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1.1</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../606/ultrastructure-of-cells-12-.html">Ultrastructure of cells 1.2 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../607/membrane-structure-13-.html">Membrane structure 1.3 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../575/membrane-transport-14-.html">Membrane transport 1.4 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../608/the-origin-of-cells-15.html">The origin of cells 1.5</a></label></li><li class="expanded parent selected"><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="cell-division-16.html">Cell division 1.6</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Cell division 1.6 <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="609" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../462/01-cell-biology.html">01 Cell biology</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Cell division 1.6</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <style type="text/css">ol.breadcrumb { margin-bottom: 0 }</style><div id="toc-1675505949" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a><ol><li><a href="#header-1" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-1">Summary list for 1.6 Cell division</a></li><li><a href="#header-2" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-2">Mindmaps</a></li><li><a href="#header-3" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-3">Exam style question about gene mutations and cancer</a></li><li><a href="#header-4" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-4">Model answer </a></li><li><a href="#header-5" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-5">Exam style question about mitotic index</a></li><li><a href="#header-6" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-6">Model answer </a></li><li><a href="#header-7" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-7">Exam style question about the process of mitosis</a></li><li><a href="#header-8" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-8">Model answer </a></li><li><a href="#header-9" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-9">Multiple choice questions</a><ol></ol></li><li><a href="#header-10" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-10"> 1.6 Cell division 1/1 </a></li></ol><li><a href="#header-11" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-11">Drag and drop activities</a></li></div><div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><img alt="" src="../../images/01_cells/mitosis(1)-1.png" style="float: left; width: 131px; height: 100px;"> The control of cell division is just as essential for the survival of multicellular organisms as it is for the reproduction of single celled organisms. This topic covers the movement of chromosomes in the division of eukaryotic cells by mitosis. There is a section about the control of the cell cycle and how some cells can begin dividing out of control and cause cancer. The differences between primary and secondary tumours are also included.</div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary for 1.6 Cell division using these flashcards.</p> <p><iframe frameborder="0" height="420" scrolling="no" src="https://quizlet.com/52018045/flashcards/embed" width="100%"><br> </iframe></p> <div class="tib-flashcard"><a class="show-flashcards btn btn-success btn-xs-block btn-block " data-levels="1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12" data-mode="" data-topics="601" data-subject-id="5" data-n-flashcards="12" style="text-align:center">Show flashcards</a></div><hr> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - good revision for all students.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-88" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="88"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-88/img0.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-88" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-88/img0.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-88/img1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-88" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-88/img1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-88/img2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-88" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-88/img2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-88/img3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-88" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-88/img3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-88/img4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-88" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-88/img4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-88/img5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-88" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-88/img5.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-88/img6.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-88" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-88/img6.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-88" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-88" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-88/img0-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-88/img1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-88/img2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-88/img3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-88/img4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="5"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-88/img5-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="6"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-88/img6-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-1">Summary list for 1.6 Cell division<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505949" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Mitosis is division of the nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Chromosomes condense by supercoiling during mitosis.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Cytokinesis occurs after mitosis and is different in plant and animal cells.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Interphase is a very active phase of the cell cycle with many processes occurring in the nucleus and cytoplasm. (including: G1 - cell growth, S - synthesis of DNA, G2 - organelles divide).</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Cyclins are involved in the control of the cell cycle.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Mutagens, oncogenes and metastasis are involved in the development of primary and secondary tumours.</li> </ul> <div class="greyBg"> <p><strong>Skills </strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Skill: Identification of phases of mitosis in cells viewed with a microscope or in a micrograph.(prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase).</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Skill: Determination of a mitotic index from a micrograph.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Application: The correlation between smoking and cases of cancer.</li> </ul> </div> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <h3 id="header-2">Mindmaps<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505949" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>These diagram summaries cover the main sections of topic 1.6 Cell division.<br> Study them and draw your own list or concept map from memory.</p> <div id="carousel-87" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="87"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-87/16celldivisionspiderlist.png" data-fancybox="gallery-87" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-87/16celldivisionspiderlist.