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<h2>SL Paper 2</h2><div class="specification">
<p>Phosphoric acid, H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, can undergo stepwise neutralization, forming amphiprotic species.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for the reaction of one mole of phosphoric acid with one mole of sodium hydroxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate <strong>two</strong> equations to show the amphiprotic nature of H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the concentration of H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> if 25.00 cm<sup>3</sup> is completely neutralised by the addition of 28.40 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.5000 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> NaOH.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the reason that sodium hydroxide is considered a Brønsted–Lowry base.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>There are many oxides of silver with the formula Ag<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub>. All of them decompose into their elements when heated strongly.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>After heating 3.760 g of a silver oxide 3.275 g of silver remained. Determine the empirical formula of Ag<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the final mass of solid obtained by heating 3.760 g of Ag<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub> may be greater than 3.275 g giving one design improvement for your proposed suggestion. Ignore any possible errors in the weighing procedure.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Naturally occurring silver is composed of two stable isotopes, <sup>107</sup>Ag and <sup>109</sup>Ag.</p>
<p>The relative atomic mass of silver is 107.87. Show that isotope <sup>107</sup>Ag is more abundant.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Some oxides of period 3, such as Na<sub>2</sub>O and P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>, react with water. A spatula measure of each oxide was added to a separate 100 cm<sup>3</sup> flask containing distilled water and a few drops of bromothymol blue indicator.</p>
<p>The indicator is listed in section 22 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>Deduce the colour of the resulting solution and the chemical formula of the product formed after reaction with water for each oxide.</p>
<p><img 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jsH0+8YF2xb3g/P4mKwbanCDZBgjDkL35GPie9K/gCj9wePu3yqTm2o0aASHvpBfbdHFKG68U0ccHnQe8MFq04vZrNjNvRzijEklcAUzFvyZOD+sBVY/fL7wYUnfd738fLaddhkq8Liwmexr+MqjDnfxmNF4sf6TTz70zdwUn6+qVgHbTte2uIGsACr8rM1p6HHf6wRt0+e4h8COdyGD+SnQYg0bNgqz6waDOA45Dz49xB3k6HlZfy06YS/E+q7gLafbcYW+cLA95E/K3wQNFJqvgsOrJBnqhWjrq0bOQWPoqTkB/ivjz6kGr4ZYrq3T8Y0+QLe+zj4gX8tOZ/3CLZu/ddI2Yq6Pf46iBoNd+pBwDgDDz72oH8m47NWNJ30LzTt87biZy81wSvu/1r1nzFrjPocfwNNTuU8/QCNu5r9Q5xBr/+AydMmi0v0OHzwd7ggOnGiDW7d2Xe1WYS98xt4SP6deQ97mn4T+E0SV4lW+J8uMxwLPsddvmDmh/lDnBZhqfrQc/4UjovtpnvwQPH38ajl6/js3V/hYN+jeMKOSusN6jkOWrMD1PtT83Ov1N1+RHrTWi01xDVLT1XK4MyVkJlAqiARPw7l2IiRJmZH6p8H1yRP6wvaM6DkGUZzpLLG44HZllFmSyGOWZmRZlr1O1aSes/bpYqwmZ8WKS9PzJhUzWJSzpvgrK9odR5lFiWUWZnieK1ZUFrxRotvjlRhPyv552VGC6dOV2OWluZsN5P07bxv+2dkBWe8/kVqb1ysmj0XZVZmXHUQyUBjZqwWTQpsS/12GwU5bJZjlLDR2lD3UcmaZ1KdV6rZh+qZx5rnqSpssH1GmE347TwpT27vyv8d0X5niqTa1vNy2+ptb5SKgrMgIWnOypSLrtG2xPZ4yxfJKOisntWutJH++QnOpB6wRXhbjP77aJGqWy9FqfDU3qXVbtP/itnNf8OO74kV4I+BC4in9d8YqsKJm/efQ3P7EbxpFYtPKi/x1IZf4ICrBb+sCNwsDyPGW9aFh5VvKHaiuXKe/6Z6JYp+7/Efa8x8BBuad6NafuaXuM1F3LC8E88tEPc3DfY1GZbKvWhv/efAwrkinsCTKdr3otIi/pIfyEuJr7Evn+LwsJurlXCDSFe5j61avtYnz3qrbnwdrz23MOTelXHIeXidahacuNNHazJH/HUwEAmGTVMB5Wkub1pRFvxhEMNnrWhvXgfL+MB/icbpKHnFjpbg78cclFl/jX9v3RRyw7vWU2Qa0fpaHRb0u1gtztPV2Ouyq9qqmAluhd3VhA3KBIOch/GSvGCu8DfhbvRCfYNFzFqJt3wxIxpMgHgtwuPW+n1scv0LXl/7XXky0p5Df8BgHqQXnlJqbDGIvqaSVbHYnuqrsjm138VCf7NzUXU6D1ZXc4wnBKR2UYcr92l5HgwXDuOhQJIKsN0macUwWxSIIqDVbhN7xcznhdtRH1g1WKzsG1hNWb6vR8n5MK7iLVY3vkV0ykTcTlTlTlA9fFako34IrAGG0IfhKqsjB1dVVq/gHmP18KEci5C85ddgl7sDx+RV4iOsBq3w8Z0CFKAABShAgdQVUI/Oao11qvcP7XPk+1JMFXbpvHzzyiBWUleNx4v8+/8FVvFWxtGD2/tWbNYe0xbHq+6lCR6v3CegGhtXxxn8rFo9fAjHaubNtEgqe8K/EnXk+w6GVkPK0SN7Hiip8J0CFBhOAbbb4dRkXBRIjIBWu03YFTNfhwN1VWJVcfVKyv4Vl722jXjV+Tkw3Kt4ixWSg1NuxVBmd+DhzVdx6tA/w+btW/VY6j0Le4VYXPME3jnzuWoqdaRO91BWD492rJI3cW/PC2j1XIMkXYPn9fvxyV6xEjVfFKAABShAAQqkq0CCOmY38dmJY/5VyvutpDwfG494IEkubC6YisSt4j0OMyv2QZLOYm/+52hx7Iet9ocolR/BAXx16Yp/TZtotT6U1cOjHatevXnZY8gziUVG1SvRR8sU91GAAhSgAAUokMoCqpXmRrIYV+E50x4zgcSt4u1Dz8k9WF2wXH5GYmjG4lrdeCirh0c7Nrh6swX3z5iqWp26byX60PzyOwUoQAEKUIAC6SGQoCtm42DO8j9rCxcvozu4knJ/xISt4h0cMvUvn2A/4IKntzv40OT+uUrwt+DqzR58eFY9pNq3En2Cc8TkKEABClCAAhRIkECCOmZjcOeceYFVyvtWUkbPCdjK58JgMKPYdhIYwirsA/Lq8aD9uFga/evIeqAIix614M7PPoD9YOyregNKZzCB1as373kDTu91AOqV6AcTKY+hAAUoQAEKUCAVBBLUMQOMM0uw0bpAPD8GmwrvQobBAMOEuVix+wSQtxI1D2fBaJyJJRurkCcemrF7Of5mQgYMhlthLnwBTrFwpvXHWDXQRTODV6BUy2WMy8YDD/tv9LeVzpDzkmEuxzv4a3kx0rjuMRux2h2HnOLHUSEWP3S+gELzrX6DpR/ir54QeeaLAhSgAAUoQIF0FUhYxwyYDMv61+Cyq1dcFqsp2+HaW4sC+Sb3EVjF25iFh196pm+V57szgOt3Y9GGRjSpVx9vOoD9r/8vzBedwj1vw9UVYbw1AWeCMXMRXnH+OrhCtKmsAS3ObfjR305NQOpMggIUoAAFKECB0RJI/5X/R0t20On2wF2/ELlVTsC0GvbfNaAkcyzQcwz1CxehynkbyuxHsKtkKI/yiZ45rZWIox/BvRSgwGgLsN2Odg0wfQoMXECr3bJjNnDHET7Chx73K1iYux5OrZTUnTWt/cOwTetEGYZoGQUFKDCCAmy3I4jLqCkwQgJa7TaBQ5kjVKq0i1b7YbfBh1M7N/qvoKVduVkgClCAAhSgAAV4xYznQJiAVg8+LBA3UIACSSXAdptU1cHMUCAuAa12yytmcdExEAUoQAEKUIACFBh5geAVM9Fr44sCFKAABShAAQpQIHECkiT1Syz4SCaxQ+uSWr/Q/KILAZ4HuqhmFjLNBNhu06xCWRxdCGhdFONQpi6qnoWkAAUoQAEKUCAVBNgxS4VaYh4pQAEKUIACFNCFADtmuqhmFpICFKAABShAgVQQYMcsFWqJeaQABShAAQpQQBcC7JjpoppZSApQgAIUoAAFUkGAHbNUqCXmkQIUoAAFKEABXQiwY6aLamYhKUABClCAAhRIBQF2zFKhlphHClCAAhSgAAV0IcCOmS6qmYWkAAUoQAEKUCAVBNgxS4VaYh4pQAEKUIACFNCFADtmuqhmFpICFKAABShAgVQQYMcsFWqJeaQABShAAQpQQBcC7JjpoppZSApQgAIUoAAFUkGAHbNUqCXmkQIUoAAFKEABXQiwY6aLamYhKUABClCAAhRIBYE06Jj50NVWB7PBjPz6Y+gJU1f2L4Gt42rY3sFt8KGnwwmHrQb5BgMM8j8z8mtew1tuL3yDi5RHUYACFKAABSigc4E06JgpNeiFs+pF7HBfVjaM0Pt1eNtewsJZa/FWZwF2dvdCkiRIvW7UP3AFjoUWFNYdhpe9sxHyZ7QUoAAFKECB9BVIo46ZBXl5J1FV+Uu4e0aqV+RDj3s7nijcjyz7r/DLymLMHB8gNJpgKVmP7c1VwKb1ePbAOV45S992w5JRgAIUoAAFRkQgjTpmWXii7nlUtFtRucOlMaSp9rsOr9uB+vK5gWFIAwz5NbC1dcQ4rhPH9v0jnEVPoWbRdITjGTHesgzPVd8K25qdcHaNVAdRXRZ+pgAFKEABClAgXQTC+xYpXLKM6Y/ixW0laI86pBm46rXwLWSsbkGvGIaUrsHz3G3YU7g++lBo1x9waI8bpvtnYFpEuSnILS6CyduCQ67OFNZk1ilAAQpQgAIUSLRAxO5FojMyPOmNReaiKmyrOBdlSNN/1at9WTlWzDMFrnqNhSnvMSwrOonDH12MOATpu3gWH3pNmDvLjPExM+zBh2c/jxhXzMMZgAIUoAAFKEAB3QmMSbsSG6dj0Ys/QcW31qByx3fQXJkbUsSpKNjsggdd6Gh7C29f7gXwZxzd+jy2OIGix0KC8ysFKEABClCAAhRIkECaXTHzqxkzH4kypOlDz8ldKDdPwqzCn+PoZXEf2H9E8T840FgEHG/3RLzPzDhtBu43eaOG6as3M+6fMVXjPrS+EPxEAQpQgAIUoAAF1ALpd8VMLp0ypPkISittuG+tuCoWePk6sG9dLQ4/bMf510qQqXRNu9pQc9wL3K8E1HifeC+Kl1mw5cOzuOgDJirH9gvaCdehFnhNRSjOndJvD79QgAIUoAAFKECBaAKaXYtoB6TMPmVIs70BL2x9ry/bPR60HwfmfucbMKlK7+u+jM+Doa7De2w7ys2BxWPz6+Do6AIwBfOWPIm8lpexWXM5DDGxYA9e2nINFdtWIk+75xZMhR8oQAEKUIACFKCAWkDVNVFvTo/PypDm/3P+Fl6lSPJVLzNa9rwBp/e6vNXnfR+v1D0PmxLIdwb/57m3Mbf5C0jSF3At+APWNLrQBbEcxmrsbf0BzpQ+gv9WfwgdypppPi/cjgasXmgFahuwQXM5DSUTfKcABShAAQpQgALhAmndMQOUIc05qpJPRd7//Dma5v0WheZb5XXM7nr6A9xd/nPYqy3+cMbZqDj0L6i0TAYwEfd8817cFoxhLEwFz6PV04SSKW1YOSHDvxZahgWVRyehpNmN1o3z+12NCx7KDyqBq+iwLYHBkIuatr5rlaoA8kdfhw3FBgPMNW0Q1yw1X76TsBWbYTDXoS3i2nFMT9jRUyAM3/kyrHFpntzJtjG+djScLjxnh/ecpefweo5ECzVI4nlCgZd45qPqq7JZ1+8+72E8u/wgcm1bUJI5VhcWPA90Uc0sZJoJsN2mWYWyOLoQ0Gq3aXrz//DUp79TZkfOK/rplA2PHGOhAAUoQAEKUGAwAuyYaap1ocPxM6x9KxMvNb2KeSZ9XCnTpOBGClCAAhSgAAUSJsChTC1qsXTG7EJsUSYDiDBldnh2lcCkFT7NtmldWk2zIrI4FEg7AbbbtKtSFkgHAlrtlh0zHVT8QIuodaIMNA6GpwAFEivAdptYb6ZGgeEQ0Gq3aT4rczjYGAcFKEABClCAAhRIjAA7ZolxZioUoAAFKEABClAgpgA7ZjGJGIACFKAABShAAQokRoAds8Q4MxUKUIACFKAABSgQU4Ads5hEDEABClCAAhSgAAUSI8COWWKcmQoFKEABClCAAhSIKcCOWUwiBqAABShAAQpQgAKJEWDHLDHOTIUCFKAABShAAQrEFGDHLCYRA1CAAhSgAAUoQIHECLBjlhhnpkIBClCAAhSgAAViCgQfySQeC8AXBShAAQpQgAIUoEDiBCRJ6pfYGOWb2KH1zCZlP9/1I8DzQD91zZKmjwDbbfrUJUuiHwGti2IcytRP/bOkFKAABShAAQokuQA7ZkleQcweBShAAQpQgAL6EWDHTD91zZJSgAIUoAAFKJDkAuyYJXkFMXsUoAAFKEABCuhHgB0z/dQ1S0oBClCAAhSgQJILsGOW5BXE7FGAAhSgAAUooB8Bdsz0U9csKQUoQAEKUIACSS7AjlmSVxCzRwEKUIACFKCAfgTYMdNPXbOkFKAABShAAQokuQA7ZkleQcweBShAAQpQgAL6EWDHTD91zZJSgAIUoAAFKJDkAuyYJXkFMXsUoAAFKEABCuhHgB0z/dQ1S0oBClCAAhSgQJILsGOW5BXE7FGAAhSgAAUooB+BNOiYfY62mlwYDAaNf3NRXu+A23s9zhrtQkebA7aaYlVcxaix/WoAccSZFINRgAIUoAAFKECBEIE06JgFSmSqReuVXkiS1Pev+5/w0PHnkfvEdrh7fCFFD/nqu4C2usWYtfQtdH53K7oD8fR6NuKBzjex0LwQdW0XECOWkEj5lQIUoAAFKEABCsQvkD4dM60yj5+D5c88hSKnFXX7OqJ0qi7D3bAShU33wP6711A5fybGB+IzmiwoqXwFzdZbsGnpJhy4EO/VN60McRsFKEABCpdVlhUAAATRSURBVFCAAhSILJDeHbNgub043u5BT/B7yIeu32Nfw+9RtGENFmWODdkpvk6G5YfrUY3tWPPqe+jSCMFNFKAABShAAQpQYKgCOumYWbCs+F5M1NTyocv1NvZ4zbh/xlREBJl4L4qXWeDd8zZcXRzQ1KTkRgpQgAIUoAAFhiQQsR8ypFiT5GCf93288tOX0ZL3JJbMmxIhV9dx8ewpeJGFWXcpA5gRgorN3lM4e5HDmVGEuIsCFKAABShAgUEKpE/HzLsJhZMyVLMpDcgwv4iLD22Ca+9qWManT1EHWdc8jAIUoAAFKECBJBcYk+T5iz97YlbmyQ0omDjQDthYTJuRAxNa0H6+B5g5LnqaphzMmKZ1H1r0w7iXAhSgAAUoQAEKxBIYaC8mVnwpuN+IibnfxTKTBx+e/TzyzM2uP+DQHjdMy76L3AF3/lKQhVmmAAUoQAEKUCDhArrsmPkuOLDCnI96d2Ce5sRvYsn6b6Ll2W0RlsO4DPcvGrAFq7HtRw/2TSKQ1z77Lyh3fCpXnM97GHX55sBwajFqHCcjzwRNeFUzQQpQgAIUoAAFkl1Afx2znmNoWLoGNq+6aibDsn4nWpf/CaXf+u+oP9wR7FD5vG446tdhYdUN1L5eG1xOw+c9hl21FSjcdDwQ0U189oEdTVnbcL63F92uv8exnb+FhxM41dD8TAEKUIACFKBAFAF9dcx85+BYV4/Op1/FpuwQFWMmCjY2w9O8GFPeXosJgUc8ZZjrcHTKYjR7mrGxIFO1nEYGvr5kK45aZwciugrPmfOYv+BbyDQaMf6e+zDv+DGc+OxmSEL86he4ig7bEhgMuahp+zwiiq/DhmKDAeaatsjrx/lOwlZshsFch7aIS5kwPYFMT4EwfOfLsMYVsRUk04742tFwuvCcHd5zlp7D6zkSrdMgiWcYBV7ieZOqr8rmNHm/DHf9arw6pRbby65hx+xK4I1mVFriWCIjokAP3PWP49Wsf8Cukq+pPt8N3HSjfvZryPrNNpSYUmuORXqfBxErkzsokNICbLcpXX3MvE4FtNptavUYhlJx3ja8WrUXu7EXu1cEIsqtRJYn9TpOQ2HgsRSgAAUoQAEKJK+AfoYyTSXYpTzg/IYL1uw8WF31w3g1axzMWXfh8NE/oQs+9Hz0Lg5mz8OcO/XT903e05w5owAFKEABCqSGgH46ZiNeH2Nw5wNFeHhPISYZMjAh14aslYXIofCIyzMBClCAAhSgQLoI6Oges3SpspEvh9aY98inyhQoQIGhCLDdDkWPx1JgdAS02i2v54xOXTBVClCAAhSgAAUoECbAjlkYCTdQgAIUoAAFKECB0RFgx2x03JkqBShAAQpQgAIUCBNgxyyMhBsoQAEKUIACFKDA6AiwYzY67kyVAhSgAAUoQAEKhAmwYxZGwg0UoAAFKEABClBgdATYMRsdd6ZKAQpQgAIUoAAFwgTYMQsj4QYKUIACFKAABSgwOgLsmI2OO1OlAAUoQAEKUIACYQLsmIWRcAMFKEABClCAAhQYHYHgI5nEYwH4ogAFKEABClCAAhRInIAkSf0SG6N8C92hbOc7BShAAQpQgAIUoEBiBDiUmRhnpkIBClCAAhSgAAViCrBjFpOIAShAAQpQgAIUoEBiBP4/3BowSlI4tfcAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the electrical conductivity of molten Na<sub>2</sub>O and P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the model of electron configuration deduced from the hydrogen line emission spectrum (Bohr’s model).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Soluble acids and bases ionize in water.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Sodium hypochlorite ionizes in water.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">OCl<sup>–</sup>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌<!-- ⇌ --></mo>
