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questions from Topic 2 Molecules</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2898/paper-2-questions-topic-5-evolution.html">Paper 2 questions Topic 5 Evolution</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../462/01-cell-biology.html">01 Cell biology</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../486/introduction-to-cells-11.html">Introduction to cells 1.1</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../606/ultrastructure-of-cells-12-.html">Ultrastructure of cells 1.2 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../607/membrane-structure-13-.html">Membrane structure 1.3 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../575/membrane-transport-14-.html">Membrane transport 1.4 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../608/the-origin-of-cells-15.html">The origin of cells 1.5</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../609/cell-division-16.html">Cell division 1.6</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../463/02-molecular-biology.html">02 Molecular biology</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../577/molecules-to-metabolism-21.html">Molecules to metabolism 2.1</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../578/water-22.html">Water 2.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../600/carbohydrates-lipids-23.html">Carbohydrates & Lipids 2.3</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../601/proteins-24.html">Proteins 2.4</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../585/enzymes-25.html">Enzymes 2.5</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../602/structure-of-dna-and-rna-26.html">Structure of DNA and RNA 2.6</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../603/dna-replication-transcription-translation-27.html">DNA Replication, transcription, translation 2.7</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../604/respiration-28.html">Respiration 2.8</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../605/photosynthesis-29.html">Photosynthesis 2.9</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../465/03-genetics-sl.html">03 Genetics SL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../790/genes-31-.html">Genes 3.1 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../791/chromosomes-32.html">Chromosomes 3.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../792/meiosis-33.html">Meiosis 3.3</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../793/inheritance-34.html">Inheritance 3.4</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../794/genetic-modification-35.html">Genetic Modification 3.5</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../466/04-ecology-.html">04 Ecology </a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../795/species-and-communities-41-.html">Species and communities 4.1 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../796/energy-flow-42.html">Energy flow 4.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../797/carbon-cycle-43-.html">Carbon Cycle 4.3 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../798/climate-change-44.html">Climate change 4.4</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../467/05-evolution-.html">05 Evolution </a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../799/evidence-for-evolution-51-.html">Evidence for evolution 5.1 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../800/natural-selection-52.html">Natural selection 5.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../801/classification-of-biodiversity-53-.html">Classification of biodiversity 5.3 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../802/cladistics-54.html">Cladistics 5.4</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../468/06-human-physiology.html">06 Human physiology</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../579/digestion-absorption-61.html">Digestion & absorption 6.1</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../580/blood-system-62.html">Blood system 6.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../591/defence-against-disease-63.html">Defence against disease 6.3</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../592/gas-exchange-64.html">Gas exchange 6.4</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../593/neurones-and-synapses-65.html">Neurones and synapses 6.5</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../594/hormones-and-reproduction-66.html">Hormones and reproduction 6.6</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../469/07-nucleic-acids-ahl.html">07 Nucleic acids AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1160/nucleic-acids-71-hl.html">Nucleic acids 7.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1157/transcription-72-hl.html">Transcription 7.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1158/translation-73-hl.html">Translation 7.3 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../470/08-metabolism-ahl.html">08 Metabolism AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1195/metabolism-81-hl.html">Metabolism 8.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1196/cell-respiration-82-hl.html">Cell respiration 8.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1197/photosynthesis-83-hl.html">Photosynthesis 8.3 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../471/09-plant-biology-ahl.html">09 Plant biology AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1251/transport-in-xylem-91-hl.html">Transport in xylem 9.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1252/transport-in-phloem-92-hl.html">Transport in phloem 9.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1253/growth-in-plants-93-hl.html">Growth in plants 9.3 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1254/reproduction-in-plants-94-hl.html">Reproduction in plants 9.4 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../472/10-genetics-ahl.html">10 Genetics AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1341/meiosis-101-hl.html">Meiosis 10.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1342/inheritance-102-hl.html">Inheritance 10.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1343/gene-pools-and-speciation-103-hl.html">Gene pools and speciation 10.3 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../473/11-animal-physiology-ahl.html">11 Animal physiology AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2063/antibody-production-vaccination-111-hl.html">Antibody production & vaccination 11.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1345/movement-112-hl.html">Movement 11.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1346/kidney-and-osmoregulation-113-hl.html">Kidney and osmoregulation 11.3 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1347/sexual-reproduction-114-hl.html">Sexual reproduction 11.4 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class="expanded parent selected"><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="option-a-neurobiology.html">Option A - Neurobiology</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2852/option-b-biotechnology.html">Option B - Biotechnology</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2853/option-c-ecology.html">Option C - Ecology</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2854/option-d-human-physiology.html">Option D Human physiology</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Option A - Neurobiology <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="2824" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i> Home</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Option A - Neurobiology</span></li> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <style type="text/css">ol.breadcrumb { margin-bottom: 0 }</style><div id="toc-1675505759" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a><ol><li><a href="#header-1" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-1">A.1 Neural development</a></li><li><a href="#header-2" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-2">A2 The Human Brain</a></li><li><a href="#header-3" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-3">A3 Perception of stimuli</a></li><li><a href="#header-4" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-4">A4 Innate and learned behaviour - HL</a></li><li><a href="#header-5" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-5">A5 