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fa-fw"></i><a href="photosynthesis-83-hl.html">Photosynthesis 8.3 HL</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Photosynthesis 8.3 HL <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="1197" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../470/08-metabolism-ahl.html">08 Metabolism AHL</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Photosynthesis 8.3 HL</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <style type="text/css">ol.breadcrumb { margin-bottom: 0 }</style><div id="toc-1675505970" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a><ol><li><a href="#header-1" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-1">Summary list for 8.3 Photosynthesis</a></li><li><a href="#header-2" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-2">Mindmaps</a></li><li><a href="#header-3" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-3">Exam style question about photolysis</a></li><li><a href="#header-4" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-4">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-5" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-5">Exam style question on the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis</a></li><li><a href="#header-6" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-6">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-7" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-7">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-8" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-8">Multiple choice questions</a><ol></ol></li><li><a href="#header-9" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-9"> 8.3 Photosynthesis 1/1 </a></li></ol><li><a href="#header-10" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-10">Drag and drop activities</a></li></div><div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><img class="intro-image" readonly="true" src="../../images/08_resp_photosn/chloroplast_tem_big_labelled.jpg"> <div class="content" readonly="true"> <div class="text">This topic covers the tricky details of the light dependent and light independent reaction of photosynthesis. This includes photolysis and oxidative phosphorylation as well as chemiosmosis where ATP synthase enzyme generates ATP. Photolysis begins the process by splitting water into hydrogen ions and oxygen while rubisco fixes carbon dioxide to RuBP in the Calvin cycle leading to the production of carbohydrates at the end.</div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary using these <a href="http://quizlet.com/_8ctbc0?x=1jqt&i=xxmo" target="_blank"><strong>8.3 Photosynthesis HL</strong> flashcards</a></p> <p style="text-align: center"><iframe height="500" src="https://quizlet.com/505252512/flashcards/embed?i=xxmo&x=1jj1" style="border:0" width="100%"></iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-192" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="192"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-192/83photosynthesis-slides-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-192" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-192/83photosynthesis-slides-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-192/83photosynthesis-slides-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-192" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-192/83photosynthesis-slides-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-192/83photosynthesis-slides-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-192" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-192/83photosynthesis-slides-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-192/83photosynthesis-slides-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-192" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-192/83photosynthesis-slides-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-192/83photosynthesis-slides-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-192" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-192/83photosynthesis-slides-5.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-192/slide2.JPG" data-fancybox="gallery-192" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-192/slide2.JPG"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-192" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-192" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-192/83photosynthesis-slides-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-192/83photosynthesis-slides-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-192/83photosynthesis-slides-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-192/83photosynthesis-slides-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-192/83photosynthesis-slides-5-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="5"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-192/slide2-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-1">Summary list for 8.3 Photosynthesis<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505970" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><u>Light-dependent reactions </u></p> <ul> <li>Located on the thylakoid membranes and in the space inside them.</li> <li>Reduced NADP (NADPH) and ATP are produced in the light-dependent reactions.</li> <li>Light absorbed by photosystems generates excited electrons.</li> <li>Photolysis of water generates electrons for use in the light-dependent reactions.</li> <li>Excited electrons are transferred between carriers in the thylakoid membranes.</li> <li>Excited electrons from Photosystem II are used to generate a proton gradient.</li> <li>ATP synthase in the thylakoids generates ATP using the proton gradient.</li> <li>Excited electrons from Photosystem I are used to reduce NADP to NADPH.</li> </ul> <p><u>Light-independent reactions </u></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Take place in the stroma.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">RuBP carboxylase enzyme catalyses the carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Glycerate 3-phosphate is reduced to triose phosphate using "reduced NADP" (NADPH) and ATP.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Triose phosphate is used to regenerate RuBP and produce carbohydrates.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) is regenerated using ATP.</li> </ul> <p><u>Chloroplast structure </u></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">The structure of the chloroplast is adapted to its function in photosynthesis.</li> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Skills</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">to recognise details of Calvin’s experiment to elucidate the carboxylation of RuBP.