</math></span> OH<sup>–</sup>(aq) + HOCl(aq)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A solution containing 0.510 g of an unknown monoprotic acid, HA, was titrated with 0.100 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> NaOH(aq). 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> was required to reach the equivalence point.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the amphiprotic species.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify one conjugate acid-base pair in the reaction.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAhMAAABfCAYAAABSpkUaAAAM00lEQVR4Ae3dYWwb5R3H8Z/TCm2MlooNMbvakChsMAXepOq07QVJQcmLblAl29DE6qBUG5NoNQltiVLtzaQKRB0Fja1TASVqk1FRhjM0hrSEJctYBgI5aKJltCFFGQtxUae2SbqutLWf6c6Oe75cfOcMVJ/ztRT17rn/XZ7n8/jO/9xzTx0xxhjxQgABBBBAAAEElilQs8z92A0BBBBAAAEEELAFSCZ4IyCAAAIIIIDA/yWw2rl3JBJxrrKMAAIIIIAAAggUBJZ6MqIombCCrIRiqeDC0VhAAIEVIcD1YEV0M41EwFfA71rAMIcvIQEIIIAAAgggUEqAZKKUDtsQQAABBBBAwFeAZMKXiAAEEEAAAQQQKCVAMlFKh20IIIAAAggg4CtAMuFLRAACCCCAAAIIlBIgmSilwzYEEEAAAQQQ8BUgmfAlIgABBBBAAAEESgmQTJTSYRsCCCCAAAII+AqQTPgSEYAAAggggAACpQRIJkrpsA0BBBBAAAEEfAVIJnyJCEAAAQQQQACBUgIkE6V02IYAAggggAACvgIkE75EBCCAAAIIIIBAKQGSiVI6bEMAAQQQQAABXwGSCV+iEAdkj6q3KWZ/rbz19bGxjhHNLas5l5Qe+FHuOK0DSpc6xqVxdd0cUSTSoK7xs6Ui2YYAAp+YwFmNdzUUzn3r/C/6aejQgfG0sp/Y7+fAK02AZKKKezw7+aoODV3+6E/v2afnJ85XcYtpGgIIBBIY3aMHNv5A3eNnAoUThICfAMmEn1Bot5/X5NgfNSQp+vCv9FRbraQxHRqbWsZfI6sVbd4nY4zMgWZFQ2tCxRFYaQIbFE++nzt3rfPX+slMKWlfD15S93NvLvNu5UpzpL1+AiQTfkJh3Z6d0tihMUl12rblO7rv/m8pqrSGDr2qyUX3Ni8oPT6grtbbC7dCY62P6+WJhUGRpYY55jTx8uNqjeVuoeb2ORVWMeqNwMoQqFmvr235ht3W9Ikz+k+h1cXnsz002tqlAedwyNkJjfR2qKEwbBJTQ0evRgrXivzB3HENHeodmRADnwXs6lswrpdkJa+8wi6QOdZjGiWjaKcZns0YMzts2qMy0haTSJ12NC9j5lPdpt6Kdf9EHzLJ6Y+MMRfNTPLB3PZ40szYe39kppMPmah7n8J6vUmk5h2/h8UwCnA9CGOvWXWeN6lEvZE2mHjy/eJGzB82PfFaI9WatuSUydhbS5zPhevAaZNKbFl8nbDO+fpuk5rPHclkpkyyzTq++5pSa+I9hw1XheLuCMua37WAOxPVlx9KcgxxbLtbG9fWSGvvUNO2OkmuW5vZCT23K6FRRVXfOaSZjHUbdFrDnY1Seq92PDHmfRt0bkxP7NirdNF+M3q9O84wSFW+p2hUOAWOq6/li4U7jvZDmGtu1/Y+Kd69T7u33ij7QyD7ngaftB6u3qJE6rQ9HJKZTqrNGtNMv633TlyQLh3Xn/e9ZN/tbB8+mRsymX9difqoNJrQrucmlFVWc6NPakfvEUXj+/XOfEbGZDT/zn7Fo0fU97ODemNu0a3RcNJS6yIBkokijipZOfuWft+fH+JoukNr7WZdp41NjfYHfbr/T0otnNAf/kN/sR/SvEc7dzYoar0jatZr8yOD9sVi5rHN+f2LbbInpvR3+9lO535Rbdreqm08VFGMxRoCFSdwRH2Jp/RsKj+jo+ZWtQ3OyGSeVsP0iAYGnlbn93eo1z7H53Vy9rxU8znddKf17NW49tzVoNaugxoYmtYtXePKmBkNtt2qGp3Tu2++Zs/4Svc9oNvWrFIkskprbntAfdax0kMaTDEUWnFvh4+hQiQTHwNiZR0iq7k3XlD3qHXmWif99fm/Slbp2rsezU3rdJzQl2be09+W0YDs/Ckdt/aLXqd1n3G8ja6+VtdfvYwDsgsCCHwCAh4PYJpZHUt2qj7dp4e3/lKj9h8Wczrau12xVTFt3NqilpYfao99DbGqtEbXX/spqeZGbd3do/3tjZKOqO+n96ulpUVbN8a0qmGXBuznJk7rn4f/VaIdZ3TizH9LbGdTWAUcnwJhbQL1LhY4pdTgUOn/C0Lj6n/mFX2QlVbHblLuUaxTOjN/qfhQJdZq1lynDdb29KSmrFugC69zszp5bmGFfxFAoPIE1upL97Roi3UCp1/Tm++eU3bief14e6/SalR7z2/1QmpGmYspJeyT/HILaqKb1PqYdddyVseGX1Ay+YwS8Vpp9FG17HxeE9lPa93n19k7bEikdHFhBknh30kdaP7C5QOyVDUCJBNV05X5hsy9pcH+8eJxzcKJnNHscGduqKP3WQ1Onpdu+IrubLTGJcbUv/+vStvDmfm/Uqwntpt6NeExxFlz89d1n3u/bFpv9BxQv31rtNpgaQ8C1SJwQelX/qCX7FuLX9ZNsat0dnpSh63mRW/RV5vu0b11n9WHhZhcu7MfDGi7PXOrSbtG5nXz5nvV3Pxtfe/eOx3PSV0eTj3e/Wv1HbVmhF1QeuTnuRkgsV0aWRhirRZO2pETcD9J6vfEpjue9UoSyJjZ4c78DIsHTXLm4uLKFWZ1RE1jzzsmY0rM5lCj6RyeNhlmcyx2XCElXA/C2tELszncMyqc61FTn3jdnl2RmU6aNnu2l3N7namv32CkOtM+fNIYU2I2h3NmSGG2iPNY1jKzOcL6brLq7Xct4M5EVWWVjiGOxk2qvWH14tYVZnUs/J8TNbqm7iEdTCVztyvze0TjCSVT+7V78/rc096LjnSV1jc/otGhbsXzD1xG490aento0a3RRbtSgAACV1YgGlci+aIOPrxJ19jPXH9Tu1/sU7s1M8N61bdrf+p3+s3Ou+1nr/oH39Kc1qnuJwd1bLjnclw+tmc4qV8052eGXFOrtr1JDfe0qz53NMn6fUNJ7W2rtX/fQjH/Vo9AJJ9xFFpkTR3KJSGFIhYQQGCFCnA9WKEdT7MRcAn4XQu4M+ECYxUBBBBAAAEEyhMgmSjPi2gEEEAAAQQQcAmQTLhAWEUAAQQQQACB8gRIJsrzIhoBBBBAAAEEXAIkEy4QVhFAAAEEEECgPAGSifK8iEYAAQQQQAABlwDJhAuEVQQQQAABBBAoT4BkojwvohFAAAEEEEDAJUAy4QJhFQEEEEAAAQTKEyCZKM+LaAQQQAABBBBwCZBMuEBYRQABBBBAAIHyBEgmyvMiGgEEEEAAAQRcAiQTLhBWEUAAAQQQQKA8AZKJ8ryIRgABBBBAAAGXQNFXkFtfMcoLAQQQQAABBBDwEjDGeBVrtbPUCvL7znJnPMsIIFDdAlwPqrt/aR0CQQX8rgUMcwSVJA4BBBBAAAEEPAVIJjxZKEQAAQQQQACBoAIkE0GliEMAAQQQQAABTwGSCU8WChFAAAEEEEAgqADJRFAp4hBAAAEEEEDAU4BkwpOFQgQQQAABBBAIKkAyEVSKOAQQQAABBBDwFCCZ8GShEAEEEEAAAQSCCpBMBJUiDgEEEEAAAQQ8BUgmPFkoRAABBBBAAIGgAiQTQaWIQwABBBBAAAFPAZIJTxYKEUAAAQQQQCCoAMlEUCniEEAAAQQQQMBTgGTCk4VCBBBAAAEEEAgqQDIRVIo4BBBAAAEEEPAUIJnwZKEQAQQQQAABBIIKkEwElSIOAQQQQAABBDwFSCY8WShEAAEEEEAAgaACJBNBpYhDAAEEEEAAAU8BkglPFgoRQAABBBBAIKgAyURQKeIQQAABBBBAwFOAZMKThUIEEEAAAQQQCCpAMhFUijgEEEAAAQQQ8BQgmfBkoRABBBBAAAEEggqQTASVIg4BBBBAAAEEPAWuUDJxXhO931UkslEdI//2rJhVmJ3oVVMkoljHiOaWisoeVW9TTJHYLo3MZZeI4vcF9hRWga1C/N5b4kS5QsW851bCe47rufWhVomfVx/PaR8xxhjnoSKRiFxFzs0sI4DAChLgerCCOpumIlBCwO9acIXuTJSoMZsQQAABBBBAIFQCJBOh6i4qiwACCCCAQOUJkExUXp9QIwQQQAABBEIlQDIRqu6isggggAACCFSeAMlE5fUJNUIAAQQQQCBUAiQToeouKosAAggggEDlCZBMVF6fUCMEEEAAAQRCJUAyEaruorIIIIAAAghUngDJROX1CTVCAAEEEEAgVAIkE6HqLiqLAAIIIIBA5QmQTFRen1AjBBBAAAEEQiVAMhGq7qKyCCCAAAIIVJ4AyUTl9Qk1QgABBBBAIFQCJBOh6i4qiwACCCCAQOUJFH0FufUVo7wQQAABBBBAAAEvAWOMV7FWO0uXCnLGsIwAAggggAACCDgFGOZwarCMAAIIIIAAAmULkEyUTcYOCCCAAAIIIOAUIJlwarCMAAIIIIAAAmULkEyUTcYOCCCAAAIIIOAU+B+y9/18eXVxdQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the amount, in mol, of NaOH(aq) used.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the molar mass of the acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate [H<sup>+</sup>] in the NaOH solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Two hydrides of nitrogen are ammonia and hydrazine, N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>. One derivative of ammonia is methanamine whose molecular structure is shown below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-22_om_18.03.06.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/04"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Hydrazine is used to remove oxygen from water used to generate steam or hot water.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(aq) + O<sub>2</sub>(aq) → N<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l)</p>
<p>The concentration of dissolved oxygen in a sample of water is 8.0 × 10<sup>−3</sup> g<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>dm<sup>−3</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Estimate the H−N−H bond angle in methanamine using VSEPR theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ammonia reacts reversibly with water.</p>
<p>NH<sub>3</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>(aq) + OH<sup>−</sup>(aq)</p>
<p>Explain the effect of adding H<sup>+</sup>(aq) ions on the position of the equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Hydrazine reacts with water in a similar way to ammonia. Deduce an equation for the reaction of hydrazine with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, using an ionic equation, what is observed when magnesium powder is added to a solution of ammonium chloride.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Hydrazine has been used as a rocket fuel. The propulsion reaction occurs in several stages but the overall reaction is:</p>
<p>N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(l) → N<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<p>Suggest why this fuel is suitable for use at high altitudes.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the enthalpy change of reaction, Δ<em>H</em>, in kJ, when 1.00 mol of gaseous hydrazine decomposes to its elements. Use bond enthalpy values in section 11 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(g) → N<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The standard enthalpy of formation of N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(l) is +50.6 kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>−1</sup>. Calculate the enthalpy of vaporization, Δ<em>H</em><sub>vap</sub>, of hydrazine in kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
<p>N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(l) → N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(g)</p>
<p>(If you did not get an answer to (f), use −85 kJ but this is not the correct answer.)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate, showing your working, the mass of hydrazine needed to remove all the dissolved oxygen from 1000 dm<sup>3</sup> of the sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the volume, in dm<sup>3</sup>, of nitrogen formed under SATP conditions. (The volume of 1 mol of gas = 24.8 dm<sup>3</sup> at SATP.)</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Many reactions are in a state of equilibrium.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The equations for two acid-base reactions are given below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌<!-- ⇌ --></mo>
</math></span> H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (aq) + OH<sup>–</sup> (aq)<br>HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌<!-- ⇌ --></mo>
</math></span> CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup> (aq) + H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> (aq)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The following reaction was allowed to reach equilibrium at 761 K.</p>
<p>H<sub>2</sub> (g) + I<sub>2</sub> (g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> 2HI (g) Δ<em>H</em><sup>θ</sup> < 0</p>
<p>Outline the effect, if any, of each of the following changes on the position of equilibrium, giving a reason in each case.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify two different amphiprotic species in the above reactions.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State what is meant by the term conjugate base.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the conjugate base of the hydroxide ion, OH<sup>–</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A student working in the laboratory classified HNO<sub>3</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> and HClO<sub>4</sub> as acids based on their pH. He hypothesized that “all acids contain oxygen and hydrogen”.</p>
<p>Evaluate his hypothesis.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Sulfur trioxide is produced from sulfur dioxide.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2SO<sub>2 </sub>(g) + O<sub>2 </sub>(g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> 2SO<sub>3 </sub>(g) Δ<em>H</em> = −196 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The reaction between sulfur dioxide and oxygen can be carried out at different temperatures.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Nitric acid, HNO<sub>3</sub>, is another strong Brønsted–Lowry acid. Its conjugate base is the nitrate ion, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, giving a reason, the effect of a catalyst on a reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>On the axes, sketch Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curves for the reacting species at two temperatures T<sub>1</sub> <strong>and</strong> T<sub>2</sub>, where T<sub>2</sub> > T<sub>1</sub>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the effect of increasing temperature on the yield of SO<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the product formed from the reaction of SO<sub>3</sub> with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the meaning of a strong Brønsted–Lowry acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis structure of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the electron domain geometry of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The concentration of a solution of a weak acid, such as ethanedioic acid, can be determined<br>by titration with a standard solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Distinguish between a weak acid and a strong acid.</p>
<p>Weak acid:</p>
<p>Strong acid:</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why it is more convenient to express acidity using the pH scale instead of using the concentration of hydrogen ions.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>5.00 g of an impure sample of hydrated ethanedioic acid, (COOH)<sub>2</sub>•2H<sub>2</sub>O, was dissolved in water to make 1.00 dm<sup>3</sup> of solution. 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> samples of this solution were titrated against a 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution of sodium hydroxide using a suitable indicator.</p>