Neuro-phamacology - HL</a></li><li><a href="#header-6" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-6">A6 Ethology - HL</a></li><li><a href="#header-7" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-7">Exam style question on A1</a></li><li><a href="#header-8" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-8">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-9" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-9">Extra exam style question on A1</a></li><li><a href="#header-10" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-10">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-11" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-11">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-12" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-12">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-13" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-13">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-14" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-14">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-15" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-15">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-16" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-16">Multiple Choice questions</a></li><li><a href="#header-17" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-17">Drag and drop activities</a></li></ol></div><div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span><img class="intro-image" readonly="true" src="../../images/12_options/brain.png" style="width: 100px; height: 96px;"> <div class="content" readonly="true"> <div class="text">This page gives outline details of the content of Option A for SL & HL. <div class="text">There are revision questions and lists of student skills required.</div> <div class="text">Helpful for revision. Student can check their understanding and prioritise areas for revision.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>A set of flashcards to help revise a few important terms from this option.</p> <div class="tib-flashcard"><a class="show-flashcards btn btn-success btn-xs-block btn-block " data-levels="1" data-mode="Normal" data-topics="583" data-subject-id="5" data-n-flashcards="11" style="text-align:center">Show flashcards</a></div><hr> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p class="liWithoutP">This section explains the details which students are required to know.</p> <p class="liWithoutP">There are understandings, skills and suggestions for revision questions.</p> <h3 id="header-1"><strong>A.1 Neural development</strong><small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505759" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Embryonic chordates form a neural tube by in-folding of the ectoderm followed by elongation of the tube formed.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Differentiation of cells in the neural tube produces neurons.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Immature neurons migrate to their final location.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Each immature neuron grows an axon in response to chemical stimuli.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Some axons extend out of the neural tube to reach other parts of the body.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Note: Terminology relating to embryonic brain areas or nervous system divisions is not required.</li> <li class="liWithoutP"> <hr class="hidden"></li> <li class="liWithoutP">Multiple synapses are formed by developing neurons.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Synapses that are not used do not persist.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Neural pruning involves the loss of unused neurons.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The nervous system has plasticity, the ability to change with experience.</li> </ul> <div class="blueBg"> <p><strong>Revision Question(s) </strong></p> <ul> <li>How does the nervous system form in a developing embryo?</li> <li>Which cells are the first to become nerve cells?</li> <li>How do the cells organise themselves to form a nervous system. <hr class="hidden"></li> <li>What is the role of connections between neurones in the development of the nervous system?</li> <li>What happens to unused synapses?</li> <li>What happens to synapses which are used regularly?</li> </ul> </div> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Skills ( can you ...)</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Understand how brain function may be reorganized after a stroke.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Apply an understanding of closure of the embryonic neural tube to the condition <em>spina bifida </em>in which the tube closure is incomplete..</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Annotate a diagram of embryonic tissues in <em>Xenopus</em>, used as an animal model, during neurulation</li> </ul> </div> <h3 id="header-2">A2 The Human Brain<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505759" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">The brain is formed from expansion of the anterior part of the neural tube.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Brain metabolism requires a lot of energy.</li> <li class="liWithoutP"> <hr class="hidden"></li> <li class="liWithoutP">Skill: Identification of parts of the brain in a photograph, diagram or scan of the brain, including the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, hypothalamus, pituitary gland and cerebral hemispheres.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The brain stem contains the autonomic nervous system which controls involuntary processes in the body. For example: Swallowing, breathing and heart rate coordinated by the medulla.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Application: Use of the pupil reflex to evaluate brain damage.</li> <li class="liWithoutP"> <hr class="hidden">The cerebral cortex is larger (in proportion) and more highly developed in humans than other animals.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">An increase in the total area of the cerebral cortex has extensive folding so it fits within the cranium.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The cerebral hemispheres are responsible for higher order functions.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Different parts of the brain have specific functions. For example; Visual cortex, Broca’s area and nucleus accumbens.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Application: Use of animal experiments, autopsy, lesions and fMRI to identify the role of different brain parts.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The left cerebral hemisphere receives sensory input from sensory receptors in the right side of the body and the right side of the visual field in both eyes and vice versa for the right hemisphere.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The left cerebral hemisphere controls muscle contraction in the right side of the body and vice versa for the right hemisphere.</li> </ul> <div class="blueBg"> <p><strong>Revision Question(s) </strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>How can a neural tube structure develop into a brain and spinal cord?</p> </li> <li> <p>What are the main structures found in the brain called?</p> </li> <li> <p>What is the general function of each structure?</p> </li> <li>How do biologists find out about different structures of the brain? <hr class="hidden"></li> <li>Why does an large and extensively folded cortex in humans give humans better higher order thinking skills than animals without so many folds?<br> </li> <li>What are higher order thinking skills?<br> </li> <li>Is it true that the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body?</li> </ul> </div> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Skills ( can you ...)</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Appreciate that exceptions occur to any rule, for example the brain can even reorganize itself following a disturbance such as a stroke.