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data-pid="1345" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../473/11-animal-physiology-ahl.html">11 Animal physiology AHL</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Movement 11.2 HL</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <style type="text/css">ol.breadcrumb { margin-bottom: 0 }</style><div id="toc-1675505975" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a><ol><li><a href="#header-1" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-1">Summary list for 11.2 Movement</a></li><li><a href="#header-2" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-2">Mindmaps</a></li><li><a href="#header-3" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-3">Model answer </a></li><li><a href="#header-4" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-4">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-5" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-5">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-6" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-6">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-7" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-7">Multiple Choice questions</a><ol></ol></li><li><a href="#header-8" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-8"> 11.2 Movement HL 1/1 </a></li></ol><li><a href="#header-9" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-9">Drag and drop activities</a></li></div><div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><img class="intro-image" readonly="true" src="../../images/11_animalphysiol/sinovial_joint.jpg"> <div class="content" readonly="true"> <div class="text">This topic covers the basic structure of joints and the role of bones and exoskeletons in movement before looking in detail at the structure of sarcomeres in skeletal muscles and the processes of the sliding filament theory. Practical techniques in the topic include measuring sarcomere length and labelling diagrams of synovial joints.</div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary using these <strong>11.2 Movement topic </strong>flash cards</p> <p style="text-align: center"><iframe height="500" src="https://quizlet.com/519257307/flashcards/embed?i=xxmo&x=1jj1" style="border:0" width="100%"></iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in the topic Movement 11.2. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-1">Summary list for 11.2 Movement<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p class="liWithoutP"><strong>Skeletons and muscles</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Bones and exoskeletons (e.g. insect legs) provide anchorage for muscles and act as levers.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Synovial joints allow certain movements but not others.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Muscles work in antagonistic pairs.</li> </ul> <p class="liWithoutP"><strong>Muscle contraction</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Skeletal muscle fibres are multi-nucleate and contain <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">specialised endoplasmic reticulum.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">many myofibrils.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">made up of contractile sarcomeres.</li> </ul> </li> <li class="liWithoutP">The sliding of actin and myosin filaments causes contraction.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Contraction requires ATP hydrolysis and cross bridge formation</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Calcium ions and the proteins tropomyosin and troponin control muscle contractions.</li> </ul> <ul> </ul> <div class="box"> <p><strong>Skills & applications </strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Know how to annotate a diagram of the human elbow. Include cartilage, synovial fluid, joint capsule, named bones and named antagonistic muscles.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The ability to draw labelled diagrams of the structure of a sarcomere, including Z lines, actin filaments, myosin filaments with heads, and the resultant light and dark bands.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The ability to find the state of contraction of muscle fibres in electron micrographs,</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Experience of measurement of the length of sarcomeres using calibration of the eyepiece scale of the microscope.</li> </ul> </div> <h3 id="header-2">Mindmaps<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>This diagram summaries the main sections of topic 11.2 about movement.<br> Test if you can draw something like these concept maps from memory.</p> <div id="carousel-228" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="228"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-228/112spiderlist.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-228" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-228/112spiderlist.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-228/112spidersimple.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-228" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-228/112spidersimple.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-228/112spiderfull.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-228" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-228/112spiderfull.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-228" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-228" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-228/112spiderlist-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-228/112spidersimple-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-228/112spiderfull-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Understanding the structure of sarcomeres and their dark and light bands is an important skill from this topic.</p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Grasshoppers jump using contraction of muscles in their legs. Explain the structure of myofibrils in muscles and the contraction of sarcomeres in the myofibrils. [8]</strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>.</strong></p> <p><strong>.</strong></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-3">Model answer <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Explain the structure of myofibrils in muscles and the contraction of sarcomeres in the myofibrils. [8]</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Myofibrils are muscle fibres made from repeating sarcomere units.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"></span>Sarcomeres shorten during muscle contraction, their Z-lines become closer.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Sarcomeres are made from actin and myosin filaments which overlap.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The light bands in sarcomere are narrower when muscle is contracted.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The thick filament is myosin and thin filament is actin.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Calcium ions released from sarcoplasmic reticulum begin the muscle contraction.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Myosin heads bind to binding sites on the actin filaments.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Myosin heads change angle<span style="text-decoration: underline;"></span> causing movement of filaments.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Myosin filaments pull actin towards centre of sarcomere.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">ATP causes the myosin heads to detach from the actin filament.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">ATP provides energy for the movement of myosin heads and the muscle contraction.</span></li> </ul> <p><em>A clearly labelled diagram could show these points - these labels show enough detail for sarcomere structure but they do not explain the points in enough detail to explain muscle contraction.</em></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../images/11_animalphysiol/sarcomere_drawingsmall.jpg" style="width: 400px; height: 217px;"></p> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Extra exam question on synovial joints. Click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>The understanding of the functions of the parts of a synovial joint and how joints allow and limit limb movement is an important concept.