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style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../transport-in-xylem-91-hl.html">Transport in xylem 9.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../../1252/transport-in-phloem-92-hl.html">Transport in phloem 9.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../../1253/growth-in-plants-93-hl.html">Growth in plants 9.3 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../../1254/reproduction-in-plants-94-hl.html">Reproduction in plants 9.4 HL</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Transport in xylem 9.1 HL <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="1251" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../../471/09-plant-biology-ahl.html">09 Plant biology AHL</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Transport in xylem 9.1 HL</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <style type="text/css">ol.breadcrumb { margin-bottom: 0 }</style><div id="toc-1675507149" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a><ol><li><a href="#header-1" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-1">Summary list for 9.1 Transport in xylem</a></li><li><a href="#header-2" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-2">Mindmaps</a></li><li><a href="#header-3" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-3">Exam style question about transport in xylem</a></li><li><a href="#header-4" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-4">Model answer </a></li><li><a href="#header-5" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-5">Exam style question about the properties of water.</a></li><li><a href="#header-6" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-6">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-7" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-7">Model answer</a><ol></ol></li><li><a href="#header-8" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-8"> 9.1 Transport in xylem 1/1 </a></li></ol><li><a href="#header-9" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-9">Drag and drop activities</a></li></div><div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><img class="intro-image" readonly="true" src="../../../images/09_plants/xylem_drawing_small-1.jpeg" style="width: 700px; height: 466px;"> <div class="content" readonly="true"> <div class="text">This topic relies on a knowledge of the structure of the leaf, its air spaces and stomata. The transport of water through a plant is driven by transpiration in leaves. Water evaporates from the surfaces of cells and this water vapour fills the air spaces.</div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary using these <a href="http://quizlet.com/477334882/ib-biology-flash-cards/" target="_blank"><strong>9.1 Transport in xylem</strong> flashcards.</a></p> <p style="text-align: center"><iframe height="500" src="https://quizlet.com/477334882/flashcards/embed?i=xxmo&x=1jj1" style="border:0" width="100%"></iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-163" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="163"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-163/img0.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-163" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-163/img0.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-163/img1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-163" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-163/img1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-163/img2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-163" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-163/img2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-163/img3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-163" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-163/img3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-163/img4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-163" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-163/img4.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-163" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-163" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-163/img0-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-163/img1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-163/img2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-163/img3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-163/img4-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-1">Summary list for 9.1 Transport in xylem<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675507149" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><u>Leaf stomata & transpiration</u></p> <ul> <li>Leaves are adapted to absorb carbon dioxide from the air</li> <li>therefore transpiration can also occur in leaves and water is lost to the air.</li> </ul> <p><u>Transport in xylem</u></p> <ul> <li>The structure of primary xylem vessels.</li> <li>Xylem vessels transport water from roots to leaves to replace water lost in transpiration.</li> <li>The cohesive and adhesive properties of water molecules allow water transport under tension in xylem and cell walls.</li> <li>The roots cells use active transport for the uptake of mineral ions (nitrates) which causes osmosis and the absorption of water.</li> <li>Xerophytic plants in deserts have adaptations for water conservation. </li> </ul> <p><u>Adaptations of xerophytes</u></p> <ul> <li>Xerophytic plants in deserts have adaptations for water conservation.</li> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Skills</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Ability to draw the structure of primary xylem vessels in stems from microscope slides.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Recognition of structure and function of xylem. (essential idea)</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Use potometers to measure transpiration rates</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Design an experiment to test hypotheses about the effects of abiotic factors on transpiration rates.</li> </ul> </div> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <h3 id="header-2">Mindmaps<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675507149" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>These diagram summaries cover the main sections of topic 9.1 Transport in xylem.<br> Study them and draw your own list or concept map, from memory if you can.<br> Try to turn the simple mindmap into the detailed mindmap from memory.