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class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> The origin of cells 1.5 <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="608" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../462/01-cell-biology.html">01 Cell biology</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">The origin of cells 1.5</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <style type="text/css">ol.breadcrumb { margin-bottom: 0 }</style><div id="toc-1675505949" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a><ol><li><a href="#header-1" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-1">Summary list for topic 1.5 The origin of cells</a></li><li><a href="#header-2" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-2">Mindmaps</a></li><li><a href="#header-3" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-3">Exam style question about endosymbiosis in cells</a></li><li><a href="#header-4" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-4">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-5" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-5">Exam style question about the origin of cells</a></li><li><a href="#header-6" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-6">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-7" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-7">Exam style question about evidence.</a></li><li><a href="#header-8" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-8">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-9" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-9">Multiple choice questions</a><ol></ol></li><li><a href="#header-10" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-10"> 1.5 Origin of cells 1/1 </a></li></ol><li><a href="#header-11" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-11">Drag and drop activities</a></li></div><div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><img class="intro-image" readonly="true" src="../../images/01_cells/cells_graphic-1.png" style="width: 755px; height: 604px;"> <div class="content" readonly="true"> <div class="text">Life has evolved from the first cells to all the cells we find in the huge diversity of today's organisms. This topic covers the origins of cells and the cell theory proposed by Pasteur and Schwaan in an age when spontaneous generation of cells was still believed to occur.</div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary for 1.5 the origin of cells using these flashcards.</p> <div class="tib-flashcard"><a class="show-flashcards btn btn-success btn-xs-block btn-block " data-levels="1" data-mode="" data-topics="600" data-subject-id="5" data-n-flashcards="7" style="text-align:center">Show flashcards</a></div><hr> <p><iframe frameborder="0" height="420" scrolling="no" src="https://quizlet.com/52017645/flashcards/embed" width="100%"><br> </iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - good revision for all students.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-86" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="86"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-86/img0.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-86" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-86/img0.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-86/img1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-86" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-86/img1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-86/img2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-86" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-86/img2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-86/img3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-86" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-86/img3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-86/img4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-86" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-86/img4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-86/img5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-86" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-86/img5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-86" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-86" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-86/img0-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-86/img1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-86/img2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-86/img3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-86/img4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="5"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-86/img5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-1">Summary list for topic 1.5 The origin of cells<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505949" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">The first cells must have arisen from non-living material.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The origin of eukaryotic cells can be explained by the endosymbiotic theory.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Evidence from Pasteur’s experiments falsified the theory that spontaneous generation of cells and organisms occurs.</li> </ul> <p style="text-align: center;"><a href="../../images/01_cells/pasteur_swan_neck_flask.png" target="_blank"><img alt="" src="../../images/01_cells/pasteur_swan_neck_flask.png" style="width: 400px; height: 299px;"></a> </p> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <h3 id="header-2">Mindmaps<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505949" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>These diagram summaries cover the main sections of topic 1.5 Origin of Cells.<br> Study them and draw your own list or concept map from memory.</p> <div id="carousel-85" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="85"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-85/15origincellsspiderlist2.png" data-fancybox="gallery-85" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-85/15origincellsspiderlist2.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-85/15origincellsspider2.png" data-fancybox="gallery-85" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-85/15origincellsspider2.png"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-85" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-85" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-85/15origincellsspiderlist2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-85/15origincellsspider2-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style question</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-3">Exam style question about endosymbiosis in cells<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505949" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>The question below, requires an understanding of membrane transport and cell organelles, so it is a good test of biological understanding. Write an answer on paper, then check the points in the model answer below.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p>This image shows <em>Paramecium bursaria</em> which has mutualistic endosymbiotic relationship with green algae called <em>Zoochlorella. </em>The algae are clearly visible inside the cytoplasm of the <em>Paramecium </em>cell.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><em><img alt="" src="../../images/01_cells/paramecium_endocytosis-1.png" style="width: 300px; height: 234px;"></em></p> <p><strong>Outline how this and other evidence supports the idea that endosymbiosis gave rise to eukaryotic cells. [5]</strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <div class="yellowBg"> <h3 id="header-4">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505949" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Outline how this image and other evidence supports the idea that endosymbiosis gave rise to eukaryotic cells. [5]</strong></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><em><img alt="" src="../../images/01_cells/paramecium_endocytosis-1.png" style="width: 200px; height: 156px;"></em></p> <p><strong>Only five or these points are required for full marks.