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href="../792/meiosis-33.html">Meiosis 3.3</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../793/inheritance-34.html">Inheritance 3.4</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../794/genetic-modification-35.html">Genetic Modification 3.5</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Genes 3.1 <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="790" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../465/03-genetics-sl.html">03 Genetics SL</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Genes 3.1 </span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <style type="text/css">ol.breadcrumb { margin-bottom: 0 }</style><div id="toc-1675505956" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a><ol><li><a href="#header-1" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-1">Summary list for topic 3.1 Genes</a></li><li><a href="#header-2" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-2">Mindmaps</a></li><li><a href="#header-3" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-3">Exam style question about genes</a></li><li><a href="#header-4" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-4">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-5" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-5">Exam style question on genes.</a></li><li><a href="#header-6" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-6">Model answer </a><ol></ol></li><li><a href="#header-7" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-7"> 3.1 Genes 1/1 </a></li><li><a href="#header-8" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-8"> 3.1 Genes (2) 1/1 </a></li></ol><li><a href="#header-9" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-9">Drag and drop activities</a></li></div><div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><img alt="" src="../../images/03_genetics/gene_proteins-1.png" style="float: left; width: 138px; height: 100px;">Genes provide the instructions to build proteins and more besides. The human genome has been decoded by the human genome project and now biologists can search databases to find the location of specific genes. Our understanding of how gene mutations can lead to genetic diseases like sickle cell disease illustrates how genes control our features. The ability to sequence whole genomes allows us to compare the genes in different species and learn more about how they operate.</div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary for 3.1 Genes using these flashcards </p> <p><iframe frameborder="0" height="420" scrolling="no" src="https://quizlet.com/56852855/flashcards/embed" width="100%"><br> </iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - good revision for all students.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-144" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="144"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-144/img1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-144" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-144/img1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-144/img2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-144" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-144/img2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-144/img4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-144" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-144/img4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-144/img3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-144" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-144/img3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-144/img5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-144" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-144/img5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-144" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-144" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-144/img1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-144/img2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-144/img4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-144/img3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-144/img5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-1">Summary list for topic 3.1 Genes<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505956" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li>Definition of a gene is, "a heritable factor that consists of a length of DNA and influences a specific charact<img alt="" height="96" src="../../../ib/biology/images/flickr_cc_commercial_ok/04genetics/fruitfly_chromosome_flickr_cc.jpg" style="float: right;" title="Image: CC Some rights reserved via Flickr by Image Editor " width="123">eristic."</li> <li>A gene locus is, "the specific position of a gene on a chromosome."</li> <li>Alleles are, "The various specific forms of a gene which differ from each other by one or only a few bases".</li> <li>New alleles are formed by mutation.</li> <li>A genome is, "the whole of the genetic information of an organism."</li> <li>The entire base sequence of human genes was sequenced in the Human Genome Project.</li> <li>The Genbank® database can be used to search for DNA base sequences.</li> </ul> <div class="greyBg"> <p><strong>Skills & applications</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Application to explain: The causes of sickle cell anemia, including a base substitution mutation, subsequent change to the mRNA transcribed from it and a change to the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide of hemoglobin.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Recall of one specific base substitution that causes glutamic acid to be substituted by valine as the sixth amino acid in the hemoglobin polypeptide is required. (Deletions, insertions and frame shift mutations are <strong>not</strong> needed).</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Application: Comparison of the number of genes in humans with other species.<br> At least one plant and one bacterium should be included in the comparison and at least one species with more genes and one with fewer genes than a human.<br> (note: "genome size" is total amount of DNA, not the number of genes in a species).</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Skill: Use of a database to determine differences in the base sequence of a gene in two species.</li> </ul> </div> <h3 id="header-2">Mindmaps<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505956" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>These diagram summaries cover the main details of topic 3.1 Genes.<br> Study them and draw your own list or concept map, from memory if you can.</p> <div id="carousel-143" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="143"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-143/3-1genesspiderlist.png" data-fancybox="gallery-143" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-143/3-1genesspiderlist.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-143/3-1genesspidersimple.png" data-fancybox="gallery-143" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-143/3-1genesspidersimple.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-143/3-1genesspider.png" data-fancybox="gallery-143" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-143/3-1genesspider.png"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-143" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-143" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-143/3-1genesspiderlist-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-143/3-1genesspidersimple-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-143/3-1genesspider-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-3">Exam style question about genes<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505956" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>The skill of interpreting DNA sequences alignments is important in this topic.