</p> <div id="carousel-164" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="164"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-164/91spiderfull.jpeg" data-fancybox="gallery-164" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-164/91spiderfull.jpeg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-164/91spiderlist.jpeg" data-fancybox="gallery-164" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-164/91spiderlist.jpeg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-164/91spidersimple.jpeg" data-fancybox="gallery-164" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-164/91spidersimple.jpeg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-164" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-164" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-164/91spiderfull-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-164/91spiderlist-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-164/91spidersimple-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p><a id="ESQs" name="ESQs"></a>Exam style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-3">Exam style question about transport in xylem<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675507149" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Design an experiment to test hypotheses about the effects of abiotic factors on transpiration rates is an important skill from this topic.</p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>The rate of transpiration can be measured using a simple potometer, shown in the diagram. [3]</strong></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../../images/09_plants/fan_potometer.jpg" style="width: 350px; height: 263px;"></p> <p><strong>List three variables that should be controlled to ensure that only wind speed affected the movement of the bubble in the capillary tube. Explain their likely affect on the bubble movement. [3]</strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>.</strong></p> <p><strong>.</strong></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-4">Model answer <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675507149" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>List three variables that should be controlled to ensure that only wind speed affected the movement of the bubble in the capillary tube. Explain their likely affect on the bubble movement. [3]</strong></p> <p>Any three of these.</p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Temperature - if the temperature increases the bubble will move faster, there will be more evaporation of water from the leaf.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Health of the plant - if the plant starts to wilt or dies then the bubble may move more slowly because of changes in stomata, or water movement inside the plant.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Light intensity - if the light intensity changes this could cause the stomata to open or close, altering the rate of transpiration, and thus the movement of the bubble.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Surface area of leaves - it the area of leaves is increased then there will be more air paces for water to evaporate from and the transpiration rate will increase.</span></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on the transpiration stream. Click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-5">Exam style question about the properties of water.<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675507149" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>The link between the polarity of water, it's properties and the transpiration stream is an important concept.</p> <p>Answer the question on paper and compare your answer to the model answer.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><b><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:">Describe how the properties of water aid the process of water movement in the xylem of a plant. (6 marks</span></b>)</p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <p><em>Examiner's hint: Describe questions require detail. Link a property of water to the process of transpiration.<br> Keep the answer to processes in the xylem, not transpiration.</em></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.<em><span style="background-color:#E6E6FA;"></span></em></p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-6">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675507149" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><b><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:">Describe how the properties of water aid the process of water movement in the xylem of a plant.<br> (6 marks</span></b>)</p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Water molecules are polar.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Polarity causes water molecules to be attracted to each other by hydrogen bonds.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The hydrogen bonds cause a high cohesion between water molecules.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Cohesion holds the water column together, allowing the upward movement of water molecules due to tension in the xylem vessels (caused by transpiration in the leaves).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Polarity of water molecules also causes adhesion between water molecules and the cells walls of xylem.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Adhesion increase the capillary action in xylem vessels.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Capillary action aids upward movement of water (enhanced further by the small diameter of xylem vessels).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Lignin is a charged molecule/water adheres to charged molecules lignin wall of xylem preventing the backflow of the water column.</span></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Extra exam question on xylem structure and function Click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Structure and function are closely linked in biological structures.</p> <p>Answer the question on paper and compare your answer to the model answer.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Outline four ways in which the structure of xylem vessels is related to its function in transporting water from the roots to the leaves of a plant. (3 marks).</strong></p> <hr> <hr> <hr><em>Examiner hint: Ensure that each sentence clearly links structure to function</em></div> Click on the "+" icon to see a model answer. <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-7">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675507149" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Outline four ways in which the structure of xylem vessels is related to its function in transporting water from the roots to the leaves of a plant. (3 marks)..</strong></p> <p>An annotated diagram could be done to get these marks.</p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The vessels have no end walls allowing a continuous column of water from roots to leaves.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The vessels have no cellular contents so can carry the maximum amount of water.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The strong lignin walls of the vessels resist the low pressure caused by tension.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Lignin is attracted to water by adhesion helping the upward movement of water.</span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../../images/richard/topic-3-images/9.1-xylem-annotated.jpg" style="width: 363px; height: 336px;"></p> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>This is a self marking quiz containing questions covering the topic outlined above.