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href="../473/11-animal-physiology-ahl.html">11 Animal physiology AHL</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Kidney and osmoregulation 11.3 HL</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <style type="text/css">ol.breadcrumb { margin-bottom: 0 }</style><div id="toc-1675505975" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a><ol><li><a href="#header-1" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-1">Summary list for Kidney and osmoregulation 11.3</a></li><li><a href="#header-2" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-2">Mindmaps</a></li><li><a href="#header-3" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-3">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-4" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-4">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-5" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-5">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-6" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-6">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-7" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-7">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-8" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-8">Multiple choice questions</a><ol></ol></li><li><a href="#header-9" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-9"> 11.3 Kidney and osmoregulation 1/1 </a></li></ol><li><a href="#header-10" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-10">Drag and drop activities</a></li></div><div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><a href="../../images/29829110482_8e9e81fea2-1.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span><img alt="" src="../../images/11_animalphysiol/kidney-1.jpg" style="width: 110px; height: 108px; float: left;"></a> <div class="content" readonly="true"> <div class="text">This topic looks at the interesting concept of water balance in organisms. Insects control water balance using small malphigian tubules unlike mammals and other vertebrates who have a kidney. Even single celled animals like Amoeba can control the amount of water in their cells, but many other aquatic animals try to keep their body's osmotic potential as close a possible to their environment, this is why a shark stores urea in their bodies.</div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary using these <strong>11.3 Kidney and osmoregulation</strong> flash cards</p> <p style="text-align: center"><iframe height="500" src="https://quizlet.com/519340199/flashcards/embed?x=1jj1" style="border:0" width="100%"></iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-214" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="214"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-214/113kidneyosmoreg-1b.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-214" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-214/113kidneyosmoreg-1b.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-214/113kidneyosmoreg-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-214" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-214/113kidneyosmoreg-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-214/113kidneyosmoreg-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-214" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-214/113kidneyosmoreg-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-214/113kidneyosmoreg-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-214" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-214/113kidneyosmoreg-4.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-214" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-214" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-214/113kidneyosmoreg-1b-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-214/113kidneyosmoreg-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-214/113kidneyosmoreg-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-214/113kidneyosmoreg-4-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-1">Summary list for Kidney and osmoregulation 11.3<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p class="liWithoutP"><strong>Control of water balances in different animals</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Some animals are osmoconformers - their cells have solute concentration equal to their environment (eg. marine invertebrates)</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Vertebrates and insects are osmoregulators. (so are some single cells, eg.Amoeba)</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Insects have malphighian tubules but vertebrates have kidneys to carry out osmoregulation and remove nitrogenous wastes.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The type of nitrogenous waste in animals is correlated with evolutionary history and habitat.</li> </ul> <p class="liWithoutP"><strong>Kidney structure & function</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">The differences in composition of blood in the renal artery & the renal vein.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Ultrafiltration helped by the ultrastructure of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Selective reabsorption of useful substances by active transport in the proximal convoluted tubule.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The loop of Henle maintains hypertonic conditions in the medulla.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">ADH controls reabsorption of water in the collecting duct.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The length of the loop of Henle is positively correlated with the need for water conservation in animals.</li> </ul> <div class="box"> <p><strong>Skills & applications </strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">To be able to draw and label a diagram of the human kidney.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">To be able to annotate diagrams of the nephron. Including glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule; and the collecting duct</li> <li class="liWithoutP">To have considered the consequences of dehydration and over-hydration.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">To know about treatment of kidney failure by hemodialysis or kidney transplant.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">To know about urinary test for Blood cells, glucose, proteins and drugs.</li> </ul> </div> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <h3 id="header-2">Mindmaps<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>These diagram summaries cover the main sections of topic 11.3 about osmoregulation and the kidney.<br> Study them and draw your own list or concept map from memory.</p> <div id="carousel-229" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="229"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-229/113spiderlist.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-229" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-229/113spiderlist.