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data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Hormones and reproduction 6.6 <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="594" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../468/06-human-physiology.html">06 Human physiology</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Hormones and reproduction 6.6</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><img class="intro-image" readonly="true" src="../../images/06_humans/hormones_reproduction_100x100-1.png" style="width: 492px; height: 426px;"> <div class="content" readonly="true"> <div class="text">Hormones, homeostasis and reproduction are all covered in this topic. Learn about homeostasis, thermoregulation, control of blood glucose, diabetes, leptin, melatonin, male and female reproductive systems, the SRY gene, secondary sexual characteristics and the menstrual cycle.</div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary for 6.6 Hormones, homeostasis and reproduction using these flashcards.</p> <p><iframe frameborder="0" height="420" scrolling="no" src="https://quizlet.com/213067868/flashcards/embed" width="100%"><br> </iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Use the slide show below to revise Hormones and Reproduction 6.6.</p> <div id="carousel-55" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="55"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-55/cshormonesreproduction.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-55" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-55/cshormonesreproduction.PNG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-55/csthermoregulationhomeostasiskeyconcepts.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-55" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-55/csthermoregulationhomeostasiskeyconcepts.PNG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-55/csthermoregulation.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-55" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-55/csthermoregulation.PNG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-55/csbloodglucoselevels.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-55" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-55/csbloodglucoselevels.PNG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-55/csmelatonin.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-55" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-55/csmelatonin.PNG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-55/femalereproductivesystem.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-55" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-55/femalereproductivesystem.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-55/csfemalerepsystem.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-55" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-55/csfemalerepsystem.PNG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-55/malereproductivesystem.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-55" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-55/malereproductivesystem.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-55/malerepsystem.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-55" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-55/malerepsystem.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-55/cssrygene.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-55" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-55/cssrygene.PNG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-55/cs2sexualcharacteristics.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-55" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-55/cs2sexualcharacteristics.PNG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-55/csmenstrualcycle.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-55" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-55/csmenstrualcycle.PNG"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-55" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-55" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-55/cshormonesreproduction-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-55/csthermoregulationhomeostasiskeyconcepts-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-55/csthermoregulation-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-55/csbloodglucoselevels-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-55/csmelatonin-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="5"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-55/femalereproductivesystem-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="6"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-55/csfemalerepsystem-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="7"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-55/malereproductivesystem-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="8"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-55/malerepsystem-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="9"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-55/cssrygene-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="10"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-55/cs2sexualcharacteristics-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="11"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-55/csmenstrualcycle-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-6">Summary list for 6.6 Hormones and reproduction</h3> <ul> <li>Hormones travel in the blood more slowly than nerve impulses but are more wide<img alt="" src="../../../ib/biology/images/flickr_cc_commercial_ok/06humans/gland_square_image.jpg" style="width: 150px; height: 147px; float: right;">ly distributed. <ul> <li><strong>Insulin</strong> and <strong>glucagon </strong>control blood glucose (cells in islets of pancreas).</li> <li><strong>Thyroxin </strong>regulates metabolic rate & partly controls body temperature. (thyroid gland).</li> <li><strong>Leptin</strong> acts on the hypothalamus of the brain to inhibit appetite (secreted by cells in adipose tissue).</li> <li><strong>Melatonin </strong>controls circadian rhythms (jet lag) (secreted by pineal gland).</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p class="liWithoutP"><u>Hormones in human development & reproduction</u></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">The sry gene of the Y chromosomes causes embryonic gonads to develop as testes and then they secrete testosterone which causes pre-natal development of male genitalia. In puberty it causes, development of male secondary sexual characteristics and sperm production.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Estrogen and progesterone cause pre-natal development of female reproductive organs and in puberty the female secondary sexual characteristics.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">In the menstrual cycle FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone have roles in negative and positive feedback mechanisms.</li> <li>IVF uses drugs to suspend the normal secretion of hormones, followed by the use of artificial doses of hormones to induce superovulation and establish a pregnancy.</li> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong><u>Skills</u></strong></p> <ul> <li>Understand the causes and treatment of Type I and Type II diabetes.</li> <li>Outline how tests using leptin on obese patients didn't reduce their obesity and give reasons why.</li> <li>Understand how melatonin can be used to help alleviate jet lag.