<br> Try the questions to check your understanding.</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#25c5a9af"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="25c5a9af"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 id="header-8"> 9.1 Transport in xylem <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675507149" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-410-1251" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p><img alt="" src="../../../images/09_plants/leaf_question.jpeg" style="float: right; width: 273px; height: 219px;"></p><p>The image on the right shows a stained transverse section of cells in a dicot. leaf magnified about 400x.</p><p>Which of the labels in the diagram show the pallisade mesophyl of the leaf?</p><hr class="hidden"></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input class="c" type="radio"> A</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> B</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> C</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> D</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The labels are:</p><p>A: Pallisade mesophyll, B: Spongy mesophyll, C: Air space, D: Guard cell.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p><img alt="" src="../../../images/09_plants/leaf_question.jpeg" style="float: right; width: 273px; height: 219px;"></p><p>The image on the right shows a stained transverse section of cells in a dicot. leaf magnified about 400x.</p><p>Which of the labels in the diagram shows the cells which are best adapted to absorb CO<sub>2</sub> from air in the air spaces of the lear?</p> </div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> A</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input class="c" type="radio"> B</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> C</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> D</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Spongy mesophyll cells are surrounded by air, containing caarbon dioxide.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p><img alt="" src="../../../images/09_plants/leaf_question.jpeg" style="float: right; width: 273px; height: 219px;"></p><p>The image on the right shows a stained transverse section of cells in a dicot. leaf magnified about 400x.</p><p>Which of the following sequences best describes the path which oxygen takes within the leaf?</p><hr class="hidden"></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input class="c" type="radio"> D - C - B</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> B - C - D</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> A - C - D</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> A- C - B</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Oxygen is made during photosynthesis in the leaf, and it diffuses into air spaces and then out of the stomata.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The image on the right shows a stained, transverse section of cells in the vein of a dicot. leaf.</p><p>It is magnified about 400x.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../../images/09_plants/vascular_bundle_labels.jpeg" style="width: 332px; height: 196px;"></p><p>Which of the labels shows Xylem vessels?</p><hr class="hidden"></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> A</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> B</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input class="c" type="radio"> C</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> D</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Xylem vessels have no cytoplasm and thick angular walls.<br>The red cells between A and B and after D are supportive cells surrounding the vascular bundle. Not xylem</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question">Which of the following best describes the xylem cells in the vascular bundle?</div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Large pale cells with a cytoplasm, a large vacuole and cell walls.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Small cells with thin cell walls</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The small elongated cells with a perforated cell wall at their ends </label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Angular cells with thickened cells walls an no cytoplasm.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Xylem cells are all sizes with thick cell walls, no cytoplasm and angular cell walls. they are found in the lower half of this vascular bundle towards the centre of the stem.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Many of the cells shown in this plant stem are xylem. It is magnified about x400.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../../images/09_plants/xylem.jpeg" style="width: 150px; height: 309px;"></p><p>Which of the following are adaptations of xylem vessels?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Bands of spiral or ring shaped thickening of cells walls</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Absence of nucleus and thin plasma membranes</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Many cytoplasmic vesicles and pits in the cell walls</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Diagonal cell walls and cytoplasmic streaming</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Mature xylem vessels have no cytoplasm. Together they form long tubes<br>They have thickening of the cell walls to prevent the collapse when water in them is under tention in the transpiration stream.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following statements explains the importance of adhesion to the transpiration stream?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Adhesion causes air bubbles in xylem vessels.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Adhesion of water to leaf cells helps evaporation of water.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Adhesion between water molecules supports water uptake in the soil.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Adhesion between water molecules and cell walls helps pull water up xylem vessels.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Adhesion is an attraction between water molecules and the inner wall of xylem ducts and the cells of the leaf.</p><p>Then water column cannot be pulled away from the wall of xylem ducts due to strong adhesion of water. This helps to create tension, or transpiration pull.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Cohesion and adhesion are properties of water which are important to the transport of water in plants.</p><p>Which of the following statements discriminates best between cohesion and adhesion?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Cohesion occurs in xylem vessels but adhesion occurs in other parts of roots and leaves.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Cohesion helps to promote evaporation of water but adhesion reduces evaporation.