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-229/113spidersimple.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-229" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-229/113spidersimple.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-229/113spiderfull.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-229" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-229/113spiderfull.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-229" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-229" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-229/113spiderlist-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-229/113spidersimple-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-229/113spiderfull-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p><a id="erq1" name="erq1"></a>Exam style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Understanding the structure of the kidney nephron is not as important as understanding it's function in osmoregulation. Many students learn the names or all the parts of a nephron but few learn the details of it's function. This question will help to practise explaining these functions.</p> <p>Answer this question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Describe the formation of glomerular filtrate in the kidney and how homeostasis of water balance is achieved using selective reabsorption and ADH secretion. [8]</strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>.</strong></p> <p><strong>.</strong></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <div class="yellowBg"> <h3 id="header-3">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Describe the formation of glomerular filtrate in the kidney and how homeostasis of water balance is achieved using selective reabsorption and ADH secretion. [8]</strong></p> <ul> <li>Ultrafiltration in the glomerulus produces glomerular filtrate.</li> <li>Selective reabsorption occurs in both of the convoluted tubules and in the collecting ducts.</li> <li>Most of water in filtrate is reabsorbed in proximal convoluted tubule.</li> <li>Active transport of sodium chloride into the medulla from the loop of Henle maintains a high solute concentration in the medulla, and promotes osmosis.</li> <li>Additional water is reabsorbed by osmosis from the glomerular filtrate in the descending loop of Henle;</li> <li> <p>If the blood solute concentration is low, there is lots of water in the blood and a large volume of water passes into the urine, without being reabsorbed.</p> </li> <li> <p>If blood solute concentration is high, there is too little water in the blood, then ADH is secreted.</p> </li> <li>ADH makes the collecting duct more permeable to water by moving aquaporins into membranes.</li> <li>More water is reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate because of the permeable membranes.</li> <li>Only a small volume of water passes into the urine, as most is reabsorbed into blood.</li> <li>In this way homeostasis of water is achieved.</li> </ul> <p>If you include a diagram of the nephron be careful to include labels which answer part of the question.<br> The diagram can be quite simple, it may help you to remember more information as you draw it, but concentrate on the labels.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../images/11_animalphysiol/kidney_annotated_smaller.jpg" style="width: 600px; height: 302px;"></p> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Extra exam question on nitrogenous waste excretion. Click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Nitrogenous wastes need to be excreted. Organisms have evolved methods to secrete these compounds depending upon their habitat and the availability of water.</p> <p>Answer this question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="yellowBg"><b><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%; font-family:">Discuss how the excretion of nitrogenous waste is related to the water availability of organisms.<br> (8 marks) </span></b> <strong>.</strong> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr><em>Hint:</em><em> Discuss give reasoned arguments.</em> <p><em>Discuss type questions often have a generous mark scheme but keep to the question – here relating nitrogenous excretion to water economy.</em></p> </div> Click on the "+" icon to see a model answer. <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-4">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Discuss how the excretion of nitrogenous waste is related to the water availability of organisms. (8 marks).</strong></p> <p>Nitrogenous waste can be excreted as ammonia, urea or uric acid.</p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Nitrogenous waste can be excreted as ammonia, urea, or uric acid.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Ammonia is highly toxic.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Ammonia must be excreted in dilute solution.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Ammonia is excreted by aquatic organisms with continual supplies of water (such as those living in fresh water).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Urea is formed from carbon dioxide and ammonia.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Using ATP so requires energy consumption.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Urea is less toxic than ammonia.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Urea is excreted in solution in urine but the urine can be more concentrated (as urea is less toxic).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">urea is excreted by organisms that require a water supply but they can be terrestrial, have a limited but constant supply of water.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Uric acid is insoluble.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Uric acid, being insoluble, is not toxic.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Uric acid can be excreted as a solid or semi-solid material.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Giving water economy for organisms needing to conserve water.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Uric acid is excreted by the malpighian tubules of insects.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Uric acid is excreted into the intestine and water is reabsorbed.</span></li> </ul> <p>Full marks will only be achieved if the full range of the answer is addressed (all three nitrogenous waste products). Make sure you interpret the meaning of the question and link the form of nitrogenous waste excretion to water economy.</p> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Extra exam question on drawing a diagram of the kidney. Click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>A required skill is to draw a diagram of the kidney.