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href="../605/photosynthesis-29.html">Photosynthesis 2.9</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Enzymes 2.5 <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="585" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../463/02-molecular-biology.html">02 Molecular biology</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Enzymes 2.5</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <style type="text/css">ol.breadcrumb { margin-bottom: 0 }</style><div id="toc-1675505951" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a><ol><li><a href="#header-1" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-1">Summary list for 2.5 Enzymes</a></li><li><a href="#header-2" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-2">Mindmaps</a></li><li><a href="#header-3" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-3">Exam style question about enzyme experiments.</a></li><li><a href="#header-4" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-4">Model answer </a></li><li><a href="#header-5" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-5">Exam style question about the lock and key model.</a></li><li><a href="#header-6" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-6">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-7" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-7">Multiple choice questions</a><ol></ol></li><li><a href="#header-8" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-8"> 2.5 Enzymes 1/1 </a></li></ol><li><a href="#header-9" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-9">Drag and drop activities</a></li></div><div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><img class="intro-image" readonly="true" src="../../../ib/biology/images/flickr_cc_commercial_ok/catalase-diag-sqr.jpg" style="width: 409px; height: 343px;"> <div class="content" readonly="true"> <div class="text">Enzymes control almost everything which happens inside the cells of all living organisms. In this topic we consider how enzymes make reactions faster as well as the effects of different environmental factors on the rate of enzyme controlled reactions. There are many industrial uses of enzymes, including washing powder, lactose free milk, and clear fruit juice.</div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary for 2.5 Enzymes using these flashcards </p> <p><iframe frameborder="0" height="420" scrolling="no" src="https://quizlet.com/52100578/flashcards/embed" width="100%"><br> </iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - good revision for all students.</p> <div id="carousel-96" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="96"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-96/img0.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-96" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-96/img0.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-96/img1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-96" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-96/img1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-96/img2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-96" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-96/img2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-96/img3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-96" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-96/img3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-96/img4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-96" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-96/img4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-96/img5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-96" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-96/img5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-96" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-96" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-96/img0-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-96/img1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-96/img2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-96/img3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-96/img4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="5"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-96/img5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-1">Summary list for 2.5 Enzymes<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505951" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">The role of the active site where specific substrates bind.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The effect of the motion of molecules and the collision of substrates with the active site.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The effect of Temperature, pH and substrate concentration on the rate of activity of enzymes. (including denaturing)</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Enzymes (often immobilised) are extensively used in industry for the production of items including Lactose-free milk, fruit juice and washing powder.</li> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <ul> <li>Advantages of lactose-free milk, and ways of producing it, including immobilization in alginate beads.</li> <li>Knowledge of possible designs of experiments to test the effect of temperature, pH and substrate concentration on enzyme activity.</li> <li>Practical 3: Investigation of a factor affecting enzyme activity.</li> <li>The skill of sketching a graph of expected results in enzymes experiments and the ability to explain reasons for their shapes.</li> </ul> </div> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <h3 id="header-2">Mindmaps<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505951" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>This diagram summaries the main sections of topic 2.5<br> Test if you can draw something like these concept maps yourself from memory.</p> <div id="carousel-97" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="97"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-97/25enzymesmm.png" data-fancybox="gallery-97" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-97/25enzymesmm.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-97/25enzymesmmlist.png" data-fancybox="gallery-97" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-97/25enzymesmmlist.png"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-97" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-97" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-97/25enzymesmm-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-97/25enzymesmmlist-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-3">Exam style question about enzyme experiments.<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505951" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Understanding how to design experiments to test the rate of activity of enzymes is important in this topic.</p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer with the model answer.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Explain why it is important to keep factors such as; enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and temperature constant when designing the method for an experiment to measure the effect of pH on the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction. [4]</strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-4">Model answer <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505951" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Explain why it is important to keep factors such as; enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and temperature constant when designing the method for an experiment to measure the effect of pH on the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction. [4]</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">For the results to show the effect of pH, then the only variable to change between trials should be pH.</span><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">If the concentration of enzyme or substrate was lower, then the rate of reaction will be slower.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">(Higher concentrations will increase the rate of reaction)</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">If the temperature of the solution increases then the rate will increase.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">These variables are called controlled variables and are kept constant because they will change the reaction rate and prevent the trend from showing the effect of pH if they don''t stay constant.</span></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on the lock and key model of enzymes</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-5">Exam style question about the lock and key model.