File "option-d-human-physiology.html"
Path: /StudyIB/biology/page/2854/option-d-human-physiologyhtml
File size: 104.28 KB
MIME-type: text/html
Charset: utf-8
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="EN"><head> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-PZBWZ8J');</script> <title>Option D Human physiology</title><!-- Removed by WebCopy --><!--<base href="/">--><!-- Removed by WebCopy --><meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link href="../../../css/bootstrap.flatly.min.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../fonts/awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css"><link href="../../../js/jquery-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/style.min.css?v=202301301645"><meta name="robots" content="index, follow"><meta name="googlebot" content="noarchive"><meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:title" name="og:title" content="StudyIB Biology: Option D Human physiology"> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:image" content="https://studyib.net/img/studyib-card-default.jpg"> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:description" name="og:description" content="Key concepts A set of flashcards to help revise a few important terms from this option. Topics: Option A - Neurobiology Levels: All Number of questions: 11 Mode: Normal text text These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this..."> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:url" name="og:url" content="https://studyib.net/biology/page/2854/option-d-human-physiology"> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:site_name" name="og:site_name" content="StudyIB - Your IB learning companion"> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:locale" name="og:locale" content="en"> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:type" name="og:type" content="website"> <meta name="description" content="Key concepts A set of flashcards to help revise a few important terms from this option. Topics: Option A - Neurobiology Levels: All Number of questions: 11 Mode: Normal text text These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this..."> <meta name="image" content="https://studyib.net/img/studyib-card-default.jpg"> <meta name="keywords" content="IB, IBDP, InThinking, International Baccalaureate, Revision, Revision websites, Student Sites, Students, Learning, Guidance, Exam, Questions, Practice problems, Diagnose, Help, Notes"> <meta itemprop="name" content="StudyIB Biology: Option D Human physiology"> <meta itemprop="description" content="Key concepts A set of flashcards to help revise a few important terms from this option. Topics: Option A - Neurobiology Levels: All Number of questions: 11 Mode: Normal text text These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this..."> <meta itemprop="image" content="https://studyib.net/img/studyib-card-default.jpg"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="StudyIB Biology: Option D Human physiology"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Key concepts A set of flashcards to help revise a few important terms from this option. Topics: Option A - Neurobiology Levels: All Number of questions: 11 Mode: Normal text text These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this..."> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://studyib.net/img/studyib-card-default.jpg"> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@inthinker"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/snippets.min.css?v=202209111300"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/article.min.css?v=202211221000"><style type="text/css">.filter-sl-only { display: none; }</style><script src="../../../js/ifvisible.min.js"></script><script>ifvisible.setIdleDuration(300);</script><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/favicon-196x196.png" sizes="196x196"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/favicon-128.png" sizes="128x128"> <meta name="application-name" content="StudyIB: Your IB Learning Companion"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#A5BED5"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/img/favicon/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="/img/favicon/mstile-70x70.png"> <meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="/img/favicon/mstile-150x150.png"> <meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="/img/favicon/mstile-310x150.png"> <meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="/img/favicon/mstile-310x310.png"><script>var stdHash = "6da675cbcb3d25f050b05557349abc79", stdTicket = "082b9c9c4ae3624d";</script><script src="../../../js/user/local-stats.min.js?v=202205311700"></script><link href="../../../css/subjects-frontpage.min.css?v=202302031000" rel="stylesheet"></head><body class="public biology"> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PZBWZ8J" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <div id="top-header"> <div class="wmap general hidden-sm hidden-xs subjects"> <div class="layout-wrapper"> <div class="container-fluid"> <a href=""> <img class="header-thinker" src="../../../img/header-thinker.svg"> </a> <h1> <a href="../../../biology.html"> IBDP Biology </a> <a href="https://inthinking.net" title="inthinking.net" class="inthinking-logo pull-right"> <img src="../../../img/header-logo.svg" style="height: 80px; width: auto;"> </a> </h1> <p class="slogan">InThinking Revision Sites for students</p> <p class="author">Website by <strong>David Faure</strong></p> <p class="updated">Updated 4 February 2023</p> </div> </div> </div> <nav id="public-topnav" class="navbar navbar-default"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="navbar-header"> <a class="navbar-brand hidden-md hidden-lg" href="../../../index.htm"> <img class="header-xs-thinker" src="../../../img/header-thinker.svg"> </a> <button type="button" class="collapsed navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#subject-navbar-collapse" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <i class="fa fa-fw fa-2x fa-user"></i> </button> <div class="brand hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm"> <a class="brand-xs" href="../../../biology.html"> <strong class="title" style="white-space: nowrap;font-size: 18px;">Biology</strong> </a> </div> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="subject-navbar-collapse"> <ul class="nav navbar-bar navbar-userbox hidden-md hidden-lg"><li class="dropdown"><a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-lg fa-user-circle" style="margin-right: 5px;"></i><span style="font-size: 16px;"></span></a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="dropdown-submenu"><a class="dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-globe"></i> Subjects</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li></li><li class="active"><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i> DP Biology</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../chemistry.html">DP Chemistry</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../englishalanglit.html">DP English A: Language & Literature</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../mathsanalysis.html">DP Maths: Analysis & Approaches</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../mathsapplications.html">DP Maths: Applications & Interpretations SL</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../physics.html">DP Physics</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../spanishb.html">DP Spanish B</a></li></ul></li><li class="menu-item"><a href="../../../user.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-dashboard"></i> Dashboard</a></li><li class="menu-item"><a href="../../../user/profile.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-cog"></i> My profile</a></li><li class="menu-item"><a href="../../../user/messages.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i> Messages</a></li><li class="menu-item hidden-md hidden-lg mt-xs-3"><a href="../../../index.htm?logout=1" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs-block"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-lg fa-power-off text-danger"></i>Log out</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul class="nav navbar-bar"><li class=""><a class="home" href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> Home</a></li><li class=""><a class="topics" href="#"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-th-large"></i> Topics</a></li><li class=""><a class="favorites" href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-star"></i> My favorites</a></li><li class=""><a class="" href="../../flashcards.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-bolt"></i> Flashcards</a></li><li class=""><a class="qbank" href="../../test-your-knowledge.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-question"></i> Question bank</a></li><li class=""><a class="" href="../../blogs.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-paperclip"></i> Blog</a></li><li class=""><a class="sitemap" href="../../sitemap.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sitemap"></i> Sitemap</a></li><li class=""><a class="activity" href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-calendar-check-o"></i> My activity</a></li></ul> <ul class="nav navbar-bar navbar-right"> <li> <form class="navbar-form hidden-md hidden-lg" role="search" method="get" action="biology/search"> <div class="input-group"> <input class="form-control nav-search" name="glob" type="search" placeholder="Search..."> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button type="submit" class="btn bg-blue"> <i class="fa fa-search"> </i> </button> </span> </div> </form> <a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search hidden-sm hidden-xs" data-toggle="dropdown"> <i class="fa fa-lg fa-search"></i> </a> </li></ul> </div> </div></nav><nav id="nav-menu-search" class="shadow-bottom hidden-sm hidden-xs" style="display: none;"> <div class="container-fluid"> <form class="" role="search" method="get" action="biology/search"> <input class="form-control nav-search" name="glob" type="search" placeholder="Search Biology..."> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" type="submit"> Search </button> </form> </div></nav><div class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" id="modal-mini-login"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-body"> <button aria-hidden="true" data-dismiss="modal" class="close hidden-xs login-button-close" type="button">×</button> <form method="post"> <div class="form-group"> <input name="user-email" class="form-control" type="text" placeholder="Email"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input name="user-password" class="form-control" type="password" placeholder="Password"> <input name="user-fp" class="fp" value="d8c893da5db7501669ffeeac46273ba6" type="hidden"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <a href="../../../reset-password.html" class="reset-password" style="font-weight: normal;"> Forgot your password? </a> </div> <div class="form-group"> <button type="submit" name="submit-login" value="1" class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center"> <i class="fa fa-user fa-fw"></i> Log in </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div></div></div><div class="modal fade" id="show-topics" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"><div id="dialog-topics" class="modal-dialog modal-dialog-topics"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-body modal-body-topics"><div id="new-frontpage-toplevels-topics" class="frontpage-box"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../812/start-here.