</p> <p>Answer this question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="yellowBg"><strong>Draw a diagram of a cross-section of a mammalian kidney. (5 marks)</strong> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr><em>Hint: Draw a clear well defined drawing with accurate labels</em></div> Click on the "+" icon to see a model answer. <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-5">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Draw a diagram of a cross-section of a mammalian kidney. (5 marks)</strong></p> <p>Marks are awarded for features which are correctly drawn and labelled.</p> <p><img alt="" src="../../images/richard/11.3-kidney.jpg" style="width: 375px; height: 313px;"></p> <p>There is some shading in this diagram, it is not necessary.</p> <p>The blood vessels are only shown entering the kidney but the renal artery can be identified by being narrower than the vein.</p> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Extra exam question on the renal artery and vein. Click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>The flow and composition of blood in arteries and veins varies, depending on the particular artery and vein.</p> <p><strong>Distinguish between the flow and composition of the blood in the renal artery and the renal vein. (6 marks).</strong></p> <div class="yellowBg"> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr></div> <p><em>Examiner hint - distinguish requires the differences. Include both flow of blood and composition as both are needed for full marks (6 differences in composition will only receive 4 marks)></em></p> <p>Click on the "+" icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-6">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Distinguish between the flow and composition of the blood in the renal artery and the renal vein. (6 marks)</strong></p> <p><em>A table is a good way to distinguish between conditions.</em></p> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:121px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Factor</span></p> </td> <td style="width:240px;"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Renal artery.</span></p> </td> <td style="width:241px;"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Renal vein.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:121px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Pressure of blood</span></p> </td> <td style="width:240px;"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">P</span><span style="color:#FF0000;">ulsar, high pressure</span></p> </td> <td style="width:241px;"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Smooth, low pressure.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:121px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Ra</span><span style="color:#FF0000;">te of blood flow</span></p> </td> <td style="width:240px;"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Faster.</span></p> </td> <td style="width:241px;"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Slower.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:121px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Oxygen content</span></p> </td> <td style="width:240px;"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Higher.</span></p> </td> <td style="width:241px;"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Lower.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:121px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Carbon dioxide content</span></p> </td> <td style="width:240px;"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Lower.</span></p> </td> <td style="width:241px;"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Higher.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:121px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Urea/nitrogenous waste content</span></p> </td> <td style="width:240px;"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Higher.</span></p> </td> <td style="width:241px;"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Lower.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:121px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Glucose content</span></p> </td> <td style="width:240px;"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Higher.</span></p> </td> <td style="width:241px;"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Lower.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:121px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Solute concentrations</span></p> </td> <td style="width:240px;"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Vary.</span></p> </td> <td style="width:241px;"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Adjusted to the correct level.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:121px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Water content</span></p> </td> <td style="width:240px;"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Varies.</span></p> </td> <td style="width:241px;"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Adjusted to the correct level.</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><em>Examiner hint: A sentence stating that “The glucose concentration is higher in the renal artery” would receive the mark as it is clear that the glucose concentration would be lower in the vein.</em> </p> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Extra exam question on osmoregulators and osmoconformers - - click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Osmoregulators and osmoconformers have evolved different approaches to dealing with osmotic changes in their environment.</p> <p>There is also a similar drag and drop question that you can use for practice before answering this question.</p> <p>Answer this question on paper and then compare your answer to the model answer.</p> <p><strong>Distinguish between osmoconformers and osmoregulators. (3 marks)</strong></p> <div class="yellowBg"> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr><em>Hint: Distinguish between asks for an account of the differences between two concepts.</em></div> Click on the "+" icon to see a model answer. <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-7">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Distinguish between osmoconformers and osmoregulators. (3 marks)</strong></p> <p>Define your terms and establish the differences, using both concepts in each sentence.</p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Osmoconformer body fluid concentrations vary with the environment whereas osmoregulators control their internal osmotic balance.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Osmoconformer body fluids have wide variations in concentration of body fluids; osmoregulators maintain their body fluid concentration within narrow limits.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Osmoregulators use homeostatic mechanisms to maintain body fluid levels, osmoconformers do not.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Osmoregulators expend energy in controlling internal osmotic conditions whereas osmoconformers conserve energy (by not balancing water and salt concentrations).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Osmoconformers are tolerant to changing internal osmotic concentrations; osmoregulators have narrow limits of tolerance to internal osmotic changes (are physiologically damaged by osmotic concentration changes beyond limits of tolerance).