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onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../468/06-human-physiology.html">06 Human physiology</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Defence against disease 6.3</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span> <table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:500px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <img alt="" src="../../images/06_humans/clotting_diag6-1.jpg" style="float: left; width: 135px; height: 100px;">This topic covers the production of antibodies and the cascade of reactions in blood clotting. The functions of blood cells in the immune system as well as specific immunity and antibodies. Methods of transmission of HIV is also included.</div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary for 6.3 Defence against disease using these flashcards.</p> <p><iframe frameborder="0" height="420" scrolling="no" src="https://quizlet.com/213067287/flashcards/embed" width="100%"><br> </iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - good revision for all students.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-112" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="112"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img0.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-112" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img0.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-112" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-112" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-112" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-112" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img6.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-112" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img6.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img7.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-112" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img7.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img8.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-112" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img8.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img9.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-112" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img9.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img10.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-112" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img10.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-112" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-112" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img0-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="5"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img6-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="6"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img7-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="7"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img8-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="8"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img9-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="9"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-112/img10-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-3">Summary list for 6.3 Defence against disease<img alt="" height="119" src="../../../ib/biology/images/flickr_cc_commercial_ok/hl_topics/11humans/clotting_diag6.jpg" style="float: right;" width="160"></h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">The primary defence against pathogens are the skin and mucous membranes.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Blood clotting seals cuts in the skin (skin diagrams are not required).</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Platelets release clotting factors.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin by thrombin.</li> <li>Pathogens are ingested by phagocyte cells which gives non-specific immunity.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Specific immunity is given by production of antibodies by lymphocytes in response to particular (antigens on) pathogens.</li> <li class="liWithoutP"><span>Antibiotics block prokaryotic cell processes but not processes in eukaryotic cells.</span></li> <li class="liWithoutP"><span>Viruses lack a metabolism and cannot be treated with antibiotics. </span>Some strains of bacteria have evolved antibiotic resistance and even multiple resistance.</li> <li>The effects of HIV on the immune system should be limited to a reduction in the number of active lymphocytes and a loss of the ability to produce antibodies, leading to the development of AIDS.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Subgroups of phagocyte and lymphocyte are not required but students should be aware that some lymphocytes act as memory cells and can quickly reproduce to form a clone of plasma cells if a pathogen carrying a specific antigen is re-encountered.</li> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><u>Skills</u></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Outline causes and consequences of blood clot formation in coronary arteries.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Describe Florey and Chain’s experiments to test penicillin on bacterial infections in mice.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Describe the effects of HIV on the immune system and methods of transmission.</li> </ul> </div> <h3>Mindmaps</h3> <p>This diagram summaries the main sections of topic 6.3.<br> Test if you can draw something like these concept maps from memory.</p> <div id="carousel-110" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="110"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-110/63defensediseasespiersimple.png" data-fancybox="gallery-110" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-110/63defensediseasespiersimple.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-110/63defensediseasespier.png" data-fancybox="gallery-110" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-110/63defensediseasespier.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-110/63defensediseasespierlist.png" data-fancybox="gallery-110" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-110/63defensediseasespierlist.png"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-110" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-110" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-110/63defensediseasespiersimple-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-110/63defensediseasespier-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-110/63defensediseasespierlist-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3>Video tutorial</h3> <p>Watch this short video tutorial about the cascade of reactions in blood clotting. Focus on platelets, clotting factors, thrombin, fibrinogen, and fibrin as well as erythrocytes.<br> Note: Some details are not required, but the graphics are so good it's worth watching this two minute explanation.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" data-ruffle-polyfilled="" frameborder="0" height="480" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/R8JMfbYW2p4?rel=0" width="640"></iframe></p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Describe the role of of the following parts of the blood clotting process by completing the table.</strong></p> <table border="2" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col" style="text-align: center;">Blood component</th> <th scope="col" style="text-align: center;">Function</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Platelets</td> <td style="text-align: center;"> Gather at the site of cell damage and release clotting factor.