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Start here</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/00_random-images/post-it-time.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../2876/paper-1-style-exam-questions.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Paper 1 style Exam questions</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../../chemistry/images/test-images/exams.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../2896/paper-2-style-exam-questions.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Paper 2 style Exam questions</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../images/00_random-images/cell_corrections2.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../462/01-cell-biology.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">01 Cell biology</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/01_cells/acetabularia_-wikimedia-24-nov-2012.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../463/02-molecular-biology.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">02 Molecular biology</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/02_molecules/simple_molecules_smaller.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../465/03-genetics-sl.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">03 Genetics SL</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/03_genetics/meiosis_painting.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../466/04-ecology-.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">04 Ecology</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/04_ecology/greenhouse_globe.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../467/05-evolution-.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">05 Evolution</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/05_evolution/red_bird_unsplash.png'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../468/06-human-physiology.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">06 Human physiology</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/06_humans/gland_square_image.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../469/07-nucleic-acids-ahl.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">07 Nucleic acids AHL</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/03_genetics/dna.png'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../470/08-metabolism-ahl.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">08 Metabolism AHL</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/02_molecules/respiration.png'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../471/09-plant-biology-ahl.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">09 Plant biology AHL</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../images/09_plants/flower_qn.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../472/10-genetics-ahl.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">10 Genetics AHL</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/10_geneticshl/crossing-over.png'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../473/11-animal-physiology-ahl.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">11 Animal physiology AHL</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/11_animalphysiol/muscles.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../2824/option-a-neurobiology.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Option A - Neurobiology</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../images/12_options/brain.png'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../2852/option-b-biotechnology.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Option B - Biotechnology</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../images/12_options/bioreactor.png'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../2853/option-c-ecology.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Option C - Ecology</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../images/12_options/lemur.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="option-d-human-physiology.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Option D Human physiology</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../images/12_options/hormones_small.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="container-fluid shadow-ith"><div class="row frontpage"> <div class="col-md-3" id="left-column"> <p class="visible-xs-block"></p><div class="dropdown user-menu hidden-xs" style="margin-bottom: 20px;"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" style="border-radius: 0; padding: 6px 18px;"> <i class="fa fa-fw fa-user-circle"></i> <small><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></small> </button> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="dropdown-submenu"><a href="#"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-globe"></i> Subjects</a><ul id="user-subjects-menu" class="dropdown-menu"><li></li><li class="active"><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i> DP Biology</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../chemistry.html">DP Chemistry</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../englishalanglit.html">DP English A: Language & Literature</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../mathsanalysis.html">DP Maths: Analysis & Approaches</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../mathsapplications.html">DP Maths: Applications & Interpretations SL</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../physics.html">DP Physics</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../spanishb.html">DP Spanish B</a></li></ul></li><li class="divider"></li><li><a href="../../../user.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-dashboard"></i> Dashboard</a></li><li><a href="../../../user/profile.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-cog"></i> My profile</a></li><li><a href="../../../user/messages.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i> Messages</a></li> <li class="divider"></li> <li> <a href="../../../index.htm?logout=1"> <i class="fa fa-fw fa-power-off"></i> Log out </a> </li> </ul></div> <div id="side-nav"><h4 class="side-nav-title dropdown"><a href="../../../biology.html"> <i class="fa fa-home"></i> Home</a><div class="pull-right"><a class="sidenav-expand" title="Expand all" href="#"><i class="fa fa-plus-circle"></i></a> <a class="sidenav-compress" title="Compress all" href="#"><i class="fa fa-minus-circle"></i></a></div></h4><ul class="side-nav level-0"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../812/start-here.html">Start here</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../806/video-welcome.html">Video welcome</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2565/question-bank.html">Question bank</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../2876/paper-1-style-exam-questions.html">Paper 1 style Exam questions</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2875/topic-1-cell-biology-paper-1-questions.html">Topic 1 Cell Biology Paper 1 questions</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2881/topic-2-molecular-biology-paper-1-questions.html">Topic 2 Molecular Biology Paper 1 questions</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2882/topic-3-genetics-paper-1-questions.html">Topic 3 Genetics Paper 1 questions</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2883/topic-4-ecology-paper-1-questions.html">Topic 4 Ecology Paper 1 questions</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2884/topic-5-evolution-paper-1-questions.html">Topic 5 Evolution Paper 1 questions</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2886/topic-6-human-physiology-paper-1-questions.html">Topic 6 Human Physiology Paper 1 questions</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2887/topic-7-nucleic-acids-hl-paper-1-questions.html">Topic 7 Nucleic acids HL Paper 1 questions</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2888/topic-8-metabolism-hl-paper-1-questions.html">Topic 8 Metabolism HL Paper 1 questions</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2889/topic-9-plant-biology-hl-paper-1-questions.html">Topic 9 Plant biology HL Paper 1 questions</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2890/topic-10-genetics-hl-paper-1-questions.html">Topic 10 Genetics HL Paper 1 questions</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2891/topic-11-animal-physiology-hl-paper-1-questions.html">Topic 11 Animal physiology HL Paper 1 questions</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../2896/paper-2-style-exam-questions.html">Paper 2 style Exam questions</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2717/paper-2-questions-topic-1-cells.html">Paper 2 questions Topic 1 Cells</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../3013/cross-topic-question-challenges.html">Cross topic question challenges</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2996/paper-2-questions-from-topic-2-molecules.html">Paper 2 questions from Topic 2 Molecules</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2898/paper-2-questions-topic-5-evolution.html">Paper 2 questions Topic 5 Evolution</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../462/01-cell-biology.html">01 Cell biology</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../486/introduction-to-cells-11.html">Introduction to cells 1.1</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../606/ultrastructure-of-cells-12-.html">Ultrastructure of cells 1.2 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../607/membrane-structure-13-.html">Membrane structure 1.3 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../575/membrane-transport-14-.html">Membrane transport 1.4 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../608/the-origin-of-cells-15.html">The origin of cells 1.5</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../609/cell-division-16.html">Cell division 1.6</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../463/02-molecular-biology.html">02 Molecular biology</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../577/molecules-to-metabolism-21.html">Molecules to metabolism 2.1</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../578/water-22.html">Water 2.