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fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../../469/07-nucleic-acids-ahl.html">07 Nucleic acids AHL</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Translation 7.3 HL</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <style type="text/css">ol.breadcrumb { margin-bottom: 0 }</style><div id="toc-1675507146" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a><ol><li><a href="#header-1" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-1">Summary list for topic 7.3 Translation</a></li><li><a href="#header-2" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-2">Mindmaps</a></li><li><a href="#header-3" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-3">Exam style question about tRNA</a></li><li><a href="#header-4" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-4">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-5" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-5">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-6" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-6">Multiple choice questions</a><ol></ol></li><li><a href="#header-7" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-7"> 7.3 Translation HL 1/1 </a></li></ol><li><a href="#header-8" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-8">Drag and drop activities</a></li></div><div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><img class="intro-image" readonly="true" src="../../../images/07_nucleic_acids/ribosome_assembly_small-1.png" style="width: 500px; height: 449px;"> <div class="content" readonly="true"> <div class="text">This topic includes some interesting and difficult details about the synthesis of proteins on ribosomes. While these aspects are difficult they do not need to understood in great detail. One challenge in this topic is to get the right balance between understanding details and making simple notes.</div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary for <a href="http://quizlet.com/459842773/flashcards" target="_blank">7.3 Translation using these flashcards</a>.</p> <p style="text-align: center"><iframe height="500" src="https://quizlet.com/459842773/flashcards/embed?i=xxmo&x=1jj1" style="border:0" width="100%"><br> </iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - good revision for all students.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-153" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="153"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-153/img0.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-153" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-153/img0.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-153/img1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-153" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-153/img1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-153/img2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-153" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-153/img2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-153/img3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-153" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-153/img3.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-153" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-153" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-153/img0-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-153/img1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-153/img2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-153/img3-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-1">Summary list for topic 7.3 Translation<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675507146" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><img alt="" src="../../../../ib/biology/images/flickr_cc_commercial_ok/translation_ribo_sqr.jpg" style="width: 100px; height: 100px; float: right;"><u>Three stages of translation</u></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Initiation is the assembly of the components (large and small ribosome subunits, mRNA and tRNA molecules) that carry out the process.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Synthesis of the polypeptide (elongation) involves a repeated cycle on a ribosome where tRNA binds to the A (aminoacyl), P (peptidyl) and E (exit) sites in turn. Polypeptide molecule is produced.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">(examples of start and stop codons not needed)</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Termination of translation is followed by disassembly of the components.</li> </ul> <p class="liWithoutP"><u>Ribosomes</u></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Proteins for use within the cell are made by free ribosomes.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Membrane bound ribosomes synthesise proteins for secretion or for use in lysosomes.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Translation can occur immediately after transcription in prokaryotes due to the absence of a nuclear membrane.</li> </ul> <p class="liWithoutP"><u>Polypeptide structure</u></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">The sequence and number of amino acids in the polypeptide is the primary structure.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The secondary structure is the formation of alpha helices and beta pleated sheets stabilised by hydrogen bonding.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The tertiary structure is the further folding of the polypeptide stabilised by interactions between R groups. (Polar and non-polar amino acids are relevant to the bonds formed between R groups.)</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The quaternary structure exists in proteins with more than one polypeptide chain. and may involve the binding of a prosthetic group to form a conjugated protein.</li> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p class="liWithoutP"><u><a href="../../../images/07_nucleic_acids/polysome.png" target="_blank"><img alt="" src="../../../images/07_nucleic_acids/polysome.png" style="width: 200px; height: 190px; float: right;"></a>Skills</u></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Identify polysomes structures in prokaryote and eukaryote cell microscope images.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">To analyse the structure of eukaryotic ribosomes and tRNA molecules using visualisation software.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">To illustrate enzyme substrate specificity using tRNA activating enzymes.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">To link phosphorylation to enzyme activity in tRNA.</li> </ul> </div> <h3 id="header-2">Mindmaps<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675507146" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>These diagram summaries cover the main details of topic 7.3 Translation.<br> Study them and draw your own list or concept map, from memory if you can.</p> <div id="carousel-161" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="161"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-161/73translationspiderlist.png" data-fancybox="gallery-161" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-161/73translationspiderlist.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-161/73translationspidersimple.png" data-fancybox="gallery-161" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-161/73translationspidersimple.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-161/73translationspiderfull2.png" data-fancybox="gallery-161" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-161/73translationspiderfull2.png"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-161" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-161" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-161/73translationspiderlist-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-161/73translationspidersimple-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-161/73translationspiderfull2-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-3">Exam style question about tRNA<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675507146" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Understanding the structure and function of tRNA is an important skill from this topic.</p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="militia"> <p>Outline the structure of a tRNA molecule and how its two binding sites are used during translation.<strong> [3]</strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>.</strong></p> <p><strong>.</strong></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <div class="yellowBg"> <h3 id="header-4">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675507146" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><img alt="" src="../../../images/07_nucleic_acids/trna_binding_sites.jpeg" style="width: 250px; height: 301px;"></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">a. tRNA is made from a single strand of RNA with a looped 3D structure.