</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The process of endocytosis is seen in cells like Paramecium and Amoeba, where a cell takes in another cell. This is evidence supporting the idea that a cell can enter another cell.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Endocytosis engulfs the other cells or molecules in a vesicle which looks like some of the membrane bound organelles in eukaryotes.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">In <em>Paramecium bursaria</em> and in coral there are algae cells which remain alive inside coral cells, which shows that cells can survive inside other cells.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Chloroplasts and mitochondria have double membranes which supports the idea that an organism with a single membrane was engulfed and surrounded by a host membrane its vesicle.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Free living organisms have DNA, and a loop of DNA is found in chloroplasts / mitochondria supporting the idea these organelles might once have been free living.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Chloroplasts and mitochondria are capable of division in eukaryote cells further supporting the idea that they were once free living.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">There are 70s ribosomes in chloroplasts / mitochondria similar to 70s ribosomes found in prokaryotes, These are different to the 80 ribosomes of eukaryote cells supporting the idea that they have prokaryote origins.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The very fact tht prokaryotes exist today is evidence that similar cells could have existed before eukaryote</span> <span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on the origin of cells - - - click the + symbol to open it -- ></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-5">Exam style question about the origin of cells<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505949" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>The question below, requires an understanding of the shared genetic code found in the DNA of cells. It asks students to use their knowledge of the genetic evidence which is used to support claims of a common origin of life to interpret some specific data which has not been seen before. It is a good test of analytical skills.</p> <p>Write an answer on paper, then check the points in the model answer below.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>The table shows the six codons found in mRNA of living species which code for the amino acid Leucine. The numbers show the % abundance of each codon relative to all the Leucine codons in the genome of that species.</strong></p> <p><strong>Discuss to what extent the data for % abundance of each of the Leucine codons supports the claim that life on Earth has a common origin. [4]</strong></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="leucine codon table" src="../../images/01_cells/lucine_codon_usage.jpg" style="width: 500px; height: 295px;"></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <div class="yellowBg"> <h3 id="header-6">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505949" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Discuss to what extent the data for % abundance of each codon for Leucine in the three species above supports the claim that life on Earth has a common origin. [4]</strong></p> <p>Description of the data</p> <ol> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">All the species use all the codons for Leucine in their genomes.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">CUG is found in a large % abundance in all species.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The % abundance of all the other codons is different in each species.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The % abundance of the CUC codons is most different in<em> M.extorquens</em> compared to the other species.</span></li> </ol> <p>Interpretation of the data</p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Points 1 & 2 support the claim that life on Earth has a common origin.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">All species would be expected to share a common genetic code if they shared a common ancestor.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Points 3 & 4 illustrate differences between the use of codons in each species.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Differences in use of codons could support the idea that there is more than one origin of the code and thus of more than one origin of life.</span></li> </ul> <p>Conclusion</p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The evidence supporting a common origin (points 1&2) is stronger than the evidence supporting multiple origins.</span></li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on the evidence of the common origin of cells - - - click the + symbol to open it -- ></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-7">Exam style question about evidence.<span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:"></span><small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505949" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:">This question requires knowledge of cell theory and the origin of cells.</span></p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><b><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:">Question: Discuss the evidence that all cells have a common origin (4 marks)</span></b></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><em>Examiner hint:</em> <em>Discuss requires a logical argument for both points supported by evidence.</em></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <div class="yellowBg"> <h3 id="header-8">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505949" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><b><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:">Question: Discuss the evidence that all cells have a common origin (4 marks)</span></b></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The genetic code is universal with the same codons coding for the same amino acids in all organisms.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">With a very few exceptions (explicable by evolution).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Universality of the code makes it very likely that it is derived from a common ancestor.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Cells divide to produce new cells.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">It is accepted that cells must arise from pre-existing cells giving an unbroken chain from the first cell to those of the present day.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The first cell must have arisen from non-living matter, but this cell is assumed to be the precursor of all cells of the present day.</span></li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-9">Multiple choice questions<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505949" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>This self marking multiple choice quiz contains questions covering the skills outlined above.</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#855c1e40"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="855c1e40"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 id="header-10"> 1.5 Origin of cells <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505949" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-209-608" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Pasteur's experiment with 'swan neck' flasks showed that a sterile nutrient medium exposed to the air would not show any signs of bacterial growth under his conditions.</p><p>What prevented the growth of bacteria?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The opening of the flask was too small to let bacteria into the flask.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Bacteria and dust could not reach the nutrient medium.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The nutrient medium was missing some important nutrients.