</p> <div class="yellowBg"><strong><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%; font-family:">Outline the role of the synovial joint in the movement of a limb</span>. (6 marks)</strong> <hr> <hr> <hr><em>Hint: Link the structure of the synovial joint to limb movement.</em></div> Click on the "+" icon to see a model answer. <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-4">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Outline the role of the synovial joint in the movement of a limb. (6 marks).</strong></p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p>A simple labelled diagram could be used to show degree of movement with appropriate arrows.</p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Synovial joints occur between bones of a limb.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Joints allow movement in certain directions or planes (but not others).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The elbow joint only allows movement in one plane.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">A ball and socket joint allows movement in 3 planes and rotation.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Synovial fluid reduces friction/gives hydrostatic support to prevent abrasion of bone.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Ligaments hold the bones (at each side of the joint) in the correct alignment.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Ligaments are slightly flexible to allow for movement.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Tendons join muscle to bone.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Tendons transmit the force from the muscle to the bone that acts as a lever.</span></li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Extra exam question on ATP and skeletal muscle contraction. Click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>The role of ATP in the interaction of actin and myosin to cause muscle contraction is an important concept.</p> <div class="yellowBg"><strong>Outline the role of ATP in the contraction of skeletal muscle. (4 marks)</strong> <hr> <hr> <hr> <p><em>Hint: Outline expects the important points. They need to be in the correct order to gain full marks. </em></p> </div> Click on the "+" icon to see a model answer. <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-5">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Outline the role of ATP in the contraction of skeletal muscle. (4 marks).</strong></p> <p>It is insufficient to merely state that ATP provides energy for contraction, the interaction of ATP with the myosin is needed.</p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Myosin heads form cross-bridges with actin binding sites forming cross bridges.</span><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">ATP binds to the myosin head.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">ATP binding to the myosin head causes the cross bridge to break, detaches myosin from from the actin binding site.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">ATP is broken down to ADP and P, providing energy to change the angle of the myosin head.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The myosin head binds to an actin binding site further down the actin molecule.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Causing the actin to be pulled past the myosin.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Contracting the muscle fibre.</span> </li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Extra exam question on the role of the musculoskeletal system Click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>The musculoskeletal system has several roles, you need to know these roles and be able to give an example of each role.</p> <p>Answer the question on paper and compare your answer to the model answer.</p> <p><strong>List, with an example for each, the roles of the musculoskeletal system in a mammal (3 marks).</strong></p> <div class="yellowBg"> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr><em>Hint - make a numbered list and give an example next to the role.</em></div> Click on the "+" icon to see a model answer. <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-6">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>List, with an example for each, the roles of the musculoskeletal system in a mammal (3 marks).</strong></p> <p>A table could be used to get these marks.</p> <ol> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Protection - the skull protects the brain.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Movement - the muscles provide force and the bones act as levers in the human forearm.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Support - giving the body the overall shape.</span></li> </ol> <p>An extra point is cell production - the manufacture of red and white blood cells in bone marrow.</p> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-7">Multiple Choice questions<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>This is a self marking quiz containing questions covering the topic outlined above.<br> Try the questions to check your understanding.</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#bddd5c93"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="bddd5c93"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 id="header-8"> 11.2 Movement HL <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-539-1345" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>List the roles of bones and exoskeletons in mammals and insects.</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Homeostasis and respiration</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Protect and support muscles</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Build the structure which animals require for growth</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Provide a surface for muscle attachement and work as levers</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Bones and exoskeletons (e.g. insect legs) provide anchorage for muscles and act as levers.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram shows the knee joint mammal</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/11_animalphysiol/sinovial_joint.jpg_qnxy" style="width: 150px; height: 121px;"></p><p>Which of the descriptions below correctly identifies the name of the structures X and Y and their function?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> X = synovial membrane to hold the fluid, and Y = ligament to join bones together.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> X = ligaments to connect muscles to the bones, and Y = synovial fluid to lubricate the joint.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> X = tendons to connect bone to muscle, and Y = cartilage to reduce friction</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> X = synovial fluid to lubricate, and Y = synovial membrane to hold the fluid.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Synovial joints contain fliud which reduces friction and ligaments which allow certain movements but not others.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram below shows the muscles and bones of the human arm and chest.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/11_animalphysiol/antagonistic_muscles.jpg" style="width: 250px; height: 154px;"></p><p>What is the term used to describe the arragement of muscles A and B?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> An antipathic pair</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Ceps muscles</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A binary pair</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> An antagonistic pair</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Muscles work in antagonistic pairs by alternate muscle contraction and relaxation.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Skeletal muscle fibres are specialised cells.<br>Which of the following are adaptations of skeletal muscle fibres?</p><p>1. Specialised endoplasmic reticulum</p><p>2. Large central nucleus</p><p>3. Multi-nucleate cells</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 1 and 3 only</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 1, 2 and 3</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Only 3</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 1 and 2 only</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Skeletal muscle fibres are multinucleate and contain</p><ul><li>specialised endoplasmic reticulum</li><li>many myofibrils</li><li>made up of contractile sarcomeres.