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">b. An amino acid binding site holds the tRNA to an amino acid at one end.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">c. An anti-codon is found on the middle loop.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">d. The anti-codon binds to a mRNA codon in the ribosome.</span></p> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Extra exam question on translation - - click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>This question requires knowledge of the mechanism of tRNA activation and of transcription.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>i Describe the process of tRNA activation. (3 marks) </strong></p> <p> </p> <p><strong>ii Explain the importance of tRNA activation in the conversion of the mRNA base sequence into a polypeptide sequence. (2 marks) </strong></p> <p> </p> <p><strong>iii Outline two ways by which cells can increase the rate at which they synthesise polypeptides. (2 marks) </strong></p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p> </p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <p><em>Hint: In a structured question, use brief, accurate phrases or sentences.</em></p> </div> Click on the "+" icon to see a model answer. <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-5">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675507146" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p>You could use annotated diagrams to help answer the question. Marks are awarded for correctly explained annotations so it is not necessary to repeat the annotation in prose.</p> <p><strong>i Describe the process of tRNA activation. (4 marks) </strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">tRNA activating enzymes bind to the amino acid corresponding to their anticodon.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">ATP binds to the amino acid (before activation).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">One phosphate group from the ATP is used to bond the amino acid to the activating enzyme.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">tRNA activating enzyme is specific to the amino acid.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">tRNA activating enzyme is also specific to the anticodon (for the amino acid).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The specificity of the nezyme to the amino acid and to the anticodon causes tRNA to be activated by addition of the amino acid matching the anticodon.</span></li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>ii Explain the importance of tRNA activation in the conversion of the mRNA base sequence into a polypeptide sequence. (3 marks) </strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">tRNA activating enzyme is bound to the amino acid the corresponding to the anticodon.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The anticodon on the tRNA binds to the complimentary mRNA codon in the ribosome.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The anticodon on the tRNA binds to the mRNA codon using complimentary base pairing.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The amino acid on the tRNA is added to the growing polypeptide chain in the correct position.</span></li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>iii Outline two ways by which cells can increase the rate at which they synthesise polypeptides. (2 marks) </strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The cell can manufacture more molecules of mRNA.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Several ribosomes can bind to a single mRNA molecule.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Several mRNA molecules boud to a ribosome forms a polysome.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Each ribosome (in the polysome) synthesises a (complete) polypeptide chain.</span></li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <p> <p> </p> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-6"><a id="mcqs" name="mcqs"></a>Multiple choice questions<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675507146" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>This quiz contains multiple choice questions covering the understandings and skills in this topic.</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#ee6c6139"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="ee6c6139"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 id="header-7"> 7.3 Translation HL <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675507146" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-387-1158" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following best describes initiation of translation?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Assembly of the components, Large and small ribosome subunits, mRNA, and tRNA</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Attachment of ATP to the large and small ribosome subunits. </label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Assembly of DNA, mRNA, tRNA and rRNA</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Attachment of mRNA to its promoter</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Initiation is the assembly of the components (large and small ribosome subunits, mRNA and tRNA molecules) that carry out the process.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram shows a ribosome during the elongation stage of transcription.<br>In which order does tRNA bind to the different sites on the mRNA molecule ?</p><p><img alt="" src="../../../images/07_nucleic_acids/ribosome_sites.jpeg" style="width: 300px; height: 176px;"></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> First E then A then P.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> First P then E then A.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> First P then A then E.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> First A then P then E.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Synthesis of the polypeptide involves a repeated cycle on a ribosome where tRNA binds to the A (aminoacyl), P (peptidyl) and E (exit) sites in turn. Polypeptide molecule is produced.(Note: examples of start and stop codons are not needed)</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which description best describes termination of translation?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A stop codon enters the A site and everything stops</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> A stop codon enters the A site and the ribosome components disassemble</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A stop codon enters the P site and the last peptide bond is formed.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A stop codon enters the E site and binds to the last tRNA molecule.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Termination of translation is followed by disassembly of the components.</p><p>One of the three stop codons enters the A site. No tRNA molecules bind to these codons so the polypeptide and tRNA in the P site are released into the cytoplasm and the small and large subunits of the ribosome disassemble</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>In eukaryote cells ribosomes are found bound to membranes in rER or free in the cytoplasm.</p><p>Outline the role of free ribosomes.</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They produce polypeptides for use outside the cell.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They produce lipids.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> They produce polypeptides for use within the cell.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They produce polypeptides for use in cell membranes.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Bound ribosomes synthesize proteins primarily for secretion or for use in lysosomes and membranes.<br>Free ribosomes produce polypeptides and thus proteins which remain in the cytoplasm.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Prokaryotes don't have a nuclear membrane. How does this change the process of translation, compared to eukaryotes?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Translation happens after several intermediate steps in prokaryotes.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Translation is much slower in prokaryotes.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Translation can occur immediately after transcription in prokaryotes.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Prokaryotes don't need ribosomes for translation.