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">to be able to annotate a diagram showing the adaptations of a chloroplast to its function.</li> </ul> </div> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <h3 id="header-2">Mindmaps<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505970" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>This diagram summaries the main sections of topic 8.3<br> Test if you can draw something like these concept maps from memory.</p> <div id="carousel-190" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="190"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-190/83photosynthesisspiderlist.jpeg" data-fancybox="gallery-190" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-190/83photosynthesisspiderlist.jpeg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-190/83photosynthesisspidersimple.jpeg" data-fancybox="gallery-190" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-190/83photosynthesisspidersimple.jpeg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-190/83photosynthesisspiderfull.jpeg" data-fancybox="gallery-190" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-190/83photosynthesisspiderfull.jpeg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-190" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-190" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-190/83photosynthesisspiderlist-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-190/83photosynthesisspidersimple-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-190/83photosynthesisspiderfull-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-3">Exam style question about photolysis<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505970" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Explaining the control of gene expression, methylation and promoter regions is an important skill from this topic.</p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Outline the process of photolysis in the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis. [3]</strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>.</strong></p> <p><strong>.</strong></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <div class="yellowBg"> <h3 id="header-4">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505970" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Outline the process of photolysis in the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis. [3]</strong></p> <ul> <li>A water molecule is split</li> <li>Oxygen is produced ( waste )</li> <li>Hydrogen ions are produced</li> <li>Photolysis uses energy from light</li> <li>Electrons from photolysis replace electrons excited by photosystem II</li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam style question on photosynthesis. Click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-5">Exam style question on the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505970" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>The link between the light-dependent and light-independent reactions is an important concept.</p> <p>You might like to do the drag and drop activity on the light-independent reaction before you attempt this question</p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Outline the role of each of the following in the light-independent reaction of photosynthesis. </strong></p> <p><strong>I Carboxylase enzyme. (2 marks)</strong></p> <hr> <hr> <p><strong>II NADPH+H<sup>+</sup>. (2 marks)</strong></p> <hr> <hr> <p><strong>III ATP. (2 marks)</strong></p> <hr> <hr></div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer </p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Outline the role of each of the following in the light independent reaction of photosynthesis. </strong></p> <p><strong>I Carboxylase enzyme. (2 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Carboxylase enzyme is RuBP carboxylase.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Carboxylase enzyme a</span>dds (fixes) carbon dioxide to ribulose biphosphate</span><span style="color:#FF0000;">.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Creating a hexose from a pentose/fixing organic carbon from inorganic.</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>II NADPH+H<sup>+</sup>. (2 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">NADPH is a hydrogen carrier.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">NADPH IS Utilised in the Calvin cycle as a reducing agent.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Adds hydrogen (reduces) glycerate 3 phosphate to triose phosphate.</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>III ATP. (2 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">ATP is the supply of chemical energy for reactions of the Calvin cycle.</span><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">ATP is used to form triose phosphate from glycerate 3 phosphate.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">ATP is used to regenerate RuBP from triose phosphate.</span></li> </ul> <hr></div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Extra exam question on limiting factors of photosynthesis. Click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Various environmental factors can limit the rate of photosynthesis. You should be able to explain these factors and be able to link them to the process of photosynthesis and an experimental or natural situation.</p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <p><strong>Describe three limiting factors of photosynthesis and how these may affect the growth of a crop in a field. (6 marks)</strong></p> <p><em>Examiner hint: Describe needs a detailed explanation, credit is not given for naming the limiting factor but for giving the reason.</em></p> <div class="yellowBg"> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr></div> Click on the "+" icon to see a model answer. <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-6">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505970" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Describe three limiting factors of photosynthesis and how these may affect the growth of a crop in a field. (6 marks)</strong></p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p>Relate your answer to the growth of a crop in a field as there will be one mark for the limiting factor and one for its relationship to crop growth. Italics have been used for clarity.</p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">A limiting factor is the one factor in a set of conditions that limits a process.