(It is the rule that specific functions can be attributed to certain areas, brain imagery shows that some activities are spread in many areas)</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Look at electroencephalogram images and recognise abnormal patterns that can be used to diagnose conditions, e.g. Angelman syndrome, which is a genetically inherited condition. <hr class="hidden"></li> <li class="liWithoutP">Analyse correlations between body size and brain size in different animals.</li> </ul> </div> <h3 id="header-3">A3 Perception of stimuli<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505759" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Receptors detect changes in the environment. e.g. Humans sensory receptors - mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors and photoreceptors.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Application: Detection of chemicals in the air by the many different olfactory receptors. <hr class="hidden"></li> <li class="liWithoutP">Rods and cones are photoreceptors located in the retina - they differ in their sensitivities to light intensities and wavelengths.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Bipolar cells send the impulses from rods and cones to ganglion cells.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Ganglion cells send messages to the brain via the optic nerve.</li> <li>The information from the right field of vision from both eyes is sent to the left part of the visual cortex and vice versa. (covered in the cerebral cortex work in section A2.) <hr class="hidden"></li> <li class="liWithoutP">Structures in the middle ear transmit and amplify sound.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Sensory hairs of the cochlea detect sounds of specific frequency.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Impulses caused by sound perception are transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Hair cells in the semicircular canals detect movement of the head.</li> </ul> <div class="blueBg"> <p><strong>Revision Question(s) </strong></p> <ul> <li>5% of your genes code for chemoreceptors in the nose. Why is the sense of smell so important in animals? <hr class="hidden"></li> <li>Chemoreceptors have receptor molecules, but how do the photoreceptor cells of the retina detect changes in the environment?</li> <li>What are the four different types of receptor? <hr class="hidden"></li> <li>What are the two types of photoreceptor in the eye and how do they differ?</li> <li>through which neurones are the photoreceptors connected to the brain?</li> <li>How do the eyes' left and right fields of view connect to the visual cortex?</li> </ul> </div> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Skills ( can you ...)</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Label a diagram of the structure of the human eye - including sclera, cornea, conjunctiva, eyelid, choroid, aqueous humour, pupil, lens, iris, vitreous humour, retina, fovea, optic nerve and blind spot.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Annotate a diagram of the retina recognising cell types - rod and cone cells, bipolar neurons and ganglion cells and the direction in which light moves.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Use your knowledge of the retina to explain red-green colour-blindness as a variant of normal trichromatic vision.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Label the structure of the human ear, including pinna, eardrum, bones of the middle ear, oval window, round window, semicircular canals, auditory nerve and cochlea.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Apply your knowledge of the cochlea to explain the use of cochlear implants in deaf patients.</li> </ul> </div> <h3 id="header-4">A4 Innate and learned behaviour - HL<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505759" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Innate behaviour develops independently of the environment (is not learned) it is inherited.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Reflexes are involuntary responses (Autonomic)</li> <li class="liWithoutP">A reflex arc is made of the neurons that make up reflexes.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Reflex conditioning is the formation of new associations between stimulus and response.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Learned behaviour develops as a result of experience (of stimuli in the environment).</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Imprinting is a type of rapid learning which occurs at a particular life stage and which is not 'unlearned' through other types of learning.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Operant conditioning is type of learning through trial and error experiences.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Gaining a skill or knowledge is called 'learning'.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Encoding information, storing it and then accessing the information is Memory.</li> </ul> <div class="blueBg"> <p><strong>Revision Questions</strong></p> <ul> <li>What is the difference between innate and learned behaviour?</li> <li>What part do reflexes play in innate behaviour?</li> <li>Which neurons make up a reflex arc?</li> <li>How do imprinting, conditioning and operant conditioning modify reflexes?</li> <li>What is memory?</li> </ul> </div> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Skills (can you ...)</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Describe Pavlov’s experiments into reflex conditioning in dogs.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Explain of how inheritance and learning both contribute to birdsong acquisition.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Analyse data from invertebrate behaviour experiments and relate these to the chances of survival or reproduction.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Relate reflex arc structure to the pain withdrawal reflex of the hand.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Label a diagram of the pain withdrawal reflex, including a receptor cell, sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron and effector.</li> </ul> </div> <h3 id="header-5">A5 Neuro-phamacology - HL<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505759" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Neurotransmitters can excite nerve impulses in postsynaptic neurons or inhibit them (It depends on the neurotransmitter).</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The summation of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters received from pre-synaptic neurons either initiates or inhibits nerve impulses in post-synaptic neurons.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The modulation of fast synaptic transmission in the brain involves different slow-acting neurotransmitters.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">These slow-acting neurotransmitters cause changes in neurones leading to memory and learning.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Postsynaptic transmission in the brain can be increased or decreased by psychoactive drugs.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Aesthetics can decrease or prevent neural transmission between sensory receptors and the CNS.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Stimulant drugs (nicotine, cocaine or amphetamines) mimic the sympathetic nervous system and stimulate neural transmission.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Sedative drugs (benzodiazepines, alcohol or tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)) can decrease neural transmission.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Three factors can lead to Addiction; <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">genetic predisposition, social environment and dopamine secretion.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="blueBg"> <p><strong>Revision Questions </strong></p> <ul> <li>What happens if you only release a very small amount of neurotransmitter into a synapse? Will an impulse always be passed across the synapse?</li> <li>How do some neurotransmitters inhibit the generation of an action potential in a post-synaptic neurone?What is the difference between fast and slow acting neurotransmitters?</li> <li>How do neurones change when we are learning?</li> <li>What makes a drug Psychoactive?</li> <li>Name two stimulant drugs and two sedative drugs.</li> <li>Which neurotransmitter and which receptor is used by the sympathetic nervous system?