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Translation can occur immediately after transcription in prokaryotes due to the absence of a nuclear membrane.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following statements is the best description of "Primary structure of a protein"?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The folding of polypeptides into alpha helices.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> The sequence of amino acids in a protein.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The folding of polypeptides into beta-pleated sheets.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The assembly of several polypeptides to form a single protein.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The sequence and number of amino acids in the polypeptide is the primary structure.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>There are three structures, shown in this ribbon diagram of a protein?</p><p><img alt="" src="../../../images/07_nucleic_acids/protein-structure.jpeg" style="width: 300px; height: 211px;"></p><p>What level of protein structure are they and what are they called?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Secondary structures, X & Z are alpha helices, Y is a beta pleated sheet.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Tertiary structures, X, Y & Z are separate polypeptides.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Primary structures, X & Z are alpha helices Y is a beta pleated sheet,</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Secondary structures, Y is an alpha helix X & Z are beta pleated sheets.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The secondary structure is the formation of alpha helices and beta pleated sheets stabilised by hydrogen bonding. The ribbon shows the overall path of the protein backbone: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_helix" title="Alpha helix">α-helices</a> are shown as coiled ribbons, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_strand" title="Beta strand">β-sheets</a> as arrows.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The electron microscope image of some rough endoplasmic reticulum shown in this image contains some unusual structures which seems to have a curved or spiral shape made of dots.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../../images/07_nucleic_acids/polysomes_spirla.png" style="width: 350px; height: 238px;"></p><p>What is the function of these structures and what are they called?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They are lipid droplets forming phospholipids.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They are polypeptides forming alpha helices.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> They are polysomes, carrying out translation.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They are nucleosomes, supercoiling DNA.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>One secondary structure of polypeptides is the alpha helix but the dots in the spirals are separated too far to be protein. These structures are chains of ribosomes (the large and small sub-units can almost be seen.) called polysomes. The feint line between the dots is hardly visible, but should be a mRNA molecule. They are simultaneously producing multiple copies of the polypeptide coded for by the mRNA.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The folding of a protein backbone into a 3D arrangement of alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets is which level of protein structure?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Primary.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Secondary.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Tertiary.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Quaternary.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The tertiary structure is the further folding of the polypeptide stabilised by interactions between R groups.<br>(Polar and non-polar amino acids are relevant to the bonds formed between R groups.)</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>How can you tell if a protein has quaternary structure?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It has four secondary structures.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Both alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets are present.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> It is composed of more than one polypeptide.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It has many alpha helices.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The quaternary structure exists in proteins with more than one polypeptide chain. and may involve the binding of a prosthetic group to form a conjugated protein.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <h3 id="header-8">Drag and drop activities<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675507146" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-902-1158"><p>The levels of protein structure are an important concept in this topic.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../../images/richard/2.7-helicase.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 160px;">Ribbon model of Helicase enzyme.</p><p>Drag and drop the correct word into the gaps in the table to outline the four levels of polypeptide structure.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">gamma</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">extra</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">more</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Tertiary.</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">beta</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">prosthetic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">R-groups</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">hydrogen</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">genetically</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">associate</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Alpha</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">hydrophilic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">amino</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">organic</span></p></div><div class="q-answer"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width:141px;"><p><strong>Level of structure.</strong></p></td><td style="width:460px;"><p><strong>Description.</strong></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:141px;"><p>Primary.</p></td><td style="width:460px;"><p>Sequence of <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="amino"> <span class="review"></span> acids.</p><p>This is <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="genetically"> <span class="review"></span> determined.</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:141px;"><p>Secondary.</p></td><td style="width:460px;"><p> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Alpha"> <span class="review"></span> helices and/or <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="beta"> <span class="review"></span> pleated sheets.</p><p>Due to <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="hydrogen"> <span class="review"></span> bonding between oxygen and hydrogen in the peptide bond giving a regular structure.</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:141px;"><p> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Tertiary."> <span class="review"></span> </p></td><td style="width:460px;"><p>Folding of the polypeptide chain due to <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="hydrophilic"> <span class="review"></span> and hydrophobic interactions between the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="R-groups"> <span class="review"></span> of the amnio acids.</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:141px;"><p>Quaternary.</p></td><td style="width:460px;"><p>In proteins with <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="more"> <span class="review"></span> than one polypeptide chain, these chains <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="associate"> <span class="review"></span> to form the functional protein molecule.</p><p>There may be a non-protein <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="prosthetic"> <span class="review"></span> group in this structure.</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Examples are useful to know and relate to other areas of the syllabus content. Haemoglobin has a quaternary structure and is easy to describe.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <hr></div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-fucsia"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Just for fun</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Everyone needs a bit of fun while they revise. 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