<p>(COOH)<sub>2</sub> (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) → (COONa)<sub>2</sub> (aq) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
<p>The mean value of the titre was 14.0 cm<sup>3</sup>.</p>
<p>(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of NaOH in 14.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution.</p>
<p>(ii) Calculate the amount, in mol, of ethanedioic acid in each 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> sample.</p>
<p>(iii) Determine the percentage purity of the hydrated ethanedioic acid sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The Lewis (electron dot) structure of the ethanedioate ion is shown below.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>Outline why all the C–O bond lengths in the ethanedioate ion are the same length and suggest a value for them. Use section 10 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Chlorine undergoes many reactions.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>67</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></math> of manganese(IV) oxide was added to </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>200</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>cm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></math> <span class="fontstyle0">of </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mi>HCl</mi></math>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn><mi>HCl</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><msub><mi>Cl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>MnCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Chlorine gas reacts with water to produce hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>Cl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>⇌</mo><mi>HClO</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>HCl</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math> </span><span class="fontstyle0">is a common chlorofluorocarbon, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>CFC</mi></math>.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the full electron configuration of the chlorine atom.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State, giving a reason, whether the chlorine atom or the chloride ion has a larger radius</span>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Outline why the chlorine atom has a smaller atomic radius than the sulfur atom</span>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The mass spectrum of chlorine is shown.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><img style="display: block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0"><em> NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center Collection © 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of </em><em>the United States of America. All rights reserved.</em><br> </span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"> Outline the reason for the two peaks at <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>z</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>35</mn></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>37</mn></math>.<br> </span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Explain the presence and relative abundance of the peak at </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>z</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>74</mn></math><span class="fontstyle0">.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the amount, in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>mol</mi></math>, of manganese(IV) oxide added.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Determine the limiting reactant, showing your calculations.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Determine the excess amount, in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>mol</mi></math>, of the other reactant.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the volume of chlorine, in </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msup><mi>dm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></math><span class="fontstyle0">, produced if the reaction is conducted at standard temperature and pressure (STP). Use section 2 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the oxidation state of manganese in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span><span class="fontstyle0"> </span><span class="fontstyle0">and </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math><span class="fontstyle0">.</span></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAv0AAADFCAYAAADHcE39AAAWfUlEQVR4Ae3di5eXdZ0H8P4URmcGBhoXJMC01YU9KmZ4YcsLtoIXKDddEfOktidRytxNT7YYmIZp2NHazOSYFyTMS162NuxmJt6ooI0wBEQuc3nvGS76G2dkFvV5nuH3vDhnznl+v3l+z+f5vj6fOec9zzy/Hx+IfwQIECBAgAABAgQINLXAB5p6dRZHgAABAgQIECBAgECEfkNAgAABAgQIECBAoMkFhP4mb7DlESBAgAABAgQIEBD6zQABAgQIECBAgACBJhcYEPr/5+c/z39cc40vBmbADJgBM2AGzIAZMANm4ACYgQ0bNgz5K8uA0P+1r16fSy7+bBYvWuSLgRkwA2bADJgBM2AGzIAZGMYzMOvMM/PkE0/sf+hfcOWVuWXJkiFfaAcCBAgQIECAAAECBKoVOGfWWVn54x8PeRIDrvQL/UOa2YEAAQIECBAgQIDAsBAQ+odFG5wEAQIECBAgQIAAgeIEhP7ibB2ZAAECBAgQIECAwLAQEPqHRRucBAECBAgQIECAAIHiBIT+4mwdmQABAgQIECBAgMCwEBD6h0UbnAQBAgQIECBAgACB4gSE/uJsHZkAAQIECBAgQIDAsBAQ+odFG5wEAQIECBAgQIAAgeIEhP7ibB2ZAAECBAgQIECAwLAQEPqHRRucBAECBAgQIECAAIHiBIT+4mwdmQABAgQIECBAgMCwEBD6h0UbnAQBAgQIECBAgACB4gSE/uJsHZkAAQIECBAgQIDAsBAQ+odFG5wEAQIECBAgQIAAgeIEhP7ibB2ZAAECBAgQIECAwLAQEPqHRRucBAECBAgQIECAAIHiBIT+4mwdmQABAgQIECBAgMCwEBD6h0UbnAQBAgQIECBAgACB4gTqEfq7V2fRx9rSOuKgTJz3UF4fxLPnj7dmRntLWltPzs0vdw+yx76f2rn+v3PHlXMy/YixGdM2MuMPn5qZn7sxK1ZvSe++X+q7BAgQIECAAAECBAoVqFXo7zhySiZ/aF5WDEj9PfnDktMzdcpRGfkuQv+WXy7KjL8blaP/9Vt57IVXs23n9mxeuyrLvnx6JrV/JBct+1O6Cm2jgxMgQIAAAQIECBB4Z4Fahf7OTy3IF46ckIsf3NJfpGdNlpxybOYvODej9zf0b3okl048KP9w+WN5bcAl/R156ZbT0tl+Ur75gtjfH90jAgQIECBAgACBsgTqFfrP/2FWfv7wTJy7PI2xv/ulm3LK5Cvz6F3nNYT+rvxs/oSMOX9pHl54fk6YNCYd7WNz9JlX54E1O/b0pyfrvv2JtLf/c/5r/YDEv3ufHT/LFz/ckomX/TTb9tHV7t9el38c0ZZP39t4Zvt4gW8RIECAAAECBAgQ+H8K1Cz035eNKy/JYeMvyvI3s3V3Xlp8co66/NFsXDYw9Le2dOT4y+7J717dlu0bVmXxqZ3pmHZTXunpE34t95zdlrZpN+95PJj6jjz+uUPS+uGr88z+v1VgsAN6jgABAgQIECBAgMB+CdQs9N+f7Zvvz9yx4zNv7y0+3auz+IRJuWTF1rwxWOjvnJeH33jLdNuDF2RM28zc9Wpv0vN8bjimJaNm/6jfXw7e2rtvqyerFx6b1tZP574B7yXov6dHBAgQIECAAAECBIoQqF/o792Ye+YckgkXPpDNSbp/vzAnjr8g92/uHTT0j3rzqv5u/q6nrsiEtk/k9nU9Sc9z+c8pLek474E0/F7wtj715PmvHSP0v03FQwIECBAgQIAAgfIE6hf605u/3jkrnePm5sHNXXnu+o/m0Nl3Z2NvBg39HdNvzdpdt/LsbkrX01dkYtvHs3TXkxtz96y2tJ18a/7UsE//9u3ITy89JK2HfSmr3N7Tn8YjAgQIECBAgACBUgRqGPqTnrW35YyR43LRvU/n+qmdOfu763d9lv5gt/fsO/T3ZN3SUzJqn2/k/UW+dHhLJl76+D7fyFtKtxUhQIAAAQIECBCopUAtQ396XsmS6SMz7rhpmdIxI0v7btXJu7nSn2TLo/n8pIPykUt+suuvBf2naEdeXHJqPth+Ur6x5yM7ezc8lutOPyKHtI/JkWd8NU/2/YnBPwIECBAgQIAAAQIFCtQz9Kc7zy+cllEjWtIx/a1P3tn/K/27O/P6L7+eGYd05Ji5t+XJl1/L9q6d2fqX3+b+6z6Zw9o/krn37P3PubqzetFpOXPRb7Jx61/y+JUfy4xvrsk73hlUYOMdmgABAgQIECBAoD4CNQ39Sdevr83Ug9ty4g2rs/dW+3cb+vvGZef6p/Od+efmpA8fklEtI3PoYVMz67Ibs+KFLbtuHRo4Ur1Zf8fsnPPtdbtCv8/pHyjkGQIECBAgQIAAgfdHoB6h//2xel+Psv2FO3PhGQvy001u73lfYR2MAAECBAgQIEBggIDQP4Ck6Cd6s+kX38hnZs7PQ2u7ii7m+AQIECBAgAABAgQi9Jc8BDuevzXnz/l6nnGFv2R55QgQIECAAAEC9RUQ+kvt/dasuGhc2ka0pHXXV2uOvuaZuN5fahMUI0CAAAECBAjUTkDor13LLZgAAQIECBAgQKBuAkJ/3TpuvQQIECBAgAABArUTEPpr13ILJkCAAAECBAgQqJuA0F+3jlsvAQIECBAgQIBA7QSE/tq13IIJECBAgAABAgTqJiD0163j1kuAAAECBAgQIFA7AaG/di23YAIECBAgQIAAgboJCP1167j1EiBAgAABAgQI1E5A6K9dyy2YAAECBAgQIECgbgJCf906br0ECBAgQIAAAQK1ExD6a9dyCyZAgAABAgQIEKibgNBft45bLwECBAgQIECAQO0EhP7atdyCCRAgQIAAAQIE6iYg9Net49ZLgAABAgQIECBQOwGhv3Ytt2ACBAgQIECAAIG6CQj9deu49RIgQIAAAQIECNROQOivXcstmAABAgQIECBAoG4CQn/dOm69BAgQIECAAAECtRMQ+mvXcgsmQIAAAQIECBCom4DQX7eOWy8BAgQIECBAgEDtBIT+2rXcggkQIECAAAECBOomIPTXrePWS4AAAQIECBAgUDsBob92LbdgAgQIECBAgACBugkI/XXruPUSIECAAAECBAjUTqCGob87z143Oa2t52bZpnfqt334mI2BAn4u/FwMnIrdz5gNs2E2Bgr4uajnz8XASRguz9Qw9A8XeudBgAABAgQIECBAoBwBob8cZ1UIECBAgAABAgQIVCYg9FdGrzABAgQIECBAgACBcgSE/nKcVSFAgAABAgQIECBQmYDQXxm9wgQIECBAgAABAgTKERD6y3FWhQABAgQIECBAgEBlAkJ/ZfQKEyBAgAABAgQIEChHQOgvx1kVAgQIECBAgAABApUJCP2V0StMgAABAgQIECBAoBwBob8cZ1UIECBAgAABAgQIVCYg9FdGrzABAgQIECBAgACBcgSE/nKcVSFAgAABAgQIECBQmYDQXxm9wgQIECBAgAABAgTKERD6y3FWhQABAgQIECBAgEBlAkJ/ZfQKEyBAgAABAgQIEChHQOgvx1kVAgQIECBAgAABApUJCP2V0StMgAABAgQIECBAoBwBob8cZ1UIECBAgAABAgQIVCYg9FdGrzABAgQIECBAgACBcgSE/nKcVSFAgAABAgQIECBQmYDQXxm9wgQIECBAgAABAgTKERD6y3FWhQABAgQIECBAgEBlAkJ/ZfQKEyBAgAABAgQIEChHQOgvx1kVAgQIECBAgAABApUJCP2V0StMgAABAgQIECBAoBwBob8cZ1UIECBAgAABAgQIVCYg9FdGrzABAgQIECBAgACBcgSE/nKcVSFAgAABAgQIECBQmYDQXxm9wgQIECBAgAABAgTKERD6y3FWhQABAgQIECBAgEBlAkJ/ZfQKEyBAgAABAgQIEChHQOgvx1kVAgQIECBAgAABApUJCP2V0StMgAABAgQIECBAoBwBob8cZ1UIECBAgAABAgQIVCYg9FdGrzABAgQIECBAgACBcgSE/nKcVSFAgAABAgQIECBQmYDQXxm9wgQIECBAgAABAgTKERD6y3FWhQABAgQIECBAgEBlAkJ/ZfQKEyBAgAABAgQIEChHQOgvx1kVAgQIECBAgAABApUJCP2V0StMgAABAgQIECBAoBwBob8cZ1UIECBAgAABAgQIVCYg9FdGrzABAgQIECBAgACBcgSE/nKcVSFAgAABAgQIECBQmYDQXxm9wgQIECBAgAABAgTKERD6y3FWhQABAgQIECBAgEBlAkJ/ZfQKEyBAgAABAgQIEChHQOgvx1kVAgQIECBAgAABApUJ1CP0d6/Ooo+1pXXEQZk476G8Pgh3zx9vzYz2lrS2npybX+4eZI99P7V97RO5/ao5mf734/PB1rZ0fuiYzLr8ljzx5x1vvbDn5dx0fEtGz3skXW89a4sAAQIECBAgQIBAoQK1Cv0dR07J5A/Ny4oBqb8nf1hyeqZOOSoj9zv09+a1J6/OCR1jc8oXl+VXf349XT07s3nNk7ll9uFpHzszd7y4J/gL/YUOs4MTIECAAAECBAgMLlCr0N/5qQX5wpETcvGDW/pr9KzJklOOzfwF52b0fob+3r89kAvHtWXqNavyRv+jJtt/lWunHJQxM+7Iup4kQv/bhTwmQIAAAQIECBAoQaBeof/8H2bl5w/PxLnL0xj7u1+6KadMvjKP3nVeQ+jvys/mT8iY85fm4YXn54RJY9LRPjZHn3l1Hliz95adnqxZclLa2s/K3a/2DtKu3mx46vv5/orn8tp+hf7uPHvd5LS2zsl9jSc6SAVPESBAgAABAgQIEBhKoGah/75sXHlJDht/UZa/Gaa789Lik3PU5Y9m47KBob+1pSPHX3ZPfvfqtmzfsCqLT+1Mx7Sb8kpfiM/G3D2rLW0nfHPP4yG4XekfAsi3CRAgQIAAAQIEihCoWei/P9s335+5Y8dn3t5bfLpXZ/EJk3LJiq15Y7DQ3zkvDzfct7PtwQsypm1m7uq7st+zOouObcmoOT/q95eDd2yU0P+ONL5BgAABAgQIECBQnED9Qn/vxtwz55BMuPCBbE7S/fuFOXH8Bbl/c++goX/Um1f1dzeh66krMqHtE7m97yb9nhez+LiWjJp9r9Bf3Iw6MgECBAgQIECAwHsUqF/oT2/+euesdI6bmwc3d+W56z+aQ2ffnY29GTT0d0y/NWt33cqzW7rr6Ssyse3jWbrryS25b87ItL3tF4N+Pdm5PTv2vt6V/n40HhAgQIAAAQIECJQjUMPQn/SsvS1njByXi+59OtdP7czZ312fvrfhDnZ7z75Df2/+fPtpGdU+Mz/YMPgbef/3O6dnzKHnZdn6vtuBfE5/OWOtCgECBAgQIECAQKNALUN/el7JkukjM+64aZnSMSNLd32e5rsJ/UleW56Lxh6cqf/+TLY1yvZtb1uVr0xpyejTvrPnIzvXZMkJLRl94crs/vyf3mx47Np88ogxGT36iJz51Sd2/cXh7YfxmAABAgQIECBAgMB7Eahn6E93nl84LaNGtKRj+s1vfvLO/l/p76PvzYaVl2ZK+7icetUP8ou1m7Oja3v+9vyKfO2M8Wk79Jx87+W9///utjz22bFpnXhhlq3Zlp6+NxGf+snc+JuN2fqXx7Lg+NOyZM3ee4HeS1u9lgABAgQIECBAgMBbAjUN/UnXr6/N1IPbcuINq9O9x+Pdhf6+F/dk87N35yuf+adMGTsqbSMOTueEY3PWv92Wp9fvfEu7b88NT+WGOcdlUufsLNvU8K3e9fnu7LP2/NXB5/Q3yNgkQIAAAQIECBB4jwL1CP3vEan4l2/Pi3dekDOvejybBntrQPEnoAIBAgQIECBAgEATCwj9VTe3d1NW3Xhezp6/POv23gVU9TmpT4AAAQIECBAg0FQCQn+l7dyR57/1Lznv66uy2RX+SjuhOAECBAgQIECgmQWE/iq7u/WhXDz2oLSOaNn9dfCUfOUZl/urbInaBAgQIECAAIFmFBD6m7Gr1kSAAAECBAgQIECgQUDob8CwSYAAAQIECBAgQKAZBYT+ZuyqNREgQIAAAQIECBBoEBD6GzBsEiBAgAABAgQIEGhGAaG/GbtqTQQIECBAgAABAgQaBIT+BgybBAgQIECAAAECBJpRQOhvxq5aEwECBAgQIECAAIEGAaG/AcMmAQIECBAgQIAAgWYUEPqbsavWRIAAAQIECBAgQKBBQOhvwLBJgAABAgQIECBAoBkFhP5m7Ko1ESBAgAABAgQIEGgQEPobMGwSIECAAAECBAgQaEYBob8Zu2pNBAgQIECAAAECBBoEhP4GDJsECBAgQIAAAQIEmlFA6G/GrloTAQIECBAgQIAAgQYBob8BwyYBAgQIECBAgACBZhQQ+puxq9ZEgAABAgQIECBAoEFA6G/AsEmAAAECBAgQIECgGQWE/mbsqjURIECAAAECBAgQaBAQ+hswbBIgQIAAAQIECBBoRgGhvxm7ak0ECBAgQIAAAQIEGgSE/gYMmwQIECBAgAABAgSaUUDob8auWhMBAgQIECBAgACBBgGhvwHDJgECBAgQIECAAIFmFBD6m7Gr1kSAAAECBAgQIECgQaCGob87z143Oa2t52bZpgaJfpv24dNvIBoemA2z0TAO/TbNhtnoNxAND8yG2WgYh36bZqP5ZqNfg4fVgxqG/mHl72QIECBAgAABAgQIFC4g9BdOrAABAgQIECBAgACBagWE/mr9VSdAgAABAgQIECBQuIDQXzixAgQIECBAgAABAgSqFRD6q/VXnQABAgQIECBAgEDhAkJ/4cQKECBAgAABAgQIEKhWQOiv1l91AgQIECBAgAABAoULCP2FEytAgAABAgQIECBAoFoBob9af9UJECBAgAABAgQIFC4g9BdOrAABAgQIECBAgACBagWE/mr9VSdAgAABAgQIECBQuIDQXzixAgQIECBAgAABAgSqFRD6q/VXnQABAgQIECBAgEDhAkJ/4cQKECBAgAABAgQIEKhWQOiv1l91AgQIECBAgAABAoULCP2FEytAgAABAgQIECBAoFoBob9af9UJECBAgAABAgQIFC4g9BdOrAABAgQIECBAgACBagWE/mr9VSdAgAABAgQIECBQuIDQXzixAgQIECBAgAABAgSqFRD6q/VXnQABAgQIECBAgEDhAkJ/4cQKECBAgAABAgQIEKhWQOiv1l91AgQIECBAgAABAoULCP2FEytAgAABAgQIECBAoFoBob9af9UJECBAgAABAgQIFC4g9BdOrAABAgQIECBAgACBagWE/mr9VSdAgAABAgQIECBQuIDQXzixAgQIECBAgAABAgSqFRD6q/VXnQABAgQIECBAgEDhAu869F9z9ZfzxauuyorlD/liYAbMgBkwA2bADJgBM2AGhvEMnDNzVh75ySND/nLxgbfv8eMVKzLnnHN9MTADZsAMmAEzYAbMgBkwAwfADKxbt+7tkX7A4wGhf8AeniBAgAABAgQIECBA4IAWEPoP6PY5eQIECBAgQIAAAQJDCwj9QxvZgwABAgQIECBAgMABLSD0H9Dtc/IECBAgQIAAAQIEhhYQ+oc2sgcBAgQIECBAgACBA1pA6D+g2+fkCRAgQIAAAQIECAwtIPQPbWQPAgQIECBAgAABAge0gNB/QLfPyRMgQIAAAQIECBAYWkDoH9rIHgQIECBAgAABAgQOaIH/A187rvwfet5DAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" width="699" height="180"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce, referring to oxidation states, whether </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math> <span class="fontstyle0">is an oxidizing or reducing agent.