</p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer with the model answer.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Compare and contrast DNA base sequences shown of three blood group alleles below [3]</strong></p> <p>The data comes from a sequence alignment search using the Anagène DNA database.</p> <p><img alt="" src="../../images/03_genetics/sequence_alignment_abo(1).jpg" style="width: 700px; height: 166px;"></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <div class="yellowBg"> <h3 id="header-4">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505956" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Compare and contrast DNA base sequences shown of three blood group alleles below. [3]</strong></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The sequence of blood group A allele and the group B allele are identical between bases 1003 and 1062.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The sequence in blood group O is different in every position of the base sequence shown.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The base C at base 1003 in blood group A and B is not present in blood group O.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">All the bases in blood group O are one position to the left of the bases in group A and B. </span></p> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on genes and alleles click the + to open it -- ></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-5">Exam style question on genes.<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505956" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>This question requires knowledge of genes and alleles</p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer with the model answer.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Distinguish between a gene and an allele (2 marks) </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer. </p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-6">Model answer <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505956" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Distinguish between a gene and an allele (2 marks) </strong></p> <p>Distinguish – give the differences.</p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">A gene is a heritable factor that codes for a single characteristic, an <span style="color:#FF0000;">allele is an alternative form of a gene.</span></span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Genes have many DNA differences from other genes. Alleles differ by a few base pairs from other alleles of that gene.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">For example, I<sup>A</sup>, I<sup>B</sup>, i are the alleles of the gene for human blood groups. Another human gene is the Beta-Globin gene that makes the protein found in hemoglobin.</span></p> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>A quiz containing multiple choice questions covering the understanding and skills outlined in the image above.</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#31712335"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="31712335"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 id="header-7"> 3.1 Genes <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505956" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-352-790" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>A gene is a heritable factor. What is it made from?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Made from protein.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Made from the genome of a cell.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Made of a length of DNA.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Made from a specific length of mRNA</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>A gene is a heritable factor.</p><p>It is made from DNA and controlls one specific characteristic.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the statements best describes "Alleles"?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Different forms of a gene</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Parts of a chromosome containing genes.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Pairs of factors which make up genes</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Different genes on a chromosome</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The different forms of a gene are called alleles.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is thought to be the origin of most new alleles?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> A mutation</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> An infection</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Protein synthesis</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> DNA replication</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>New alleles often arise by mutations. In the case of sickle cell disease it is a point substitution mutation.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The Human Genome Project sequenced the entire base sequence of human genes in 2003?</p><p>How is the information stored, and why is this very useful to biologists today?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It is stored in freezers in laboratories so that researchers can have access to the DNA.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It is stored in library encyclopedia style text books, so that the base sequence can be looked up.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It is stored on computers which preserves the DNA bases of all known genes for biologists to use.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> It is stored as a database which allows researchers to search for base sequences in the genome.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The function of all the genes are still not known, but the base sequence of one complete human genome was sequenced. This sequence is so juge that it is too big to fit into a text book, but a computer database can hold all the data which biologists can search.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>In the graph below the size of a genome is plotted against the number of known protein coding genes for a whole range of species found in a genome database.</p><p><img alt="" height="449" src="../../images/03_genetics/log_plot_genomesize_protein_genes.png" width="424"></p><p>Humans have approximately 10<sup>9</sup> base pairs in their genome.<br>Which of the following statements is supported by this data?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> The genome size of organisms correlates with the number of protein coding genes in these organisms.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The number of genes in eukaryotes is always less than the number of genes in viruses.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The chromosomes in humans have a longer length than bacteria?</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Humans have more protein coding genes than DNA base pairs.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The comparison of the number of genes in humans with other species is one of the skills required.