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../600/carbohydrates-lipids-23.html">Carbohydrates & Lipids 2.3</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../601/proteins-24.html">Proteins 2.4</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../585/enzymes-25.html">Enzymes 2.5</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../602/structure-of-dna-and-rna-26.html">Structure of DNA and RNA 2.6</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../603/dna-replication-transcription-translation-27.html">DNA Replication, transcription, translation 2.7</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../604/respiration-28.html">Respiration 2.8</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../605/photosynthesis-29.html">Photosynthesis 2.9</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../465/03-genetics-sl.html">03 Genetics SL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../790/genes-31-.html">Genes 3.1 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../791/chromosomes-32.html">Chromosomes 3.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../792/meiosis-33.html">Meiosis 3.3</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../793/inheritance-34.html">Inheritance 3.4</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../794/genetic-modification-35.html">Genetic Modification 3.5</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../466/04-ecology-.html">04 Ecology </a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../795/species-and-communities-41-.html">Species and communities 4.1 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../796/energy-flow-42.html">Energy flow 4.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../797/carbon-cycle-43-.html">Carbon Cycle 4.3 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../798/climate-change-44.html">Climate change 4.4</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../467/05-evolution-.html">05 Evolution </a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../799/evidence-for-evolution-51-.html">Evidence for evolution 5.1 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../800/natural-selection-52.html">Natural selection 5.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../801/classification-of-biodiversity-53-.html">Classification of biodiversity 5.3 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../802/cladistics-54.html">Cladistics 5.4</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../468/06-human-physiology.html">06 Human physiology</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../579/digestion-absorption-61.html">Digestion & absorption 6.1</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../580/blood-system-62.html">Blood system 6.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../591/defence-against-disease-63.html">Defence against disease 6.3</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../592/gas-exchange-64.html">Gas exchange 6.4</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../593/neurones-and-synapses-65.html">Neurones and synapses 6.5</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../594/hormones-and-reproduction-66.html">Hormones and reproduction 6.6</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../469/07-nucleic-acids-ahl.html">07 Nucleic acids AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1160/nucleic-acids-71-hl.html">Nucleic acids 7.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1157/transcription-72-hl.html">Transcription 7.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1158/translation-73-hl.html">Translation 7.3 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../470/08-metabolism-ahl.html">08 Metabolism AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1195/metabolism-81-hl.html">Metabolism 8.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1196/cell-respiration-82-hl.html">Cell respiration 8.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1197/photosynthesis-83-hl.html">Photosynthesis 8.3 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../471/09-plant-biology-ahl.html">09 Plant biology AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1251/transport-in-xylem-91-hl.html">Transport in xylem 9.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1252/transport-in-phloem-92-hl.html">Transport in phloem 9.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1253/growth-in-plants-93-hl.html">Growth in plants 9.3 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1254/reproduction-in-plants-94-hl.html">Reproduction in plants 9.4 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../472/10-genetics-ahl.html">10 Genetics AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1341/meiosis-101-hl.html">Meiosis 10.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1342/inheritance-102-hl.html">Inheritance 10.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1343/gene-pools-and-speciation-103-hl.html">Gene pools and speciation 10.3 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../473/11-animal-physiology-ahl.html">11 Animal physiology AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2063/antibody-production-vaccination-111-hl.html">Antibody production & vaccination 11.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1345/movement-112-hl.html">Movement 11.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1346/kidney-and-osmoregulation-113-hl.html">Kidney and osmoregulation 11.3 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1347/sexual-reproduction-114-hl.html">Sexual reproduction 11.4 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2824/option-a-neurobiology.html">Option A - Neurobiology</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2852/option-b-biotechnology.html">Option B - Biotechnology</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2853/option-c-ecology.html">Option C - Ecology</a></label></li><li class="expanded parent selected"><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="option-d-human-physiology.html">Option D Human physiology</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Option D Human physiology <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="2854" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i> Home</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Option D Human physiology</span></li> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <style type="text/css">ol.breadcrumb { margin-bottom: 0 }</style><div id="toc-1675505761" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a><ol><li><a href="#header-1" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-1">D1 Human Nutrition</a></li><li><a href="#header-2" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-2">D2 Digestion</a></li><li><a href="#header-3" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-3">D3 The Liver</a></li><li><a href="#header-4" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-4">D4 The Heart</a></li><li><a href="#header-5" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-5">D5 Hormones - HL</a></li><li><a href="#header-6" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-6">D6 Respiratory gases - HL</a></li><li><a href="#header-7" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-7">Exam style question on D1</a></li><li><a href="#header-8" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-8">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-9" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-9"> Extra exam style question on D1</a></li><li><a href="#header-10" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-10">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-11" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-11"> </a></li><li><a href="#header-12" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-12">Exam style question on D2</a></li><li><a href="#header-13" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-13">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-14" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-14">Exam style question on D3</a></li><li><a href="#header-15" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-15">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-16" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-16">Exam style question on D4</a></li><li><a href="#header-17" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-17">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-18" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-18">Exam style question on D5</a></li><li><a href="#header-19" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-19">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-20" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-20">Exam style question on D6</a></li><li><a href="#header-21" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-21">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-22" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-22">Drag and drop activities</a></li></ol></div><div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span><img class="intro-image" readonly="true" src="../../images/12_options/hormones_small.jpg" style="width: 100px; height: 90px;"> <div class="content" readonly="true"> <div class="text">This page gives outline details of the content of Option D for SL & HL. There are revision questions and lists of student skills required.</div> <div class="text">Helpful for revision. Student can check their understanding and prioritise areas for revision.</div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>A set of flashcards to help revise a few important terms from this option.</p> <p style="text-align: center"><iframe data-ruffle-polyfilled="" height="500" src="https://quizlet.com/716838941/flashcards/embed?i=xxmo&x=1jj1" style="border:0" width="100%"></iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p class="liWithoutP">This section explains the details which students are required to know.</p> <p class="liWithoutP">There are understandings, skills and suggestions for revision questions.</p> <h3 id="header-1">D1 Human Nutrition<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505761" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Essential nutrients have to part of the diet because they cannot be synthesized by the body, These include: <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Dietary minerals (chemical elements)</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Vitamins are chemically diverse carbon compounds.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Some fatty acids</li> <li class="liWithoutP">some amino acids - needed for protein production.</li> </ul> </li> <li class="liWithoutP">Malnutrition may be caused by a deficiency, imbalance or excess of nutrients in the diet.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The hypothalamus controls appetite.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Hypertension and type II diabetes are more likely if a person is overweight.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Starvation can cause body tissue to be broken down.</li> </ul> <div class="blueBg"> <div> <p><strong>Revision Question(s) </strong></p> <ul> <li>Do pizza's contain all the essential nutrients for a healthy body?</li> <li>What are the essential nutrients?