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Cohesion occurs between water molecules but adhesion is between water molecules and xylem vessels.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Cohesion occurs beetween water molecules and the xylem vessels whereas adhesion is between several water molecules. </label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Cohesion is the phenomenon of attraction between similar molecules. The water molecules remain attracted by the cohesive force and cannot be easily separated from one another. This force maintains the continuity of the water column in xylem.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <h3 id="header-9">Drag and drop activities<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675507149" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-862-1251"><p><strong>Active uptake of mineral ions in the roots causes absorption of water by osmosis.</strong></p><p>Drag and drop the correct word or phrase into the gap to describe how plants absorb minerals from the soil.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">sucrose</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">active</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">parasitic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">specific</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">low</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">ions</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">hypertonic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">root surface</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">osmosis</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">fungi</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">mutualistic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">concentration gradient</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true"> protein</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">ATP</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">hypotonic</span></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Plants absorb minerals from soil water against the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="concentration gradient"> <span class="review"></span> by <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="active"> <span class="review"></span> transport. This requires <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="ATP"> <span class="review"></span> and several <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c=" protein"> <span class="review"></span> pumps in the root cell membrane, each pump being <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="specific"> <span class="review"></span> to a particular ion.</p><p>Some plants have a <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="mutualistic"> <span class="review"></span> relationship with soil <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="fungi"> <span class="review"></span> , Mycorrhiza. The fungus grows on the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="root surface"> <span class="review"></span> and actively absorbs <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="ions"> <span class="review"></span> that pass into the plant and <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="sucrose"> <span class="review"></span> passes from the plant tissue to the fungus.</p><p>Active absorption of minerals also creates root cell sap<input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="hypertonic"> <span class="review"></span> to soil water necessary for the inward <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="osmosis"> <span class="review"></span> of water from the soil into the root.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Explanation: Active transport proteins are specific to particular ions so several types are needed for the different ions required by the plant.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-863-1251"><p><strong>Halophyte (and xerophyte) adaptations to their environment is an important concept.</strong></p><p>Drag and drop the correct term into the gap to describe halophyte adaptations to their environment.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">loss</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">removing</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Long</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">osmosis</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">saline</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">surface area</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">mesophytic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">stems</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">gaining</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">hydrophilic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Sunken</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">xerophytic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Thickened</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">humidity</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Halophytes live in areas such as beaches, where the water is <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="saline"> <span class="review"></span> hence water gain by <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="osmosis"> <span class="review"></span> is lessened and the plants endure water stress.</p><p>This causes them to have <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="xerophytic"> <span class="review"></span> habits to minimise water <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="loss"> <span class="review"></span> :</p><ol><li>Reduction of leaf <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="surface area"> <span class="review"></span> .</li><li> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Sunken"> <span class="review"></span> stomata to lessen water loss by maintaining high <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="humidity"> <span class="review"></span> around the stomata.</li><li> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Thickened"> <span class="review"></span> cuticle.</li><li>Photosynthetic <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="stems"> <span class="review"></span> to compensate for reduced leaf size.</li><li> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Long"> <span class="review"></span> , branching roots to reach for ground water.</li></ol><p>They also may have structures for <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="removing"> <span class="review"></span> salt and are resistant to drought and damage..</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Explanation and examiner hint: There are many similarities between halophytes and xerophytes as both have to endure water stress.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <hr> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-fucsia"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" 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