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Carbon dioxide is the normal limiting factor in appropriate conditions</span><span style="color:#FF0000;"> as it is only approximately 0.03% of the atmosphere</span>.</li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">In a crop, the plants are all of a similar height and leaves would compete for carbon dioxide.</span></li> <li><em><span style="color:#FF0000;">Light intensity, light supplies the energy for the light-dependent reaction.</span></em></li> <li><em><span style="color:#FF0000;">Light intensity will be a limiting factor for a crop on cloudy days.</span></em></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Light quality as chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light most efficiently.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">On a cloudy day, less red light would reach the leaves limiting the absorption of light energy for energy production and photolysis.</span></li> <li><em><span style="color:#FF0000;">Temperature, photosynthesis is catalysed by enzymes and catalysis is lessened in cold temperatures.</span></em></li> <li><em><span style="color:#FF0000;">In a field crop, temperature could be low early in the day.</span></em></li> </ul> <p><em>Examiner hint: Water may limit plant growth but only about 1% of the water taken up by a plant is used in photosynthesis so it is not considered a limiting factor.</em></p> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Extra exam question on the adaptations of the chloroplast to its function. Click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Structure/function relationships are an important concept in biological systems. The chloroplast is a good example of this, both as an organelle and in the importance of membranes in metabolic processes.</p> <p><strong>Describe how the structure of the chloroplast is related to its function (6 marks).</strong></p> <div class="yellowBg"> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr><em>Hint: Link structure and function in each sentence.</em></div> Click on the "+" icon to see a model answer. <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-7">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505970" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Describe how the structure of the chloroplast is related to its function (6 marks).</strong></p> <p>An annotated diagram could be done to get many of these marks.</p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The chloroplast carries out the light-dependent and the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoids, flattened membranes which increase surface area for light absorbtion.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The thylakoid membranes have photosystems (chlorophyl and electron carriers) embedded in the membrane to link light absorbtion to ATP production.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The thylakoid membranes are thin to increase proton gradients inside the membranes for ATP production</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The thylakoid membranes are stacked into grana to increase surface area for ATP production.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The lamellae connect the grana, increasing the efficincy of photosynthesis.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The light-independent reaction occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast which contains the enzymes needed for the Calvin cycle.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The chloroplast contains its own DNA which codes for some of the proteins needed for photosynthesis.</span></li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <h3 id="header-8">Multiple choice questions<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505970" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div> <p>This is a self marking quiz containing questions covering the topic outlined above.<br> Try the questions to check your understanding.</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#e8f14914"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="e8f14914"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 id="header-9"> 8.3 Photosynthesis <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505970" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-400-1197" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question">In which part of the chloroplast do the light dependent reactions take place?<br><img alt="" src="../../images/09_plants/chloroplast-sketch.png" style="width: 350px; height: 150px;"></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> On the thylakoid membranes of the grana</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> In the stroma</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> In the lipid droplets</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> In between the membranes of the chloroplast envelope</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Light-dependent reactions happen in the thylakoid membranes and in the space inside them.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>In the light dependant reactions what happens to water molecules?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They are pumped into the grana. </label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It is pumped into the stroma.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They are split by hydrolysis.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> They are split by photolysis.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Photolysis splits water into hydrogen ions, electrons and oxygen.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>In the light dependant reactions what happens to NADP molecules?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They are pumped into the grana. </label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> They are reduced by hydrogen.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They are split by hydrolysis.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They are oxidised by oxygen.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Reduced NADP (NADPH<sub>2</sub>) is one of the products of the light dependent reactions. <br>Hydrogen reduces the NADP.<br>NADP is a hydrogen carrier.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>In the light dependant reactions reduced NAD, and oxygen are produced.<br>What other important molecule is also synthesised?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Carbon dioxide. </label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Water.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Glucose.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> ATP.