</li> <li>What is the role of vitamins and minerals in the diet? <hr class="hidden"></li> <li> <p>What are the effects of malnutrition?</p> </li> <li> <p>How can malnutrition involve eating too much, too little, or both?</p> <hr class="hidden"></li> <li>How can combustion of food help us to calculate the energy content of the food?</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="yellowBg"> <div> <p><strong>Skills ( can you ... ?)</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Know that ascorbic acid (Vit C) is produced by some mammals, but not others.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Understanding of how phenylketonuria (PKU) caused by a genetic mutation, can be treated by controlling the diet.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Know how rickets (or osteomalacia) is caused by a lack of Vitamin D or calcium leading to problems in bone mineralization.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Understand that heart muscle is broken down in anorexia.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Know how cholesterol in blood can be used as an indicator or coronary heart disease risk.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Determine the energy content of food by combustion, heating water.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Use databases to calculate nutritional composition of a daily diet.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <h3 id="header-2">D2 Digestion<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505761" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">The structure of cells of the epithelium of the villi, including microvilli</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Exocrine glands secrete to the surface of the body or the lumen of the gut.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Nervous and hormonal mechanisms control the secretion of digestive juices.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The volume and content of gastric secretions are controlled by nervous and hormonal mechanisms.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Acid conditions in the stomach favour some hydrolysis reactions and help to control pathogens in ingested food.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The structure of cells of the epithelium of the villi, including microvilli and mitochondria, is adapted to the absorption of food.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The rate of transit of materials through the large intestine is positively correlated with their fibre content.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Materials not absorbed are egested.</li> </ul> <div class="blueBg"> <div> <p><strong>Revision Questions</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>What do we already know about the structure of lining of the digestive system?</p> </li> <li> <p>How does the body (brain) control the functioning of the organs?</p> </li> <li> <p>What do we know already about enzymes</p> <hr class="hidden"></li> <li>Do your stomach lining, the pancreas and other digestive glands produce digestive juices all the time?</li> <li>Do these secretions always contain the same amounts of digestive enzymes?</li> <li>If not, how are these glands controlled?</li> <li> <hr class="hidden">How does the stomach protect itself from the hydrochloric acid and protein digesting enzymes it contains?</li> <li>What could happen if a gunshot wound or a bacteria like <em>H. pylori</em> damaged the stomach lining?</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="yellowBg"> <div> <p><strong>Skills ( can you ... ?)</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Identify exocrine gland cells that secrete digestive juices and villus epithelium cells that absorb digested foods from electron micrographs</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Explain how the reduction of stomach acid secretion by proton pump inhibitor drugs.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Understand dehydration due to cholera toxin.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Use the example of <em>Helicobacter pylori</em> infection as a cause of stomach ulcers.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <h3 id="header-3">D3 The Liver<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505761" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">The functions of the liver <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">removes toxins from the blood</li> <li class="liWithoutP">detoxifies toxins - e.g. alcohol.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">recycles components of red blood cells. (erythrocytes)</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Iron is carried to bone marrow for production of hemoglobin for new red blood cells.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Surplus cholesterol is converted to bile salts.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">blood is intercepted from the gut.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">regulates nutrient levels, eg: glucose</li> <li class="liWithoutP">stores some nutrients; e.g. vit. A & D</li> </ul> </li> <li class="liWithoutP">Hepatocytes produce plasma proteins (e.g. fibrinogen) using their endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Temporary slides of hepatocytes can be prepared from fresh liver.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Kupffer cells use phagocytosis to begin recycling of red blood cells.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Sinusoids carry blood through the liver, they are different in structure to capillaries.</li> </ul> <div class="blueBg"> <div> <p><strong>Revision Question(s) </strong></p> <ul> <li>Liver cells were used as a model eukaryote animal cell in topic 1. How many different types of organelle do they contain.</li> <li>Why do liver cells make better cell models than motor neurones?</li> <li>What are the functions of rER, Golgi apparatus and lysosomes in cells? <hr class="hidden"></li> <li>What is the role of the liver in the body?</li> <li>Which systems of the body would be most affected if the liver stops working?</li> <li>Hepatocytes and Kupffer cells are two specialised cells in the liver, what special jobs might they have.</li> <li>Sinusoids are special channels through which blood flows in the liver, why do they have 'fenestrated' walls (with holes)?</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="yellowBg"> <div> <p><strong>Skills ( can you ... ?)</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Suggest causes of jaundice, and link them to liver function?</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Explain that liver damage due to infection or alcohol, disrupts the liver’s ability to process bilirubin,</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Say that bilirubin is a waste product of red blood cells break down normally made into bile in the liver.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Explain the dual blood supply to the liver.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Describe the differences between sinusoids and capillaries.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <h3 id="header-4">D4 The Heart<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505761" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Structure of cardiac muscle cells includes branching and intercalated discs.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">This structure aids propagation of stimuli through the heart wall.</li> <li class="liWithoutP"><u>Control of heart beat within the heart.</u></li> <li class="liWithoutP">Signals from the sino-atrial node that cause contraction of atria cannot pass directly from atria to ventricles.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">There is a delay between the arrival and passing on of a stimulus at the atrioventricular node.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">This delay allows time for atrial systole before the atrio-ventricular valves close in ventricular systole.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Conducting fibres ensure coordinated contraction of the entire ventricle wall.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Normal heart sounds are caused by the atrio-ventricular valves and semilunar valves closing & causing changes in blood flow.</li> </ul> <div class="blueBg"> <div> <p><strong>Revision Question(s) </strong></p> <ul> <li>What is special about the structure of cardiac muscle?</li> <li>The heart is myogenic, it can beat on its own. How does this happen?</li> </ul> <hr class="hidden"> <ul> <li>What is the function of the valves in the heart & how do they change blood flow?</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="yellowBg"> <div> <p><strong>Skills ( can you ... ?)</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Say how artificial pacemakers can regulate the heart rate.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Suggest how defibrillation can treat life-threatening cardiac conditions.<br> </li> <li class="liWithoutP">Outline the causes and consequences of hypertension and thrombosis.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Measure and interpret the heart rate under different conditions.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Interpret systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements, e.g. 120 / 80 or 12 / 8.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Map the cardiac cycle to a normal ECG trace.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Analyse epidemiological data relating to the incidence of coronary heart disease.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <h3 id="header-5">D5 Hormones - HL<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505761" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Steroid hormones <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">bind to receptor proteins in the cytoplasm of the target cell to</li> <li class="liWithoutP">form a receptor–hormone complex.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">which promotes the transcription of specific genes.</li> </ul> </li> <li class="liWithoutP">Peptide hormones <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of the target cell.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">this binding activates a cascade of reactions</li> <li class="liWithoutP">mediated by a second messenger inside the cell.</li> </ul> </li> <li class="liWithoutP">The hypothalamus controls hormone secretion by the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Hormones secreted by the pituitary control growth, developmental changes, reproduction and homeostasis.</li> </ul> <div class="blueBg"> <div> <p><strong>Revision Question(s) </strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>How can a chemical released into the blood cause a change in the functioning of another cell</p> </li> <li> <p>What different types of hormones are there?</p> </li> <li> <hr class="hidden"></li> <li>How can nerves in the hypothalamus control a gland like the pituitary gland?