</li> <li>Specifically, how do nicotine and cocaine mimic the sympathetic nervous system?</li> <li>What effects do sedative drugs have on synapses?</li> <li>How do sedative drugs affect transmission of an impulse across a synapse?</li> <li>How can genes affect a person's risk of addiction?</li> <li>How do changes in dopamine secretion lead to addiction?</li> <li>Why could social environment increase the risk of addiction?</li> </ul> </div> <ul> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Skills (can you ...)</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Explain the specific effects of two stimulants and two sedatives on the nervous system.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Understand how anaesthetics affect awareness and how Endorphins can act as painkillers.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Analyse data showing the impact of MDMA (ecstasy) on serotonin and dopamine metabolism in the brain.</li> </ul> </div> <ul> </ul> <h3 id="header-6">A6 Ethology - HL<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505759" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">The study of animal behaviour in natural conditions is called Ethology.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Animal behaviour can be changed by natural selection when it has a genetic basis. For example Migratory behaviour in blackcaps.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Natural selection increases the frequency of behaviour that improves the chances of survival and reproduction in a population. For example foraging behaviour in shore crabs through (learning) optimal prey choice or breeding strategies in coho salmon populations.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Learning can increase the frequency of behaviour in a population more rapidly than natural selection of innate behaviour. It promotes the spread of the behaviour, or it can reduce the frequency of a dangerous behaviour.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Feeding on cream from milk bottles in blue tits as an example of the development and loss of learned behaviour.</li> </ul> <div class="blueBg"> <p><strong>Revision Questions</strong></p> <ul> <li>How does Innate behaviour improve survival chances?</li> <li>How does natural selection benefit animals with behaviours which increases their survival chances?</li> <li>Give examples of how behaviour affects feeding and breeding.</li> <li>Why do you think learning changes behaviour more rapidly than natural selection?</li> <li>Give an example of learned behaviour and how it improves survival chances.</li> </ul> </div> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Skills (can you ...)</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Describe local examples that can be observed, should be studied if possible.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Describe blood sharing in vampire bats as an example of the development of altruistic behaviour by natural selection.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Use courtship in birds of paradise as an example of mate selection.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Explain how synchronized oestrus in female lions in a pride as an example of innate behaviour that increases the chances of survival and reproduction of offspring.</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style question on A1</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-7">Exam style question on A1<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505759" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Answer the question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Outline the process of neural pruning in the formation of the central nervous system [4]</strong></p> <p><strong>.............................................................................. ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>.............................................................................. ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>.............................................................................. ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>.............................................................................. ............................................................................ </strong></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <div class="box"> <h3 id="header-8">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505759" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Outline the process of neural pruning in the formation of the central nervous system. [4]</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">After a period of rapid cell proliferation <span style="color:#FF0000;">there are more neurons than required, in a developing brain.</span></span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The neurones make millions of connections to other neurones.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Some neurones have few, if any connections.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The neurones without enough connections are removed by the process of neural pruning.</span></li> </ul> <p><em>Be sure to explain each point in enough detail to include a structure and a feature about it, or a cause and an effect. </em></p> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on A1 - click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-9">Extra exam style question on A1<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505759" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>The nervous system develops and is modified in both embryonic stages and during the development and maturity of an organism.</p> <p align="center">Answer the question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Describe how modifications to the nervous system during embryonic and early growth of a human can increase or maintain functionality of the system. (6 marks)</strong></p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr><em>Hint: </em> <em><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:">– the 6-mark question in the Option paper requires detail</span></em></div> Click on the "+" icon to see a model answer. <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-10">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505759" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Describe how modifications to the nervous system during embryonic and early growth of a human can increase or maintain functionality of the system. (6 marks)</strong></p> <p>Name the process that occurs during development or maturity and describe how this process is vital to the function of the system.</p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;"><u>Neurone migration</u></span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Immature neurons migrate from the neural tubule (of the embryo) to peripheral organs.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Migration creates a nervous network in the peripheral organs</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;"><u>Axons</u> grow from the neural tube to other body organs.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Axon growth connects the peripheral organs to the central nervous system.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Axon growth (and migration) links the (peripheral) nerves to the central nervous system.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Neurones develop <u>multiple synapses</u>.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Multiple synapses create many neuronal connections to allow variety of response.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;"><u>Neural pruning</u> removes unused synapses.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Neural pruning increase efficiency of communication/removes unnecessary connections.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;"><u>Plasticity</u> of the nervous system.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Plasticity allows adaptation to learning/experience</span></li> </ul> <p><em>Use the correct terminology, the underlined words are needed for that point in the mark scheme.</em></p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style question on A2</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <p>Parts of the brain have different functions and, within these areas, there is also specialisation of function.