</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Clotting factor</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Begins the clotting cascade and triggers the formation of thrombin</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Thrombin</td> <td style="text-align: center;">(i)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Fibrinogen</td> <td style="text-align: center;">(ii)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Fibrin</td> <td style="text-align: center;">(iii)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Erythrocytes</td> <td style="text-align: center;">(iv)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p>Click the + to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3>Model answer</h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Describe the role of of the following parts of the blood clotting process:</strong></p> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col" style="text-align: center;">Blood component</th> <th scope="col" style="text-align: center;">Function</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Platelets</td> <td style="text-align: center;"> Gather at the site of cell damage and release clotting factor.</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Clotting factor</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Begins the clotting cascade and triggers the formation of thrombin</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Thrombin</td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Causes fibrinogen to change into fibrin.</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Fibrinogen</td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Changes into fibrin.</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Fibrin</td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Creates a network of fibres in the clot</span>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Erythrocytes</td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Get trapped in the fibrin network and form a blood clot.</span></td> </tr> </thead> </table> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on HIV and AIDS.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>This question tests an understanding of <span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:">how the HIV virus infects cells and damages the immune system.</span></p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer with the model answer.</p> <p><img alt="" src="../../images/richard/6.3-hiv.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 152px;"></p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p> <strong> Explain why infection with the HIV virus causes AIDS. (3 marks)</strong></p> <p>....................................................... .................................................</p> <p>....................................................... .................................................</p> <p>....................................................... .................................................</p> <p>Explain needs a reasoned argument.</p> </div> <p>Click the + to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3>Model answer</h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Explain why infection with the HIV virus causes AIDS. (3 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The HIV virus infects a type of lymphocyte, T cells.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">T cells activate plasma cells to produce antibodies to fight disease.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">HIV infection reduces the ability of the body to produce antibodies as the number of T cells declines when the HIV virus reproduces and destroys these cells.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The immune system is weakened, and patients infected with HIV develop AIDS </span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">by contracting infections such as pneumonia as a result of a weakened immune system.</span></li> </ul> <p>HIV is the virus, AIDS is the chronic disease due to the compromised immune system.</p> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on blood clotting.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>This question tests an understanding of the process of blood clotting.</p> <p><img alt="" src="../../images/richard/6.3-blood-clotting.jpg" style="width: 138px; height: 171px;"></p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer with the model answer.<b><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:"></span></b></p> <p><b><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:">Describe how an injury can cause blood clotting. (5 marks)</span></b></p> <hr> <div class="yellowBg"> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr><em>Examiner hint: Describe requires detail. Include how injury causes damage, rough surfaces. You can also use the video to help your understanding.</em> <hr></div> <p>Click the + to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3>Model answer</h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><b><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:">Describe how an injury can cause blood clotting</span></b><strong>. (5 marks) </strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The injury causes platelets to meet a rough surface.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Damaged tissue and platelets release clotting factors.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Several factors, including Calcium ions, contribute to a cascade reaction.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Resulting in the clotting factors the formation of thrombin.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Which catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Making fibrin fibrous and insoluble and causing it to bind into a mesh which traps blood cells.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Forming a clot which can dry into a scab.</span></li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3>Multiple choice questions</h3> <p>This is a self marking quiz containing questions covering the topic outlined above.<br> Try the questions to check your understanding.</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#e2004fc9"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="e2004fc9"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 class="modal-title" style="width: 100%;"> 6.3 Defence against disease quiz <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-231-591" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which type of defense against disease blocks prokaryotic cell processes in the human body?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The circulatory system</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Phagocytes</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Antibodies</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Skin and mucous membranes</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The primary defence against pathogens are the skin and mucous membranes.<br>Antibodies made by lymphocytes block the cell processes in prokaryotes.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>If the skin is broken then a blood clot forms to seal this cut.</p><p>What is the role of fibrinogen in the process of blood clotting?