</li> <li>Could a neurone make a hormone?</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="yellowBg"> <div> <p><strong>Skills ( can you ... ?)</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Say why some athletes take growth hormones to build muscles.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Outline the control of milk secretion by the hormones oxytocin and prolactin?</li> </ul> </div> </div> <h3 id="header-6">D6 Respiratory gases - HL<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505761" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Oxygen dissociation curves show the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The increased release of oxygen by hemoglobin in respiring tissues is explained by the Bohr shift.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Fetal hemoglobin is different from adult hemoglobin. This allows the transfer of oxygen in the placenta from mother's hemoglobin to fetal hemoglobin.</li> <li class="liWithoutP"> <hr class="hidden"></li> <li class="liWithoutP">Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in three ways: <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">in solution</li> <li class="liWithoutP">bound to hemoglobin</li> <li class="liWithoutP">transformed in red blood cells into hydrogencarbonate ions which diffuse into the blood plasma.</li> </ul> </li> <li class="liWithoutP">changes in blood pH caused by changes in CO<sub>2</sub> concentration are detected by chemoreceptors.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The respiratory control centre in the medulla oblongata controls the the rate of ventilation in response to the amount of CO<sub>2</sub> in the blood. (during exercise!)</li> </ul> <div class="blueBg"> <div> <p><strong>Revision Question(s) </strong></p> <ul> <li>What does "partial pressure" represent?</li> <li>If the hemoglobin in the lungs attaches to oxygen molecules, how do the muscles take this oxygen away from the hemoglobin?</li> <li>A fetus must also take the oxygen from the mother's hemoglobin, how can it do that? <hr class="hidden"></li> <li>How many ways can you think of that carbon dioxide could exist in a solution. think of the carbon cycle.</li> <li>What does CO<sub>2</sub> do to the pH of a solution?</li> <li>Which part of the brain control pulse rate.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="yellowBg"> <div> <p><strong>Skills ( can you ... ?)</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Analyse oxygen dissociation curves for hemoglobin and myoglobin.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Describe the consequences of high altitude for gas exchange.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Say how breating helps the pH of blood to be regulated to stay within the narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Give causes and treatments of emphysema.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Identify pneumocytes, capillary endothelium cells and blood cells in light micrographs and electron micrographs of lung tissue.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style question on D1</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-7">Exam style question on D1<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505761" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Answer the question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="box"> <p><strong>Outline consequences of protein deficiency malnutrition. [4]</strong></p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr></div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <div class="box"> <h3 id="header-8">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505761" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Outline consequences of protein deficiency malnutrition. [4]</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Protein deficiency can result low levels of blood plasma proteins.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">It can cause fluid retention and a swollen abdomen due to fluid build-up.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">It can cause the diseases kwashiorkor or marasmus.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">This leads to poor growth in children.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">It also cause wasting of muscle or growth of thin muscles;</span></li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <h3 id="header-9"> Extra exam style question on D1<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505761" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>A balanced diet is essential for human health.</p> <p>Answer the question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="dottedBox"> <p><strong>Discuss the effects of malnutrition in humans. (6 marks)</strong></p> <p><em>Examiner hint: Use specific examples. Remember that malnutrition can be lack or excess of nutrients.</em></p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-10">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505761" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Malnutrition is the lack of a balanced diet/a diet not matched to the nutritional and energy needs of the individual.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Malnutrition can be a deficiency/imbalance of essential nutrients or an excess of nutrients.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Essential nutrients cannot be manufactured by the body/must be obtained from the diet.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Vitamins are small organic molecules (essential to metabolic processes).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Lack of vitamin D causes rickets/osteomalacia (other relevant example).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Some fatty acids are essential nutrients.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Essential fatty acids are needed for the production of some hormones and for cell growth. (other relevant example).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Some/nine of twenty amino acids are essential nutrients.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Essential amino acids are needed for protein synthesis cell growth/repair.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Lack of essential amino acids can cause muscle wastage, slow wound healing (other relevant example).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Lack of amino acids can cause Kwashiorkor/Marasmus.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Excess of nutrients/energy intake in food can cause obesity.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Obesity can lead to high blood pressure/diabetes (other relevant example).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Excess of individual nutrients can cause health problems.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Excess cholesterol in the diet may cause coronary heart disease.</span></li> </ul> <p><em>Starvation is an overall lack of nutrients; it is not malnutrition.</em></p> </section> <h3 id="header-11"> <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505761" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> </div> <div class="panel panel-default panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style question on D2</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <h3 id="header-12">Exam style question on D2<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505761" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Absorption of nutrients must be efficient such that they are all absorbed in the passage of the ingested food through the small intestine</p> <p>Answer the question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="dottedBox"> <p><strong>Explain the role of each of the following in the efficiency of digestion and absorption. (6 marks</strong></p> <p><em>Examiner hint: Explain requires detail with the cause or reason.</em></p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr></div> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-13">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505761" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Explain the role of each of the following in the efficiency of digestion and absorption. (6 marks)</strong></p> <p><strong>1. Nervous and hormonal control of secretions (3 marks).</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Nervous and hormonal stimulation are synergistic.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Nervous stimulation causes immediate release of intestinal secretions.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Hormonal control of nervous secretions maintains intestinal secretion for a longer time period (that fluid is in a particular area of the intestine).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Example chewing nervous stimulation of stomach, </span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Example gastrin stimulation of stomach mucosa.</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>2. Acid conditions in the stomach (1 mark).</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Acid hydrolysis of macromolecules (or example such as starch).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Autocatalysis of pepsin.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Optimal pH for gastric (hydrolytic) enzymes.</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>3. Exocrine glands (2 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Secrete into the intestine lumen via ducts.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Secrete enzymes (example e.g. pancreatic amylase).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Secrete other substances that aid digestive processes (example e.g. bile).</span></li> </ul> <p><em>Hormonal and nervous methods are used in the control of intestinal function as both long-term and immediate responses are required. Digestive enzymes and other secretions are only produced when the particular area of the intestine contains fluid.</em></p> </section> <div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style question on D3</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <h3 id="header-14">Exam style question on D3<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505761" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>The liver maintains the correct concentration of the blood.</p> <p>Answer the question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="dottedBox"> <p><strong>Explain three ways in which the liver controls or maintains the composition of the blood. (6 marks)</strong></p> <p><em>Examiner hint: Explain requires detail with the cause or reason. The question asks for three ways – each one explained will gain two marks. Composition includes both chemicals and blood components.</em></p> <p><em>One mark for each way in which control is exerted, one mark for a precise example.