 chromosomes</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Haploid nuclei have one chromosome of each pair.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Where, how and when do sister chromatids form?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> In DNA molecules by DNA replication during cell division.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> In chromosomes by meiosis and mitosis during cell division.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> From separate chromosomes during fertilization.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> In the nucleus of a cell by DNA replication before cell division.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Sister chromatids are the two DNA molecules formed by DNA replication before cell division</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is formed during cell division when centromeres split?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Four chromatids</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> An homologous pair</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Two chromosomes </label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The nucleus</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Two separate chromosomes are formed at the splitting of the centromere at the start of anaphase.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>This chart is often used in the diagnosis of chromosome mutations.</p><p>What is the name given to this type of diagram and how is it traditionally made.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/03_genetics/trisomie-21.jpg" style="width: 400px; height: 302px;"></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> A karyogram made by photographing a dividing cell and cutting out the visible chromosomes.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A chromatogram made by photographing nucleus of a cell and separating chromosomes.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A karyogram made by lining up dividing cells in size order in pairs</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A karyotype made by evaporating the cytoplasm from a dividing cell and separating the chromosomes.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>A karyogram (a chart) shows the chromosomes of an organism in homologous pairs of decreasing length.<br>(Karyotype is the number and type of chromosomes present in the nucleus)</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>How many sex chromosomes and autosomes can be seen in the diagram below?</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/03_genetics/caryotype.jpeg" style="width: 400px; height: 274px;"></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 1 sex chromosomes and 45 autosomes</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 2 sex chromosomes and 22 autosomes</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 22 sex chromosomes and 2 autosomes</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 2 sex chromosome and 44 autosomes</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Sex chromosomes determine the gender of an individual (X and Y chromosomes )<br>and autosomes are chromosomes that do not determine sex. (chromosome pairs 1 to 22)</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <h3 id="header-7">Drag and drop activities<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505956" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-885-791"><p>There are differences in the nature of the chromosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.</p><p>Complete the table of comparison by dragging and dropping the correct word or phrase into the gap in the table.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">cell</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">histone</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Linear.</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">branched</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">chromosome</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">1 only</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">proteins</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Single</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">absent</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">one set</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Circular.</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">1 pair</span></p></div><div class="q-answer"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width:237px;"><p align="center"><strong>Chromosome</strong></p></td><td style="width:237px;"><p align="center"><strong>Prokaryote</strong></p></td><td style="width:237px;"><p align="center"><strong>Eukaryote</strong></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:237px;"><p align="center"><strong>Number of chromosomes</strong></p></td><td style="width:237px;"><p align="center"> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="1 only"> <span class="review"></span> </p><p align="center"> </p></td><td style="width:237px;"><p align="center">2 or more</p><p align="center"> </p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:237px;"><p align="center"><strong>Gene content of chromosomes</strong></p></td><td style="width:237px;"><p align="center"> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Single"> <span class="review"></span> chromosome that has <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="one set"> <span class="review"></span> of genes.</p></td><td style="width:237px;"><p align="center">Each <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="chromosome"> <span class="review"></span> has a unique set of genes.</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:237px;"><p align="center"><strong>Shape of chromosome</strong></p></td><td style="width:237px;"><p align="center"> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Circular."> <span class="review"></span> </p></td><td style="width:237px;"><p align="center"> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Linear."> <span class="review"></span> </p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:237px;"><p align="center"><strong>Structure of the chromosomes</strong></p></td><td style="width:237px;"><p align="center">No association with <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="proteins"> <span class="review"></span> (naked).</p></td><td style="width:237px;"><p align="center">Associated with <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="histone"> <span class="review"></span> proteins.</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:237px;"><p align="center"><strong>Plasmids</strong></p></td><td style="width:237px;"><p align="center">May have plasmids containing a few genes.</p></td><td style="width:237px;"><p align="center"> Plasmids <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="absent"> <span class="review"></span> .</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div 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