<br>At least one plant and one bacterium should be included in the comparison and at least one species with more genes and one with fewer genes than a human.<br>(note: "genome size" is total amount of DNA, not the number of genes in a species)</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram below shows part of the hemoglobin DNA strand and its corresponding polypeptide.<br>Below this there is a mutated DNA strand which causes sickle cell disease in some people.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/03_genetics/sickle-cell-dna-polypeptide.png" style="width: 450px; height: 292px;"></p><p>Which of the following answers best describes this type of mutation.</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It is a base deletion mutation</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It is a frame shift mutation.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It is an inversion of one part of a chromosome</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> It is a base substution mutation</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The base A is replaced with the base T in this diagram, showing a base substitution.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram below shows the change which differentiates the HbA allele from the HbS allele in sickle cell disease and in the amino acid sequence of the protein.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/03_genetics/sickle-cell-dna-polypeptide.png" style="width: 450px; height: 292px;"></p><p>How does the DNA mutation change the protein?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The DNA adds the wrong amino acid to the protein.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The protein is not synthesised because the gene is unreadable.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> In the third codon GAG is replaced by GTG.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> The mRNA transcribed from the DNA has a codon for Valine in place of Glutamic acid.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The protein structure (1° structure) changes because one amino acid is now different. <br>In this case the 6th amino acid is changed from Glu (glutamic acid) to Val (valine)<br>This is caused by the mRNA transcribed from the DNA having a different codon.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-green panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself again</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>This is a second self-marking quiz covering the topic.</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#4d5906d6"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="4d5906d6"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 id="header-8"> 3.1 Genes (2) <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505956" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-639-790" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the biological term given to genetic variations of a single gene?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Mutations</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Alleles</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Sister genes</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Variation</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>An allele is an alternate form of a gene. Sometimes the DNA base sequence only differs by a few bases between alleles.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>A mutation can be which of the following:</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">I A change in a base sequence</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">II An alternate form of a gene</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">III A change in single base in one gene</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">IV A change in the phenotype of the organism</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> All of the above</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> I and III only</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> I,II,and III only</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> I and II only</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>A mutation may not cause a change in the phenotype if, for example the change in the base sequence of DNA does not affect the protein produced</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which is a possible consequence of a point mutation (change in a single base) in a gene?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> No change in the mRNA sequence and possibly a change in the amino acid sequence of the protein.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> A change in the mRNA sequence and possibly a change in the amino acid sequence of the protein.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> No change in the mRNA sequence and no change in the amino acid sequence of the protein.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A change in the mRNA sequence and a change in the amino acid sequence of the protein.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>A point mutation is when a single DNA base is altered. This will also alter the mRNA sequence on transcription but may or may not alter the amino acid sequence as the genetic code is a degenerate code</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>How can "a single nucleotide polymorphism" in the human genome be best described?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A change in a single base that may cause phenotypical variation but does not contribute to diversity in the human race</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> A change in a single base that may cause phenotypical variation and can contribute to diversity in the human race</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A change in a single chromosome that will cause phenotypical variation and contribute to diversity in the human race</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A change in many genes that may cause phenotypical variation and contribute to diversity in the human race</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>A single nucleotide polymorphism is a change in a single base that may or may not have an affect on the phenotype</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>How can the genome size of an organism be defined?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> The total amount of DNA in a haploid cell of an organism</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The total number of genes in a species</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The number of chromosomes in a diploid cell of an organism</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The number of genes in a haploid cell of an organism</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The genome size is a measure of the number of base pairs in a haploid cell of an organism usually measured in kb, kilobases</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The human has approximately 23,000 genes, a small arthropod, the water flea Daphnia has about 31,000 genes. What can be concluded about the Daphnia, in comparison to the Human?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It has more enzymes</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It is able to make more protein</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> It is able to make more kinds of proteins</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It is more intelligent</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Genes are responsible for coding for proteins, it is reasonable to assume that the Daphnia can make more types of protein molecule, not all of which will be enzymes</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>At 3.2kbp, the hepatitis B virus has the smallest genome size of all DNA viruses that infect humans. What does this mean?