</em></p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr></div> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-15">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505761" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Explain three ways in which the liver controls or maintains the composition of the blood. (6 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Iron is obtained by breakdown of red blood cells by Kupffer cells.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Iron is stored in the liver/released to bone marrow for manufacture of haemoglobin.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Plasma proteins are manufactured by hepatocytes.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Example of plasma protein such as blood clotting proteins, albumin.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Nutrient levels are controlled by removing nutrients from the blood from the intestine/carried in the hepatic portal vein/liver prevents high nutrient levels during absorption by removing them (from the hepatic portal vein).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Glucose and amino acids can be stored <strong>and </strong>released depending on blood levels.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Red blood cells are broken down (by Kupffer cells).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Breakdown rate is equal to manufacture in (red) bone marrow/to maintain correct red blood cell levels/count.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Excess cholesterol is absorbed.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Excess cholesterol is converted to bile (and secreted into the intestine)/prevents build up of cholesterol in blood.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The liver can detoxify the blood</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Toxins are converted to less harmful molecules/broken down for excretion/level of toxin in blood/body is reduced.</span></li> </ul> <p>The liver has an essential role in maintaining the chemical concentration of the plasma.</p> </section> <div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style question on D4</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <h3 id="header-16">Exam style question on D4<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505761" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>The cardiac cycle is initiated in the sinoatrial node and propagated through the heart to cause heart muscle contraction giving efficient heart function.</p> <p>Answer the question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="dottedBox"> <p><strong>Explain the role of each of the following in the coordination of the cardiac cycle.</strong></p> <p><strong>1. Propagation of stimuli in the muscle of the atrium. (2 marks)</strong></p> <p><strong>2.The atrioventricular node. (2 marks)</strong></p> <p><strong>3.Conducting fibres of the ventricle. (2 marks)</strong></p> <p><em>Examiner hint: Confine your answer to the coordination of the cardiac cycle. Use correct terminology.</em></p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr></div> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-17">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505761" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Explain the role of each of the following in the coordination of the cardiac cycle.</strong></p> <p><strong>1. Propagation of stimuli in the muscle of the atrium. (2 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Depolarisation of the sinoatrial node causes stimuli to pass through/depolarisation of the muscles of the atria.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Stimuli cause contraction of the atrial muscles.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Stimuli cause atrial systole.</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>2.The atrioventricular node. (2 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The AV node receives the stimulus from the atrial muscle.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The AV node depolarises the conducting fibres of the ventricle</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The AV node delays the stimulus/delays depolarisation of ventricular fibres</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The delay allows time for the ventricles to fill/complete systole/AV valves to remain open. </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span><strong>3. Conducting fibres of the ventricle. (2 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Conducting fibres of the ventricle pass the impulse from the AV node to the base of the ventricle.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The impulses are than passed into the ventricular muscle.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The impulses cause contraction of the ventricular muscle from the base upwards/cause ventricular systole.</span></li> </ul> <p><em>The passage of impulses across cardiac muscle, the AV node and the ventricular fibres ensures coordination of muscle contraction to achieve efficient heart function.</em></p> </section> <div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style question on D5</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <h3 id="header-18">Exam style question on D5<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505761" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>The pituitary gland and hypothalamus coordinate many bodily functions.</p> <p>Answer the question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <p><em>Examiner hint - base your answer on the interaction of the hypothalamus with the pituitary gland.</em></p> <div class="dottedBox"> <p><strong>Describe the role of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland in endocrine control of body function. (6 marks)</strong></p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr></div> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-19">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505761" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Describe the role of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland in endocrine control of body function. (6 marks)</strong></p> <p>Maximum 5 marks.</p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The hypothalamus links the nervous system/sensory input to the endocrine system (through the pituitary gland).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The anterior pituitary gland manufactures and secretes hormones.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The posterior pituitary gland stores and releases hormones manufactured in the hypothalamus.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Hormones manufactured in the hypothalamus are carried to the pituitary gland in neurosecretory cells.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The hypothalamus secretes releasing factors (in response to sensory input).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The releasing factors are carried in a (portal) vein directly linking the hypothalamus and pituitary.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The releasing factors stimulate the pituitary gland to release hormones.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Negative feedback can lower/prevent the secretion of releasing factors (into the portal vein).</span></li> </ul> <p>Example maximum 2 marks.</p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Oxytocin is produced in the hypothalamus.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Oxytocin is stored in the posterior pituitary gland</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Nursing by an infant causes release of oxytocin (form the posterior pituitary).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Oxytocin causes secretion of milk by the mammary glands.</span></li> </ul> <p>Other relevant example e.g. thyroxine, ADH</p> <p><em>Examiner hint – Confine your answer to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland interaction, do not just list examples of pituitary gland hormones and their function except for one illustrative example.</em></p> </section> <div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style question on D6</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <h3 id="header-20">Exam style question on D6<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505761" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>The variation in affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen makes transfer of oxygen to tissues efficient.</p> <p>Answer the question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <p><em>Examiner hint – confine your answer to the variation of affinity of haemoglobin and efficiency of transfer of oxygen</em></p> <div class="dottedBox"> <p><strong>Explain how alterations in the affinity of haemoglobin can affect the transfer of oxygen from </strong></p> <ol> <li><strong>Mother to foetus in the human. (3 marks)</strong></li> <li><strong>Actively respiring tissue in an adult. (3 marks)</strong></li> </ol> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr></div> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-21">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505761" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Explain how alterations in the affinity of haemoglobin can affect the transfer of oxygen from</strong></p> <p><strong> Mother to foetus in the human. (3 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Oxygen transferred from mother to foetus in the placenta.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Foetal haemoglobin has greater affinity for oxygen than maternal.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Oxygen released by maternal blood is taken up by foetal haemoglobin</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Maintaining a diffusion gradient across the placenta</span></li> </ul> <p><strong> Actively respiring tissue in an adult. (3 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">High respiration rate in muscle increases carbon dioxide concentrations in blood/increase in pH of the blood.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Causes haemoglobin to have lower affinity for oxygen.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;"><u>Bohr shift.</u></span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">More oxygen is released from haemoglobin.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Increasing oxygen availability for muscle.</span></li> </ul> <p>The above points could be shown on an annotated graph.</p> <p><img alt="" src="../../images/richard/option/6.jpg" style="width: 531px; height: 386px;"></p> <p>The diagram could obtain 3 marks and also help with your explanation.</p> </section> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-22">Drag and drop activities<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505761" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop question below.</p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-932-2854"><p><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%;