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>ATP is also produced in the light-dependent reactions by ATP synthase and chemiosmosis.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram below shows photosystem II </p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/09_plants/photosystem.jpg" style="width: 350px; height: 284px;"></p><p>Light energy is harvested by the large collection of chlorophyll molecules in the photosystem and to excite an electron. How is this electron replaced?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Electrons generated in photolysis.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Spare electrons from the reaction centre.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Electrons move from the phospholipid bilayer.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> NADP is reduced.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Light absorbed by photosystem II generates excited electrons.</p><p>Photolysis of water produces H<sup>+</sup> ions, oxygen atoms and electrons which replace those excited in the light-dependent reactions.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the role of electron carriers in the thylakoid membrane</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They provide electrons to replace the excited electrons in photosystem II</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They transfer electrons to the inter-memrane space in the grana.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> They carry electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They carry electrons from photosystem I to photosystem II.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Excited electrons produced by photosystem II are transferred to photosystem I in the thylakoid membranes. They ultimately continue to be passed between membrane proteins until they participate in the reduction of NADP.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Excited electrons carry energy which can be used to generate a proton gradient or to reduce NADP as shown in this diagram.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/09_plants/photosynthesis_detailed-diagram-abcd.jpg" style="width: 400px; height: 282px;"></p><p>Where do these two reaction happen?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> A proton gradient is generated in B, and reduction of NADP occurs in D.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Photosystem II pumps protons across the membrane in A and photosystem I reduces NADP in C.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Both proton gradient and reduction of NADP occur in B and D.</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> A proton gradient is generated in A and reduction of NADP occurs in C</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Excited electrons from Photosystem II (on the left of the diagram) are used to generate a proton gradient in B of the diagram as they pass through the electron carriers.</p><p>Excited electrons from Photosystem I (on the right of the diagram) are used to reduce NADP in D..</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which enzyme structure generates ATP using chemiosmosis?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> NADP reductase</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Photosystem I</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Calvin cycle</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> ATP synthase</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>ATP synthase in the thylakoids generates ATP using the proton gradient.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram shows the structure of a chloroplast.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/09_plants/chloroplast-sketch.png" style="width: 350px; height: 150px;"></p><p>In which structure do the light independent reactions take place?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Stoma</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Thylakoid membrane</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Grana membranes</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Lipid droplets</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Light-independent reactions take place in the stroma.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram below shows the Calvin cycle.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/09_plants/calvin-cycle2.jpg" style="width: 414px; height: 396px;"></p><p>At which stage does carboxylation occur?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Stage 1 and stage 3</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Stage 1</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Stage 2 and stage 3</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Stage 2</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>RuBP carboxylase enzyme (RuBisCO) catalyses the carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p><img alt="" src="../../images/09_plants/chloroplast-sketch.png" style="width: 350px; height: 150px;"></p><p>How is the structure of the chloroplast membranes an adaptation to help it's function?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The many membranes allow for rapid protein synthesis.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The membranes are arranged into grana to help fixation of carbon dioxide.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> There are many membranes to provide a location for the light dependent reactions.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> There are many membranes to increase the surface area of the chloroplast envelope.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The structure of the chloroplast is adapted to its function in photosynthesis<br>There are many membranes because this enables the chloroplast to have many chlorophyll molecules, important in the light dependant reactions of photosynthesis.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>A famous 'lollipop' experiment was performed by Calvin and Benson in the 1950s.</p><p>Radioactive carbon dioxide was introduced into the "lollipop" and photosynthesis allowed to continue for just a few seconds, then repeated for longer and longer periods.</p><p>The products of photosynthesis were separated by two way chromatography.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/09_plants/calvincycle.jpg" style="width: 450px; height: 379px;"></p><p>What did Calvin and Benson find out using this technique?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> They discovered the first molecule that the Carbon from carbon dioxide was fixed to.