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</ol> <article id="main-article"> <style type="text/css">ol.breadcrumb { margin-bottom: 0 }</style><div id="toc-1675505969" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a><ol><li><a href="#header-1" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-1">Summary list for 8.1 Metabolism</a></li><li><a href="#header-2" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-2">Mindmaps</a></li><li><a href="#header-3" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-3">Exam style question about enzymes</a></li><li><a href="#header-4" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-4">Model answer </a></li><li><a href="#header-5" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-5">Exam style question about the role of specific enzymes.</a></li><li><a href="#header-6" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-6">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-7" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-7">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-8" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-8">Multiple choice questions</a><ol></ol></li><li><a href="#header-9" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-9"> 8.1 Enzymes and metabolism 1/1 </a></li></ol><li><a href="#header-10" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-10">Drag and drop activities</a></li></div><div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><img alt="" src="../../images/08_resp_photosn/glycolysis.png" style="float: left; width: 131px; height: 100px;">This topic covers the way enzyme pathways form a cell's metabolism as well as specific examples of these pathways. The action of enzymes and their substrates is required as well as the way in which competitive and non-competitive inhibitors change the rate of reaction. The skill of calculating a rate of reaction from a graph of data is also part of this topic.</div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary using these <strong>8.1 metabolism</strong> flashcards.</p> <p style="text-align: center"><iframe height="500" src="https://quizlet.com/475076680/flashcards/embed?i=xxmo&x=1jj1" style="border:0" width="100%"></iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-165" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="165"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-165/img0.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-165" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-165/img0.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-165/img1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-165" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-165/img1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-165/img2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-165" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-165/img2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-165/img3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-165" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-165/img3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-165/img4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-165" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-165/img4.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-165" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-165" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-165/img0-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-165/img1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-165/img2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-165/img3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-165/img4-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-1">Summary list for 8.1 Metabolism<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505969" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><u>Metabolic pathways</u></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">A chain or a cycle of enzyme-catalysed reactions makes a metabolic pathway.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Enzymes catalyse chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.</li> </ul> <p><u>Competitive inhibitors</u></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Competitive inhibitors for example in medicine - ethanol and Fomepizole used as competitive inhibitors for antifreeze poisoning.</li> </ul> <p><u>Non-competitive inhibitors</u></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Non-competitive inhibitors. E.g. Drugs for treatment of malaria.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">End-product inhibition can control metabolic pathways - e.g. In the pathway that converts threonine to isoleucine.</li> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Skills</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">The use of databases to identify potential new anti-malarial drugs. In the ER role play: students will have seen this</li> <li class="liWithoutP">In the Enzyme inhibition experiment students will calculate and plot rates of reaction from raw experimental results.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">They will also distinguish different types of inhibition from graphs at specified substrate concentration.</li> </ul> </div> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <h3 id="header-2">Mindmaps<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505969" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>These diagram summaries cover the main sections of topic 8.1 Metabolism<br> Study them and draw your own list or concept map from memory.</p> <div id="carousel-162" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="162"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-162/81spiderfull.jpeg" data-fancybox="gallery-162" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-162/81spiderfull.jpeg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-162/81spiderlist.jpeg" data-fancybox="gallery-162" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-162/81spiderlist.jpeg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-162/81spidersimple.jpeg" data-fancybox="gallery-162" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-162/81spidersimple.jpeg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-162" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-162" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-162/81spiderfull-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-162/81spiderlist-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-162/81spidersimple-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-3">Exam style question about enzymes<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505969" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Answer the question below, which addresses <em>the role of enzymes.</em></p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Explain how enzymes increase rates of reaction in metabolic pathways. (4 marks)</strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-4">Model answer <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505969" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Explain how enzymes increase rates of reaction in metabolic pathways. (4 marks)</strong></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">a. Enzymes lower the activation energy or reactions;</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">b. Enzymes bind to substrates at their active site;</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">c. There are specific enzymes for each reaction in a pathway;</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">d. Metabolic pathways involve many enzyme catalysed reactions</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">e. End-product inhibition can control metabolic pathways</span></p> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on the role of enzymes in metabolism. Click on the "+" symbol to reveal the question.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-5">Exam style question about the role of specific enzymes.<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505969" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>The question below requires knowledge of the role of specific enzymes in living organisms.</p> <p>Answer on paper and check your answer against the model answer.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Describe the role of four named enzymes in living systems. (8 marks)</strong></p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <p><em>Examiner hint - There is one mark for the name of each enzyme and one for each description of the reaction it catalyses. Make sure the enzyme name matches its function to gain marks. Try to use a variety of enzyme examples, such as those in digestion, the liver, DNA replication etc.