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<h2>SL Paper 1</h2><div class="question">
<p>What will happen if the pressure is increased in the following reaction mixture at equilibrium?</p>
<p>CO<sub>2</sub> (g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> H<sup>+</sup> (aq) + HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq)</p>
<p>A. The equilibrium will shift to the right and pH will decrease.</p>
<p>B. The equilibrium will shift to the right and pH will increase.</p>
<p>C. The equilibrium will shift to the left and pH will increase.</p>
<p>D. The equilibrium will shift to the left and pH will decrease.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which classification is correct for the reaction?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>(aq) + H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>(aq)</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-09_om_12.48.11.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ1/19"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which two species act as Brønsted–Lowry acids in the reaction?</p>
<p style="padding-left:120px;">H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq) + OH<sup>−</sup> (aq) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
<p> </p>
<p>A. HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> (aq) and OH<sup>−</sup> (aq)</p>
<p>B. H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq) and HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> (aq)</p>
<p>C. HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> (aq) and H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
<p>D. H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq) and H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Which apparatus can be used to monitor the rate of this reaction?</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0"><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>COCH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mfenced><mi>aq</mi></mfenced><mo>+</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mfenced><mi>aq</mi></mfenced><mo>→</mo><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>COCH</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi><mo> </mo><mfenced><mi>aq</mi></mfenced><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><mo> </mo><mfenced><mi>aq</mi></mfenced><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi><mo>-</mo></msup><mo> </mo><mfenced><mi>aq</mi></mfenced></math></span></p>
<ol style="list-style-type: upper-roman;">
<li><span class="fontstyle0">A pH meter</span></li>
<li><span class="fontstyle0">A gas syringe</span></li>
<li><span class="fontstyle0">A colorimeter <br> </span></li>
</ol>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">A. I and II only<br></span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">B. I and III only<br></span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">C. II and III only<br></span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">D. I, II and III</span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>It was pleasing to see that a vast majority of candidates could select equipment necessary to monitor rates of reaction. This was one of the best answered questions in the exam.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Which is <strong>not</strong> a source of oxides of sulfur and nitrogen?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. burning coal</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. internal combustion engines</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. burning methane</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D. volcanic eruptions</span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>One teacher thought this was a tricky question if candidates did not think of impurities in the combustion. However, 64 % of candidates answered correctly.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">What is the major reason why the pH of unpolluted rain is less than 7?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. methane</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. carbon dioxide</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. nitrogen oxides</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D. sulfur dioxide</span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>This was one of the challenging questions on the paper. 58 % of the candidates identified carbon dioxide as the cause of acidity in unpolluted rain. The rest mainly chose either nitrogen oxides (option C) or sulfur dioxide (option D), the causes of acidity in polluted rain.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p style="text-align: center;">Activity series of selected elements:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="mjpage mjpage__block"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" alttext="{\text{greatest activity}}\xleftarrow{{{\text{K, Ca, Al, Fe, H, Cu, Ag, Au}}}}{\text{least activity}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>greatest activity</mtext>
</mrow>
<mover>
<mo>←</mo>
<mpadded width="+0.556em" lspace="0.389em" voffset=".15em">
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>K, Ca, Al, Fe, H, Cu, Ag, Au</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mpadded>
</mover>
<mrow>
<mtext>least activity</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<p>Which react with dilute sulfuric acid?</p>
<p> I. Cu</p>
<p> II. CuO</p>
<p> III. CuCO<sub>3</sub></p>
<p>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which statement is correct?</p>
<p>A. A strong acid is a good proton donor and has a strong conjugate base.</p>
<p>B. A weak acid is a poor proton acceptor and has a strong conjugate base.</p>
<p>C. A strong acid is a good proton donor and has a weak conjugate base.</p>
<p>D. A strong base is a good proton donor and has a weak conjugate acid.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which 0.01 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> aqueous solution has the highest pH?</p>
<p>A. HCl</p>
<p>B. H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></p>
<p>C. NaOH</p>
<p>D. NH<sub>3</sub></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A student carried out a titration to determine the concentration of an acid and found that his value had good precision but poor accuracy. Which process explains this outcome?</p>
<p>A. Consistently overshooting the volume of solution from the burette into the flask.</p>
<p>B. Collection of insufficient titration data.</p>
<p>C. Reading the meniscus in the burette at a different angle each time.</p>