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They discovered that white light makes photosynthesis happen at the fastest rate.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They discovered the names of all the chemicals in the Calvin cycle.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They discovered how many ATP molecules are made in the Calvin cycle.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><ul><li> Algae cells were exposed to <sup>14</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> and light in "lollipop"-shaped flask.</li><li><sup>14</sup>C is radioactive.</li><li>Any molecules containing the <sup>14</sup>CO<sub>2 </sub>carbon atoms will become radioactive and can be detected.</li></ul><p>Results of Calvin's work</p><ul><li>When light exposure was only 7 seconds, 12 compounds were radioactively labeled.</li><li>When light exposure was reduced to 2 seconds, most of the radioactive carbon was in just one compound, 3-PGA</li><li>It was concluded PGA must be the first molecule CO<sub>2</sub> is fixed to.</li></ul></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram below shows the Calvin cycle.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/09_plants/calvin-sysle.jpg" style="width: 350px; height: 271px;"></p><p>Which molecule is oxidised during the reduction of a 3-C molecule?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> ATP</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> NADP</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> RuBisCO</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> reduced NADP</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Glycerate 3-phosphate is reduced to triose phosphate using "reduced NADP" and ATP.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>A triose phosphase molecule (GP) is used to produce carbohydrates in the Calvin cycle. <br>What is the other role of GP in the Calvin cycle?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> To reduce NADP</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> To regenerate RuBP</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> To reduce ADP</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> To phosphorylate ADP</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Triose phosphate is used to regenerate RuBP and produce carbohydrates.</p><p>Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) is regenerated using ATP.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <h3 id="header-10">Drag and drop activities<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505970" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-867-1197"><p>The light independent reaction is an important concept in this topic.</p><p>Drag and drop the correct word or phrase into the gap to make a summary of the light-independent reaction of photosynthesis.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">light-dependent</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">glycerate-3-phosphate</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Pyruvate</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">regenerate </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">triose phosphate</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">pentose</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">NADP</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">carbohydrates</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">hexose</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">ATP</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">carboxylase</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Calvin Cycle</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Krebs</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">NAD</span></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>The light-independent reaction uses <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="ATP"> <span class="review"></span> and reduced <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="NADP"> <span class="review"></span> from the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="light-dependent"> <span class="review"></span> reaction.</p><p>RuBP <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="carboxylase"> <span class="review"></span> enzyme catalyses the addition of a carboxylation of the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="pentose"> <span class="review"></span> ribulose biphosphate to form an unstable <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="hexose"> <span class="review"></span> which breaks down to form two molecules of <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="glycerate-3-phosphate"> <span class="review"></span> .</p><p>Reduced NADP and ATP are used to reduce glycerate phosphate to <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="triose phosphate"> <span class="review"></span> .</p><p>Triose phosphate can be utilised to form <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="carbohydrates"> <span class="review"></span> or to <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="regenerate "> <span class="review"></span> RuBP in the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Calvin Cycle"> <span class="review"></span> using ATP.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Examiner hint. This is an outline, more detail is neccessary for complete knowledge of this concept. See the preceeding question on this concept.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-fucsia"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Just for fun</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Everyone needs a bit of fun while they revise. Try this Photosynthesis card matching game.<br> Can you reach the leader board?</p> <p style="text-align: center"><iframe height="500" src="https://quizlet.com/505252512/match/embed?i=xxmo&x=1jj1" style="border:0" width="100%"></iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <ul> </ul> <div class="page-container panel-self-assessment" data-id="1197"> <div class="panel-heading">MY PROGRESS</div> <div class="panel-body understanding-rate"> <div class="msg"></div> <label class="label-lg">Self-assessment</label><p>How much of <strong>Photosynthesis 8.3 HL</strong> have you understood?</p><div class="slider-container text-center"><div id="self-assessment-slider" class="sib-slider self-assessment " data-value="1" data-percentage=""></div></div> <label class="label-lg">My notes</label> <textarea name="page-notes" class="form-control" rows="3" placeholder="Write your notes here..."></textarea> </div> <div class="panel-footer text-xs-center"> <span 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