</p> <p>Answer the question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <p><em>Examiner hint – the 6-mark question in the Option paper requires detail</em></p> <div class="dottedBox"> <p><strong>Describe how the structure of the cerebral cortex of the human is related to its function. (6 marks)</strong></p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr></div> <p>Click on the "+" icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-11">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505759" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Describe how the structure of the cerebral cortex of the human is related to its function. (6 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The cerebral cortex is the most developed area of the brain in the human.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The cerebral cortex has the greatest neural density.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The folds in the cerebral cortex create a greater volume/surface area for neurones.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The cerebral cortex is responsible for higher order functions.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Higher order functions involve cognitive processes.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The left cerebral cortex receives sensory input from the right side of the body (or vice versa).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The left cerebral cortex generates motor output for effectors on the right side of the body. (or vice versa)</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Both hemispheres receive visual sensory input from each eye to allow perception of the image.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Sensory input to the cerebral cortex from receptors is linked to specific areas of the cerebral cortex for perception.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Perception is due to the sensory input being linked to specific areas of the cerbral cortex.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Motor output from the cerebral cortex innervates particular muscles for precise motor responses.</span></li> </ul> <p>Link the structure to the function in each sentence</p> </section> <div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style question on A3</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>You need to understand how the various types of receptors are able to convert stimuli from the environment into nervous impulses that can be perceived by the brain.</p> <p>Answer the question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="dottedBox"> <p><strong>Explain how three different types of sensory receptors are able to detect changes in the external environment. (6 marks)</strong></p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <p><em>Examiner hint: Discuss three different types of receptors. Limit your discussion to the external (not internal) environment.</em></p> </div> <p>Click on the "+" icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-12">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505759" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Explain how three different types of sensory receptors are able detect changes in the external environment. (6 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Sensory receptors transduce a form of energy into a nervous impulse.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;"><u>Photoreceptors</u> detect light wavelength (and intensity).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Photoreceptors provide the sensory input for vision.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Different types of photoreceptors (cones/rods) respond to different wavelengths and intensity of light.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;"><u>Mechanoreceptors</u> detect physical movement or vibration.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Mechanoreceptors provide the sensory input for movement/hearing.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Cochlear cells have sensory hairs which vibrate at specific wavelengths.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Hair cells in the semi-circular canals of the inner ear react to changes in the direction of movement of the head.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Mechanoreceptors in the skin detect pressure/pain/touch.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;"><u>Chemoreceptors </u>react to chemical/molecular shapes.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Chemoreceptors provide the sensory input for smell/taste.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Olfactory receptors (in the nose/tongue) respond to chemical structures of molecules in the air or food.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;"><u>Thermoreceptors </u>detect temperature change.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Thermoreceptors in the skin detect air (or water) temperature giving the perception of cold or warm environments.</span></li> </ul> <p>Sensory receptors transduce a form of energy into nervous impulses which are conducted to particular areas of the brain for perception.</p> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style question on A4</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>You need to understand the difference between innate and learned behaviour and to know specific examples.</p> <p>Answer the question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="dottedBox"> <p><strong>Compare and contrast innate and learned behaviour. (6 marks)</strong></p> <p><em>Examiner hint: You could use a table to put comparing statements in a row for each feature. Remember that, "compare and contrast" expects similarities and differences.</em></p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr></div> <p>Click on the "+" icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-13">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505759" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Compare and contrast innate and learned behaviour. (6 marks)</strong></p> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:301px;"> <p align="center"><u><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">Innate behaviour</span></strong></u></p> </td> <td style="width:301px;"> <p align="center"><u><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">Learned behaviour</span></strong></u></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:601px;"> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Both types of behaviour enhance the chance of survival of the organism or group of organisms.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Some forms of innate responses can be modified by conscious or learnt responses.</span></li> </ul> <p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">Differences</span></strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:301px;"> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Inherited.</span></li> </ul> </td> <td style="width:301px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Not inherited.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:301px;"> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Genetically determined.</span></li> </ul> </td> <td style="width:301px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Developed by learning or experience.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:301px;"> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Not able to be altered (although can, in some cases, be modified).</span></li> </ul> </td> <td style="width:301px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Altered on the basis of experience.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:301px;"> <p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">Examples:</span></strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Reflex arc/withdrawal response in humans.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Pupil reflex.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Insect foraging.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Insect behaviour in communication of food sources.</span></li> </ul> </td> <td style="width:301px;"> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Learnt skills.