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Spontanious generation prevented bacteria from growing.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Pasteur's famous experiments with swan neck flasks showed that broth kept in a flask where no dust could settle in the nutrient medium, and thus no living cells could get in, would not go mouldy.</p><p>This disproved the theory of spontaeous generation.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Spontaneous generation was a popular concept a few hundred years ago.</p><p>Which of the following statements best summarises the theory?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Cells divide spontaneously in a nutrient medium.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Living organisms develop from non-living matter.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> New species can be generated from simpler species.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Generation of new cells leads to a new generation of the species.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The theory of spontaneous generation tried to explain the occurrence of organisms like maggots, mould and bacteria in rotting food. Pasteur's experiments falsified this theory.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The 64 codons of mRNA code for the same amino acids in almost all species. A rare exception is found in <em>Paramecium</em> where one of the "stop codons" actually codes for the amino acid glutamine.</p><p>What does this suggest about the origin of cells?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The first cells had individual ways of coding for amino acids.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> It is likely that this genetic code has a single origin.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> All living things have the same genes.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Amino acids must have existed before cells.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The 64 codons in the genetic code give rise to the same amino acids in nearly all organisms, There is very little variation. If the genetic code had evolved several times in the history off life, there would be many differences.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Cells today come from pre-existing cells. The origin of the first cell must be different.</p><p>Where do biologists think the first cell came from?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> From Archae bacteria</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> From viruses and lightning.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> From non-living material.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> From urea made by vitalism.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The first cell must have come from non-living material. This material must have contained molecules which today we consider as organic, carbon containing molecules.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the best definition of endosymbiosis?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A cell engulfs another cells and benefits by digesting it. </label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A cell provides materials for another cell and both cells survive.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> A cell is taken into another cell and lives there in a way that both cells benefit.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Two cells each provide materials for each other and both survive.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Endosymbiosis is where a cell engulfs another cell and it continues to live inside the cell.</p><p>The engulfed cell provides something for the host cell, and gets something in return. Both cells benefit.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The image below shows a eukaryotic cell. </p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/01_cells/eukaryote_cell.jpg" style="width: 380px; height: 333px;"></p><p>Which structure, visible in the image, could be used as evidence supporting endosymbiosis?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Mitochondrion</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The Golgi apparatus</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Ribosomes in the cytosol.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Chloroplast</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The mitochondria provide evidence supporting endosymbiosis because they have:</p><ul><li>a double membrane</li><li>70S ribosomes</li><li>DNA</li></ul></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question">What can be concluded from data which shows that the same mRNA codons correspond to the same amino acids in nearly all species, from bacteria to humans?</div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It supports the idea that protein synthesis relies on mRNA.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It supports the idea that bacteria contain the same proteins as humans. </label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It supports that the codon UGG is present in all genes.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> It supports the idea that all life has evolved from a common origin.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The 64 codons in the genetic code give rise to the same amino acids in nearly all organisms. <br>There is very little variation. This is evidence for a single common origin of life. </p><p>Differences in the frequency of amino acid use reflects the different genes in the two organisms.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <hr> <h3 id="header-11">Drag and drop activities<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505949" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p> </div> </div> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-828-608"><p><strong>The endosymbiont theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells.</strong></p><p><strong><img alt="" src="../../images/richard/topic-9/1.5-margoulis.jpg" style="width: 100px; height: 150px;"></strong></p><p>Drag and drop the correct term into the gap to describe the endosymbiont theory.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">chloroplasts</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">endosymbionts</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">mutualistic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true"> ingested</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">free-living prokaryotes</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">photosynthesise</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">eukaryotic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">aerobically</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><span new="" roman="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%;
font-family:" times="">Lynn Margulis explained the origin of <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="eukaryotic"> <span class="review"></span> cells by the endosymbiotic theory. This hypothesises that <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="chloroplasts"> <span class="review"></span> and mitochondria were originally <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="free-living prokaryotes"> <span class="review"></span> and, at some point in evolution, were <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c=" ingested"> <span class="review"></span> by larger cells. Instead of being digested, they became <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="endosymbionts"> <span class="review"></span> in a <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="mutualistic"> <span class="review"></span> relationship with the larger cell giving the larger cell the ability to <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="photosynthesise"> <span class="review"></span> and respire <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="aerobically"> <span class="review"></span> . </span></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Explanation/Examiner hint. 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