</li> <li>Homeostasis of glucose.</li> <li>Annotate diagrams of the male and female reproductive systems with the names & function of structures.</li> <li>State that scientific discoveries often follow developments in equipment, and illustrate this with the example that microscopes were not available for William Harvey’s investigation of sexual reproduction in deer so he failed to solve the mystery of sexual reproduction.</li> </ul> </div> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <h3>Summary sheets</h3> <p>There is a lot to learn in this subsection so it is particularly useful to make revision summary sheets or mind maps.<br> These diagrams summarise the main sections of topic 6.6.<br> Test if you can draw something like these concept maps from memory.</p> <div id="carousel-107" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="107"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-107/66hormonesreprodspiderlist.png" data-fancybox="gallery-107" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-107/66hormonesreprodspiderlist.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-107/66hormonesreprodspider.png" data-fancybox="gallery-107" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-107/66hormonesreprodspider.png"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-107" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-107" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-107/66hormonesreprodspiderlist-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-107/66hormonesreprodspider-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3>Exam style question about the menstrual cycle</h3> <p>Understanding the hormones of the menstrual cycle, as well as positive and negative feedback is an important skill from this topic.</p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Outline the roles of named hormones in the menstrual cycle. [6]</strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>.</strong></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3>Model answer </h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Outline the roles of named hormones in the menstrual cycle. [6]</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The pituitary gland secretes FSH</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">FSH stimulates the development of follicles in the ovary.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Developing follicles secrete estrogen.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Estrogen stimulates LH secretion.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Estrogen promotes the development of the uterus lining.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Increasing levels of progesterone promotes thickening of the uterus lining.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Lowering of progesterone concentration causes menstruation.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">LH causes ovulation when its concentration is high.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">LH causes the follicle to develop into a corpus luteum in the ovary after ovulation.</span></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on the male and female gametes</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>This question tests an understanding of spermatogenesis and oogenesis.</p> <p>Write your answer on paper and then compare it to the model answer.<b><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:"></span></b></p> <p><b><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:">Compare and contrast spermatogenesis with oogenesis</span></b> <strong>(7 marks)</strong></p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p>....................................................... .................................................</p> <p>....................................................... .................................................</p> <p>....................................................... .................................................</p> <p>..........................................................................................................</p> <p>...........................................................................................................</p> <p><em>Describe the similarities and the differences. A table can be used for the differences.</em></p> </div> <p>Click the + to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3>Model answer</h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p style="margin-left:36.0pt;"><b><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:">Compare and contrast spermatogenesis with oogenesis</span></b> <strong>(7 marks)</strong><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></p> <p style="margin-left:36.0pt;"><span style="color:#FF0000;"><strong><u>Similarities:</u></strong></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Both involve mitosis.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Both involve meiosis.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">After meiosis there is a maturation phase.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Produce haploid gametes.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Regulated by hormones FSH, LH.</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><strong><u>Differences:</u></strong></span></p> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:293px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><strong>Spermatogenesis</strong></span></p> </td> <td style="width:293px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><strong>Oogenesis</strong></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:293px;"> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Continual production.</span></li> </ul> </td> <td style="width:293px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Single ovum per menstrual cycle.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:293px;"> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">4 mature sperm produced from one spermatogonium.</span></li> </ul> </td> <td style="width:293px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">I mature ovum produced from one oogonium.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:293px;"> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Unlimited number of sperm produced over lifetime.</span></li> </ul> </td> <td style="width:293px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Limited number during fertility.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:293px;"> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">No polar bodies.</span></li> </ul> </td> <td style="width:293px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Polar bodies produced from each meiotic division.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:293px;"> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Mature when released.</span></li> </ul> </td> <td style="width:293px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Meiosis II occurs after release</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:293px;"> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Stored in epididymis before release</span></li> </ul> </td> <td style="width:293px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Not stored</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:293px;"> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Testosterone involved in sperm production and maturation.