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Tool use.</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:601px;"> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Example of modified innate (innate and learnt) behaviour – development of bird song in hatchling birds.</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>One mark awarded for a correct/relevant example of each type of behaviour but make sure that your example is precise and accurate.</p> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style question on A5</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>You need to understand how some drugs achieve their effect by altering synaptic transmission.</p> <p>Answer the question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="dottedBox"> <p><strong>Using specific examples, describe the means by which psychoactive drugs can alter synaptic transmission. (6 marks)</strong></p> <p><em>Examiner hint: Describe the general activity of psychoactive drugs and then give specific examples (in a table if you prefer).</em></p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr></div> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-14">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505759" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Using specific examples, describe the means by which psychoactive drugs can alter synaptic transmission. (6 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Psychoactive drugs affect synaptic transmission in the brain.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Agonists mimic neurotransmitters/increase synaptic transmission/stimulants facilitate/increase post-synaptic transmission.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Antagonists/sedatives inhibit post-synaptic transmission.</span></li> </ul> <p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">Examples of psychoactive drugs:</span></strong></p> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:301px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><strong>Inhibitory psychoactive drugs</strong></span></p> </td> <td style="width:301px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><strong>Mode of action on the synapse</strong></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:301px;"> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Alcohol (ethanol)</span></li> </ul> </td> <td style="width:301px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Inhibits post-synaptic neurotransmission (of glutamate neurotransmitter).</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:301px;"> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Benzodiazepines/Diazepam</span></li> </ul> </td> <td style="width:301px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">(Open chloride channels in the post-synaptic membrane) causing hyperpolarisation lowering/blocking synaptic transmission.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:301px;"> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)</span></li> </ul> </td> <td style="width:301px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Binds to pre-synaptic receptors slowing or preventing the release of neurotransmitters.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:301px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><strong>Excitatory psychoactive drugs</strong></span></p> </td> <td style="width:301px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><strong>Mode of action on the synapse</strong></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:301px;"> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Cocaine</span></li> </ul> </td> <td style="width:301px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Binds to dopamine reuptake transporter protein/released dopamine remains in the synapse and continues to depolarise it.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:301px;"> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Amphetamines</span></li> </ul> </td> <td style="width:301px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Stimulate release/block reuptake of neurotransmitters.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:301px;"> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Nicotine</span></li> </ul> </td> <td style="width:301px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Amplifies the effect of acetylcholine receptors/agonist of acetylcholine/causes increased firing of post-synaptic membrane.</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></p> <p>No mark is awarded solely for naming a psychoactive drug, the mode of action must be included.</p> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style question on A6</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Behaviour evolves to increase the chance of survival of a species.</p> <p>Answer the question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="dottedBox"> <p><strong>Describe, using specific examples, three ways in which innate behaviour can increase survival in a species. (6 marks)</strong></p> <p><em>Examiner hint: The question asks for specific examples of behaviour. There are some outlined in the syllabus content but you may use other examples.</em></p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr></div> <p>Click on the "+" icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-15">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505759" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Describe, using specific examples, three ways in which innate behaviour can increase survival in a species (6 marks)</strong></p> <p>Each example will be worth two marks – the type of behaviour and the reason that it increases survival chances.</p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Migration of insectivorous/carnivorous birds (eg swallows, swifts, storks) from Europe to Africa in the European winter.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Insects are available as food sources in the new/winter location.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Synchronised oestrus in female lions in a pride.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Synchronised oestrus increases survival chances of young as all females are lactating and can feed the cubs/males mature in groups increasing their survival chance /growth/health/surviveif their own mother cannot feed them.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Blood sharing/regurgitation by vampire bats.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Altruistic behaviour which lessens the chance of starvation of bats/group of bats (that have not fed from prey).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Foraging in shore crabs or starlings.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Foraging (searching for food) allows prey selection to maximise nutrient gain/selection of prey with more nutrients.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Courtship displays in birds (of paradise).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Vigorous courtship dances allow mate selection by females of males who are successfully adapted to the local environment/have genes with survival value.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Varied breeding strategies within a species.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Coho salmon have males with two breeding strategies/hooknose and jack males and compete for mates in different ways/by fighting for mates or by stealth.</span></li> </ul> <p>There are specific examples in the syllabus content but other examples may be used.</p> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-16">Multiple Choice questions<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505759" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>This will be a self-marking quiz containing questions covering parts of the topic outlined above. There are no questions like this in the exam, but it is a good test of basic understanding.</p> <p style="text-align: center;">*** coming soon ***</p> <h3 id="header-17">Drag and drop activities<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505759" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop question below.</p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-921-2824"><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>A1 The nervous system can adapt.