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Fibrinogen is converted into prothrombin</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Fibrinogen is converted into thrombin</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Fibrin turns into fibrinogen.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Platelets release clotting factors. first in the process of blood clotting.</p><p>There is a cascade of reactions in which fibrinogen is converted into fibrin.</p><p>Blood clotting seals cuts in the skin. (skin diagrams are not required.)</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the effect which platelets have on the process of blood clotting?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Platelets release thrombin</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Platelets convert prothrombin to thrombin.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Platelets release clotting factors.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Platelets trap red blood cells (erythrocytes).</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Platelets release clotting factors.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which type of blood cells are capable of producing antibodies?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Platelets</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Lymphocyte cells</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Phagocyte cells</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Erythrocytes</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Lymphocytes produce antibodies. The can be called "Plasma cells" when they do this. (HL detail)</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>If a pathogen has been seen before by the immune system we are said to have "specific immunity".</p><p>Which of the following is the best definition of speciic immunity?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Erythrocytes clotting in fibrin.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Antibodies from a lymphocyte producing many antigens.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Macrophages engulfing pathogens in the lungs</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Phagocytes engulfing bacteria.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Specific immunity is given by production of antibodies by lymphocytes in response to particular (antigens on) a specific species of pathogen</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Why do antibiotics have little or no effect on human cells?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Antibiotics can only affect cells below a certain size.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Human cells have a protective plasma membrane which prokaryote cells don't have.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Antibiotics can not block the metabolic processes in eukaryote cells.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Antibiotics are made of proteins which cannot pass through the plasma membrane.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Antibiotics block prokaryotic cell processes but not processes in eukaryotic cells.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><p>(to edit)</p><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>There are limits to the effectiveness of antibiotics. <br>Why is this?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Viruses are not affected because they have no metabolism, and some bateria have evolved resistance.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Only some types of virus and bacteria are affected by antibiotics, because of the evolution of resistance.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Bacteria are not affected by antibiotics, only viruses.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Only one species of bacteria is affected by a single antibiotic.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Viruses lack a metabolism and cannot be treated with antibiotics.<br>Some strains of bacteria have evolved antibiotic resistance and even multiple resistance.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following best describes the effect of HIV on the immune system.</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> HIV reduces the number of phagocytes which in turn limits the production of antibodies.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> HIV reduces the number of active erythrocytes limiting the production of antibodies.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> HIV infection causes a reduction in the number of active blood cells resulting in a high fever.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> HIV reduces the number of active lymphocytes limiting the body's ability to produce antibodies.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The effects of HIV on the immune system are:</p><ul><li>a reduction in the number of active lymphocytes and</li><li>a loss of the ability to produce antibodies,</li><li>leading to the development of AIDS</li></ul></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>When activated some lymphocytes produce antibodies and other lymphocytes act as memory cells.<br><br><img alt="" src="../../images/06_humans/lymphocytes_memorycells.png" style="width: 250px; height: 140px;"></p><p>Which of the following best describes the role of memory cells?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> They quickly clone to form a group of plasma cells if the pathogen is re-encountered.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They quickly clone to form a group of phagocytes if the pathogen is re-encountered.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They remember the antigen on the pathogen and tell the lymphocytes how to respond if it is re-encountered.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They store antigens from the pathogen for lymphocytes to use as a template for antibodies in the future.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Some lymphocytes act as memory cells and can quickly reproduce to form a clone of plasma cells if a pathogen carrying a specific antigen is encountered again.<br>Note: Subgroups of phagocyte and lymphocyte are not required, except these two types of cells derived from lymphocytes.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following increases the possibility of a blood clot forming in a coronary artery?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Cholesterol builds up plaques in coronary arteries.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Cholesterol builds up in veins.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Regular physical activity.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Insulin is released into the blood</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Outline causes and consequences of blood clot formation in coronary arteries.</p><ul><li>Cholesterol builds up as ‘plaques’ in coronary arteries.</li><li>Part of the heart receives a slower flow of blood.</li><li>Cardiac muscle cells don’t get enough oxygen & nutrients.</li><li>The heart muscle becomes less strong, and does not pump the blood properly.</li><li>Contractions of the heart become irregular, fibrillation can occur.</li></ul></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><p> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Florey and Chain shared a Nobel Prize with Alexander Fleming for their work on penicilin.</p><p>Which of the following statements best describes their experiment which tested penecillin on mice?