</span></li> </ul> </td> <td style="width:293px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Oestrogen and progesterone involved in ovum production and maturation.</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><em>The use of a table does not detract from the bonus point.</em></span></p> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on homeostatic control of blood glucose levels.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>The role of hormones in homeostasis is an important concept in this topic.</p> <p>Answer the question on paper and then check your answer with the model answer.</p> <p><strong>Describe how insulin and glucagon maintain normal blood glucose levels. (8 marks)</strong></p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3>Model answer</h3> <p><strong>Describe how insulin and glucagon maintain normal blood glucose levels. (8 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">I nsulin and glucagon homeostatically maintain blood glucose levels within normal limits.</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">If blood glucose level rises above normal:</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Insulin is then released from the b-cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas</span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Insulin causes liver to absorb sugar from blood and convert it to glycogen which is</span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:36.0pt;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">stored.</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Insulin causes muscles to absorb sugar from blood and convert it to glycogen which is stored.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">This causes blood sugar level to drop to normal and insulin release ceases.</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">If blood glucose level drops below normal:</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Glucagon is released from the b-cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.</span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">causes breakdown of glucagon into glucose in liver.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The glucose is released into blood.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Glucose release causes blood glucose levels to rise to normal.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Levels of insulin and glucagon are maintained by negative feedback.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The pancreas stops producing the hormone when blood glucose levels return to normal.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Insulin and glucagon are antagonistic hormones/insulin and glucagon have opposite effects.to maintain normal blood glucose level.</span></li> </ul> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h3>Drag and drop activities</h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-893-594"><p>Leptin is a protein hormone secreted by adipose (fatty)tissue which is secreted in increasing amounts as adipose tissue gains fat or more tissue grows. Leptin binds to receptors in the hypothalamus causing appetite inhibition and therefore reduces food intake.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/richard/6.5-leptin.png" style="width: 200px; height: 157px;"></p><p>Drag and drop the correct word or phrase into the gap to describe investigations into the treatment of human obesity using mice as models for human physiology.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Hypothalamus</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">gene</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">genetically engineered</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">broken down</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">physiology</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Psychological</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">therapy</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">increased</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">dropped</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true"> ingested</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">pancreas</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">obesity</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">leptin</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">continually</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">model</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">mammal</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">appetite</span></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Mice were <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="genetically engineered"> <span class="review"></span> to not produce leptin in order to investigate leptin <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="therapy"> <span class="review"></span> as a cure for human <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="obesity"> <span class="review"></span> . These mutant mice fed <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="continually"> <span class="review"></span> and became obese.</p><p>When these mice were injected with <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="leptin"> <span class="review"></span> , their <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="appetite"> <span class="review"></span> returned to normal and weight <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="dropped"> <span class="review"></span> .</p><p>This led to trials on obese humans that were largely unsuccessful because:</p><ol><li value="NaN">Mice, as a <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="model"> <span class="review"></span> , do not exactly represent human <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="physiology"> <span class="review"></span> .</li><li value="NaN"> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Hypothalamus"> <span class="review"></span> receptors not responding to leptin is a more common cause of obesity in humans than leptin <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="gene"> <span class="review"></span> mutation.</li><li value="NaN"> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Psychological"> <span class="review"></span> effects in humans make treatment outcomes more diverse.</li><li>Hormones are <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="broken down"> <span class="review"></span> by the body and, as leptin is a protein, it cannot be <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c=" ingested"> <span class="review"></span> and has to be injected frequently, often causing adverse reactions.</li></ol><p> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Using other mammals as models for human treatments does not always have a successful outcome due to the differences in bahaviour and physiology between humans and other mammals.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <hr> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>This is a self marking quiz containing questions covering the topic outlined above.<br> Try the questions to check your understanding.</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#3b2dc440"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="3b2dc440"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 class="modal-title" style="width: 100%;"> 6.6 Hormones and reproduction quiz <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-234-594" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which answers best explains the difference between the speed of reaction of hormones compared to nerve impulses?