</span></li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-8"><a id="mcqs" name="mcqs"></a>Multiple choice questions<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>This is a self marking quiz containing questions covering the topic outlined above.<br> Try the questions to check your understanding.</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#0000bc2c"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="0000bc2c"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 id="header-9"> 11.3 Kidney and osmoregulation <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-540-1346" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Marine invertebrates are often osmoconformers, for example jelly fish. What does this mean about the solute concentration of their body fluids?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The solute concentration would increase then decrease during the day.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> The solute concentration is the same as the environment.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The solute concentration is the same all the time.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The solute concentration is always the same in all individuals of the species.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Some animals are osmoconformers - their cells have solute concentration equal to their environment<br>All of their bodily fluids are in osmotic equilibrium with the surrounding seawater.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Vertebrates and insects are osmoregulators. Which of the statements best describes the nature of osmoregulators?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Have a kidney for control water balance.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Able to </label>carry out osmosis</p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Have a cycle of water potential in their bodies </label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Able to control the concentration of body fluids</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Vertebrates and insects are osmoregulators. (so are some single cells, eg.Amoeba)<br>They have a mechanism to remove water when there is too much and so keep their body fluids at a constant concentration</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which are the structures used by insects to excrete nitrogenous waste?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Kidney tubules.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Malpighian tubules.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Contractile vacuoles.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Sarcoplasmic reticulum.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Insects have malpighian tubules but vertebrates have kidneys to carry out osmoregulation and remove nitrogenous wastes.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Nitrogenous waste is excreted as different chemicals in different animals.</p><p>Which molecules do birds and aquatic invertebrates excrete to remove this waste?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Birds and aquatic invertebrates excrete uric acid.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Birds excrete urea and aquatic invertebrates excrete ammonia.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Birds excrete uric acid and aquatic invertebrates excrete ammonia.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Birds excrete ammonia and aquatic invertebrates excrete uric acid.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Nitrogenous waste is excreted as different chemicals in different animals.</p><p>Ammonia is toxic and it requires much water for its excretion (better in aquatic organisms which have lots of water available).</p><p>Urea is less toxic and requires less water for (better in terrestrial environment)</p><p>And uric acid is least toxic and requires the least amount of water to remove. Therefore animals producing uric acid lose very little water with it which is important if you want to be light, or live in dry places.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question">A diagram of the kidney is shown below<br><img alt="" height="253" src="../../images/11_animalphysiol/kidneyqn-1.jpg" width="258"><br>What are the labels X and Y ?</div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> X = Cerebrum, Y = </label>medulla</p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> X = Cortex and Y = medulla</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> X = Outer membrane and Y = pyramid</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> X = Medulla and Y = cortex</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Medulla - is the middle layer. This helps to remember which is which.<br>X is cortex</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following correctly explains the reason that animals living in a desert are likely to have a long loop of Henle and a thick Medulla layer in the kidney?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> When the length of the Loop of Henle is longer more urea is excreted per litre of urine. </label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> When the length of the Loop of Henle is longer the more dilute the urine concentration will be.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> When the length of the Loop of Henle is longer more salt can be put into the urine. </label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> When the length of the loop of Henle is longer, animals can reabsorb more water from the filtrate.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The length of the loop of Henle is positively correlated with the need for water conservation in animals.</p><p>Desert animals have a long loop of Henle so they can reabsorb more water.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What happens to cells if the salt concentration of the tissue fluid becomes too high?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The cells do not change.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The cells will burst.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> The cells lose water and shrink in size.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The cells gain water and increase in size.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The consequences of dehydration is that the salt concentration of the tissue fluid becomes too high. Cells lose water by osmosis and shrink in size.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following could NOT be used to treat kidney failure?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Kidney transplant</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Blood transfusion</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Hemoglobin injection</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Hemodialysis</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Treatment of kidney failure can be done by hemodialysis (dialysis of the blood) or kidney transplant.