font-family:">D1 James Lind carried out an experiment on sailors in the 18<sup>th</sup> century by manipulating their diet to investigate scurvy.</span></p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/richard/option/lind.jpg" style="width: 185px; height: 238px;"></p><p><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%;
font-family:">It is now regarded as unethical to experiment on human subjects as the lack or excess of vitamins in the diet can cause malnutrition and harm to the individual.</span></p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">depriving</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">data</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">unable</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">diet</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">human</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Vitamin C</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Vitamin B12</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">condition</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">manufacture</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">mammalian</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">models</span></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Vitamin studies are carried out on mammals as <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="models"> <span class="review"></span> for humans . These studies may derive data which is a useful model for humans or may produce <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="data"> <span class="review"></span> that does not relate to the human <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="condition"> <span class="review"></span> .</p><p> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Vitamin C"> <span class="review"></span> (ascorbic acid) deficiency causes scurvy in humans. Scientific studies were carried out in mice, rats and Guinea pigs by <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="depriving"> <span class="review"></span> them of Vitamin C in their <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="diet"> <span class="review"></span> to induce scurvy but the studies were unsuccessful, the rodents deprived of vitamin C remained healthy.</p><p>This led to the belief that scurvy was a uniquely <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="human"> <span class="review"></span> disorder but it later was discovered that these and many other animals can <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="manufacture"> <span class="review"></span> vitamin C but humans are <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="unable"> <span class="review"></span> to do so.</p><p> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Animal models are useful studies but the data obtained must be scrutinised carefully.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> </div> </div> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-933-2854"><p>D2 Stomach lesios (ulcers) are mostly caused by bacteria, commonly present since infancy.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">damage</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">increase</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true"> lining</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">proton</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">antiseptics</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Heliobacter</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">E coli</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Lactobacillus</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">decrease</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">acid </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">antibiotics</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">pathogen</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">electron</span></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Heliobacter"> <span class="review"></span> pylori is a bacterial <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="pathogen"> <span class="review"></span> that is the main cause of stomach ulcers. It damages the stomach <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c=" lining"> <span class="review"></span> by causing lesions allowing entry of gastric fluid to stomach tissues which also <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="damage"> <span class="review"></span> the tissues and cause pain.</p><p>The normal methods of treatment are <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="antibiotics"> <span class="review"></span> to kill the pathogen and <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="proton"> <span class="review"></span> pump inhibitors which decrease stomach <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="acid "> <span class="review"></span> secretion to <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="increase"> <span class="review"></span> stomach pH (the fluid becomes less acidic).</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>The treatment for stomach ulcers is antibiotic to kill the bacteria and lessening acid secretion to limit pain and tissue damage.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-934-2854"><p>D3 The circulation of blood to and inside the liver is essential to its’ function.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">low</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">anaerobic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">from</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">sinusoids</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">aerobic </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">nutrients</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">portal</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">direct</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">artery</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">aorta</span></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>The hepatic <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="artery"> <span class="review"></span> branches from the dorsal <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="aorta"> <span class="review"></span> and supplies oxygen for liver <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="aerobic "> <span class="review"></span> respiration.</p><p>The hepatic <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="portal"> <span class="review"></span> vein carries blood to the liver from the intestine. This blood is nutrient rich and <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="low"> <span class="review"></span> in oxygen. It flows into liver <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="sinusoids"> <span class="review"></span> where hepatocytes have <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="direct"> <span class="review"></span> contact with the blood in order to transfer digested <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="nutrients"> <span class="review"></span> form the blood to the liver for storage and also to carry out other functions.</p><p>The hepatic vein collects the blood <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="from"> <span class="review"></span> the liver to return it to the circulation in the posterior vena cava.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>The liver has a double circulation, an artery and a vein for delivery and removal of blood and the portal vein for the liver to regulate absorbed nutrients. </em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <div class="panel panel-fucsia"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-935-2854"><p><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%;
font-family:">D4 Hypertension is the term given to a blood pressure which is continually above the normal values</span>.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">diameter</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">nicotine</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">plaque</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">volume</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">length</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">natural</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">cholesterol</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">exercise</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">BMI </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">osmosis</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">genetic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">efficiency</span></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Hypertension can be caused by one or all of the following:</p><ol><li value="NaN">High <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="cholesterol"> <span class="review"></span> levels which can cause obstruction by <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="plaque"> <span class="review"></span> formation in arteries, decreasing arterial <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="diameter"> <span class="review"></span> and elasticity.</li><li value="NaN">Obesity ( <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="BMI "> <span class="review"></span> above 30)</li><li value="NaN">Lack of <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="exercise"> <span class="review"></span> lessening circulatory <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="efficiency"> <span class="review"></span> .</li><li value="NaN">High salt levels in blood, usually caused by ingestion causing retention of water in the blood by <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="osmosis"> <span class="review"></span> increasing blood <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="volume"> <span class="review"></span> .</li><li value="NaN">A <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="genetic"> <span class="review"></span> predisposition.</li><li value="NaN">Alcohol or <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="nicotine"> <span class="review"></span> intake.</li></ol></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Hypertension has dietary and genetic causes.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-945-2854"><p>D5 Steroid and peptide hormones have different modes of action.