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Hypochlorous acid is considered a weak acid. Outline what is meant by the term weak acid.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the formula of the conjugate base of hypochlorous acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the concentration of </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math><span class="fontstyle0"> in a </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>HClO</mi><mo> </mo><mfenced><mi>aq</mi></mfenced></math><span class="fontstyle0"> solution with a </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>pH</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>61</mn></math>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the type of reaction occurring when ethane reacts with chlorine to produce chloroethane.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Predict, giving a reason, whether ethane or chloroethane is more reactive.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Write the equation for the reaction of chloroethane with a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce the nucleophile for the reaction in d(iii).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Ethoxyethane (diethyl ether) can be used as a solvent for this conversion. Draw the structural formula of ethoxyethane</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce the number of signals and their chemical shifts in the </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>1</mn></mmultiscripts><mo> </mo><mi>NMR</mi></math> <span class="fontstyle0">spectrum of ethoxyethane. Use section 27 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the percentage by mass of chlorine in </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math><span class="fontstyle0">.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Comment on how international cooperation has contributed to the lowering of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>CFC</mi></math> emissions responsible for ozone depletion.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Limescale, CaCO<sub>3</sub>(s), can be removed from water kettles by using vinegar, a dilute solution of ethanoic acid, CH<sub>3</sub>COOH(aq).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, giving a reason, a difference between the reactions of the same concentrations of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid with samples of calcium carbonate.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Dissolved carbon dioxide causes unpolluted rain to have a pH of approximately 5, but other dissolved gases can result in a much lower pH. State one environmental effect of acid rain.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Ammonia, NH<sub>3</sub>, is industrially important for the manufacture of fertilizers, explosives and plastics.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Ammonia is produced by the Haber–Bosch process which involves the equilibrium:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">N<sub>2 </sub>(g) + 3 H<sub>2 </sub>(g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> 2 NH<sub>3 </sub>(g)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The effect of temperature on the position of equilibrium depends on the enthalpy change of the reaction.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Ammonia is soluble in water and forms an alkaline solution:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">NH<sub>3 </sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+ </sup>(aq) + HO<sup>– </sup>(aq)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw arrows in the boxes to represent the electron configuration of a nitrogen atom.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the ammonia molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the expression for the equilibrium constant, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, for this equation.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why an increase in pressure shifts the position of equilibrium towards the products and how this affects the value of the equilibrium constant, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State how the use of a catalyst affects the position of the equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the enthalpy change, Δ<em>H</em>, for the Haber–Bosch process, in kJ. Use Section 11 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the enthalpy change, Δ<em>H</em><sup>⦵</sup>, for the Haber–Bosch process, in kJ, using the following data.</p>
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>∆</mo><msubsup><mi>H</mi><mrow><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi></mrow><mo>⦵</mo></msubsup><mfenced><msub><mi>NH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>46</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2</mn><mo> </mo><mi>kJ</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the values obtained in (d)(i) and (d)(ii) differ.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the relationship between NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> and NH<sub>3</sub> in terms of the Brønsted–Lowry theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the concentration, in mol dm<sup>–3</sup>, of the solution formed when 900.0 dm<sup>3</sup> of NH<sub>3 </sub>(g) at 300.0 K and 100.0 kPa, is dissolved in water to form 2.00 dm<sup>3</sup> of solution. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions in an ammonia solution with pH = 9.3. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Magnesium reacts with sulfuric acid:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Mg(s) + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>(aq) → MgSO<sub>4</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<p>The graph shows the results of an experiment using excess magnesium ribbon and dilute sulfuric acid.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-25_om_09.45.43.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/05.a.i"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why the rate of the reaction decreases with time.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch, on the same graph, the expected results if the experiment were repeated using powdered magnesium, keeping its mass and all other variables unchanged.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide react according to the following equation:</p>
<p>NO<sub>2</sub>(g) + CO(g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> NO(g) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g) Δ<em>H</em> = –226 kJ</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>Calculate the activation energy for the reverse reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equation for the reaction of NO<sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere to produce acid deposition.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Iron (II) sulfide reacts with hydrochloric acid to form hydrogen sulfide, H<sub>2</sub>S.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>In aqueous solution, hydrogen sulfide acts as an acid.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of hydrogen sulfide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the shape of the hydrogen sulfide molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the formula of its conjugate base.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Saturated aqueous hydrogen sulfide has a concentration of 0.10 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> and a pH of 4.0. Demonstrate whether it is a strong or weak acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the hydroxide ion concentration in saturated aqueous hydrogen sulfide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A gaseous sample of nitrogen, contaminated only with hydrogen sulfide, was reacted with excess sodium hydroxide solution at constant temperature. The volume of the gas changed from 550 cm<sup>3</sup> to 525 cm<sup>3</sup>.</p>
<p>Determine the mole percentage of hydrogen sulfide in the sample, stating one assumption you made.</p>
<p><img 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" width="705" height="303"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Limestone can be converted into a variety of useful commercial products through the lime cycle. Limestone contains high percentages of calcium carbonate, CaCO<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<p><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" 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" width="538" height="218"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The second step of the lime cycle produces calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Calcium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide to reform calcium carbonate.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Ca(OH)<sub>2 </sub>(aq) + CO<sub>2 </sub>(g) → CaCO<sub>3</sub> (s) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calcium carbonate is heated to produce calcium oxide, CaO.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">CaCO<sub>3 </sub>(s) → CaO (s) + CO<sub>2 </sub>(g)</p>
<p>Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide produced at STP when 555 g of calcium carbonate decomposes. Use sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Thermodynamic data for the decomposition of calcium carbonate is given.</p>
<p><img style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" 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" width="205" height="119"></p>
<p>Calculate the enthalpy change of reaction, <em>ΔH</em>, in kJ, for the decomposition of calcium carbonate.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The potential energy profile for a reaction is shown. Sketch a dotted line labelled “Catalysed” to indicate the effect of a catalyst.</p>