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-87/16celldivisionspider.png" data-fancybox="gallery-87" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-87/16celldivisionspider.png"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-87" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-87" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-87/16celldivisionspiderlist-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-87/16celldivisionspider-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-3">Exam style question about gene mutations and cancer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505949" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Answer the question below, which addresses one application of DNA replication.<br> <em>(Thanks to Catarina Gouveia and her students for the question and markscheme)</em></p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Outline how the exposure to ionising radiation, such as UV, can increase the risk of developing cancer. [5]</strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-4">Model answer <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505949" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Outline how the exposure to ionising radiation, such as UV, can increase the risk of developing cancer. [5]</strong></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Exposure to ionising radiation, such as UV, causes damage to DNA and mutations in genes;</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Expression of mutated genes can lead to synthesis of dysfunctional proteins;</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Cyclins are proteins which regulate the cell cycle;</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">If the damaged genes code for cyclins or related proteins (oncogenes) then the cell cycle will become unregulated;</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">An unregulated cell cycle will lead to uncontrolled cell division;</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Uncontrolled cell division leads to primary tumour formation (cancer);</span></p> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on mitosis stages and mitotic index - - - click the + symbol to open it -- ></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-5">Exam style question about mitotic index<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505949" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Answer the question below, which addresses the skill of calculating the mitotic index.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>The image below shows twenty six cells from tissue in a plant root.</strong></p> <p><img alt="" src="../../images/01_cells/abc_mitosis.jpg" style="width: 450px; height: 461px;"></p> <p><strong>Identify the stage of mitosis in the cells A,B,C. [3]</strong></p> <p>A ..................................................</p> <p>B ..................................................</p> <p>C ..................................................</p> <p><strong>If these three cells are the only ones undergoing mitosis calculate the mitotic index of this tissue.</strong></p> <p><strong>Give the mitotic index as a percentage. Show your working. [3]</strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>Explain the importance of calculating the mitotic index in a tissue sample taken from a human (2)</strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <hr></div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-6">Model answer <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505949" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Identify the stage of mitosis in the cells A,B,C. [3]</strong></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">A ........ Anaphase .........................</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">B ........ Anaphase .........................</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">C ........ Metaphase ........................</span></p> <p><strong>If these three cells are the only ones undergoing mitosis calculate the mitotic index of this tissue.</strong></p> <p><strong>Give the mitotic index as a percentage. Show your working. [3]</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">3 cells are in a phase of mitosis out of a total of 26 cells</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The index is 3/26 x 100 %</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Mitotic index = 11.5% (accept 11.538 %)</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>Explain the importance of calculating the mitotic index in a tissue sample taken from a human (2)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Mitotic index can be used as an indication that a tissue is tumerous/developed cancer/has uncontrolled mitosis</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The mitotic index of the sample can be compared to the standard value (for the tissue sampled).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">A higher value could indicate that the tissue is cancerous/is a tumour. Normal value is an indication that there is not a tumour.</span></li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on the process of mitosis</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-7">Exam style question about the process of mitosis<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505949" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>This question requires knowledge of the process of mitosis.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><b><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:">Explain how the process of mitosis produces identical daughter cells. (5 marks).</span></b></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><em>Explain means give the reasons, not just a description.<br> This question is not about the stages of mitosis but how the process produces identical cells.</em></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-8">Model answer <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505949" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><b><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:">Explain how the process of mitosis produces identical daughter cells. (5 marks).</span></b></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">In prophase, DNA is replicated.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Replication produces an identical set of chromosomes with identical DNA in each sister chromatid.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">In Interph</span><span style="color:#FF0000;">ase, the sister chromatids condense and pair at the centromere.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">These pairs of sister chromatids align at the equator in metaphase and the spindle contracts to cause one of each pair to travel to opposite poles of the cell</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Each nucleus will have one of a pair of sister chromatids.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Each daughter nucleus will contain an identical set of chromosomes after cytokinesis.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Each daughter cell will be a clone of the parent cell.</span></li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-9"><a id="mcqs" name="mcqs"></a>Multiple choice questions<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505949" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>This self-marking quiz contains questions covering the understandings for this topic.</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#ef0fa5d6"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="ef0fa5d6"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 id="header-10"> 1.6 Cell division <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505949" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-212-609" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>How cells are produced when a diploid cell does one division of mitosis?