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2.9</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Carbohydrates & Lipids 2.3 <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="600" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../463/02-molecular-biology.html">02 Molecular biology</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Carbohydrates & Lipids 2.3</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><img class="intro-image" readonly="true" src="../../images/02_molecules/maltose-1.png" style="width: 846px; height: 718px;"> <div class="content" readonly="true"> <div class="text">This is a topic about the molecules which are rich in energy. Three types of carbohydrates, monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides as well as lipids such as triglycerides which make up many oils in the human body. It includes the analysis of molecule shapes and their function or solubility, and also consideration of applications such as GMO potatoes for glue manufacture, and the heart disease risks of trans-fats.</div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary for 2.3 Carbohydrates and Lipids using these flashcards.</p> <p><iframe frameborder="0" height="420" scrolling="no" src="https://quizlet.com/52036270/flashcards/embed" width="100%"><br> </iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - good revision for all students.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-92" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="92"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img0.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-92" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img0.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-92" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-92" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-92" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-92" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-92" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img5.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img6.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-92" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img6.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img7.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-92" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img7.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img8.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-92" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img8.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img9.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-92" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img9.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-92" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-92" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img0-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="5"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img5-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="6"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img6-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="7"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img7-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="8"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img8-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="9"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-92/img9-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3>Summary list for 2.3 Carbohydrates & Lipids</h3> <ul> <li>Condensation reactions link Monosaccharide monomers together to<br> form disaccharides (Sucrose, lactose and maltose) and polysaccharides (cellulose starch and glycogen).</li> <li>Fatty acids can be saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated.</li> <li>and cis or trans isomers if they are unsaturated. (Molecule names not required).</li> <li>Three fatty acids and one glycerol molecules can form a Triglycerides by condensation reactions.</li> <li>How the structure of cellulose and starch (amylose & amylopectin) in plants and glycogen in humans relates to function.</li> <li>For long-term energy storage in humans lipids are better than carbohydrates.</li> <li>Potatoes have been genetically modified to reduce the level of amylose to produce a more effective adhesive.</li> <li>Evaluate the conflicting evidence for health risks of trans fats and saturated fatty acids and evaluate the methods used.</li> <li>Ability to use molecular visualisation software like jmol to compare cellulose, starch and glycogen.</li> <li>Ability to work out a BMI using a nomogram or by calculation.</li> </ul> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <h3>Mindmaps</h3> <p>This diagram summaries the main sections of topic 2.3.<br> Test if you can draw something like these concept maps from memory. <br> Even better, design your own.</p> <div id="carousel-93" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="93"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-93/23carbsspider.png" data-fancybox="gallery-93" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-93/23carbsspider.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-93/23carbsspiderlist.png" data-fancybox="gallery-93" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-93/23carbsspiderlist.png"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-93" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-93" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-93/23carbsspider-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-93/23carbsspiderlist-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style question about fatty acid structure</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3>Exam style question about carbohydrate structure</h3> <p>Understanding the structure of carbohydrates is an important skill from this topic.</p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer with the model answer below.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p>There are unsaturated fats in nuts, olive oil, and avocados that are important in a healthy diet. Health authorities around the world encourage people to reduce their consumption of saturated fats, in other types of food. <br> <strong>Compare and contrast the structures of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. [6]</strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>.</strong></p> <p><strong>.</strong></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3>Model answer </h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Compare and contrast the structures of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. [6]</strong><br> <em>(Remember to mention both types of fat in each comparison point)</em></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">fatty acids are molecules containing a hydrocarbon chain and a carboxylic acid functional group.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">fatty acids can be saturated <strong>or</strong> unsaturated.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">unsaturated fatty acids can be mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturated</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds between their carbon acids (C=C) <strong>whereas</strong> saturated fats have no double bonds.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><strong>both</strong> saturated and unsaturated fatty acid can have chains of different lengths.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Unsaturated fatty acids exist in cis-form or trans form, <strong>but</strong> saturated acids don't have this difference.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Cis-form has hydrogen atoms on the same side of carbon double bond<strong><em> whereas</em></strong> trans form has hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of carbon double bond.</span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">trans form makes a straight carbon chain but cis-form fatty acids has bends in their chains. </span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">cis form is naturally occurring but trans form is not.</span></p> </li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question about carbohydrate macromolecules</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>This question tests a student's ability to interpret images from visualisation software and to describe these molecule structures</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p>The image below shows a carbohydrate macromolecule found in plants, together with an extract of that molecule and an interpretation of the image drawn as a structural formula.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../images/02_molecules/carbohydrate_extract_molecule.png" style="width: 500px; height: 261px;"></p> <p><strong>a) Use the molecular visualisation and the extracts to determine the name of the macromolecule shown [1]</strong></p> <p>......................................................... .........................................................</p> <p><strong>b) Explain how the molecule can be identified using evidence from the images [2]</strong></p> <p>......................................................... ..........................................................</p> <p>......................................................... .........................................................</p> <p>......................................................... .........................................................</p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3>Model answer</h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>a) Use the molecular visualisation and the extracts to determine the name of the macromolecule shown [1]</strong></p> <p>.........................<span style="color:#FF0000;">Amylose molecule / Starch molecule </span>...........................</p> <p><strong>b) Explain how the molecule can be identified using evidence from the images [2]</strong></p> <p><img alt="" src="../../images/02_molecules/carbohydrate_extract_molecule_modelanswer3.png" style="width: 330px; height: 320px;"></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The monomer unit is glucose, probably alpha-glucose.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The chain of glucose molecules doesn't have any branches visible.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The CH<sub>3</sub> groups (the 6C) is on the same side in the first two glucose molecules, (if it was beta-glucose these would be opposite.)</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The whole molecule forms a spiral shape suggesting amylose/starch (and not cellulose which is more linear).</span></p> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3><a id="mcqs" name="mcqs"></a>Multiple choice questions</h3> <p>This is a self marking quiz containing questions covering the topic outlined above.<br> Try the questions to check your understanding.</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#e315fd89"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="e315fd89"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 class="modal-title" style="width: 100%;"> 2.3 Carbohydrates & Lipids <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-221-600" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following are all carbohydrate monomers?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Glucose, ribose, lactose</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Glucose, fructose, galactose.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Amino acid, glycerol, fatty acid.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The simple sugars which act as monomers in larger carbohydrate molecules are, glucose, fructose, and galactose.</p><p>They are often joined together, e.g. glucose and glucose form maltose.</p><p>Long chains of glucose molecules form polysaccharides.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The image below shows a molecule commonly found in the human digestive system</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/02_molecules/maltose-1.png" style="width: 250px; height: 212px;"></p><p>What type of molecule is this?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A dipeptide</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> A disaccharide </label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A diglyceride</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A nucleotide base</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Each of the monomer units is a glucose molecule, so this is a disaccharide, in fact maltose.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What are the functions of the molecules, Cellulose, and Starch in plants?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Cellulose stores energy and starch is a component of cell walls.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Cellulose is a component of cell walls and starch stores energy.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Cellulose and starch are both important components of cell walls.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Cellulose is used for respiration and starch is stored in chloroplasts.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Plant cells walls are built of cellulose mainly.</p><p>There is starch in the cell but this is found in the chloroplast, or in the cytoplasm. It is used to store energy.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the difference in structure between amylose and amylopectin?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Amylose is a branched molecule and amylopectin is an unbranched molecule.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Amylose is an unbranched molecule and amylopectin is a branched molecule.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Amylose and amylopectin are both unbranched molecules.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Amylose and amylopectin are both branched molecules.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Amylose is an unbranched polysaccharide, and Amylopectin is a branched polysaccharide.</p><p>Both are found in starch.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The molecules below are both of the same type, fatty acids. </p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/02_molecules/fatty-acids-a_b.png" style="width: 300px; height: 158px;"></p><p>Which of the descriptions below is the best description of these two molecules.</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A is an unsaturated fatty acid and B is a saturated fatty acid.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A is a saturated fatty acid and B is a saturated fatty acid.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A is a trans-fatty acid and B is a cis-fatty acid.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> A is an unsaturated fatty acid and B is an unsaturated fatty acid.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The terms cis- and trans- apply to unsaturated fatty acids but from these diagrams we cannot tell.</p><p>Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds in the carbon chain (except the =0 in the carboxylic acid)</p><p>Both of these are unsaturated fatty acids.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following molecules are monosaccharides?</p><ol><li>Lactose</li><li>Galactose</li><li>Sucrose</li><li>Fructose</li><li>Glucose</li></ol></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 2, 4 and 5 only</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 2 and 3 only</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 2 and 4 only</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 1, 2 and 3 only</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Monosaccharides are Galactose, Fructose and Glucose.</p><p>The three disaccharides named in the syllabus are Maltose, Sucrose and Lactose.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram below shows a graph of the results of a long study into the incidence of heart disease (CHD).