</em></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-6">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505969" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Describe the role of four named enzymes in living systems (8 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">H</span><span style="color:#FF0000;">ydrolysing enzymes break down polymers during digestion in the intestine to produce smaller molecules by using water molecules to split the bonds.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">An example of a hydrolysing enzyme is amylase which hydrolyses starch to maltose/ </span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Hydrolysing enzymes in the cotyledons of seeds that mobilise polymer food reserves.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Carboxylase enzymes add carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase binds carbon dioxide to pentose sugars producing hexose in the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Enzymes are involved in DNA replication.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between base pairs to unzip the DNA double helix.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">or DNA polymerase III joins complimentary base pairs at the replication fork to enable semi-conservative replication.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Enzymes control metabolic pathways.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Decarboxylases remove carbon atoms from sugars in the Krebs cycle of respiration.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Thrombin is involved blood clotting.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Thrombin converts fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Catalase breaks down toxic hydrogen peroxide </span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Hydrogen peroxide is produced as a by-product of respiration/broken down to water and oxygen which are not toxic.</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Any named enzyme with function will gain marks, e.g. acetylcholinesterase breaking down acetylcholine at the post synaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction.</span></p> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Extra exam question on *** Click to open it.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Brief introduction to the skill / understanding tested in the question.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Question text in bold (2 marks).</strong></p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr><em>Hint: Do this in italics, you may gain marks for the method of the calculation if your answer is incorrect.</em></div> Click on the "+" icon to see a model answer. <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-7">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505969" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Question text in bold (2 marks).</strong></p> <p>General explanation in black text, e.g. A labelled diagram could be done to get these marks.</p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">This is a sentence which a student might write in the exam that achieves a mark.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Model answers in red text</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Repeat key words so that each point stands on its own</span></li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-8">Multiple choice questions<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505969" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>This is a self marking quiz containing questions covering the topic outlined above.<br> Try the questions to check your understanding.</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#19760246"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="19760246"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 id="header-9"> 8.1 Enzymes and metabolism <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505969" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-399-1195" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram below shows part of the metabolic pathway known as Glycolysis</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/08_resp_photosn/glycolysis_detailed.jpeg" style="width: 500px; height: 383px;"></p><p>What is meant by the term "metabolic pathway"?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> A chain or cycle of enzyme catalysed reactions.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A cycle of enzyme catalysed reactions.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A chain of enzymes.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A chain of molecules increasing in size.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>A chain or a cycle of enzyme-catalysed reactions makes a metabolic pathway.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>How do enzymes change a reaction to speed up reaction rates?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Enzymes provide different reactants for the reaction.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Enzymes make the chemicals collide with more energy.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Enzymes lower the activation energy of the reaction.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Enzymes raise the activation energy of the reaction.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Enzymes catalyse chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.</p><p>When chemicals collide with more energy than the "activation energy" a reaction happens.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Inhibitors can prevent enzymes from working correctly. <br>The diagram shows the structure of an enzyme, its substrate and an inhibitor.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/08_resp_photosn/enzyme_inhibitor.jpeg" style="width: 300px; height: 149px;"></p><p>What is the best description of the inhibitor in this situation?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The inhibitor is a reactive molecule able to neutralise the enzyme.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The inhibitor is working as a hydrogen carrier, preventing the enzyme for catalysing the reaction.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The inhibitor is a non-competitive inhibitor of the enzyme, preventing it catalysing the reaction by binding to an allosteric site.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> The inhibitor is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme, preventing it from catalysing the reaction by blocking the active site.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Competitive inhibitors are often used in medicine, they block the active site.</p><p>Ethanol and Fomepizole (which has a similar shape) are used as competitive inhibitors to treat antifreeze poisoning.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Cells control metabolic pathways using several different methods?<br>Which of the following is not a method which is used by cells to control metabolism</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Methylation of enzymes.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Enzyme inhibition.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> End product inhibition of a metabolic pathway.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Changing the expression of a gene.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Cells can control metabolism using, expression of genes, inhibition, end product inhibition or hormones.</p><p>Methylation of DNA may control the expression of genes, but not methylation of enzymes.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>End product inhibition is a common mechanism which controls metabolic pathways. <br>Which statement most correctly describes what happens to the <strong>amount of inhibition</strong> when the concentration of the end product increases?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It decreases once a threshold has been achieved.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It remains constant?</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> It increases.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It decreases.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>End-product inhibition can control metabolic pathways by inhibiting an enzyme 'upstream' in the metabolic pathway of the product's synthesis. - e.g. In the pathway that converts threonine to isoleucine.