<p>D. Forgetting to rinse the flask after one of the titrations.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the order of increasing pH for the following solutions of the same concentration?</p>
<p> </p>
<p>A. HCl (aq) < NH<sub>3</sub> (aq) < NaOH (aq) < CH<sub>3</sub>COOH (aq)</p>
<p>B. CH<sub>3</sub>COOH (aq) < HCl (aq) < NH<sub>3</sub> (aq) < NaOH (aq)</p>
<p>C. HCl (aq) < CH<sub>3</sub>COOH (aq) < NH<sub>3</sub> (aq) < NaOH (aq)</p>
<p>D. NaOH (aq) < NH<sub>3</sub> (aq) < CH<sub>3</sub>COOH (aq) < HCl (aq)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Which solution is basic at 25 °C?</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>K</em><sub>w</sub> = 1.0 × 10<sup>−14</sup></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. [H<sup>+</sup>] = 1.0 × 10<sup>−3</sup> mol dm<sup>−3</sup></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. [OH<sup>−</sup>] = 1.0 × 10<sup>−13</sup> mol dm<sup>−3</sup></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. solution of pH = 4.00</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D. [H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>] = 1.0 × 10<sup>−13</sup> mol dm<sup>−3</sup></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>This was very poorly answered and had one of the highest discriminatory indices. More candidates thought that a basic solution would have <strong>[OH<sup>-</sup> ] = 1.0 x 10<sup>-13</sup> mol dm<sup>-3</sup></strong> , rather than <strong>[H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> ] = 1.0 x 10<sup>-13</sup> mol dm<sup>-3</sup></strong></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the conjugate acid of HS<sup>−</sup>?</p>
<p><br>A. H<sub>2</sub>S</p>
<p>B. S<sup>2−</sup></p>
<p>C. H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub></p>
<p>D. H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>20 cm<sup>3</sup> of 1 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> sulfuric acid was added dropwise to 20 cm<sup>3</sup> of 1 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> barium hydroxide producing a precipitate of barium sulfate.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>(aq) + Ba(OH)<sub>2 </sub>(aq) → 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l) + BaSO<sub>4 </sub>(s)</p>
<p>Which graph represents a plot of conductivity against volume of acid added?</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>The question involved the formation of a precipitate – not a familiar concept to the candidates. It required candidates (to work out how the number of ions and hence conductivity were changing. 37% of the candidates got the correct answer (conductivity decreased as volume of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> increased). The majority increased conductivity as H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> was added.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which <strong>cannot</strong> act as a Brønsted–Lowry base?</p>
<p>A. HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup></p>
<p>B. H<sub>2</sub>O</p>
<p>C. CH<sub>4</sub></p>
<p>D. NH<sub>3</sub></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What occurs when solid sodium hydrogen carbonate reacts with aqueous sulfuric acid? </p>
<p>A. Bubbles of sulfur dioxide form. </p>
<p>B. Bubbles of both hydrogen and carbon dioxide form. </p>
<p>C. Bubbles of hydrogen form. </p>
<p>D. Bubbles of carbon dioxide form.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which of these acids has the weakest conjugate base?</p>
<p>A. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>HCl</mi></math></p>
<p>B. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mi>COOH</mi></math></p>
<p>C. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>NH</mi><mn>4</mn></msub><mi>Cl</mi></math></p>
<p>D. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mn>6</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>5</mn></msub><mi>COOH</mi></math></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>More than 59% of the candidates understood that strong acids have weak conjugate bases.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">What is the pH of 0.001 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> NaOH (aq)?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. 1 </span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. 3</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. 11</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D. 13</span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>The question discriminated well between high scoring and low scoring candidates. 58 % of the candidates were able to calculate the pH of the aqueous solution of NaOH. The most commonly chosen distractor was B (pH = 3) where the students determined pOH but did not complete the calculation. It is interesting that these candidates did not seem to notice that NaOH is a base and should have a higher pH.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which causes acid deposition?</p>
<p>A. SO<sub>2</sub></p>
<p>B. SiO<sub>2</sub></p>
<p>C. SrO</p>
<p>D. CO<sub>2</sub></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What are the products of the reaction between sulfuric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate?</p>
<p>A. NaSO<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub></p>
<p>B. Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + CO<sub>2</sub></p>
<p>C. Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub></p>
<p>D. NaSO<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the strongest acid in the equation below?</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">H<sub>3</sub>AsO<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> H<sub>2</sub>AsO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> + H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> <em>K</em><sub>c</sub> = 4.5 × 10<sup>−4</sup></p>
<p>A. H<sub>3</sub>AsO<sub>4</sub></p>
<p>B. H<sub>2</sub>O</p>
<p>C. H<sub>2</sub>AsO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup></p>
<p>D. H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A challenging question that combined interpreting the implications of the value of the equilibrium constant with the Brønsted-Lowry concept. Most candidates focused on BL theory and the forward reaction only. 36% of the candidates answered the question correctly by selecting the acid involved in the backward reaction.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which of the following is correct?</p>
<p>A. A weak acid is a proton donor and its aqueous solution shows good conductivity.</p>