<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505951" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>This question tests a student's knowledge of the lock and key model, and also their ability to use it to explain enzyme specificity.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Outline the lock and key model of enzyme function, including the reason why enzymes are usually substrate specific. [4]</strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer. </p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-6">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505951" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Outline the lock and key model of enzyme function, including the reason why enzymes are usually substrate specific. [4]</strong></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><strong><img alt="" src="../../images/02_molecules/catalase-diag-sqr(1).jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 168px;"></strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP"><span style="color:#FF0000;">All enzymes have an active site where their substrate binds.</span></li> <li class="liWithoutP"><span style="color:#FF0000;">The shape of the substrate and the shape of the active site are complementary.</span></li> <li class="liWithoutP"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Only the substrate will fit into the active site, The active site is substrate specific.</span></li> <li class="liWithoutP"><span style="color:#FF0000;">The enzyme and substrate together form the "enzyme-substrate complex" and the reaction is </span><span style="color:#FF0000;">catalysed.</span></li> <li class="liWithoutP"><span style="color:#FF0000;">After the reaction catalysed by the enzyme the products are released from the active site.</span></li> <li class="liWithoutP"><span style="color:#FF0000;">The enzyme is unchanged by the reaction and can be reused.</span></li> <li class="liWithoutP"><span style="color:#FF0000;">This can be imagined as a lock (the substrate) fitting into a keyhole (the active site of the enzyme)</span></li> <li class="liWithoutP"><span style="color:#FF0000;">The lock and key model is over-simplified (in reality the substrate is changed by the enzyme, but a key is not changed by a lock.)</span></li> <li class="liWithoutP">HL - there is also the Induced fit model to think about, as the enzyme slightly changes shape when the substrate binds.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">HL - competitive inhibitors also fit into the active site, not just the substrate.</li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-7">Multiple choice questions<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505951" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>This is a self marking quiz containing questions covering the topic outlined above.<br> Try the questions to check your understanding.</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#383b36d0"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="383b36d0"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 id="header-8"> 2.5 Enzymes <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505951" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-224-585" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the name of the part of an enzyme where the substrate binds?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Active site</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Protein site</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Allosteric site</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Substrate site</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The active site is the part of an enzyme where the substrate binds.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>If the temperature of an enzyme controlled reaction is increased from 15°C to 30°C what would you expect to happen to the rate of reaction? Which of the following is the best explanation?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>The rate of reaction would increase because the molecules in the solution have more kinetic energy.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The rate of reaction would increase because there will be more substrate molecules.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The rate of reaction would decrease because the enzymes will be denatured.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The rate of reaction would increase because the higher temperature makes the active site expand.</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The rate would increase because the molecules have more kinetic energy, so there is more chance of the substrate molecules colliding with the enzyme molecules.</p><p>Enzymes don't usually denature until the temperature is above 40°C.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which is the best explanation of the effect of increasing the substrate concentration on the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>It causes the solution to be more concentrated, increasing the rate.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>It causes more substrate molecules to collide with enzyme molecules, increasing the rate.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>It causes the substrate molecules to move more and increases the rate.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>It causes the enzyme molecules to react more quickly with the substrate.</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The best explanation explains that the increase in concentration causes more collisions between substrate and enzymes which increases the rate.</p><p>The solution is more concentrated but this is not quite an explanation why this increases the rate.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What would be the effect of gradually increasing the pH of a solution from pH 4.0 to pH 10.0 on the rate of a reaction catalysed by an enzyme which has an optimum pH of 8.0 ?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The rate would stay the same.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>The rate would increase and then decrease.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The rate would increase, then stay the same.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The rate would decease and then increase.</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>The maximum rate will be at the optimum pH</em> then the rate will decrease.<br>We are assuming in this question that the pH4 does not permanently damage the enzyme molecules.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><div>Which phrase best describes enzyme substrate specificity?</div></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Enzymes only react with one specific substrate at a time.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>A specific enzyme has an active site which only one substrate can bind to.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Enzymes only have one active site.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Enzymes and substrates both have a specific active site.</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Enzyme substrate specificity refers to the idea that enzymes only act on one substrate, because only one specific substrate can fit in the active site.</p><p>It is true that some substrates only react with one substrate at a time, but other enzymes react with two substrates and join them together. e.g. condensation reactions.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following is an advantage of immobilising the enzymes used to produce lactose free milk?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The enzymes will react more quickly when they are immobilised.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>The enzymes can be easily separated from the milk afterwards and reused.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The enzymes can be added to the milk more easily.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The enzymes will not move about in the solution so much.</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>By immobilising the enzymes, the milk can be separated from the enzymes more easily and then reused. Often the immobilised enzymes are trapped in beads, which can be filtered from the milk.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What would be the advantage of adding a protease enzyme to washing powder?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>The washing powder would remove stains from clothes at a lower temperature, saving energy.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The washing powder would make the clothes 'whiter than white!"</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The enzymes would help the detergent to attach to the clothes, cleaning them.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The enzymes would denature in the heat of the wash and not cause skin irritations.