</p><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">formation</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">neurones</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">experience</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">functions</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">pruning</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">change</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">learning</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Plasticity is the ability of the brain to <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="change"> <span class="review"></span> or adapt based on <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="experience"> <span class="review"></span> . This can be due to the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="formation"> <span class="review"></span> or reorganization of neural pathways, to change structure as a result of <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="learning"> <span class="review"></span> and to adapt to trauma by moving <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="functions"> <span class="review"></span> to different areas of the brain.</p><p>Plasticity involves creating or <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="pruning"> <span class="review"></span> synapses and pathways and the production of <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="neurones"> <span class="review"></span> .</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The brain can adapt function by creating neural pathways.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-920-2824"><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>A2 The brain has autonomic functions.</p><p>Drag and drop the correct term into the gap to outline the autonomic functions of the brain.</p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">vagus</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">modified</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">conscious</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">cerebellum</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">hypothalamus</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">sweating </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">ventilation</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">medulla</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">pituitary gland</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">involuntary</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true"> heart rate</span></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>The autonomic nervous system controls the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="involuntary"> <span class="review"></span> actions of the body. These are not under <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="conscious"> <span class="review"></span> contol but can be voluntarily <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="modified"> <span class="review"></span> in some cases.</p><p>Autonomic control is exerted in the brain stem, commonly in the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="hypothalamus"> <span class="review"></span> and the medulla.</p><p>Examples of autonomic control by the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="medulla"> <span class="review"></span> of the brain include adjustment of the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c=" heart rate"> <span class="review"></span> through the accelerans and <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="vagus"> <span class="review"></span> nerves and the control of <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="ventilation"> <span class="review"></span> rate.</p><p>Examples of autonomic control by the hypothalamus include <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="sweating "> <span class="review"></span> and vasodilation to lower body temperature.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p> </p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> </div> </div> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-944-2824"><p>A3 The cells of the retina have particular functions.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Bipolar</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">optic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">several</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">auditory</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">wavelength</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">ganglion</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">single </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">colour</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">intensity </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">absorption</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">cones</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">action</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">sensitive</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">rods</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>The photoreceptors are <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="rods"> <span class="review"></span> and cones. Rods are very <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="sensitive"> <span class="review"></span> to light and only function in dim light. They are only sensitive to <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="intensity "> <span class="review"></span> of light so do not distinguish colours. There are three types of <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="cones"> <span class="review"></span> , red, blue, and green with different <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="absorption"> <span class="review"></span> spectra for light giving <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="colour"> <span class="review"></span> vision due to the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="wavelength"> <span class="review"></span> of light absorbed by each cone type.</p><p> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Bipolar"> <span class="review"></span> cells transmit impulses from rods and cones to <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="ganglion"> <span class="review"></span> cells that transmit the impulses through the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="optic"> <span class="review"></span> nerve to the visual centre of the brain. Single cone cells synapse with a <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="single "> <span class="review"></span> bipolar cell giving high image resolution (“sharpness”) whereas <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="several"> <span class="review"></span> rods are attached to a single bipolar cell giving greater sensitivity but a less accurate image.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>You must also be able to annotate (not draw) a diagram of the retina.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <p> </p> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-fucsia"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-943-2824"><p>A4 The withdrawal reflex in a human in response to touching a hot object.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">sensory</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">motor</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">grey</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">contraction</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">mechnaoreceptors</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">relay</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">thermoreceptors</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">white</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">transduce</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">action</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">effector</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>The <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="thermoreceptors"> <span class="review"></span> in the skin <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="transduce"> <span class="review"></span> the energy of the heat stimulus into an <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="action"> <span class="review"></span> potential which travels down the axon of the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="sensory"> <span class="review"></span> neuron to synapse with a <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="relay"> <span class="review"></span> neuron in the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="grey"> <span class="review"></span> matter of the spinal cord. The relay neuron synapses with a <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="motor"> <span class="review"></span> neuron which transmits the impulse to synapses with the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="effector"> <span class="review"></span> muscle causing <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="contraction"> <span class="review"></span> and withdrawal of the limb from the hot object.