</li></ul></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The microscope images below shows some details of calibration of eyepiece and muscle tissue.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/11_animalphysiol/microscope_sarcomere3.jpg" style="width: 700px; height: 337px;"></p><p>Estimate the length of a sarcomere in this image</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 92mm</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 650µm</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 65µm</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 92µm</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation">In the eyepiece graticule (black) the sarcomere is 92 units<br>In the left calibration image, 92 units corresponds to 65/100 of a mm<br>This is 650µm</div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question">Which of the following is the best description of how muscles use actin and myosin to contract?</div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> myosin heads connect to actin and pull filaments</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> actin filaments connect to myosin and pull filaments</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> both actin and myosin filaments shorten causing muscle contraction.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> myosin filaments contract causing muscles to shorten</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The sliding of actin and myosin filaments causes contraction. Myosin filaments have 'heads' which form cross bridge connecting to actin causing it to move along the myosin filaments</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The contraction of muscles requires activity from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.</p><p>Which of the following best describes the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Sarcoplasmic reticulum connects to actin filaments</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> calcium is released</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> ATP is released</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> ATP is absorbed</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Contraction of muscles requires cross bridge formation between actin and myosin filaments.<br>This forms after the calcium ions, released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, bind with troponin and expose the myosin binding site</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What happens inside a sarcomere when calcium ions bind to the protein troponin?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The actin slides past the myosin</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Myosin binds to the actin.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> ATP is broken down</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Actin binds to ATP</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Calcium ions and the proteins tropomyosin and troponin control muscle contractions.</p><p>ATP hydrolysis is involved in the movement of the myosin head, which form the cross bridges.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram below shows bones of the arm.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/11_animalphysiol/elbow.jpg" style="width: 400px; height: 308px;"></p><p>Which of the following correctly describes the labels P and Q?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> P is the ulna, and Q is the radius</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> P is the humerus and Q is the radius</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> P is the humerus, and Q is the joint capsule</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> P is a tendon, and Q is the ulna</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Students should know how to annotate a diagram of the human elbow.<br>Include cartilage, synovial fluid, joint capsule, named bones and named antagonistic muscles.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram below shows sarcomeres in the muscle of a rabbit</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/11_animalphysiol/sarcomere_slide_pqrsjpg.jpg" style="width: 450px; height: 269px;"></p><p>Which of the options below give the correct labels for the letter P, Q, R qnd S?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> P = Actin and myosin, Q = Z-line, R = myosin only, S = Z-line</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> P = Actin only, Q = myosin only, R = sarcoplasmic reticulum, S = Z-line</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> P = Z-line, Q = actin and myosin, R = myosin only, S = actin only</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> P = Myosin only, Q = Z-line, R = actin only, S = myosin only</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Students should have the ability to draw labelled diagrams of the structure of a sarcomere,<br>including Z lines, actin filaments, myosin filaments (with heads), and the resultant light and dark bands.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The elecron microscope image below shows part of a skeletal muscle.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/11_animalphysiol/sarcomeres.jpg" style="width: 400px; height: 253px;"></p><p>How can you tell whether this muscle is contracted or relaxed?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It is contracted because the laght and dark areas are similar sizes.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It is relaxed because the Z-line is quite wide.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> It is relaxed because the dark area showing overlapping actin and myosin is narrow.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It is contracted because the Z-lines are in steps, not aligned.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The ability to find the state of contraction of muscle fibres in electron micrographs is required.</p><p>When the actin sides between the myosin there is a dark area of overlapping fibres. The more these overlap the more contracted the muscle is. In this case there is only a narrow area of overlapping fibres.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <h3 id="header-9">Drag and drop activities<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505975" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Antagonistic muscles of the human forearm.</strong></p> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-847-1345"><p>Drag and drop the correct term into the gap to describe how the antagonistic muscles of the human forearm generate movement.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">relaxes</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">increases</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">biceps</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">direction</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">extends</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">antagonistic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">tension</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Muscles can only create <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="tension"> <span class="review"></span> when they contract, so pairs of muscles are needed to provide the force to move a limb in either <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="direction"> <span class="review"></span> .</p><p>Skeletal muscles work in <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="antagonistic"> <span class="review"></span> pairs. In the human forearm, the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="biceps"> <span class="review"></span> muscle flexes (bends) the forearm and the antagonist, the triceps <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="extends"> <span class="review"></span> (straightens) the forearm.</p><p>When one of the antagonistic pair contracts, the other reflexively <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="relaxes"> <span class="review"></span> and <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="increases"> <span class="review"></span> in length.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Muscles contract and shorten to provide tension (force). They cannot lengthen except by the contraction of the antagonist.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-fucsia"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Just for fun</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Everyone needs a bit of fun while they revise. 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