<p>B. A weak acid is a proton donor and its aqueous solution shows poor conductivity.</p>
<p>C. A weak acid is a proton acceptor and its aqueous solution shows good conductivity.</p>
<p>D. A weak acid is a proton acceptor and its aqueous solution shows poor conductivity.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Which is an example of an amphiprotic species?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup><br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub><br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D. HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Which substance will </span><span class="fontstyle2"><strong>not</strong> </span><span class="fontstyle0">produce copper(II) chloride when added to dilute hydrochloric acid?</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">A. <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>Cu</mi><mo> </mo><mfenced><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi></mfenced></math><br></span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">B. </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>Cu</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>OH</mi><mrow><msub><mo>)</mo><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo></mrow><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>)</mo></math><span class="fontstyle0"><br></span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">C. </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>CuCO</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>)</mo></math><span class="fontstyle0"><br></span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">D. </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>CuO</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>)</mo></math></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Poorly answered with less than ½ of candidates able to identify that copper metal would not produce<br>copper II chloride when added to dilute HCl.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which is an acid-base conjugate pair?</p>
<p>A. H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> / OH<sup>–</sup></p>
<p>B. H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> / SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup></p>
<p>C. CH<sub>3</sub>COOH / H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup></p>
<p>D. CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> / CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>2</sub></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">What is the difference between a conjugate Brønsted–Lowry acid–base pair?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. Electron pair<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. Positive charge<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. Proton<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D. Hydrogen atom</span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which of the 0.001 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> solutions is most likely to have a pH of 11.3?</p>
<p>A. Ca(OH)<sub>2 </sub>(aq)</p>
<p>B. H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4 </sub>(aq)</p>
<p>C. NaOH (aq)</p>
<p>D. NH<sub>4</sub>OH (aq)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>This required calculation of pH of a base – not an easy task for SL candidates without a calculator. 28% of the candidates answered the question correctly.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which ions are present in an aqueous solution of Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>?</p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;">I. HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><br>II. OH<sup>−</sup><br>III. CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup></p>
<p><br>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which statement is <strong>incorrect</strong> for a 0.10 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> HCOOH solution?</p>
<p>A. pH = 1</p>
<p>B. [H<sup>+</sup>] << 0.10 mol dm<sup>–3</sup></p>
<p>C. [HCOO<sup>–</sup>] is approximately equal to [H<sup>+</sup>]</p>
<p>D. HCOOH is partially ionized</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>10.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide of pH = 10 is mixed with 990.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of distilled water. What is the pH of the resulting solution?</p>
<p>A. 8</p>
<p>B. 9</p>
<p>C. 11</p>
<p>D. 12</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which species behave as Brønsted–Lowry bases in the following reaction? </p>
<p>H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + HNO<sub>3</sub> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABIAAAARCAYAAADQWvz5AAABFklEQVQ4EWP8////fwYqACYqmAE2YqAM+sxw98Yz7J4AhRHR4Pf1/zEMDP8rtz/A0MKAIUJI4Ol2UOT8n3HiFYpKFgaGPwwPL19iePHtN3Yno4myckkzrC5gYAi1EGNgOPGUId1cCqyC8f//7/83NacyzLvFwMCLpgkXl4tLhIGLi4HhzTdJhoaJZQzKHAwMjCD34dJAijjYa5c3LWE49o6NgZftF8Pnzz+J1v/zJzuDTWQMg5EoCwMLAwMLg6q+BEO+gifDfgYGhhmrlzKwf/lFpGFsDKwwlfCgf3Xovz8Dw/+mvU/hQqQwUKL/NzRqJ559R4oZYLUoWYRFyoPh3aW9DDpcMPcST1Mt1lBcRLz9mCqpZhAAjQ1JgToZNTsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" alt> H<sub>2</sub>NO<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> + HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>- </sup></p>
<p>A. HNO<sub>3</sub> and HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup><sup> </sup></p>
<p>B. HNO<sub>3</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>NO<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> </p>
<p>C. H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> </p>
<p>D. H<sub>2</sub>NO<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> and HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which solution has a pH of 9?</p>
<p>A. 1.0 × 10<sup>−9</sup> mol dm<sup>−3</sup> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>HCl</mtext></math> (aq)</p>
<p>B. 1.0 × 10<sup>−5</sup> mol dm<sup>−3</sup> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>KOH</mtext></math> (aq)</p>
<p>C. 1.0 × 10<sup>−9</sup> mol dm<sup>−3</sup> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>KOH</mtext></math> (aq)</p>
<p>D. 1.0 × 10<sup>−5</sup> mol dm<sup>−3</sup> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>HCl</mtext></math> (aq)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which 1.0 mol<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>dm<sup>–3</sup> solution has the highest pH?</p>
<p>A. Ammonium chloride</p>
<p>B. Sulfuric acid</p>
<p>C. Sodium chloride</p>
<p>D. Ammonia</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br>