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> There are 3200 base pairs in its DNA molecule.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> There are 3.2 base pairs in each virus particle.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> There are 3200 genes in its DNA.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It has a 3.2 cm long DNA molecule.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Genome size is maesured in bp (base pairs on the DNA). 3.2 kb is 3200 base pairs. Viruses have one strand of DNA or RNA not chromosomes</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Every living organism has a gene for the protein Cytochrome C in its genome.<br>The DNA base sequence of this gene can be determined by sequencing and can aid in classification of species. Why is this?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> The smaller the number of differences there is between the base sequence of two species, the closer is the evolutionary relationship.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Scientist can estimate the age of the cytochrome C gene.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Traditional classification by external features is usually wrong.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Mutations make the gene more effective.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Evolutionary relationships can be regarded as closer if there are fewer variations in the DNA base sequence</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p><span style="font-size:13px;color:#000000;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;font-family:'Arial';font-style:normal;text-decoration-skip-ink:none;">Where are the two alleles of a gene found?</span></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> On the same locus on the same chromosome.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> On different loci on different chromosomes.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> On different loci on the same chromosome.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> On the same locus on different chromosomes.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><span style="font-size:13px;color:#000000;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;font-family:'Arial';font-style:normal;text-decoration-skip-ink:none;">Alleles of a gene are on the same locus (position) of the same chromosome</span>.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <h3 id="header-9">Drag and drop activities<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505956" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p> <p> </p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-887-790"><p>Sickle cell anaemia is an example of a mutation that is given in the syllabus content and should be known. This mutation affects the shape of red blood cells, shown in the image of sickle cell trait red blood cells.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/richard/3.1-sickle-cells.jpg" style="width: 208px; height: 136px;"></p><p>Drag and drop the correct word or phrase into the gap to outline the sickle cell anaemia mutation.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">single base</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">amino acid sequence</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">gene</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">structure</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">codon</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">anticodon</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">glutamate</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">shape</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">mutant</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">GTG</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">CAC</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">tRNA</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Distractor</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">base sequence</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>A mutation is a change in the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="base sequence"> <span class="review"></span> of a <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="gene"> <span class="review"></span> .</p><p>Sickle cell anaemia is a <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="mutant"> <span class="review"></span> form of the human haemoglobin gene. The mutant form of haemoglobin that causes sickle-cell anaemia is a <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="single base"> <span class="review"></span> mutation where the triplet sequence in the haemoglobin DNA has mutated from GAG to <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="GTG"> <span class="review"></span> .</p><p>This mutation transcribes to mRNA as <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="CAC"> <span class="review"></span> instead of CUC. On translation, the triplet <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="codon"> <span class="review"></span> CAC translates into the amino acid <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="glutamate"> <span class="review"></span> instead of valine in the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="amino acid sequence"> <span class="review"></span> of the haemoglobin protein.</p><p>This change affects the tertiary <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="structure"> <span class="review"></span> of haemoglobin making it fibrous and less efficient in transporting oxygen and changes the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="shape"> <span class="review"></span> of the red blood cells.</p><p> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>A mutation in DNA will alter the base sequence of mRNA transcribed from the DNA and may effect the amino acid sequence of the protein which is translated from the mRNA.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <div class="panel panel-fucsia"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Just for fun</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>If you want to review key terminology and have some fun with your revision try this <a href="http://quizlet.com/56852855/match" target="_blank">Genes card match game</a>. Can you reach the leader board?</p> <ul> </ul> <p style="text-align: center"><iframe height="500" src="https://quizlet.com/56852855/match/embed?i=xxmo&x=1jj1" style="border:0" width="100%"></iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <ul> </ul> <div class="page-container panel-self-assessment" data-id="790"> <div class="panel-heading">MY PROGRESS</div> <div class="panel-body understanding-rate"> <div class="msg"></div> <label class="label-lg">Self-assessment</label><p>How much of <strong>Genes 3.1 </strong> have you understood?</p><div class="slider-container text-center"><div id="self-assessment-slider" class="sib-slider self-assessment " data-value="1" data-percentage=""></div></div> <label class="label-lg">My notes</label> <textarea name="page-notes" class="form-control" rows="3" placeholder="Write your notes here..."></textarea> </div> <div class="panel-footer text-xs-center"> <span id="last-edited" class="mb-xs-3"> </span> <div 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