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">through</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">transcription</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">lipid</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">activate</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">cannot</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">proteins</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">metabolic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">translation</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">secondary</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">cascade</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">water</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">receptors</span></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Steroid hormones are <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="lipid"> <span class="review"></span> soluble and can pass <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="through"> <span class="review"></span> the plasma membrane to bind to protein <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="receptors"> <span class="review"></span> in the cytoplasm of the cell. The hormone-receptor complex passes through the nuclear pore, binding to <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="transcription"> <span class="review"></span> factors on DNA promoting the formation of <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="proteins"> <span class="review"></span> , usually enzymes, to affect cell function.</p><p>Protein hormones <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="cannot"> <span class="review"></span> pass through the plasma membrane and bind to receptors in the membrane, causing the release of a <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="secondary"> <span class="review"></span> messenger. This causes a <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="cascade"> <span class="review"></span> effect which can <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="activate"> <span class="review"></span> or inhibit enzymes involved in <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="metabolic"> <span class="review"></span> reactions.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Steroid hormones alter cell function by affecting transcription, protein hormones cause activation or inhibition of metabolic pathways</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-946-2854"><p>D6 The ventilation rate must be controlled in order to maintain the correct concentration of respiratory gases in the blood.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">flow</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">cerebellum</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">autonomic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">aorta </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">lungs</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true"> intercostal</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">oblongata</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Stretch</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">respiratory </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">volume</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">inhaled</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">pH</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">carotid</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">medulla</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>The ventilation rate is controlled by the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="autonomic"> <span class="review"></span> nervous system through the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="respiratory "> <span class="review"></span> centre of the medulla <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="oblongata"> <span class="review"></span> of the brain.</p><p>Ventilation is maintained by rhythmicity and adjusted by chemoreceptors.</p><p> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Stretch"> <span class="review"></span> receptors in the thorax and <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="lungs"> <span class="review"></span> inhibit inspiration and promote expiration to equalise the volumes of air <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="inhaled"> <span class="review"></span> and exhaled.</p><p>Chemoreceptors in the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="medulla"> <span class="review"></span> oblongata, <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="aorta "> <span class="review"></span> and <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="carotid"> <span class="review"></span> arteries are sensitive to blood <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="pH"> <span class="review"></span> and carbon dioxide concentration rise. They stimulate the respirarory centre which in turn sends impulses through the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c=" intercostal"> <span class="review"></span> and phrenic nerves to increase the tidal <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="volume"> <span class="review"></span> and rate of breathing.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Rhythmicity gives coordinated intake and exhalation of air, chemoreceptors cause adjustments of exhalation rate.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <hr class="thin"> <div id="modal-feedback" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h4 class="modal-title">Feedback</h4> <button type="button" class="close hidden-xs hidden-sm" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="errors"></div> <p><strong>Which of the following best describes your feedback?</strong></p> <form method="post" style="overflow: hidden"> <div class="form-group"> <div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Recommendation"> Recommend</label></div><div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Problem"> Report a problem</label></div><div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Improvement"> Suggest an improvement</label></div><div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Other"> Other</label></div> </div> <hr> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="feedback-name">Name</label> <input type="text" class="form-control" name="feedback-name" placeholder="Name" value=" "> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="feedback-email">Email address</label> <input type="email" class="form-control" name="feedback-email" placeholder="Email" value="@airmail.cc"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="feedback-comments">Comments</label> <textarea class="form-control" name="feedback-comments" style="resize: vertical;"></textarea> </div> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-ticket" value="082b9c9c4ae3624d"> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-url" value="https://studyib.net/biology/page/2854/option-d-human-physiology"> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-subject" value="5"> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-subject-name" value="Biology"> <div class="pull-left"> </div> </form> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs-block feedback-submit mb-xs-3 pull-right"> <i class="fa fa-send"></i> Send </button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block m-xs-0 pull-left" data-dismiss="modal"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div></div> </article> <hr class="hidden-md hidden-lg"> <div class="hidden-md hidden-lg mt-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" id="user-id" value="38342"></div><input id="ticket" type="hidden" value="082b9c9c4ae3624d"><input id="tzoffset" type="hidden" value="new"><input id="fp" class="fp" type="hidden" value=""></div><div id="std-footer"> <div class="wmap"> <div class="layout-wrapper"> <p> <a href="https://www.inthinking.net"> © <span id="footer-year"></span> <em>InThinking</em> <script>document.getElementById("footer-year").innerHTML = new Date().getFullYear();</script> </a> | <a target="_self" href="../../../about.html"> About us </a> | <a target="_self" href="../../../terms-and-conditions.html"> Legal </a> | <a target="_self" href="../../../contact.html"> Contact </a> </p> <p> <a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/#!/inthinker"> <img src="../../../img/social/twitter-square.svg"> Twitter </a> <a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/inthinking.net"> <img src="../../../img/social/facebook-square.svg"> Facebook </a> <a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=139741989"> <img src="../../../img/social/linkedin-square.svg"> LinkedIn </a> </p> </div> </div></div><script src="../../../js/jquery-1.11.3.min.js"></script><script src="../../../js/bootstrap.min.js"></script><script src="../../../js/jquery-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.js"></script><script>var pageId = 2854;</script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/std-galleries.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/jqueryui/jquery-ui-custom.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/jqueryui/jquery.ui.touch-punch.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/std-quizzes-helpers.min.js?v=20220406"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/std-quizzes.min.js?v=2022041300"></script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $('a.scroll-to').click(function(e){ e.preventDefault(); var n = $('#'+$(this).data('target')).offset().top - 70; $('html, body').animate({scrollTop: n},300); }); $('.toc-switcher').click(function(e){ e.preventDefault(); $('.toc > ol').slideToggle('fast'); $(this).find('i:last-child').toggleClass('fa fa-chevron-circle-up').toggleClass('fa fa-chevron-down'); $(this).attr('title', $(this).attr('title') == 'Show table of contents' ? 'Hide table of contents' : 'Show table of contents'); }); }); </script><script>var sAJAX='/pages/subjects/activity/user-stats-page.php?t=082b9c9c4ae3624d&p=2854&s=5&x=14908';var sData='k4iA6GSB03BgPm14wd9rIxiA6GSB0bfq7Y9FwFiA6GSBPFAF7YcHEKvrZ0fREzP5PgvASYBhWFpuPusLWGc2PVp1k0ajW3yhEbgFIxiA6GSB0bfsEbOFwnEsWVaBIxi860fB7nBsWVOFwnEsWVaBIxiDSGigW3LsZGNFwFPFIxiA60f1Pm1F0xvFZGvRW3Sq0xvA6GSB0xX4wd9r0xvh7VfjW3N8ExL1SGLsWFLAZVBDZGvRW3SqPHr=';var loopSecs = 30;var minSecsLog = 60;var lsKey = '5-83605-2854';</script><script src="../../../js/subjects/activity/user-stats-page.min.js?v=202205311700"></script><script src="../../../js/subjects/activity/my-favorites.min.js?v=20220610"></script><script src="../../../js/subjects/feedback.min.js?v=202211221000"></script><script>var sessionUpdateSecs = 300;</script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/session-updater.js"></script><script>(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)})(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');ga('create', 'UA-98480796-5', 'auto');ga('send', 'pageview');</script><script src="../../../js/devicefp/devicefp.min.js"></script><script src="../../../js/jq-quickfit/jq-quickfit.min.js?v=20220201"></script><script src="../../../js/frontpage-subjects.min.js?v=202211161300"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/studyib-jq.min.js?v=202211241300"></script><script type="text/javascript">$(document).ready(function(){ $('#trigger-modal-video-overview').click(function() { if( $('#modal-video-overview .modal-body iframe').attr('src').length == 0 ) { $('#modal-video-overview .modal-body iframe').attr('src', 'https://www.youtube.com/embed/hxxtdiLdTFk?rel=0'); } }); $('#modal-video-overview').on('hidden.bs.modal', function() { $('#modal-video-overview .modal-body iframe').attr('src', ''); }); });</script></body></html>