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Eight mice were injected with a lethal dose of disease bacteria, four of which were also given penicillin.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Two mice injected with penicillin and a bacterial disease.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Hundreds of mice injected with penicillin and their lives monitored to measure how many of the mice developed infections.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Four mice injected with a bacterial disease and four injected with penicillin.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><u><strong>Describe Florey and Chain’s experiments to test penicillin on bacterial infections in mice.</strong></u></p><p>In March 1940 Chain requested that two mice be injected with a sample of the penicillin.<br>The mice survived showing that penicillin was not toxic to mice. <br><br>Florey then tested the antibacterial properties of penicillin in mice.<br>Eight mice were injected with hemolytic streptococci (bacteria)</p><p>Four of these were subsequently injected with doses of penicillin. Four were untreated.<br><br>Less than one day later the four mice that had received penicillin were alive, but the untreated mice were dead.</p><p>Further testing involving hundreds of mice was carried out<br>On August 24, 1940, Florey and Chain reported their findings in the Lancet; as a cure for bacterial disease.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following is not a method by which HIV can be passed from person to person?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Contaminated blood transfusions.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Sex without a condom.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> From giving a baby breast milk.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Exchanging saliva while kissing.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The methods of transmission of HIV </p><ul><li>unprotected sex</li><li>from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding</li><li>injecting drugs with a needle that has infected blood in it</li><li>infected blood donations or organ transplants .</li></ul><p>HIV <strong>cannot </strong>be transmitted by:</p><ul><li>Sliva, in kissing or sharing food.</li><li>Toilet seets</li><li>Sharing a bath</li><li>Sneezes</li><li>Insect bites</li></ul></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <h3> Drag and drop activities</h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-899-591"><p>Florey and Chain purified and tested penicillin. It was administered to humans and proved very effective against bacterial infections. Today, drug development rwuires far more stringent controls.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/richard/6.4-florey-chain.jpg" style="width: 236px; height: 161px;"></p><p>Drag and drop the correct word or phrase into the gap to describe the discovery and purification of penicillin.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">risk assessment</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">mode of action</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">antibacterial</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">infecting</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">penicillin injections</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">moulds</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Fleming</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">antiviral</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">died</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">trials on mice</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">mice</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">purified</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">manufacture</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">humans</span></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>In 1928, Alexander <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Fleming"> <span class="review"></span> noticed that <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="moulds"> <span class="review"></span> growing on agar plates could prevent bacterial growth.</p><p>In 1939, that Florey and Chain <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="purified"> <span class="review"></span> the substance discovered by Fleming to have <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="antibacterial"> <span class="review"></span> properties, now known as penicillin.</p><p>They tested the penicillin on by deliberately <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="infecting"> <span class="review"></span> eight mice with a blood disease and treating four of them with <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="penicillin injections"> <span class="review"></span> . The treated mice recovered, the untreated <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="died"> <span class="review"></span> . They then repeated the investigation a number of times on <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="mice"> <span class="review"></span> and, within a few months, administered the drug to <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="humans"> <span class="review"></span> with life-threatening bacterial infections without any understanding of the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="mode of action"> <span class="review"></span> of the drug. The trials were successful and penicillin <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="manufacture"> <span class="review"></span> began immediately.</p><p>Penicillin saved numerous lives but went to human use without sufficient testing or <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="risk assessment"> <span class="review"></span> by today’s standards.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Penicillin is a very successful antibiotic that eventually gave rise to a whole family of antibiotics. Testing of new drugs is now a much more rigorous process. A salient fact is that, should today's regulations have been in force in 1939, penicillin would not have been available during the second world war which probably would have led to huge loss of life due to infections.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <hr> <div class="panel panel-fucsia"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Just for fun</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>If you want to review key terminology and have some fun with your revision try this word shoot game.<br> It will help you remember the terms through repetition. <a href="http://www.classtools.net/arcade/201903_LFe3fc" target="_blank">Defence against disease arcade games.</a></p> <ul> </ul> <p align="center"><iframe frameborder="0" height="250" scrolling="no" src="//www.classtools.net/widg/201903_LFe3fc" width="570"><br> </iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text<img alt="" src="../../images/06_humans/clotting_diag6-1.jpg" style="width: 250px; height: 185px; float: right;"></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page-container panel-self-assessment" data-id="591"> <div class="panel-heading">MY PROGRESS</div> <div class="panel-body understanding-rate"> <div class="msg"></div> <label class="label-lg">Self-assessment</label><p>How much of <strong>Defence against disease 6.3</strong> have you understood?</p><div class="slider-container text-center"><div id="self-assessment-slider" class="sib-slider self-assessment " data-value="1" 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