</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Many stains contain proteins so a protease enzyme in a washing powder would be able to break down the protein and speed up the cleaning process, so long as the wash temperature was no hotter than 40°C. Higher temperatures would denature the enzymes.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <hr> <h3 id="header-9">Drag and drop activities<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505951" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-839-585"><p><strong>Enzyme functions and pH</strong></p><p>Drag and drop the correct term into the gap to describe how pH can affect enzyme function.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">extremophiles</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">stomach</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">optimum</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">above or below</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">damaged</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true"> (neutral)</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">maximal</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">active site</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">denatured</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>An enzyme has an <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="optimum"> <span class="review"></span> pH at which the reaction rate is <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="maximal"> <span class="review"></span> , the rate drops when the pH is a little <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="above or below"> <span class="review"></span> the optimum. At too high or low a pH, bonds in the protein are <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="damaged"> <span class="review"></span> and the shape of the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="active site"> <span class="review"></span> changes and the enzyme becomes <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="denatured"> <span class="review"></span> .</p><p>Most enzymes have an optimum pH of around 7 <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c=" (neutral)"> <span class="review"></span> but stomach pepsin has an optimum of pH 2 (the pH of the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="stomach"> <span class="review"></span> ).</p><p>There are organisms adapted to extreme pH and temperatures, <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="extremophiles"> <span class="review"></span> , which have enzymes that are also adapted to that environment.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Examiner hint. You could include a graph in your response to this question.</em></p><p><em><img alt="" src="../../images/richard/2.5-enz-ph.jpg" style="width: 214px; height: 135px;"></em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <div class="panel panel-expandable panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra drag and drop explanation on controlling variables in ennzyme investigations click the '+' symbol to open it.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-838-585"><p><strong>Enzyme investigation variables.</strong></p><p>Drag and drop the correct term into the gap to describe the control of variables in enzyme investigations.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">controlled</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">substrate</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">decrease</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">independent </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">volumes</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">concentration</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">pH</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">broken down</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">concentrations</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">drops</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>When carrying out an enzyme experiment, there are four variables to be considered which can either be the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="independent "> <span class="review"></span> variable or the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="controlled"> <span class="review"></span> variables.</p><p>The four variables are enzyme <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="concentration"> <span class="review"></span> , <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="substrate"> <span class="review"></span> concentration, <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="pH"> <span class="review"></span> and temperature.</p><p>In practice, <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="volumes"> <span class="review"></span> of enzyme and substrate solutions must also be kept constant as these affect <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="concentrations"> <span class="review"></span> .</p><p>During an enzyme-controlled reaction in vitro (laboratory conditions), as the substrate is <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="broken down"> <span class="review"></span> , it’s concentration <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="drops"> <span class="review"></span> , and the reaction rate will gradually <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="decrease"> <span class="review"></span> until all the substrate has been used up.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Examiner hint. You also need to be able to explain why these variables affect the rate of enzyme controlled reactions.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><p>.<o:p></o:p></p><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <div class="panel panel-expandable panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra drag and drop explanation enzyme reaction rates click the '+' symbol to open it.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-837-585"><o:p></o:p><p><strong>Enzyme reaction rates and concentrations of enzyme and substrate.</strong></p><p>Drag and drop the correct term into the gap to describe enzyme reaction rates.<o:p></o:p><o:p></o:p><br> </p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">enzyme</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true"> active sites</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">constant</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">plateau</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">occupied</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">fully</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">increase</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">substrate </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">available</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>In a reaction in the laboratory between an enzyme and a substrate:</p><p>If the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="substrate "> <span class="review"></span> concentration is increased at a <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="constant"> <span class="review"></span> enzyme concentration, then the rate of the reaction will <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="increase"> <span class="review"></span> until all the enzyme <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c=" active sites"> <span class="review"></span> are continually <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="occupied"> <span class="review"></span> after which the rate will <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="plateau"> <span class="review"></span> (stay the same).</p><p>If the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="enzyme"> <span class="review"></span> concentration is increased at a constant substrate concentration, the reaction rate will increase due to their being more <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="available"> <span class="review"></span> active sites until a plateau is reached when the active sites are <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="fully"> <span class="review"></span> occupied.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Explanation/Examiner hint. Substrate and enzyme concentration can affect the rate of an enzyme reaction in laboratory conditions (and in living organisms).</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-fucsia"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Just for fun</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>If you want to review key terminology and have some fun with your revision try this.</p> <p style="text-align: center"><iframe height="500" src="https://quizlet.com/52100578/match/embed?i=xxmo&x=1jj1" style="border:0" width="100%"></iframe></p> </div> 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