<p><img style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="454" height="317"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why a catalyst has such an effect.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write the equation for the reaction of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> (aq) with hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the volume, in dm<sup>3</sup>, of 0.015 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> calcium hydroxide solution needed to neutralize 35.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.025 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> HCl (aq).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Saturated calcium hydroxide solution is used to test for carbon dioxide. Calculate the pH of a 2.33 × 10<sup>−2 </sup>mol dm<sup>−3</sup> solution of calcium hydroxide, a strong base.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the mass, in g, of CaCO<sub>3 </sub>(s) produced by reacting 2.41 dm<sup>3</sup> of 2.33 × 10<sup>−2</sup> mol dm<sup>−3</sup> of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> (aq) with 0.750 dm<sup>3</sup> of CO<sub>2</sub> (g) at STP.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>2.85 g of CaCO<sub>3</sub> was collected in the experiment in e(i). Calculate the percentage yield of CaCO<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<p>(If you did not obtain an answer to e(i), use 4.00 g, but this is not the correct value.)</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how <strong>one</strong> calcium compound in the lime cycle can reduce a problem caused by acid deposition.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Graphing is an important tool in the study of rates of chemical reactions.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Excess hydrochloric acid is added to lumps of calcium carbonate. The graph shows the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced over time.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution curve for a chemical reaction showing the activation energies with and without a catalyst.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch a curve on the graph to show the volume of gas produced over time if the same mass of crushed calcium carbonate is used instead of lumps. All other conditions remain constant.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State and explain the effect on the rate of reaction if ethanoic acid of the same concentration is used in place of hydrochloric acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why pH is more widely used than [H<sup>+</sup>] for measuring relative acidity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>/HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> is not a conjugate acid-base pair.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A molecule of citric acid, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O<sub>7</sub>, is shown.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; display: block;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="215" height="123"></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The equation for the first dissociation of citric acid in water is</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O<sub>7</sub> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌<!-- ⇌ --></mo>
</math></span> C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>7</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq) + H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> (aq)</span></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Identify a conjugate acid–base pair in the equation.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The value of the equilibrium constant for the first dissociation at 298 K is 5.01 × 10<sup>−4</sup>.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State, giving a reason, the strength of citric acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The dissociation of citric acid is an endothermic process. State the effect on the hydrogen ion concentration, [H<sup>+</sup>], and on the equilibrium constant, of increasing the temperature.</span></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline <strong>one </strong>laboratory methods of distinguishing between solutions of citric acid and hydrochloric acid of equal concentration, stating the expected observations.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Benzoic acid, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>COOH, is another derivative of benzene.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Draw the structure of the conjugate base of benzoic acid showing <strong>all</strong> the atoms and <strong>all</strong> the bonds.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The pH of an aqueous solution of benzoic acid at 298 K is 2.95. Determine the concentration of hydroxide ions in the solution, using section 2 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Formulate the equation for the complete combustion of benzoic acid in oxygen using only integer coefficients.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest how benzoic acid, <em>M<sub>r</sub></em> = 122.13, forms an apparent dimer, <em>M<sub>r</sub></em> = 244.26, when dissolved in a non-polar solvent such as hexane.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>When heated in air, magnesium ribbon reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The reaction in (a)(i) was carried out in a crucible with a lid and the following data was recorded:</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible and lid = 47.372 ±0.001 g</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible, lid and magnesium ribbon before heating = 53.726 ±0.001 g</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible, lid and product after heating = 56.941 ±0.001 g</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"> </p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>When magnesium is burnt in air, some of it reacts with nitrogen to form magnesium nitride according to the equation:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">3 Mg (s) + N<sub>2 </sub>(g) → Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2 </sub>(s)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The presence of magnesium nitride can be demonstrated by adding water to the product. It is hydrolysed to form magnesium hydroxide and ammonia.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Most nitride ions are <sup>14</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the block of the periodic table in which magnesium is located.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify a metal, in the same period as magnesium, that does <strong>not</strong> form a basic oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the amount of magnesium, in mol, that was used.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the percentage uncertainty of the mass of product after heating.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Assume the reaction in (a)(i) is the only one occurring and it goes to completion, but some product has been lost from the crucible. Deduce the percentage yield of magnesium oxide in the crucible.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Evaluate whether this, rather than the loss of product, could explain the yield found in (b)(iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest an explanation, other than product being lost from the crucible or reacting with nitrogen, that could explain the yield found in (b)(iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate coefficients that balance the equation for the following reaction.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">__ Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2 </sub>(s) + __ H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → __ Mg(OH)<sub>2 </sub>(s) + __ NH<sub>3 </sub>(aq)</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the oxidation state of nitrogen in Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> and in NH<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce, giving reasons, whether the reaction of magnesium nitride with water is an acid–base reaction, a redox reaction, neither or both.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of subatomic particles in this ion.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Some nitride ions are <sup>15</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>. State the term that describes the relationship between <sup>14</sup>N<sup>3–</sup> and <sup>15</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The nitride ion and the magnesium ion are isoelectronic (they have the same electron configuration). Determine, giving a reason, which has the greater ionic radius.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two</strong> reasons why atoms are no longer regarded as the indivisible units of matter.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the types of bonding in magnesium, oxygen and magnesium oxide, and how the valence electrons produce these types of bonding.</p>
<p><img 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" width="644" height="367"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Carbonated water is produced when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water under pressure.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The following equilibria are established.</span></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="517" height="87"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Carbon dioxide acts as a weak acid.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Soda water has sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, dissolved in the carbonated water.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Distinguish between a weak and strong acid.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Weak acid: </span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Strong acid:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The hydrogencarbonate ion, produced in Equilibrium (2), can also act as an acid.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the formula of its conjugate base.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">When a bottle of carbonated water is opened, these equilibria are disturbed.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State, giving a reason, how a decrease in pressure affects the position of Equilibrium (1).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Predict, referring to Equilibrium (2), how the added sodium hydrogencarbonate affects the pH.(Assume pressure and temperature remain constant.)</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">100.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of soda water contains 3.0 × 10<sup>−2</sup> g NaHCO<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the concentration of NaHCO<sub>3</sub> in mol dm<sup>−3</sup>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Identify the type of bonding in sodium hydrogencarbonate.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Between sodium and hydrogencarbonate:</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Between hydrogen and oxygen in hydrogencarbonate:</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Sodium thiosulfate solution reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form a precipitate of sulfur at room temperature.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (aq) + 2HCl (aq) → S (s) + SO<sub>2 </sub>(g) + 2NaCl (aq) + X</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the formula and state symbol of X.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the experiment should be carried out in a fume hood or in a well-ventilated laboratory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The precipitate of sulfur makes the mixture cloudy, so a mark underneath the reaction mixture becomes invisible with time.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>10.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 2.00 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> hydrochloric acid was added to a 50.0 cm<sup>3</sup> solution of sodium thiosulfate at temperature, T1. Students measured the time taken for the mark to be no longer visible to the naked eye. The experiment was repeated at different concentrations of sodium thiosulfate.</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