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Hormones are made of proteins so they travel at the same speed as nerve impulses.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Hormones travel in the blood so they travel more slowly than nerve impulses.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Hormones are made of lipids so they travel more slowly than nerve impulses which use proteins.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Hormones travel in the blood so they travel more quickly than nerve impulses.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Hormones travel in the blood more slowly than nerve impulses but are more widely distributed</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question">The hormone insulin lowers blood glucose. What is the name of the other hormone produced by the pancreas which helps to increase blood glucose levels?</div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Glucagon</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Leptin</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Glycoserone</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Adrenaline</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Insulin and glucagon control blood glucose (they are both made in cells in islets of pancreas)</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the function of the hormone thyroxine.</p><p>which regulates the body's metabolic rate & partly controls body temperature.</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Regulates the blood glucose concentration and body temperature.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Regulates the body's metabolic rate and partly controls temperature.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Regulates lipid concentrations in the blood and in body cells.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Regulates the thyroid gland and iodine in the body. </label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Thyroxin regulates metabolic rate & partly controls body temperature. ( it is made in the thyroid gland)</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the role of the hormone Leptin?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It makes adipose cells absorb fats</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It makes the liver produce glucose</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> It inhibits apetite in the hypothalamus of the brain</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It stimulates the secretion of lipase enzymes from the pancreas</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Leptin acts on the hypothalamus of the brain to inhibit appetite (secreted by cells in adipose tissue)</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the hormone which controls circadian rhythms called?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Leptin</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Insulin</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Circadine</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Melatonin</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Melatonin controls circadian rhythms (It is secreted by pineal gland.)</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the hormone which causes pre-natal development of male genetalia?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Estrogen.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Testosterone.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Progesterone</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> SRY gene</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The sry gene of the Y chromosomes causes embryonic gonads to develop as testes</p><p>The testes secrete testosterone which causes pre-natal development of male genitalia.</p><p>Note: In puberty it causes, development of male secondary sexual characteristics and sperm production.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the role of estrogen and progesterone in a developing embryo?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They cause pre-natal release of oxytocin.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They cause pre-natal development of the ovaries.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> They cause pre-natal development of the female repoductive organs.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They control the rate of growth of the baby and its metabolism.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Estrogen and progesterone cause pre-natal development of female reproductive organs</p><p>Note: in puberty the female secondary sexual characteristics.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The corpus luteum produces estrogen and progesterone which inhibit the production of LH and FSH causing the corpus luteum to degenerate.</p>Which of these terms best describes this example of feedback?</div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Negative feedback</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Positive feedback </label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Chemical feedback.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Hormonal feedback</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>In the menstrual cycle FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone have roles in negative and positive feedback mechanisms.</p>This is an example of negative feedback, as the result of the process reduces the stimulus of the process.</div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question">In terms of insulin, what is the difference between Type I diabetes and Type II diabetes?</div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> In type I diabetes the body fails to respond to insulin produced and in type I it doesn't make insulin.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> In type I diabetes the body is not making enough insulin, and in type II the body fails to repond to insulin.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> More insulin is produced by the body in type I diabetes than in type II diabetes.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The rate of production of insulin is slower in type II diabetes than in type I.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>In diabetes the glucose level of the blood is not controlled properly.</p><p>In type I the body cannot produce enough insulin.</p><p>In type II the body produces insulin but it doesn't have the effect of lowering blood glucose.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question">In the regulation of blood glucose insulin affects the liver and muscles lowering blood glucose concentration.<br>What is the name of the enzyme which raises blood glucose concentration?</div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Progesterone.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Glucagon.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> ADH.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Thyroxine.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Glucagon is the hormone which is released when blood glucose is too low.</p><p>It promotes the release of glucose into the blood, raising the blood concentration.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer 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