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>You must also be able to annotate and draw a diagram of a reflex arc.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <p> </p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-942-2824"><p>A5 Drug addiction factors</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">receptor</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">parental</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true"> neurotransmitter </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">reuptake</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">cultural</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">illegal</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">genetic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">dopamine</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">peer</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">single</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">acetylcholine</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">pleasure</span></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Addiction to a drug can be affected by several factors:</p><ol><li>The effect of the drug on <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="dopamine"> <span class="review"></span> secretion. Dopamine is a brain <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c=" neurotransmitter "> <span class="review"></span> which is associated with the feeling of <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="pleasure"> <span class="review"></span> and some drugs increase dopamine secretion or inhibit <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="reuptake"> <span class="review"></span> at the synapse.</li><li>The nature of the drug itself, it may be addictive with <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="single"> <span class="review"></span> or longer term usage.</li><li>A <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="genetic"> <span class="review"></span> predisposition in that some individuals possess variants of the dopamine <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="receptor"> <span class="review"></span> gene making them more likely to become addicted.</li><li>Societal pressures such as <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="peer"> <span class="review"></span> pressure, mental health issues and <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="cultural"> <span class="review"></span> traditions play a role in initiating or maintaining drug usage.</li></ol></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Repeated or, in some cases, single use of certain drugs can lead to addiction which can cause emotional or physiological dependence on the drug.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-941-2824"><p>A6 Innate behaviour, like physical features, evolves by natural selection.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">innate</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">later</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">learnt</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">survival</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">availability</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">earlier</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">pass</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">choices</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">behavioural</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">frequency</span></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>The members of the species which have <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="behavioural"> <span class="review"></span> characteristics that enhance the chance of <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="survival"> <span class="review"></span> are more likely to breed successfully and <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="pass"> <span class="review"></span> on these characteristics to their offspring, altering the gene <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="frequency"> <span class="review"></span> and the innate behaviour of the population.</p><p>An example of this is seen in <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="innate"> <span class="review"></span> behaviour of bird breeding cycles. Certain birds in a population may breed earlier in the breeding season than others. Global warming has meant that early breeders have greater food <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="availability"> <span class="review"></span> for the nestlings, increasing their chances of survival altering the gene frequency in the population towards <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="earlier"> <span class="review"></span> breeding.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Changes in genes or gene frequency in a population can evolve slowly over time to alter the innate behaviour of a species.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <p> </p> <hr class="thin"> <div id="modal-feedback" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h4 class="modal-title">Feedback</h4> <button type="button" class="close hidden-xs hidden-sm" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="errors"></div> <p><strong>Which of the following best describes your feedback?</strong></p> <form method="post" style="overflow: hidden"> <div class="form-group"> <div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Recommendation"> Recommend</label></div><div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Problem"> Report a problem</label></div><div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Improvement"> Suggest an improvement</label></div><div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Other"> Other</label></div> </div> <hr> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="feedback-name">Name</label> <input type="text" class="form-control" name="feedback-name" placeholder="Name" value=" "> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="feedback-email">Email address</label> <input type="email" class="form-control" name="feedback-email" placeholder="Email" value="@airmail.cc"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="feedback-comments">Comments</label> <textarea class="form-control" name="feedback-comments" style="resize: vertical;"></textarea> </div> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-ticket" value="082b9c9c4ae3624d"> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-url" value="https://studyib.net/biology/page/2824/option-a-neurobiology"> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-subject" value="5"> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-subject-name" value="Biology"> <div class="pull-left"> </div> </form> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs-block feedback-submit mb-xs-3 pull-right"> <i class="fa fa-send"></i> Send </button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block m-xs-0 pull-left" data-dismiss="modal"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div></div> <div id="fc-viewer" class="modal fade modal-flashcard" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"><div class="modal-dialog" role="document"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header" style="background-color: #fafafa;"><div class="row" style="width: 100%;"><div class="col-md-12 tags-heading"><div style="display: flex; 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