<br>In an emergency a blood transfusion could help to restore the osmotic potential of the blood temporarily.</p><p>Hemoglobin is the protein found in the red blood cells which carries oxygen. So is not helpful in this case.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram shows a kidney nephron.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/11_animalphysiol/nephronabcd.jpg" style="width: 300px; height: 400px;"></p><p>Which of the labels indicates the, "distal convoluted tubule"?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> A</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input class="c" type="radio"> D</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> C</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> B</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>You should be able to annotate diagrams of the nephron.</p><p>Including glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule; and the collecting duct</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram shows a kidney nephron.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/11_animalphysiol/nephronabcd.jpg" style="width: 300px; height: 400px;"></p><p>Which of the labels indicates, "Bowman's capsule"?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> D</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input class="c" type="radio"> C</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> B</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> A</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>You should be able to annotate diagrams of the nephron.</p><p>Including glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule; and the collecting duct</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the role of ADH in the functioning of the kidney?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It prevents the flow of filtrate in the nephron, reducing urine volume</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It makes the loop of Henle more permeable to salt and water.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> It makes the collecting duct more permeable to water</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It makes the proximal convoluted tubule more permeable to glucose</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>ADH controls reabsorption of water in the collecting duct.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the process by which glucose and other molecules enter the Bowman's capsule?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Osmosis</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Ultrafiltration</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Fenestration</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Facilitated reabsorption</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Selective reabsorption of useful substances by active transport in the proximal convoluted tubule.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>In the glomerulus of the kidney nephron there are cells lining the blood capillaries which have pores.</p><p>What is the purpose of these specialised cells?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They promote the loss of blood into Bowman's capsule.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> They promote ultrafiltration.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They allow selective reabsorption.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They prevent ultrafiltration.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Ultrafiltration helped by the ultrastructure of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <h3 id="header-10">Drag and drop activities<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p> <p><strong>Osmoconformers and osmoregulators.</strong></p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-848-1346"><p>Drag and drop the correct term into the gap to describe internal minaral and water concentrations in osmoconformers and osmoregulators.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">osmoconformers</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">concentration</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">functions</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">water</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">stable</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">increases</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">dilute</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Osmoregulators</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">homeostatic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">energy</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">fall</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Some aquatic animals are <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="osmoconformers"> <span class="review"></span> . They do not control their internal salt and <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="water"> <span class="review"></span> levels but allow them to rise and <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="fall"> <span class="review"></span> depending upon the outside aquatic medium. Their body size <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="increases"> <span class="review"></span> and body fluids become more <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="dilute"> <span class="review"></span> in fresh water, the opposite occuring in a marine environment. This method saves energy but can cause bodily <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="functions"> <span class="review"></span> to be less efficient.</p><p> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Osmoregulators"> <span class="review"></span> maintain <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="homeostatic"> <span class="review"></span> control of their body mineral and water <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="concentration"> <span class="review"></span> by balancing water and mineral gain and loss. They maintain <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="stable"> <span class="review"></span> internal conditions and bodily efficiency but the process is <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="energy"> <span class="review"></span> consuming.</p><p> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Explanation: Homeostatic control is energy consuming but allows the body to work at high efficiency in varied environmental conditions. </em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><p>.</p><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-fucsia"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Just for fun</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Everyone needs a bit of fun while they revise. 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