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Four haploid cells.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Two diploid cells</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Four diploid cells.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Two haploid cells.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Mitosis is division of the nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei in eukaryote cells.<br>A diploid cell will produce two diploid daughter cells in one division of mitosis.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The DNA of eukaryote cells is organised into chromosomes</p><p>What happens to the DNA at the beginning of mitosis?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Chromosomes unwind caused by enzyme catalysed reactions.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Chromosomes divide into two at the centromere.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Chromosomes replicate and become double stranded.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Chromosomes appear by supercoiling of DNA.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Chromosomes condense by supercoiling during mitosis. This makes the chromosomes visible.</p><p>The DNA replicates during interphase, not prophase.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The image below was taken in 1825 and shows part of the cell cycle.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/01_cells/cytokinesis.png" style="width: 200px; height: 169px;"></p><p>What type of cells is this and at which stage of the cell cycle?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> An animal cell doing cytokinesis.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> An animal cell at the beginning of prophase.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A plant cell at the stage of metaphase.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Two animal cells in interphase.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Cytokinesis occurs after mitosis in plant and animal cells. The chromosomes are uncoiled.</p><p>Plant cells build a new cell wall which divides the cytoplasm.<br>Animal cells form a cleavage furrow (likes a wasps waist) as they don't have cell walls.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>During interphase of the cell cycle what happens to the DNA in the nucleus?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> DNA replication, chromosomes become single stranded.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> DNA replication, chromosomes become double stranded.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> DNA duplication causing chromosome to be uncoiled.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> DNA transcription causing chromosomes to become double stranded.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Under the microscope there is little change during interphase. <br>However interphase is a very active phase of the cell cycle with many processes occurring in the nucleus and cytoplasm. (It is subdivided into G1, S, G2) <br>DNA replication occurs during the S-phase.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram below shows the expression of cyclins in the cell cycle.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/01_cells/cell_cycle_cyclins.png" style="width: 400px; height: 279px;"></p><p>What is the function of these cyclin proteins in the cell cycle?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They control the shape of the cell.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> They control the progress of the cell through the cell cycle.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They control the synthesis of DNA in the cell cycle.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They control the movement of chromosomes.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Cyclins are involved in the control of the cell cycle. The details of the control points and the names of different cyclin molecules are not required for IB, just an understanding that there are several different cycling, their concentrations change and that this controls the cell cycle.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which <strong>two</strong> of the factors below are involved in the development of tumours in cancer? (Tick two answers)</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="checkbox"><input class="c" type="checkbox"> Metastasis</label></p><p><label class="checkbox"><input class="c" type="checkbox"> Oncogenes</label></p><p><label class="checkbox"><input type="checkbox"> Meiosis</label></p><p><label class="checkbox"><input type="checkbox"> Mitotic index</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Mutagens, oncogenes are involved in the development of primary tumours and <br>metastasis in the development of secondary tumours.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The image below shows two cells undergoing mitosis.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/01_cells/mitosis_stages_qn.png" style="width: 388px; height: 290px;"></p><p>Which of the following correctly identifies the stage of mitosis for each of the cells?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 1= anaphase, 2 = prophase</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 1= metaphase, 2 = metaphase</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 1 = anaphase, 2 = metaphase</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 1= telophase, 2 = prophase</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Identification of the phase of mitosis is an important skill. <br>The position of the chromosomes gives the best clue.</p><p>In Prophase, they are spread around the cell, and double stranded.</p><p>In Metaphase, the chromosomes are lined up on the spindle equator.</p><p>In Anaphase, the chromosomes are moving to opposite poles of the cell.</p><p>In Telophase, the two groups of chromosomes are separate, sometimes with a nuclear membrane.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which one of the statements below best describes the mitotic index?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The number of cyclins divided by the number of cells.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The average number of chromosomes in a population of cells.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> The number of cells doing mitosis divided by the total number of cells.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The total number of cells divided by the number of cells doing mitosis.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The mitotic shows the speed of cell division, which can be used as a tool to identify cancer.</p><p>It is calculated by dividing the number of cells doing mitosis by the total number of cells.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The microscope image shows cells in a tissue sample taken from a growth suspected of being cancerous.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/01_cells/mitosis_tumour_cells.png" style="width: 400px; height: 304px;"></p><p>What is the best estimate of the mitotic index of this tissue?<br>Assume that there are exactly 60 cells (for simplicity).</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 60/3</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 1/60</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 20/60</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 1/20</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Skill: Determination of a mitotic index from a micrograph<br>There are 3 cells in stages of mitosis.<br>So the mitotic index = 3 divided by 60 cells total.<br>Keeping it simple = 1 / 20 or 0.05</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Identify the stage of mitosis for the two cells X and Y.