</p><p>The greater the concentration of end product the greater the inhibition.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The graph below shows the rate of reaction of an enzyme with and without an inhibitor present.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/08_resp_photosn/nezyme_inhibition.jpeg" style="width: 300px; height: 161px;"></p><p>What type of inhibitor is most likely to be involved?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A competitive inhibitor as its effects increase with higher substrate concentrations.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> A competitive inhibitor as its effects are reduced by higher substrate concentrations.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A non-competitive inhibitors because it's effects increase with increased substrate concentration.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A non-competitive inhibitor because the amount of inhibition is constant.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>To distinguish different types of inhibition from graphs at specified substrate concentration, remember that a competitive inhibitor will not be able to inhibit enzymes which already have their active site occupied by a substrate. In high substrate concentrations the substrate gets into the active site before the inhibitor more often.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the initial rate of reaction show by the data in the graph below?</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/08_resp_photosn/enzyme-product-graph.jpeg" style="width: 300px; height: 195px;"></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 1.8 g per litre per second</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 10 g per litre per second</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 18 g per litre per second</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 180 g per litre per second</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The tangent is drawn at the start of the curve, showing the rate at the start.</p><p>The rate of reaction is the amount of product per second.</p><p>18g per litre divided by 10 seconds.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> <h3 id="header-10">Drag and drop activities<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505969" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p> <p>Competitive inhibition of enzymes and antibiotics</p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-850-1195"><p>You need to know specific examples of enzyme inhibition.</p><div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-846-2063"><p><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;
font-family:">Drag and drop the correct term into the gap to describe the use of antibiotics as enzyme inhibitors.</span></p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true"> temporarily</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">cell wall</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">active site</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">competitive</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">binary fission</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">substrate</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">slowing</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">"look-alike"</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">metabolic pathways</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Nonpermanent competitive enzyme inhibitors bind to the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="active site"> <span class="review"></span> of an enzyme in competition with the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="substrate"> <span class="review"></span> . As they are noncompetitive, they bind <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c=" temporarily"> <span class="review"></span> to the active site, <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="slowing"> <span class="review"></span> the rate of reaction but do not damage the enzyme. They are generally molecules with a very similar molecular shape to the substrate, <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="" look-alike""=""> <span class="review"></span> molecules</p><p>Beta lactams are antibiotics which act as <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="competitive"> <span class="review"></span> inhibitors of the enzymes in bacteria which synthesise peptidoglycans, a polymer found in bacterial cell walls. They bind to the active site of the enzyme, preventing it from completing the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="cell wall"> <span class="review"></span> structure when the bacterium divides by <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="binary fission"> <span class="review"></span> .</p><p>They do not harm humans (bar possible side effects) as the enzyme is not found in human <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="metabolic pathways"> <span class="review"></span> as human cells do not have a cell wall.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Explanation. Many antibiotics are inhibitors of prokaryotic enzymes, not found in animal eukaryotes. They are ineffective against viruses because they use host metabolic pathways.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><p><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;
font-family:"></span></p></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <hr> <div class="panel panel-expandable panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra drag and drop explanation on inhibitors and feedback inhibition in metabolic pathways. Click to open it.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p> Noncompetitive inhibition of enzymes and feedback control of metabolic pathways.</p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-851-1195"><p>Noncompetitive and feedback inhibition are important concepts in the control of metabolic pathways in vivo (in the living organism).</p><p>Drag and drop the correct term into the gap to describe noncompetitive inhibition.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">metabolically</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">glycolytic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">inhibitors</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">bound</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">active site</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">distorted</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">production</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">substrate</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">feedback</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">inhibited</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Noncompetitve <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="inhibitors"> <span class="review"></span> are substances that bind to an inhibitor site on the enzyme (not on the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="active site"> <span class="review"></span> ). When the inhibitor is <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="bound"> <span class="review"></span> to the enzyme, the active site is <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="distorted"> <span class="review"></span> and cannot bind with the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="substrate"> <span class="review"></span> .</p><p>ATP is an allosteric inhibitor of phosphfructokinase, one of the enzymes in the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="glycolytic"> <span class="review"></span> pathway at the beginning of respiration. When cell energy demands are low, phosphfructokinase will be <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="inhibited"> <span class="review"></span> , slowing respiration. When the cell is <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="metabolically"> <span class="review"></span> active, ATP is utilised and the inhibition will cease. This is known as <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="feedback"> <span class="review"></span> inhibition and automatically adjusts energy <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="production"> <span class="review"></span> by respiration to meet the needs of the cell.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Explanation: Feedback inhibition is the means by which the cells produce products in amounts needed by the cell. </em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-fucsia"> <div class="panel-heading"><a 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