</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/02_molecules/transfat_graph_analysis.png" style="width: 350px; height: 261px;"></p><p>When saturated fat replaced 5% of the energy in a diet the % incidence of CHD increased by 20%</p><p>Which of the following conclusions could be made about Trans-fat?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Trans-fat seems to increase the CHD much more than saturated fat.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Above 2% of energy replaced by trans fat, there was no change in CHD.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Trans-fats seem to affect the CHD in a different way to the other fat types.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Poly-unsaturated fat has a much worse effect on CHD than trans-fat.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>An ability to evaluate evidence about the health impact of trans-fats is expected.<br>In this case the evidence strongly suggests that trans-fat increases the risk of CHD more than other fat types.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What type of reaction is it that makes a macromolecule from smaller monomer units?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>Condensation</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Hydrolysis</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Elongation</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Translation</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Condensation reactions are those where two -OH groups join forming a covalent bond and releasing a water molecule.</p><p>These reactions often join molecules together, e.g. glucose and glucose form maltose.</p><p>Long chains of glucose molecules form polysaccharides.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <h3>Drag and drop activities</h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-832-600"><p><strong>Examples of carbohydrate structure and function</strong><o:p></o:p></p><p>Drag and drop the correct term into the gap to describe the strructure and functions of carbohydrates.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">starch </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">galactose</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">storage</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">monomer</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">respiratory </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">aerobic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">glycogen </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">cellulose</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">milk</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">monosaccharide</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">disaccharide</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">polysaccharide</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Glucose is a <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="monosaccharide"> <span class="review"></span> which is the main <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="respiratory "> <span class="review"></span> substrate, used by mitochondria to make ATP energy by <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="aerobic"> <span class="review"></span> respiration.</p><p>Sucrose is a <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="disaccharide"> <span class="review"></span> composed of glucose and fructose bonded by a glycosidid bond. It is used in transport in plants.</p><p>Lactose is a disaccharide of glucose and <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="galactose"> <span class="review"></span> found in mammalian <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="milk"> <span class="review"></span> .</p><p>Polysaccharides of glucose <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="monomer"> <span class="review"></span> units, depending how the monomer units are bonded, can form <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="glycogen "> <span class="review"></span> for energy <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="storage"> <span class="review"></span> in animals, <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="starch "> <span class="review"></span> for energy storage in plants and <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="cellulose"> <span class="review"></span> for cell walls in plant cells.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Explanation/Examiner hint. You need to know the structure of simple and complex carbohydrates and some of their roles in living organisms. These examples reoccur throughout the syllabus content.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><p><o:p></o:p></p><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <div class="panel panel-expandable panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra drag and drop explanation on the role and structure of lipids - click the '+' symbol to open it.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-831-600"><p><strong>Examples of lipid function</strong><o:p></o:p></p><p>Drag and drop the correct term into the gap to describe the strructure and functions of lipids.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">long-term</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">liquid </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">fatty acids</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">unsaturated</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">saturated</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Triglyceride</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">storage</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Triglyceride"> <span class="review"></span> lipids are polymers of glycerol and <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="fatty acids"> <span class="review"></span> .</p><p>The fatty acids can be <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="saturated"> <span class="review"></span> (straight chain) or <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="unsaturated"> <span class="review"></span> (chain with a "kink") which are usually <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="liquid "> <span class="review"></span> at room temperature.</p><p>They are utilised for <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="long-term"> <span class="review"></span> energy <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="storage"> <span class="review"></span> in animals and plant seeds..</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Explanation/Examiner hint. You need to know the structure and examples of lipid function. These examples reoccur throughout the syllabus content.</em><em> Other lipid functions include steroid hormones and the phospholipids of the cell membrane.</em></p><p> </p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><p><o:p></o:p></p><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-fucsia"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Just for fun</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Everyone needs something a bit light hearted from time to time when revising. That's the aim of this last activity.<br> <a href="http://quizlet.com/52036270/match" target="_blank">Cabohydrates & Lipids - Matching cards memory games</a></p> <ul> </ul> <p style="text-align: center"><iframe height="500" src="https://quizlet.com/52036270/match/embed?i=xxmo&x=1jj1" style="border:0" width="100%"></iframe></p> <p>The idea is that this game is fun to do but it still counts as revision.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <ul> </ul> <div class="page-container panel-self-assessment" data-id="600"> <div class="panel-heading">MY PROGRESS</div> <div class="panel-body understanding-rate"> <div class="msg"></div> <label class="label-lg">Self-assessment</label><p>How much of <strong>Carbohydrates & Lipids 2.3</strong> have you understood?</p><div class="slider-container text-center"><div id="self-assessment-slider" class="sib-slider self-assessment " data-value="1" data-percentage=""></div></div> <label class="label-lg">My 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