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/01_cells/mitosis_stages_qn2.png" style="width: 281px; height: 194px;"></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 1 = Metaphase, 2 = Anaphase</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 1 = Telophase, 2 = Anaphase</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 1 = Telophase, 2 = Prophase</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 1 = Metaphase, 2 = Prophase</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Skill: Identification of phases of mitosis in cells viewed with a microscope or in a micrograph<br>(prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase).</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <hr> <h3 id="header-11">Drag and drop activities<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505949" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-829-609"><p>Test your construction of biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p><p><strong>Cytokinesis in plant and animal cells.</strong></p><p>Drag and drop the correct term into the gap to describe cytokinesis.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">cellulose</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">fuse</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">equator</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">cell walls</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">membrane</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">exocytosis</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">centre</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">merged</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">contractile</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">nuclear</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">rigid</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">cell</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Cytokinesis ( <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="cell"> <span class="review"></span> division) begins towards the end of mitosis ( <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="nuclear"> <span class="review"></span> division).</p><p>In animal cells, <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="contractile"> <span class="review"></span> proteins pull the opposite sides of the membrane towards the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="centre"> <span class="review"></span> of the cell. The membranes <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="fuse"> <span class="review"></span> and two cells are formed.</p><p>Plant celIs have <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="cell walls"> <span class="review"></span> and are <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="rigid"> <span class="review"></span> in structure so each cell forms a plasma membrane and then deposits a middle lamella and cell wall outside the membrane. To form the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="membrane"> <span class="review"></span> , vesicles are <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="merged"> <span class="review"></span> at the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="equator"> <span class="review"></span> of the cell, the contents of the vesicle forming a plasma membrane between the two nuclei. Two new cell walls are then formed on the membrane by <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="exocytosis"> <span class="review"></span> and assembly of <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="cellulose"> <span class="review"></span> and pectins.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>In the plant cell, the membrane and wall have to be formed between the two cells using vesicles which move to the equator of the cell. In an animal cell, the opposite sides of the plasma membranes are pulled towards the centre and fuse.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <div class="panel panel-fucsia"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Just for fun</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>If you want to review key terminology and have some fun with your revision try this word shoot game <a href="http://www.classtools.net/arcade/201903_5XZEc2" target="_blank">Cell Division arcades game</a></p> <ul> </ul> <p align="center"><iframe frameborder="0" height="250" scrolling="no" src="//www.classtools.net/widg/201903_5XZEc2" width="570"></iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <ul> </ul> <div class="page-container panel-self-assessment" data-id="609"> <div class="panel-heading">MY PROGRESS</div> <div class="panel-body understanding-rate"> <div class="msg"></div> <label class="label-lg">Self-assessment</label><p>How much of <strong>Cell division 1.6</strong> have you understood?</p><div class="slider-container text-center"><div id="self-assessment-slider" class="sib-slider self-assessment " data-value="1" data-percentage=""></div></div> <label class="label-lg">My notes</label> <textarea name="page-notes" class="form-control" rows="3" placeholder="Write your notes here..."></textarea> </div> <div class="panel-footer text-xs-center"> <span id="last-edited" class="mb-xs-3"> </span> <div class="actions mt-xs-3"> <button id="save-my-progress" type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary text-center btn-xs-block"> <i class="fa fa-fw fa-floppy-o"></i> Save </button> </div> </div></div> <div id="modal-feedback" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h4 class="modal-title">Feedback</h4> <button type="button" class="close hidden-xs hidden-sm" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="errors"></div> <p><strong>Which of the following best describes your feedback?</strong></p> <form method="post" style="overflow: hidden"> <div class="form-group"> <div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Recommendation"> Recommend</label></div><div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Problem"> Report a problem</label></div><div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Improvement"> Suggest an improvement</label></div><div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Other"> Other</label></div> </div> <hr> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="feedback-name">Name</label> <input type="text" class="form-control" name="feedback-name" placeholder="Name" value=" "> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="feedback-email">Email address</label> <input type="email" class="form-control" name="feedback-email" placeholder="Email" value="@airmail.cc"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="feedback-comments">Comments</label> <textarea class="form-control" name="feedback-comments" style="resize: vertical;"></textarea> </div> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-ticket" value="082b9c9c4ae3624d"> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-url" value="https://studyib.net/biology/page/609/cell-division-16"> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-subject" value="5"> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-subject-name" value="Biology"> <div class="pull-left"> </div> </form> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs-block feedback-submit mb-xs-3 pull-right"> <i class="fa fa-send"></i> Send </button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block m-xs-0 pull-left" data-dismiss="modal"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div></div> <div id="fc-viewer" class="modal fade modal-flashcard" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"><div class="modal-dialog" role="document"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header" style="background-color: #fafafa;"><div class="row" style="width: 100%;"><div class="col-md-12 tags-heading"><div style="display: flex; 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