<p>Show that the hydrochloric acid added to the flask in experiment 1 is in excess.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the best fit line of <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{{\rm{t}}}">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> against concentration of sodium thiosulfate on the axes provided.</p>
<p><img 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BBAAAEEEEAAAQSCIEBgEYRWoowIIIAAAggggAACCPhcgMDC5w1E8RBAAAEEEEAAAQQQCIIAgUUQWokyIoAAAggggAACCCDgcwECC583EMVDAAEEEEAAAQQQQCAIAgQWQWglyogAAggggAACCCCAgM8FCCx83kAUDwEEEEAAAQQQQACBIAgwQF4QWokyIhBAAQbIC2CjUWQEEPBUwIuxfTwtMJkjkEKAAfJSwLAYAQS8E/DiS9SLQcy8yNNUg5RvkMrqlS0GwTpmg3gceHe2JWcE/CFAVyh/tAOlQAABBBBAAAEEEEAg0AIEFoFuPgqPAAIIIIAAAggggIA/BAgs/NEOlAIBBBBAAAEEEEAAgUALEFgEuvkoPAIIIIAAAggggAAC/hAgsPBHO1AKBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQCLUBgEejmo/AIIIAAAggggAACCPhDgMDCH+1AKRBAAAEEEEAAAQQQCLQAA+QFuvkoPAL+FWCAPP+2DSVDAIGBEfBibJ+BqQl7jbpAqgHy5CSZpKSLk6RkEQII+F2grq7OKSkpcezv2l722ZbFT7W1tR3r3XT2np+fH5+sV59tey+mmpqajGfrRZ5WyCDlG6SyemWLQbCOWY6DjJ8KyRCBtAVSfcfTFSrqISf1D7VAY2OjSktLY3V0HMd+6Ss/Pz+2zNa5U319fexjQ0NDLI2btrm52U3COwIIIIAAAggg0K0AgUW3PKxEINgCc+bMiVWgtra2oyKVlZVqaWmRu85WWJBRVFQUe3Uk5AMCCCCAAAIIINALAQKLXmCRFIGgCVgQkc5Vh0WLFqmkpCRo1aO8CCCAAAIIIOAjAQILHzUGRUHAawG7UlFeXh7rDjVjxozY7myZXbGwV0FBgeyGLHtZOiYEEEAAAQQQQCBdAQKLdKVIh0DABSZNmhQLHOzqhAUV1vXJJvf+Crv3wq5uuPdXWKDh3p8R8KpTfAQQQAABBBDIggCBRRaQ2QUCfhCoq6uLBQ32bvdXuEGDdYGyYKK6urpTMcvKymRBSPy9GJ0SMIMAAggggAACCMQJMI5FHAYfEYiKgHVzsoDBngLlXrlIrLtdybCrHBUVFbJ7NeIn6yqVzlRTU5NOMtIggAACkRBgHItINHMkKplqHIvcSNSeSiKAQCcB6/Zkk91f0dPkpo1PZ1c4eprspOPFl+jChQsznq8XeZpPkPINUlm9ssUgWMdsEI+Dns6brEcg6AJ0hQp6C1J+BLoRsO5OY8eO7ZLCAgoLGOxqxezZs2M3a1u3p/jJvfeCp0XFq/AZAQQQQAABBFIJcMUilQzLEUgisHH5vfruTx/V2iTrBu1zjn550WRtuhaQJMEALLJuTBZcWPBgn22aN29e7GXzFlzYjdzWLcrSuEGEBR6WztYVFxcPQMnZJQIIIIAAAggETYDAImgtRnkHVGBwUYnO+eLjOuWe0fr5T4/WyPhrfluN1lYDWrquO7dAwW7KtsBh1qxZsQQWKNg9E+7jZi24sAH0bL1774Qts8DDDUa65swSBBBAAAEEEECgswCBRWcP5hDoXiB3W02cXqEf//UHWjboPB1bvE336X2w1p7uZK/uJusSlfhUqO7Ssw4BBBBAAAEEEEgUILBIFGEegZ4Ecot00k23qjXXb9cneio46xFAAAEEEEAAAe8E4jtyeLcXckYgVAI5ys0r0PC2V/TgkrfUHqq6URkEEEAAAQQQQKBvAgQWfXNjKwSkD/+lBfWrCCw4FhBAAAEEEEAAAUkMkMdhgEBfBZrm69u/H62bLyoWfQq7ItqN4AyQ19WFJQggEF0BL8b2ia4mNR9IAQbIG0h99o1ARAW8+BL1YhAzL/K0Jg9SvkEqq1e2GATrmA3icRDRrwKqHSEBukJFqLGpKgIIIIAAAggggAACXgkQWHglS77hF8jdXFtvnquc8NeUGiKAAAIIIIAAAj0KEFj0SEQCBFIIjDhGPz9/ogZ/ttrZ0KSXnv4/ve9IantHT974LR201UhNOuVnemD5GtliJgQQQAABBBBAIKwCBBZhbVnqlVUBp+UpXfPlgzXx2Lmqb9mglX/+qY6feY+aJ03UVnXX6ISvXqclzRuzWiZ2hgACCCCAAAIIZFOAwCKb2uwrpAIb9M/7b9QPl2ynM64p0wFbvqHHqh5Qi76qH829X4/cfan2fv1e/e6Jd7hqEdIjgGohgAACCCCAgERgwVGAQL8FmrX8uZelMV9T+RkHabuVz+vPC5ukQw9V8S5DNWz07jpA/9RfG1eJaxb9xiYDBBBAAAEEEPCpAIGFTxuGYgVJYKM+Wf/pZwVuV8vypXpSedr76IkaM1hq/3C13lWett6MG72D1KqUFQEEEEAAAQR6J8AAeb3zIjUCSQQ+0v/d+g3tde4aXXLPhdr10Qqd+9sddfUz81UxoUl/vuY7Ounnbbr8yQd05eRtk2wfzkUMkBfOdqVWCCDQdwEvxvbpe2nYEoG+C6QaIE9OkklKujhJShYhgIAJtL+3xPnRlFH24CdHynPGn3mP0/BJq/PiDUc70ihnyhULnZWftkcKy6vzSE1NTcYdvcjTChmkfINUVq9sMQjWMctxkPFTIRkikLZAqu/43L7HKmyJAAKuQM6IL+qy+Ut09N9f1fubjVHx5/dW4RCp9fALdO9fxuqoL4zX8FxGvHC9eEcAAQQQQACB8AkQWISvTanRgAjkKHf4WH1u6thOe8/b90ua1mkJMwgggAACCCCAQDgFuHk7nO1KrRBAAAEEEEAAAQQQyKoAgUVWudlZ6ATaWvV+0wdqbWNc7dC1LRVCAAEEEEAAgV4JEFj0iovECHyspidv0YVnXaSbFjyq2791mEaMHKP9TrpWi5s+hgcBBBBAAAEEEIisAIFFZJueivdFwFn5iH54wXIdcPahWnvtBbr3gNu1rv1d1Uxr1EVzX9BHfcmUbRBAAAEEEEAAgRAIMI5FCBqRKmRPoK3+Ok24dpSW/PGrWn/HhZo75ipVHrGtPn72Gk24ZYL+dteJKsxecXy9J8ax8HXzUDgEEBgAAcaxGAB0dumJAONYpP1kXhIi0I3Ah88615Ye48y8/TlnVWxYik+dVXV3OZccU+qc+9BbTrRGqujGyXFiY3p0n6Jva70Ya8CLPK12Qco3SGX1yhaDYB2zHAd9O4eyFQKZEEg1jgVdoTyJ48g0tAJ5B+m7d/1IhxTkanCskjkarK217/dv0c+PGSVGqghty1MxBBBAAAEEEOhBgHEsegBiNQKdBXKUW3igyo6X1PqSHnx+uI6dcrxO7ZyIOQQQQAABBBBAIHICXLGIXJNT4YwJfPgvLahfpfaMZUhGCCCAAAIIIIBAcAUILILbdpQcAQQQQAABBBBAAAHfCBBY+KYpKAgCCCCAAAIIIIAAAsEVILAIbttRcgQQQAABBBBAAAEEfCNAYOGbpqAggRPI3Vxbb57Lk6AC13AUGAEEEEAAAQS8EGCAPC9UyTNCAo7aWlfo1eeX6vV//1tvN3/8Wd3ztMOuo7TTmN21715F2m5o9GJ4BsiL0J8BVUUAgbQEGCAvLSYSBUCAAfIyMRoIeSAQL/Dpu87zt5/nHJin2GBwNlhMslfegec7v31ldeQGz0s1eE48YV8+ezGImRd5Wt2ClG+QyuqVLQbBOmY5DvpyBmUbBDIjkOo7Pnr/jRqAKJAiBkHgUzU9NlvfOPtOrT7mav1x0TN6cdmbWrly5WevN7XsxWe06I9X65jVd2j6CZfp/rfcqxnZrV99fb1KS0tl/7tgL/tsy+KnxsbGTmks3axZs+KT8BkBBBBAAAEEEOhWgMCiWx5WIpBCoL1BC266R//c+xLdPmeWTjnyc5q42y4qLCz87LWLdpv4OR15yizNuf0S7f3P+1S16N9ZH/PCDRisFo7jxF75+fmxIMLWudO0adPU0tKiurq6WJrq6mrNmTNH5eXlbhLeEUAAAQQQQACBbgUILLrlYSUCKQTa16m5oUk6YC+N23pwikS2eLC2GrOb9lKTGprXZT2wsODAptra2o4yVlZWxoIId50FGHYFY8aMGSouLo6lKysrk70WLVrUsR0fEEAAAQQQQACB7gQILLrTYR0CqQQG76gJpXtLD92vP7+yJnZzRdKkzhq9+ujDWqi9VTphR3UXgiTdvp8LLYhobm7uNhc3eHCDCjexzbtBh7uMdwQQQAABBBBAIJVAbqoVLEcAgW4EcnbU4eddpDMeP0/f/vxrevTML2vynuO16/Zbfvb42U+0ekWDXn/qQd0y73mp9HqdfdiOA/5oWuvuZN2brDuUXaGwye0SVVRU1KnClsZdnxh0dErIDAIIIIAAAgggIInAgsMAgT4JDFbeXqfppodH6IBbqnTDr67Sn5PlM/Y4fffGh3XOaUdpr267TCXbOLPLJk2a1HHTdkVFhRIDiVR7cwOPVOtZjgACCCCAAAIImACBBccBAn0WGKy83b6s86//ks69qlmrVv1HK5vXf5bbFioYuYNGjChQXm5On/eQyQ3txmyb3KdE2Xv8vReZ3Bd5IYAAAggggED0BBggL3ptTo0RiHWHspu3GxoaYk9/mj17duxeDLf7kxHNmzdP9rQoe0KU3cgdP9njaNOZampq0klGGgQQQCASAgyQF4lmjkQl7XeAPW0yceKKRaII8whEQMANIOyeC7dLlHV5ir+XwtbZ5K6PZ0l2Molfb5/tpOPFl+jChQsznq8XeZpBkPINUlm9ssUgWMdsEI8DKzMTAmEWILAIc+tSN+8EnFa9/fIyvfdpursYrK1G76Hdtts83Q0yks4Gw7OAwa5MxE8WNFhwYUGDG2RY16j4wMLmbV38svg8+IwAAggggAACCMQLEFjEa/AZgXQF2ht0/xmHa+Y/WtPcYqym37dEd504Ks30mUlmN2lbcGFdneyzTdbFyV42b4GDGzxYGgsi7OWmcZ8clZnSkAsCCCCAAAIIhFmAwCLMrUvdvBMYvI9mPPiwci67UBf8tlVlV1+mU/bI62Z/QzRi/4Ju1nuzqqSkJHaPhN1PMWvWrNhOLHCw8S3ig4aqqqrYentylDvZekvHhAACCCCAAAIIpCNAYJGOEmkQ6CIwSENHfVHn3XSLPm4q00+e26Afff+b2mtoejc1d8nOwwXuKNrd7cKCDZ4Q1Z0Q6xBAAAEEEECgJwFG3u5JiPUIdCOQs/VB+p9rZmqfP1+vXzz6duoRuLvJg1UIIIAAAggggEAYBLhiEYZWpA4DKJCjYQeU696lh+u9ocO0kcFhBrAt2DUCCCCAAAIIDKQA41gMpD77RiDEAva4WcaxCHEDUzUEEOi1gBeP4O51IdgAgQwIMI5FBhDJAgEEeifgxZeoF2MNeJGnSQUp3yCV1StbDIJ1zAbxOOjdGZTUCARPgHssgtdmlBgBBBBAAAEEEEAAAd8JEFj4rkkoEAIIIIAAAggggAACwRMgsAhem1FiBBBAAAEEEEAAAQR8J0Bg4bsmoUAIIIAAAggggAACCARPgMfNBq/NKLEfBDYu1U3HztbbRxylwz43SRP3m6BRefw5+aFpKAMCCCCAAAIIDIwAVywGxp29Bl0gJ1+7HSQt/smZOnbyPtplqz11xLd/qtvnP6GlbzRrgxP0ClJ+BBBAAAEEEECgdwIEFr3zIjUCmwQG7aKpP/6Dnl/1npbX1eqe33xDuy2/S+ecNEX77Tpaex9xumbd+Ac99uwyNbW2oYYAAggggAACCIRegAHyQt/EVDB7Am1qfftVPf/88/rbE4/o/jseUH2rpLxiHXfmKTrnvG/r2N3yslecAd4TA+QNcAOwewQQ8J2AF2P7+K6SFCgSAqkGyJOTZJKSLk6SkkUIIJBcoN359MOVzrJnHnXuvmGWM/3wA53p972VPGlIl3p1Hqmpqcm4mBd5WiGDlG+QyuqVLQbBOmY5DjJ+KiRDBNIWSPUdz92mkYgrqWT2BXKUm1eo3T5nry/p1PM/0YZP+HPLfjuwRwQQQAABBBDIlgC/dLIlzX6iLZCzmYZuHm0Cao8AAggggAAC4Z2Sn/8AACAASURBVBbg5u1wty+1QwABBBBAAAEEEEAgKwIEFllhZicIIIAAAggggAACCIRbgMAi3O1L7RBAAAEEEEAAAQQQyIoAgUVWmNkJAggggAACCCCAAALhFiCwCHf7UjsEEEAAAQQQQAABBLIiwAB5WWFmJ8EVcNTW2qxVH34ita1Tc/M6bRpHe5CGblOgrTdPEZtvXKfmD9y0cbXP3Vo7jR2t7Yam2C4uadA/MkBe0FuQ8iOAQKYFGCAv06LkN1ACqQbI43GzA9Ui7NeHAu3a0PKWlr34gupfWqqXXqjXU/Mf2TR6dkZLu72Kjzlahx6wv/bdbz8VH3iA9hq1tcL4x+jFl+jChQuV6Xy9yNMOmSDlG6SyemWLQbCO2SAeBxn9KiEzBHwoEP7/NvUhOkXym8CnWr18seZefpoOHTtNP13QKI06TKd875e6f/n7+vDTdhuKPjOv9vVqaXpB835+gU46ZCc5r92nK044QJ+bdrnmLl6u1W2O33AoDwIIIIAAAgggkJZAGP+TNK2KkwgBE3Ba/6WFt/5Y331khGZe9H3Nr5ioXfI8/LPIGarhO+4Ue+26Z7EmTy3T2RVr9daLi/XA7TP15eoT9Isfna7PFzKaHkcoAggggAACCARLgCsWwWovSptBAaf1Jd1xwcV6oOA7WrzgF/r2McXeBhWpyp67tXaZdLwu+M2fdO+pju46/ULNfXWNuHaRCozlCCCAAAIIIOBHAQILP7YKZfJeYMP/6e5L7tKn/3Orbjrr8yr0w83UOVtq1OQZuvmuk/TuT69SdeNH3juwBwQQQAABBBBAIEMCBBYZgiSbIAms1dL/vVuryy/XjEk7+Oym6RzlFh6hS34xVa9dd49e3cB1iyAdWZQVAQQQQACBKAsQWES59SNad+e9Ov191Ld07sThyvGlgQUXJZr13QL9va7ZlyWkUAgggAACCCCAQKIA41gkijCPAAIZEWAci4wwkgkCCIRIINOPyg4RDVUJmECqcSzsEZpdJntYDhMCCPROgL+bzl5eedTU1HTeUQbmvMjTihWkfINUVq9sMQjWMctxkIGTH1kg0EeBVN/xHj5XM2ChF8WNoMDHenvx73TvC6t7UfcxKv32iZqY14dehK1Lde+tz2vEyd/UEaMSHyfbrtal83Ttne+p5Ir/0eT8wb0oU/dJ58yZI3vV19fHEhYVFWnGjBmqqKjo2HDRokUqLS3tmHc/5Ofnq7mZ7liuB+8IIIAAAgggkFqAwCK1DWsiIOCsXqo5F9+sf6Zd13Ldd+rx6QcWba16f9WH+tTyf69e9118hybsM0V75A5L2OOnWvnM/bryV2u07RlnaXL+lgnr+zZrAUV5eXksiKirq4tlMnv2bM2aNSv22Q0u3KCjoaFBFngwIYAAAggggAACvRUgsOitGOlDJLC5djnxOv1l0Q469fjZWlH2a827ulTbd3dHd84Wyt8h/T8bZ+3fdd0Rx2v2663/dTt6nK7671znT+Mv1d67DO28rB9zFlhYoFBZWdmRiwUTdoXC1rmBRWNjYywdQUUHEx8QQAABBBBAoJcC6f9C6mXGJEcgGAKbq/DI7+m221bq6FNu1V0nl+gXU0dm7GlROQWHaeavLtV//vC62te/pafnLdPwY6Zor207/+kNyh+tPXfeUaOnnKTDMtgNyr1KkdgW1sXJgomWlhbZZws0SkpKEpMxjwACCCCAAAIIpC3Q+ddN2puREIEwCQxT0YnnadZXj9HZP/mjTp38PRUP6+6yRW/qPkSFU3+gO6ZKavmrrtvyEY36wY918m6ZuyrRm9K4aa3rk12dsKDCggsLMuxVUFAQm7d0dh9GVVWVuwnvCCCAAAIIIIBAtwJ9uAO12/xYiUAwBYbsoem3LVTdTVO1fXu7N3XIn6yL7qgc8KDCukBZEGGBg03u/RXujdqO49hj4WJpkt3Q7Q0OuSKAAAIIIIBA0AUILILegpQ/QwI5yt1uvIqL99aovMw9kSlDhctYNhZE2I3bZWVlHfdXWBcoCySqq6s77cfSuPdidFrBDAIIIIAAAgggkESAAfKSoLAIgTAK2FUKuwJhXaBqa2t7rKIFIZMmTYoFIPE3f9uGNjBOOlNNTU06yUiDAAIIREKAAfIi0cyRqCQD5PVxABA2C59A+3vPOo/UfeC0+7xq7WuWOovrP8hIKaurq52ioiKnpKQk7fzq6uocGwCnsrIy7W3iE6YaPCc+TV8+ezGImRd5Wt2ClG+QyuqVLQbBOmY5DvpyBmUbBDIjkOo7nq5QkYgrqWS8QM52I+U8/Dstbvo4frG/Pre9rYXXL5EzZpt+l8vGsZg2bZqKi4uTXqmwcS3sfx6s21P85N57wdOi4lX4jAACCCCAAAKpBAgsUsmwPLwCOTtr6pmj9chVv1PdKh8GF20r9PhVV+kvk6dpSkH/7vewoMJu1rb7JRLvoXAb2G7itu5RFmC4kz0pat68ebEbvC0gYUIAAQQQQAABBHoSILDoSYj1IRTIUe4ux+rK7wzRb751teYvXyPr8zPwk6O2VXX63cUX6fejz9OlUwr7NZ6GBQcWVNhkQYJdlUh82VUJexqU3XNh7+76sWPHxsa14HGzA39UUAIEEEAAAQSCIsA4FkFpKcqZYYHBytvrNN34yxrd8L2v66Ep/6PvTjtC+xYO69eP+b4W0tnwjl549Le6tvIf2vfqn+s3pWM0NL37o1Pu0gIFe9pTOpNdsUh1RSOd7UmDAAIIIIAAAggQWHAMRFhgsPKKvqxL79lbT//hN/rhF3+mYSecrK9OmaT9dh+v0aNGKC+3n7/uU+q2a0PL22pcvlwv/32Bfnfzsxp2ynn6/oMzddAABTcpi8oKBBBAAAEEEEAgDQECizSQSBJugZyhu+jQsyr10Dea9PLf/qqn//JHXXrZfP25Pk+Hl31eu+86XuNGDJWz+l96Zuk7+jTGMVjbjC/WfiO3SIrT/lnatsS1beu1YUi+Nl/5tB5ZNlLHnXmsjj7kK/rZX67WPgQUiVrMI4AAAggggECABAgsAtRYFNVbgZyhhdr3iGmx17k/vk6r323SypXN+uij97Vi1TptXDtIaz7ZWp/EipGrbYrGqWj7zZMWyvlwkNZ2pHWTDNKQLbfVrvsfpsP2v0X3FG7r4RURd5+8I4AAAggggAAC2RFggLzsOLMXBCInYDeCM0Be5JqdCiOAQDcCDJDXDQ6rAiVg3/HJ7uPkikWgmpHCIhAsAS++RBcuXKhM5+tFntZSQco3SGX1yhaDYB2zQTwOgnUGp7QI9F6Ax8323owtEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAIEGAwCIBhFkEEEAAAQQQQAABBBDovQCBRe/N2AIBBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQSBAgsEkCYRQABBBBAAAEEEEAAgd4LEFj03owtEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAIEGAp0IlgDCLQJ8F2lrV1NiolR9uGkKvcz6DtdXoPbTbdsnHveicljkEEEAAAQQQQCB4AoxjEbw2o8Q+FHBaX9Id55+hs+/8R4rSjdX0+5borhNHpVgfvsWMYxG+NqVGCCDQP4FMPyq7f6VhawT6LsA4Fn23Y0sEehBo1UtzL9XZd76rA6dfqfIv76n8ITkJ2wzRiP0LEpaFf9aLL1EvxhrwIk9r3SDlG6SyemWLQbCO2SAeB+E/61PDqAvQFSrqRwD1z4BAixrqX5cKT9NV11+qqQWDM5AnWSCAAAIIIIAAAsES4ObtYLUXpfWlwBYavuNwKXeYhm3On5Qvm4hCIYAAAggggIDnAvwK8pyYHYRfYFt9YfoMHdeyUPNrG7XBCX+NqSECCCCAAAIIIJAoQFeoRBHmEei1wMd665X/09odXtavThin24qP0fF7bavOUfsw7XPOlbpo8ohe584GCCCAAAIIIIBAEAQILILQSpTR5wIbtf4/y/REQ2usnK31j+ju+sQiT1B5WbLH0CamYx4BBBBAAAEEEAimAIFFMNuNUvtKYEtNvGCBnAt8VSgKgwACCCCAAAIIZFWAwCKr3Ows1ALOWv37qRo9tuhpPfdGi9oH5Wv0fvvr4MO/pKkTtxd/bKFufSqHAAIIIIBA5AUYIC/yhwAAGRFw3tWTPzlLx/xkgTZ1iIrPdX+d8du7dcs399TQ+MUh/8wAeSFvYKqHAAK9FvBibJ9eF4INEMiAQKoB8uQkmaSki5OkZBECCDhOm/PB45c5E5TvFH/7dueZxg+c9e2O43z6obPylYedq48b6yjvG87ty9ZFCsur80hNTU3GHb3I0woZpHyDVFavbDEI1jHLcZDxUyEZIpC2QKrv+M4PrslABEMWCERPoEUv1izQ6/nT9eOfTNfndi3QUBt4OzdPhXt9WRdfOVNfaF2ie596S+3Rw6HGCCCAAAIIIBARAQKLiDQ01fRSYL1Wv7taKthZhQWJd1LkaLPtd9I4NamheR2BhZfNQN4IIIAAAgggMKACBBYDys/OwyGwjUbvUyQ1PKWnX12bUKU2vVf/V9VqvCYXjdDghLXMIoAAAggggAACYRFI/O/VsNSLeiCQRYGttO8Jp+vrPztNM8vO1YeXn6rD9thBw9pW681/PKybLvmVmiZcpm8evpOshxQTAggggAACCCAQRgECizC2KnXKskCOhoz9mn7xwCq1n3O5Lpv+h077zzv8Yt3z64s0pYDrFZ1gmEEAAQQQQACBUAkQWISqOanMwAlsrsLDZuruF76mK15drsZ3VuuTQVtqxK7jtMfuu2q7ofQ6HLi2Yc8IIIAAAgggkA0BAotsKLOPiAjkKDdvZ+158M7aMyI1ppoIIIAAAggggIArwAB5rgTvCPRGYONy3fvda/TY6LP0y4sO1Kp7f6yfPtrUTQ7DtM85V+qiySO6SROuVQyQF672pDYIINB/AQbI678hOfhDgAHy0h7yg4QIpCHQ9qJzw/55Tl75Q857Tqvz4g1HOzZYTOrXBKf8oXfSyDjzSaqqqpzi4uKOshUVFTmVlZWddtTQ0OCUlJR0pLF6VFRUdErT25lUg+f0Np/E9F4MYuZFnlbuIOUbpLJ6ZYtBsI5ZjoPEsyPzCGRPINV3PB2//RH4UYqgCQyeqAte+FAf3voVjdCWmnjBAhuuvpvXa7r1KyOzXss5c+aovLxcJSUlHWWbMWOGZs2apdmzZ3eUZ9q0aWppaVFdXV0sXXV1tdxtOxLxAQEEEEAAAQQQ6EaAwKIbHFYhkJ5Am95fulDzH3hK/95g/+mfMG34t578/e36Q/0HsUsaCWs9nbXgoKioSJWVlR37qaioiAUats6mxsZG1dfXywKO4uLi2LKysjLZa9GiRR3b8QEBBBBAAAEEEOhOgMCiOx3WIZCWwAa9WXuNTjrhbv2jZWOXLZxVz+k3p52jK5a8oa5ruyTP6AK7AtHQ0NAlz/z8/FhAYVcp3ODBDSrcxDbvBh3uMt4RQAABBBBAAIFUAgQWqWRYjkC3Am167+HvqiAnRzk5W2nSxU9IqtJJI4fIbmiKfw3a5RTdqzHaZ4et5Zc/OLtCYVcy3ADDqmrz8ZOts8mCCyYEEEAAAQQQQKAnAR4325MQ6xFIKpCr7aeep9tmrdODKz/SB68u0SP1eTq87GDtskVi+DBMhZOO1VknFPkisLAuUBYsxHePSlrFzxYSWHSnwzoEEEAAAQQQcAUILFwJ3hHorcCQcTrxmv/ViVqnpTd+TY8sG6Nzf1ShyaNHqTDPRtlepzfqX9FHI/fRHoXDlNPb/D1Ib1cq7MZtu3/C7rVgQgABBBBAAAEEMiXAOBaZkiSfaAs4a/Tq3ZfrzP/5m6Y8+JhmH7GdtPEV3Xr4YTr3xc/pigfm6PIjd9ZARvJ25aG0tDTW5am2trajvdwnRDU3N8e6Rrkr5s2bJ3talD0hygKR+Mm6eqUz1dTUpJOMNAgggEAkBBjHIhLNHIlKMo5F9h7ty54iJ9DmfPD4Zc4E5TnjT57tLGho3STQvsZpfPIu55IpoxzlfcO5fdm6AZOprq52bPwKG6sicbJxLux51HV1dZ1WpVreKVE3M6mecd3NJmmt8mKsAS/ytMoEKd8gldUrWwyCdcxyHKR1yiQRAp4IpPqOT+wMHokoi0oikFmBFr1Ys0Cv539Tlb+8UEcXbbkp+5yttevkb+qq6y/WF1qX6N6n3lJ7ZnecVm42joVdebCnPMVfqXA3tjEubLJuUvGTzdsN3IlPi4pPw2cEEEAAAQQQQMAVILBwJXhHoM8C67X63dVSQZFGbz8kIZccbbb9ThqnJjU0r8t6YGFBhd2sbV2ZrEtTssmeBmXBgw2Y5wYX1g3KXja2BRMCCCCAAAIIIJCOAIFFOkqkQaBbgW00ep8iqeEZPb98XULKjWp+6VnVarwmF42Q3dKdrcnGqHAHwbMgIf4RuO5nN5CoqqqK3XsxadKkWDq7wmHBSLpPjspWndgPAggggAACCPhXYCDvJfWvCiVDoFcCW2nf407RV39yti4+Y7g+/N4pmjy+QEOcdWqqf0S3XnuLmiZ8V988fKesPhnKujE5TpKRwJPULVU3qSRJWYQAAggggAACCCQVILBIysJCBHojkKMhu52qWx5ZqwvPuVyXfH1up43zDr9Y9/z6Ik0pyOb1ik5FYAYBBBBAAAEEEPBcgMDCc2J2EA2BzVV42Hf1x5dO1hVLX1PjO6v1yaAtNWLXcdpj91213VB6HUbjOKCWCCCAAAIIRFeAwCK6bU/NMy3QtlYrGt/V+txtVDh6m025t63Wm688rbplr2rl2K/prM9tl+m9kh8CCCCAAAIIIOALAQbI80UzUIigCzgtz+gXZ5yli//8eoqqTFD5Q4/r1q+MTLE+fIvtBnEGyAtfu1IjBBDouwAD5PXdji39JcAAeZ4MD0KmCJjAemfZ7WWOVOgcOH2Wc2X5FCdPo5zDyy9zLi8/yhmrfOfAigXOyk/bI8WVavCc/iJ4MYiZF3laPYOUb5DK6pUtBsE6ZjkO+ns2ZXsE+i6Q6juejt/+CgApTSAFmrX8uZel/Gm64tqrdFnFmTpSbdrsoFP141vu1X03lui1+QtVv6otkLWj0AgggAACCCCAQDoCBBbpKJEGgW4FNuqT9Z9KBTursCBXOduP0b6jmvTyspVqzRmufb9yrI78559026I3ld7DX7vdGSsRQAABBBBAAAFfChBY+LJZKFSwBLbUiNHbS80r1NTcJm0xQmP2KFTTsnf0gUUSuZtpqN7WK/9Zo43BqhilRQABBBBAAAEE0hYgsEibioQIpBIYromlUzWhpVpXVszRMx9sqz0P2116fL7+8PCTevz+h7RQY3XQqIKsjrydqrQsRwABBBBAAAEEvBAgsPBClTwjJjBIWx/6bc297gitvvMJvdaylSaddamuOLBelx33RZXO/L0+nVKu84/aJasjb0esEaguAggggAACCAywAONYDHADsPuQCOTsoM9//069cPJ/9PGOmys3t0SXz1+iL/39Fb2rkTrgkAO0Sx4jb4ektakGAggggAACCCQRILBIgsIiBPomkKu8nXdS3mcb5w4fq89NHdu3rNgKAQQQQAABBBAImAAD5AWswSiujwWcj9T0whNasORJPffyGo0750pduOPzmvPySH3tuIkakZvj48JnvmgMkJd5U3JEAIFgCzBAXrDbj9L/V4AB8vo+BghbItCzQPsq55lry5yxij1R1pHGOtPv+7fzwWPfd/I1yplyxUIGyOtZMa0UXgxi5kWeVpkg5Ruksnpli0GwjlmOg7ROmSRCwBMBBsj7b5DFJwQyLLBRzUtu0JkXP6+9rn1Cb/7lGm3qADVYBUfO1B8rxmrJlT/T3Lo1Gd4v2SGAAAIIIIAAAv4R4KlQ/mkLShJYgRa9WLNAr+d/Vd+afohGbhl361LuKJWe9U0dpaV67MUVjGMR2Dam4AgggAACCCDQkwCBRU9CrEegR4H1Wv3u6o6RtxOTD9pquHZUi5paP2bk7UQc5hFAAAEEEEAgNAIEFqFpSioycAJbaeRuo6T/vKZ/rfwkoRgb1fzSs6rVeE0uGsEAeQk6zCKAAAIIIIBAeAQILMLTltRkwAS20X7Hf13HqVqX/+hOPfNGszZqo9a3vKGlNb/WheffoqbxX9FJny9kgLwBayN2jAACCCCAAAJeC8R1Bvd6V+SPQFgFcjR0r9N16wPv6dTjy3XYnZvq+cY5h2mefRx/qq67q0LHFA4JKwD1QgABBBBAAAEExDgWHAQI9FvgYzX+vkKXvj5JM7++lza8/g+93NisT5SnHXbfWwdPPli7DY9eUME4Fv0+sMgAAQRCJsA4FiFr0AhXh3EsPHmKL5kiYAJvOfdNH+tozE+dZza0Q/KZQKpnXPcXyIuxBrzI0+oZpHyDVFavbDEI1jHLcdDfsynbI9B3gVTf8dxjEeFok6pnSmBb7fflozT+/Rf13D/e1QYnU/mSDwIIIIAAAgggEBwB7rEITltRUt8KDNaQ7XbRfoW/08zPz9MPi4/R8Xttq85R+zDtc86VumjyCN/WgoIhgAACCCCAAAL9ESCw6I8e2yIQE2hT86t/0bx/tsbmWusf0d31iTQTVF72aeJC5hFAAAEEEEAAgdAIEFiEpimpyMAJbKmJFyyQc8HAlYA9I4AAAggggAACAy3QubfGQJeG/SOAAAIIIIAAAggggEAgBQgsAtlsFBoBBBBAAAEEEEAAAX8JEFj4qz0oDQIIIIAAAggggAACgRRggLxANhuFRsD/AgyQ5/82ooQIIJBdAQbIy643e/NOgAHy+j4GCFsi0FWg/X1n2bPPO0vf+tBhSLyuPLYk1eA5yVOnv9SLQcy8yNNqFKR8g1RWr2wxCNYxy3GQ/nmTlAhkWiDVdzxdobwL5sg5zALvP6NflhyoE+9dpo3aoOX3ztLpZ/5Kf23Z6Otaz549WwUFBV3KuGjRItn/PiS+kqXtsjELEEAAAQQQQAABSTxulsMAgb4ItH2i9a3SRw3/0r+ahuvNV/+q395ZpC9+t0njNgxOkuNgbZG/nYYPHbhY3oIKeyWb6us3DbzR0NCgoqKiZElYhgACCCCAAAIIdCswcL9yui0WKxHwucAOB+irZ+2vpltP0R4jx+noq/4m6W6dvd8ojRw5MsnrC5r56DsDUqmWlhaVlpbK3ktKSpKWobGxMRZQEFQk5WEhAggggAACCKQhwBWLNJBIgkAXgUFjdMINf9DDBy3Qax9+pBVP3KEbHtle0y8/XvtsnSxe30yjxm7VJZtsLCgvL1d+fr4qKys1bdq0pLu0rlCpgo6kG7AQAQQQQAABBBBIECCwSABhFoF0BXLyJuiY8gk6Ruu0dLOndMNfxqvs/O/rKyOSdYVKN9fMp5sxY0a3QYNdybArFvayeyps3ibbrqqqKvMFIkcEEEAAAQQQCKUAgUUom5VKZVdgS028YIGc89fq30/N1y03P63n3mhR+6B8jd5vfx18+Jc0deL2A3ZDU09XItz7K+yqRnNzcweddZ+yV21tbccyPiCAAAIIIIAAAqkECCxSybAcgd4IOO/qyZ+cpWN+skCtXbbbX2f89m7d8s09NbTLuoFfYIHHpqfDdi5LWVmZrBvVnDlzYlcvOq9lDgEEEEAAAQQQ6CzAAHmdPZhDoA8CG9W8+Mc65Mhfa8tvX6ebLzle+40p0NCNrWpa9hfNvXSmLlt8sG6v/1+dtduwPuSfuU3sHgu7nyL+ykSq3O1KxqRJk1RRURG7PyM+nT2WNp2ppqYmnWSkQQABBCIhwAB5kWjmSFSSAfIyPTII+SHQIbDKefySYkf5M52H/vNpx9JNH9qdj1+80fmCCp2jbn/N2ZiwNtuzZWVlTn5+flq7rauriw1yV1lZmVb6xESpBs9JTNfbeS8GMfMiT6tXkPINUlm9ssUgWMcsx0Fvz56kRyBzAqm+45M9viYSkRaVRCBzAuu1+t3VUsHOKixI7F2Yo82230nj1KSG5nVqz9xOM5aTjW1h//NgVzLiJ/fei57u0Yjfhs8IIIAAAgggEF0BAovotj01z5jANhq9T5HU8JSefnVtQq5teq/+r6rVeE0uGiF/PS9qU1Ht6U82fkX84Hn2ZKh58+bF7q0oLi5OqBOzCCCAAAIIIIBAVwECi64mLEGglwJbad8TTtfX8x/UzLJz9dPfPaq/1tWr/tnHNf+Wi3Xy13+lpgkn65uH76T07kzo5e77mdyeBmVPfrJ3u3Jhr7Fjx8YeUcvjZvuJy+YIIIAAAghESCCx30aEqk5VEciUQI6GjP2afvHAKrWfc7kum/6HThnnHX6x7vn1RZpSMPDXK6qrqzuVzZ2xKxap1rlpeEcAAQQQQAABBLoTILDoTod1CKQtsLkKD5upu1/4mq54dbka31mtTwZtqRG7jtMeu++q7YZycTBtShIigAACCCCAQCAFCCwC2WwU2p8COcrN21l7Hryz9vRnASkVAggggAACCCDgmQDjWHhGS8YIRFvA7tVgHItoHwPUHgEEOgswjkVnD+aCK2Df8ckG1+WKRXDblJIj4HsBL75EFy5cqEzn60We1jhByjdIZfXKFoNgHbNBPA58f9KmgAj0U4CO3/0EZHMEEEAAAQQQQAABBBCQCCw4ChBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQKDfAnSF6jchGSDwmYDzkZpeeEILljyp515eo3HnXKkLd3xec14eqa8dN1Ejcv04igWthwACCCCAAAIIZEaAKxaZcSSXqAs47+vZX5yhyZOO0dkXz1bVb2v18qp1WtO4WD886TidfNUiNbU5UVei/ggggAACCCAQYgECixA3LlXLlsBGNS+5QWde/Lz2uvYJvfmXazQ2tuvBKjhypv5YMVZLrvyZ5tatyVaB2A8CCCCAAAIIIJB1AQKLrJOzw/AJtOjFmgV6Pf+r+tb0QzRyy7gehrmjVHrWN3WUluqxF1doY/gqT40QQAABBBBAAIGYAIEFBwIC/RZYr9XvrpYKdlZhQVxQ8Vm+f+xQUgAAIABJREFUg7Yarh3VoqbWj0VnqH5jkwECCCCAAAII+FSAAfJ82jAUK0gCq/XsT0/Q5yuLdM+rt+ikVTdqwqRbdch9S3TXiSPVXPMD7X30A5p63yLNPXEXReUWbgbIC9IxTFkRQCAbApkegycbZWYfCCQTSDVAno2a12WSki7uko4FCCBgAu3O+leqnOPy8pzxZ1Q5T/7pB84YjXHKbnvSefGxG5zp4/Mcjb/QeWjlJ5Hi8uo8UlNTk3FHL/K0QgYp3yCV1StbDIJ1zHIcZPxUSIYIpC2Q6ju+a7+NZGEJyxBAoBuBHA3d63Td+sB7OvX4ch1256akb5xzmObZx/Gn6rq7KnRM4ZBu8mAVAggggAACCCAQbAECi2C3H6X3jcDmKjzyUj26/Dg980ydXm5s1ifK0w67762DJx+s3YYTVPimqSgIAggggAACCHgiQGDhCSuZRkugTe8vXawn/z1M+x99iKacuK+mxANs+Lee/P1irZhwvL5evG1k7rGIJ+AzAggggAACCIRfgKdChb+NqaHnAhv0Zu01OumEu/WPlq4PlHVWPaffnHaOrljyBo+b9bwt2AECCCCAAAIIDJQAVywGSp79BlygTe89fJEmHHuDWjpq8oROGlnVMdf5wxgdv8PWIpLvrMIcAggggAACCIRHgMAiPG1JTbIqkKvtp56n22at04MrP9IHry7RI/V5OrzsYO2yRWL4MEyFk47VWScUEVhktY3YGQIIIIAAAghkU4DAIpva7CtcAkPG6cRr/lcnap2W3vg1PbJsvL7/6+v1lRGDw1VPaoMAAggggAACCKQhwAB5aSCRBIG0BNrW6u3lDXpvfXvn5M5HWrXsVa0c+zWd9bntOq8L8RwD5IW4cakaAgj0SYAB8vrExkY+FGCAvLSH/CAhAr0XaG/+m3PtcRMcGzAm+WuCU/7QO73POMBbpBo8p79V8mIQMy/ytHoGKd8gldUrWwyCdcxyHPT3bMr2CPRdINV3PF2hfBgFUqSgCWzQP++/Xhf/eY0OnD5Lx27xd/286l+aVH66Jus5/aHqeRVUXK8fHV0YtIpRXgQQQAABBBBAIG2BxLtM096QhAgg4Ao0a/lzL0v503TFtVfpsoozdaTatNlBp+rHt9yr+24s0WvzF6p+VZu7Ae8IIIAAAggggEDoBAgsQtekVCj7Ahv1yfpPpYKdVViQq5ztx2jfUU16edlKteYM175fOVZH/vNPum3Rm7F+UtkvH3tEAAEEEEAAAQS8FyCw8N6YPYReYEuNGL291LxCTc1t0hYjNGaPQjUte0cf2B0XuZtpqN7WK/9ZwwB5oT8WqCACCCCAAALRFSCwiG7bU/OMCQzXxNKpmtBSrSsr5uiZD7bVnoftLj0+X394+Ek9fv9DWqixOmhUgXgQbcbQyQgBBBBAAAEEfCZAYOGzBqE4QRQYpK0P/bbmXneEVt/5hF5r2UqTzrpUVxxYr8uO+6JKZ/5en04p1/lH7aKcIFaPMiOAAAIIIIAAAmkIMI5FGkgkQSA9gTa1rviPPt5xpLbNldpWN6ru76/oXY3UAYccoF3yonW9gnEs0jtqSIUAAtERYByL6LR12GvKOBZ9f1QvWyLQP4H2NU7j43c6t//1vf7lE7CtUz3jur/V8GKsAS/ytHoGKd8gldUrWwyCdcxyHPT3bMr2CPRdINV3PF2hwh5SUj8PBT5W07O/1eXTDtJWOSM1adrlmvvsSv33obLt2vD2k7r13GO075FX6S/vbfCwLOllPXv2bBUUFHRJ3NjYqNLSUtn/QLivWbNmdUnHAgQQQAABBBBAIJUAgUUqGZYj0K3ARrU8c6NOLT1dV897Xq1qUv28q3V26Xf0m6VrJWeN/u/eWfrSnl/UuVUN2qP8En3789t3m6PXKy2osFeyadq0aWppaVFdXZ0cx1F1dbXmzJmj8vLyZMlZhgACCCCAAAIIdBEgsOhCwgIE0hH4j56+a66W6CRd++TbWt/+iVpevkPThzygH9/+Jz14zak6+JRr9UThqbp2wWItvPlb+nzh5ulknPE0FjDY1Qh7Lykp6ZK/Xa2or6/XjBkzVFxcHFtfVlYmey1atKhLehYggAACCCCAAALJBAgskqmwDIGeBNqa9Pqi16Ujv6qTDt1ZQ3OGaPjeX9Hp3ypWy01n6/gfvqQDK/6kV/5+hy46eoKG5w7c86DsqkN+fr4qKyuT1soNHtygwk1k827Q4S7jHQEEEEAAAQQQSCVAYJFKhuUIpCOwzZYa2hEzDNU2I7aSNEbH3Xi//nzNSdorf0g6uXiaxq5EWNemVJMFDzYVFRV1SmLBiE3u+k4rmUEAAQQQQAABBBIECCwSQJhFoP8CU/SN4/dVXkfA0f8c+5NDsu5PvcmPwKI3WqRFAAEEEEAgugIEFtFte2rumcBmGjKAXZ88qxYZI4AAAggggAAC3QjkdrOOVQgg0JPA+tV6r6nps1Qf6f21n0hap9XvvasmxQ+IN1hb5G+n4UODF8sndpGyytojadOZFi5cmE6yXqfxIl8v8rSKBSnfIJXVK1sMgnXMBu046PXJjg0QCJgAgUXAGozi+kxg3tnab15imf6ms/e7O2HhWE2/b4nuOnFUwvKBn3UDB+vyFH8Dtz1FyiZ3fXxJ7ZG0PU0WfHgxyqz98Mt0vl7kaT5ByjdIZfXKFoNgHbNBPA56Om+yHoGgCxBYBL0FKf/ACORspVFfOkPT17anuf9h2mfE0DTTZjeZew+GPXI2PrCwebuBO35ZdkvG3hBAAAEEEEAgSAIEFkFqLcrqH4HBu+nkm+7Qyf4pUZ9LYlckLHiwwfPs3V7z5s2LveyJUkwIIIAAAggggEA6AsHr8J1OrUiDAAK9Eqiqqop1eZo0aVLs/gkbidsGyEs19kWvMicxAggggAACCERCgCsWkWhmKonAJoFU41nYVYra2lqYEEAAAQQQQACBPgtwxaLPdGyIAAIIIIAAAggggAACrgCBhSvBOwIIIIAAAggggAACCPRZgMCiz3RsiAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAq5AjpPkgfT2/Pkki91teEcAAQR6FLDzSE1NTY/pSIAAAghERSDTY/BExY16+k8gVazAzdv+aytKhEBoBLz4EvViEDMv8rRGDFK+QSqrV7YYBOuYDeJxEJqTOxVBIIUAXaFSwLAYAQQQQAABBBBAAAEE0hcgsEjfipQIIIAAAggggAACCCCQQoDAIgUMixFAAAEEEEAAAQQQQCB9AQKL9K1IiQACCCCAAAIIIIAAAikECCxSwLAYAQQQQAABBBBAAAEE0hcgsEjfipQIIIAAAggggAACCCCQQoBxLFLAsBgBBPonwDgW/fNjawQQCJ+AF4/gDp8SNQqCAONYBKGVKCMCIRPw4kvUi7EGvMjTmjJI+QaprF7ZYhCsYzaIx0HITvFUB4EuAnSF6kLCAgQQQAABBBBAAAEEEOitAIFFb8VIjwACCCCAAAIIIIAAAl0ECCy6kLAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEeitAYNFbMdIjgAACCCCAAAIIIIBAFwECiy4kLEAAAQQQQAABBBBAAIHeChBY9FaM9AgggAACCCCAAAIIINBFgMCiCwkLEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAoLcCDJDXWzHSI4BAWgIMkJcWE4kQQCBCAl6M7RMhPqrqIwEGyPNRY1AUBKIi4MWXqBeDmHmRp7VxkPINUlm9ssUgWMdsEI+DqJz7qWd0BegKFd22p+YIIIAAAggggAACCGRMgMAiY5RkhAACCCCAAAIIIIBAdAUILKLb9tQcAQQQQAABBBBAAIGMCRBYZIySjBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQiK4AgUV0256aI4AAAggggAACCCCQMQECi4xRkhECCCCAAAIIIIAAAtEVILCIbttTcwQQQAABBBBAAAEEMibAAHkZoyQjBBCIF2CAvHgNPiOAAAKSF2P74IrAQAikGiBPTpJJSro4SUoWIYBAGARqa2sd+7tPfOXn5/e5el6dR2pqavpcplQbepGn7StI+QaprF7ZYhCsY5bjINUZjeUIeC+Q6juerlADEeaxTwR8JlBfXx8rUUNDg/2vQserubnZZyWlOAgggAACCCDgVwECC7+2DOVCIIsCjY2NKioqir2yuFt2hQACCCCAAAIhEiCwCFFjUhUE+iqwaNEilZSU9HVztkMAAQQQQAABBERgwUGAQMQFWlpaZFcs7FVQUCC7Icte5eXlEZeh+ggggAACCCDQGwECi95okRaBEAq491fk5+fL7qlw77GwQKO0tDSENaZKCCCAAAIIIOCFAIGFF6rkiUCABKwLlAUT1dXVnUpdVlYm6yI1Z86cTsuZQQABBBBAAAEEkgkwjkUyFZYhgIDsSsakSZNUUVGhysrKTiLWVSqdqaamJp1kpEEAAQQiIcA4FpFo5khUMtU4FrmRqD2VRACBPgtYF6nEya5w9DTZSceLL9GFCxdmPF8v8jSfIOUbpLJ6ZYtBsI7ZIB4HPZ03WY9A0AXoChX0FqT8CPRTYPbs2bGbta3bU/zk3nvB06LiVfiMAAIIIIAAAqkECCxSybAcgYgIzJgxIzZ+hQUY7mRPipo3b55sXXFxsbuYdwQQQAABBBBAIKUAgUVKGlYgEA0B6+pUW1sre7fuS/YaO3ZsbFyLqqqqaCBQSwQQQAABBBDotwD3WPSbkAwQCL6Ajbqd+FSo4NeKGiCAAAIIIIBANgW4YpFNbfaFAAIIIIAAAggggEBIBQgsQtqwVAsBBBBAAAEEEEAAgWwKEFhkU5t9IYAAAggggAACCCAQUgEGyAtpw1ItBAZawG4CZ4C8gW4F9o8AAn4S8GJsHz/Vj7JER8C+45ONacXN29E5BqgpAlkX8OJL1ItBzLzI07CDlG+QyuqVLQbBOmaDeBxk/STMDhHIsgBdobIMzu4QQAABBBBAAAEEEAijAIFFGFuVOiGAAAIIIIAAAgggkGUBAossg7M7BBBAAAEEEEAAAQTCKEBgEcZWpU4IIIAAAggggAACCGRZgMAiy+DsDgEEEEAAAQQQQACBMAoQWISxVakTAggggAACCCCAAAJZFiCwyDI4u0MAAQQQQAABBBBAIIwCDJAXxlalTgj4QIAB8nzQCBQBAQR8JeDF2D6+qiCFiYwAA+RFpqmpKAL+EfDiS9SLQcy8yNNaIUj5BqmsXtliEKxjNojHgX/OzpQEAW8E6ArljSu5IoAAAggggAACCCAQKQECi0g1N5VFAAEEEEAAAQQQQMAbAQILb1zJFQEEEEAAAQQQQACBSAkQWESquaksAggggAACCCCAAALeCBBYeONKrggggAACCCCAAAIIREqAwCJSzU1lEUAAAQQQQAABBBDwRoBxLLxxJVcEIi/AOBaRPwQAQACBBAEvHsGdsAtmEciKAONYZIWZnSCAQLyAF1+iXow14EWe5hCkfINUVq9sMQjWMRvE4yD+/MhnBMIoQFeoMLYqdUIAAQQQQAABBBBAIMsCBBZZBmd3CCCAAAIIIIAAAgiEUYDAIoytSp0QQAABBBBAAAEEEMiyAIFFlsHZHQIIIIAAAggggAACYRQgsAhjq1InBBBAAAEEEEAAAQSyLEBgkWVwdocAAggggAACCCCAQBgFCCzC2KrUCQEEEEAAAQQQQACBLAswQF6WwdkdAlERYIC8qLQ09UQAgXQFvBjbJ919kw6BTAowQF4mNckLAQTSEvDiS9SLQcy8yNOAgpRvkMrqlS0GwTpmg3gcpHXiJBECARagK1SAG4+iI4AAAggggAACCCDgFwECC7+0BOVAAAEEEEAAAQQQQCDAAgQWAW48io4AAggggAACCCQTmD9/vlasWJFsFcsQ8EyAwMIzWjJGAAEEEEAAAQSyL9Dc3KzKykqdeOKJBBfZ54/0HgksIt38VB4BBBBAAAEEwiZQUFAgu2JhE8FF2FrX3/UhsPB3+1A6BBBAAAEEEECg1wI777yzHnvsMU2cOJHgotd6bNBXAQKLvsqxHQIIIIAAAggg4GMBu3Jx4403xoKLUaNG6emnn/ZxaSlaGARyw1AJ6oAAAukJ2IA22Zyyvb9s1o19IYAAAkETWLduXdCKTHkDJkBgEbAGo7gI9EfAcZz+bN6rbVONytmrTAKeGAMJAwzsz5jjYGAM1q9frx/96Ee69tpr9dRTT+mQQw4J+FmV4vtdgMDC7y1E+RBAAAEEEEAAgV4KWFBxwQUX6LbbbiOo6KUdyfsuwD0WfbdjSwQQQAABBBBAwHcCBBW+a5LIFIgrFpFpaiqKAAIIIIAAAlERyM/P19tvvy17OhQTAtkSyHGSdLqmL2S2+NkPAuEV4DwyMH2q/XZEcRxwHNgxyXGAgd/OTZSnfwKp/qbpCtU/V7ZGAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABSQQWHAYIIIAAAggggAACCCDQbwECi34TkgECCCCAAAIIIIAAAggQWHAMIIAAAggggAACCCCAQL8FCCz6TUgGCCCAQHKBJM/GSJ4wxEsxkDDAwP7EOQ5CfKKjah0CBBYdFHxAAAEEEEAAAQQQQACBvgoQWPRVju0QQAABBBBAAAEEEECgQ4DAooOCDwgggAACCCCAAAIIINBXAQKLvsqxHQIIIIAAAggggAACCHQIEFh0UPABgegKNDY2qrS0NDY6ro2maa9Zs2ZFFySh5rNnz1ZBQUGHj1nNmzcvIVXX2XS2q6+v72Rvedsyv03p1CVZmdPdztK5x56927zfpnTrkljudLZL/Bv063FQXl7eqZ2mTZsmK3u6U0tLi8aOHZu0fefMmaNJkyZ15J8qXbr78iqdlwaJfwfu34Q5MyEQCAEnybTp4QVJVrAIAQRCKVBcXOzYq66uLla/6upqJz8/35kxY0af6xuW84hZWF0qKio6LEpKSmLLGhoaOpYlfkhnO9venC0/dyorK4st6y5vN2223tOpS7KypLud1d9ezc3NsWyqqqpivpWVlcmyHZBl6dYlsXDpbGf1Lioqcqzt3cndrra21l004O/2N2DHq7WPTXaM2nnDyp7OZPW09Pb3lNi2bpvH/51ZmmRp09mXV2m8NLAy2zGQrqdXdSRfBNIRSPUdb48/6zKlStwlIQsQQCDwAvbjwP7m3R8LboUsqOjPF1xYziPJHFKZuXb2ns527o+U+O3cvON/YMWvH4jP6dQlWbnS2S7VD2gLNPpz/CUrT3+WpVOXZPmns521tf29WNvHT2ZgP8T9Mll7WH3iJzcgSCx7fBr7bOlse7e9EwOLVAGK344DLw3MKVn+iZbMI+AHgVTf8XSFCsR1JQqJgHcCixYtimVeXFzcaSc2b10c/Ngtp1NBPZ4xn0SboqIi2cu1S1aEdLarrKxUc3Nzss19tSyduiQrcDrbWRqzLCkp6ZRFbW2tGhoaOi0byJl06pKsfOls5xqYQ/xkx539/Vn3oYGe7Fxgr8Qyuu3WXddAq4N1rayuru6yvVuvurq6pO2dn58f228UDFzjxPONa8Q7AkEQILAIQitRRgQ8FLAvM5sSfzDYF7pN7vrYTMT+sR8zyX5MGYP7gycZSX+2s/7blveMGTOSZZ31Zf2pSzp2bhrrX2996q1Pud3P4qd7LLw26KlR/fA36P4HQ6rzhBmlmmwbCxz68oPZ9mvbu+ejVPvIxnKvDdz8LdB0763w299CNpzZR7AFcoNdfEqPAAJeC/jhR43Xdexr/n21Sbad3bTq/rCoqKjoEuj1tYxeb5esLuns093O3u1Hqb3sKoX9iDQHu3nZJrPw++TWpbfldLezH9zJ/sfffmAGZXLrkqy8FhT0JTCwYNPytSt7QZj6a+Bub8eDXd2xyZYF6W8hCO1EGb0V4IqFt77kjgACCKQlYP+j6zhO7H927QeV+2MirY0DnMgNKqqqqjqCKfthVVZW5qurFl4Su8GTXa1yJ+s65P7QdJdF6d2CSzOw48D1CXv9rZ52DoivrwXa1t0s6sdD2Ns+TPUjsAhTa1IXBDwQsC82puQCfbXpbjv3R7X9b3UQflh2V5fkapuWutvZu/1vttU7frLlFnS4V3Hi1/nts1uX3pbL3c7e7WqNtbfbBcbycn9g9uV/+3tblv6md+vS33xse3Owx6vG/899JvL1Oo9MGsSX1c03CH8L8eXmczQFCCyi2e7UGoEOAfdLK/FHrP2os8ld37FBhD7YDzqrf6KNEZhPKpu+bufSuj8k3TZwlw/Ee1/rku52qQzduroW7vxAvKdbl8Sy9WY7+xFtwYX9j7W9rPuPHXduHol5Z3veDfwS/xbcYzRT7WRdwuxqnR0X5uGnKVsGqeqcKeNU+bMcgUwIEFhkQpE8EAiwgPtUl8T/DbN5+yJzv0wDXMV+Fd18Em3sx5W9urNJZzv7AWU3LCdO9mPNLz8orWzp1CWxDuluZ4ZW38R7DMzXflz2FHgk268Xy7w0cAfQSyy3HXfWFcgPk9sWiYGFex9Id38L6ZbfuoK5Vyr8FlRYHbw2sPOB3aydOLl/C3YMMiHge4Fkz8JN9WzaZGlZhgACwRdwnyGfOEBef8ZSCMt5xH3ufvzz++3Z+jZQmDugW7IjIJ3tbPAzc4p/pr9tZ3nHL0uWfzaXpVOXZOVJdzs7/uLHa7DjMH4gtmR5Z3tZunVJLFc629kYEFbf+GPM2t/GNOjuGEvcl9fz7ngb7pg3Vu7EtuupDNa2ice8bWN1t+XxgwT2lNdArPfSINn5wLzsOHDNB6LO7BOBZAKpvuPtkmuXKVXiLglZgAACoRCwLy/7sWx/++4r/kdOXyoZpvOI/cizH36ujf2Ysh+M7mQ//mxd/I9jW9fTdpbG8om3tzz8+COip7r0x8Ac3B+W5ujXH1JeGthxYG3vHmN2TPQ06Jx7/GXr3do4vp2srInlTHUcuGVMFli427h1T/Zu2/lh8srArVtQzgdueXmProD9nSabcmxh4mUVu3ksyeLEZMwjgAACCCCAAAIIIIBAxARSxQrcYxGxA4HqIoAAAggggAACCCDghQCBhReq5IkAAggggAACCCCAQMQECCwi1uBUFwEEEEAAAQQQQAABLwQILLxQJU8EEEAAAQQQQAABBCImQGARsQanuggggAACCCCAAAIIeCFAYOGFKnkigAACCCCAAAIIIBAxAQKLiDU41UUAAQQQQAABBBBAwAsBAgsvVMkTAQQQQAABBBBAAIGICRBYRKzBqS4CCCCAAAIIIIAAAl4IEFh4oUqeCCCAAAIIIIAAAghETIDAImINTnURQAABBBBAAAEEEPBCgMDCC1XyRAABBBBAAAEEEEAgYgIEFhFrcKqLAAIIIIAAAggggIAXAgQWXqiSJwIIIIAAAggggAACERMgsIhYg1NdBBAIiUD765o7daRycnKUkzNSU+e+rvaQVK131XhfiysmfeaQo5EVi7W2dxmQGgEEEEAgQwIEFhmCJBsEEEAAAQQCI9D6uuZXTN0UkE25VPOXE44Fpu0oKAI+FiCw8HHjUDQEEECgJ4HCSx7XGmelas6aoGie0LfTEbPr5Kx5XJcU9qTF+k0CG7S8+gqd9365Vmz8WCvOX6vzfrpITfAggAAC/RSI5vdQP9HYHAEEEPClwNrFqhiZo5wp16u+NUnHqNj6THabWqvli+/Vdafv09EVKSdnqirmztfi3vwPeOtyLZ7/v6qY4nbtsjpUaO6D9WpKUo3+2rcvn6upU+dquQd5d1u2WPe1cWl2W/usi1d/ytlWr+vGWVe5hNe4m/Xh9GqtvP1E7TRogz5cvV7DdhyuLbstPCsRQACBngUILHo2IgUCCCAQLIEnrtVFt9ap1dNSf6J35l+qw097VIO/s1AbHUeOvT68SSXND+q0wy/U3Nd77l7T3lSrS489XKc92KqSqtc35eF8rJXXHazm+Wdo5JE/0eKmTzJYk3a1rnhDQ07+gsaF/Rswt1gX/euzdnHbx97/dZGKcyXFAo9ttMfZKzRt6u7Ky6AyWSGAQDQFwn5ajWarUmsEEIiwQKG+cPiuWnbxlbq1frV3Dmuf0o3nzdc+V/9AMw8q/G83rLzdVPq9H+jqfRbosjvqur+RuvU5/fIbp+vOopv1/B0XqnS3rT8r72YqLD5RF/36dl2rKp122cN6J2NXF5pVV/OeTjx0zH/L7J2Sv3P+LPDYuKJc/zntKj3Q1Obv8lI6BBDwvQCBhe+biAIigAACvRPI+8YPdONZb+rii+5I3iUqPrv2JtXPv06nWxeqz54wNaVibo9dmdrffUMvpuqUP2iCzqpZqZWzj5AbKsTvctPndq197gH98olDdXXFl7VTsm+jvEmacfkZ0tyf6cYn3u+aRV+WrH1JNa8epEPHDU2ydbvWLr5UI3NO0HXz58d18ZqqirueU9Pa5aq97nSNjDnto9Ovf7pzVy3r0jW3QlPcrkfWnWvx8rSuHLU31Wt+fN7X/VkvvPvxf8vodmO77k+q6Ug3UlMqfqf6pve1vPb6jjYcefqv9Vy3V3k2aPncUzu6ZA3aari2G1ag4Vsma4T/FoFPCCCAQE8CnEV6EmI9AgggEDSBweN0/JU/0VnLeuoStVr1v/yWjn1wC32n/uNN3ZA2Pq/LB9+rI/+/vfuPifq+4zj+urOxTYbUObN5p6vGEcAomxNGs+kqggXdXErOqsnmDwppWKPM6VAUtW1Wa0VdnVNXUyOVYvyjLRdTszlRETedgYDRaTcgzLqG3bnomg3IYs24W75w4HFyx11Fv+yb5x/G74/P9/P5fh6f5Lj3fX4VHooYlNgTslSY/yVVFyzSC7uOyh3lF+h7lEbPQbW8jgRNGjfy3uV+R3bFp83VMkejKk/+KXLvR7/nwp341N5Qq49cgw2DOqZ1exs0edMF+Y1hWWe+o/q8p+VMfl3XntmuNn+XOv5SLO38sTYf+1vPMr+d11S+cqGWnntKZR7D8jN5yp7SuaUZ+sGu+sjBRXfPzRLtvfWcaju65Pdf0KbJrfrNu9dCKuJV9bp6teRlAAAJ6ElEQVSDqpm8US1+v7o8Ffp2fYnSnHP0+rV0bW8zhqJd1VYdUG7EXp4nlLh4o5acW6QRRhCUXKFxR4uUEc9XghBwThFAIEYBPkViBCM5Aggg8P8gYB+/QD/f54o8JKr9kt5786aWrViidEfgy719vDLylii79qKueCLMbbBPlGtPlap3ztCpdT/SwqwkjTK+pBq/0rtr1TLQ5PFgON9t3bjskVISNCFu8D9F3ss3dPOBh0MZwcwlTZ00dpBhUKlav2WtXN1Ds0bKkfZdpTscyu4b9mVXXOLTmp3yT52o+6s6ZfS+HNXmU7O1b9uLAcuRcqS/pL1H8tS8bpfea7kTXPug40DPTfNibdmUq8Rui3glutZqy/rUoHQ9h471JdrkSu6eD2F3fFNz051S9hptWj1TDoMxLkGzZk+R90SDmiO1Qdw05Vdc7QkmPRVaEzyc7b5SuYAAAghEJzD4p3l0+ZAKAQQQQGBYCYzU+Nx12hdpSFR8pso8DSpL/1Q1brfcxr/yEmUlFag6mroY8ymKK+Tp8qjhWJWq3t+p5c07VLBwjpISX4xq8nY0xQxZGiOY+WiGctLGDFmWPRkFel9SZmhab4DWfcOuuAkJStF1NbeFm0rf+2xogBWnCUmTh/g9yQ4BBBB4uAIEFg/Xl9wRQAAB8wTsEwcZEtWupvICOUclKWtvnbqneo+er7ca3lZ2xC/DIVWyO5T6nEuu54tV4elSR3OV1iedUMHqD8Iv6Wofq0nTndLVVrVF+mU9UJRj+iSNe8C/WL7WP8o9NUNpgw75maykCTGskdTb+xLCcu/Uo8s3bg+8M/qgz97LRXIoJcnJ6k3BJBwjgMCwEnjAj+lhVRdeBgEEEEAgRKDfkKi6W/3u+lo+0OqCes2vuqGus2XKd7nkcj0j578/1tV+KUNPjMm/i2VzlqqmPXR8kjFM6HsqWDZLqv6dzreGGwI0Rmk52XJ4W3XjZrghV8aciNOq9KZqWc7XI0wED32/gc7vqPV8vaY+cD4D5N0bJA1wq+eSU9PDDb8a9NmwmXIDAQQQGHYCBBbDrkl4IQQQQGAoBYKGRL16QPV9WRv7ObTqqqZo5rSvBM05+K86/jXY/hNPKGHWPGV7q3Wy4dO+HO87yJ4XZvUlI6Vd8em5WptxXpvLfjvwcrKdDXr7tcNSfql+kjH2vuxjuuC7ofPuLz+EYVDGWwSCpKuXdK3faky9xpF6QHqfDe256VRb8/WYqkhiBBBAwGwBAguzW4DyEUAAgYct0Dsk6uNa1fYtEdu74tJ5VR7+Q2DZ1Lvy1h9U6ar96kvm86p+d+8Sq8bypu7uidn2xOe159A3VLn0Z9rlDtoh21i+tuIVFRb8Rzu3uZRol3zeC9rdtzt3jkrcTT2rJMWla+3RCuVdX6VvvbBbp/p2674rb6Nbu1YWaJ0KdWTrgsBytO1qcZcGlnMNyicav06PmjUpqoni0WTXP40RJP1QW589p1WlBwNLvfrU2VSpoqWHlbSzWIsTB1re1sjFrviMQu2bf1xLiyrV1D0szKjnm3ptR2P/YjhDAAEEhrkAgcUwbyBeDwEEEBgKgZ4hUSvlCM4sfpZ+erxM6RdXyDnC2MciVRt+P1Yrjr2v9YGEvtYT2vLhdB03lkHtOKbv1/9Ch+qNXop4Jee/pcbjizSmrjTwvE22Edn61a0Z2tJ8VMWpoyXdUeuJX+vDlEPqMJZpbZin+lXvqj4whMrueFbbzjTquCtOpwuTA3tpPC5ncZ3GuA7Lc+YVZQYmRBtDt4pWtauo7TMZm7rdXvVLVUe1qVu0y8wG48R4bKyytL9KR2Z/ohLn47LZRmjUS3/W7CO1Ol6cHnleRGCFrYqUGmWOGiGbLVmFdVNUtDM3xpcgOQIIIGCugM3v9/tDX8HYJGmAy6HJOEcAAQQQMEvA16Ty+ZnaPP2ImiJuRDeUL3hbNSV5OplzWGWZn3NokrHR24zTyrm0VZmDTqIO9+49vQErFzRrRW8+Rr7JWapcduYReoR7P64jgAAC1hYIFyvQY2Htdqd2CCCAwBAJ3JW3Zr/Kbud//vkOvr+rZvsB3d5R+ACbsXWqcVeWRk3ZqE8Wz9GUKPbAGCIAskEAAQQQGESAwGIQIG4jgAACw1nAuyNLT9qcyilvGng50yF5eSOoeEN5FZO0Z09uYL5DjBkbQcXmNapIeFl7XBODJovHmI/ilFp8Vv6uiyr6x6vacOyKakrSZHsySzv6JobEmifpEUAAAQSGQoDAYigUyQMBBBCwqkBnk9wlS7XhylwdfmeFkmPuIfCps8Wtkvkv60ruHr2TPy3yfIMIjr6WcuXklPfsjWH/gkaP/aLGjQ43KTpCRtxCAAEEEHgoAsyxeCisZIoAAghYQcCn9prNSs56494qUfqalledVYXrq1FW0JiXMU9Z/VY4KlSVZ59cjseizKM3mbGh3xplFpTLq2la/uYBbV89Uw5+IusF4n8EEEDgkQiEm2NBYPFI+CkEAQQQQAABBBBAAAFrCIQLLPidxxrtSy0QQAABBBBAAAEEEDBVgMDCVH4KRwABBBBAAAEEEEDAGgIEFtZoR2qBAAIIIIAAAggggICpAgQWpvJTOAIIIIAAAggggAAC1hAgsLBGO1ILBBBAAAEEEEAAAQRMFSCwMJWfwhFAAAEEEEAAAQQQsIYAgYU12pFaIIAAAggggAACCCBgqgCBhan8FI4AAggggAACCCCAgDUECCys0Y7UAgEEEEAAAQQQQAABUwUILEzlp3AEEEAAAQQQQAABBKwhQGBhjXakFggggAACCCCAAAIImCpAYGEqP4UjgAACCCCAAAIIIGANAQILa7QjtUAAAQQQQAABBBBAwFQBAgtT+SkcAQQQQAABBBBAAAFrCBBYWKMdqQUCCCCAAAIIIIAAAqYKEFiYyk/hCCCAAAIIIIAAAghYQ4DAwhrtSC0QQAABBBBAAAEEEDBVgMDCVH4KRwABBBBAAAEEEEDAGgIEFtZoR2qBAAIIIIAAAggggICpAgQWpvJTOAIIIIAAAggggAAC1hAgsLBGO1ILBBBAAAEEEEAAAQRMFSCwMJWfwhFAAAEEEEAAAQQQsIYAgYU12pFaIIAAAggggAACCCBgqgCBhan8FI4AAggggAACCCCAgDUECCys0Y7UAgEEEEAAAQQQQAABUwVsfr/fH/wGNpst+JRjBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQOA+gZAwQo+FpghNEHqfcwQQQAABBBBAAAEEEEAgVIChUKEinCOAAAIIIIAAAggggEDMAgQWMZPxAAIIIIAAAggggAACCIQKEFiEinCOAAIIIIAAAggggAACMQsQWMRMxgMIIIAAAggggAACCCAQKkBgESrCOQIIIIAAAggggAACCMQs8D9o0jW3wphsvAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" alt></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A student decided to carry out another experiment using 0.075 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution of sodium thiosulfate under the same conditions. Determine the time taken for the mark to be no longer visible.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>An additional experiment was carried out at a higher temperature, T<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<p>(i) On the same axes, sketch Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curves at the two temperatures T<sub>1</sub> and T<sub>2</sub>, where T<sub>2 </sub>> T<sub>1</sub>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>(ii) Explain why a higher temperature causes the rate of reaction to increase.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest one reason why the values of rates of reactions obtained at higher temperatures may be less accurate.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Butanoic acid, CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH, is a weak acid and ethylamine, CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>2</sub>, is a weak base.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equation for the reaction of each substance with water.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why butanoic acid is a liquid at room temperature while ethylamine is a gas at room temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the formula of the salt formed when butanoic acid reacts with ethylamine.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Titanium is a transition metal.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>TiCl<sub>4</sub> reacts with water and the resulting titanium(IV) oxide can be used as a smoke screen.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in metals.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Titanium exists as several isotopes. The mass spectrum of a sample of titanium gave the following data:</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUsAAADUCAYAAAAV8AG8AAAgAElEQVR4Ae2dD3wU1bn3f1m8gDYEXopvMxtacyFNaF9i0aVgkdsuIEmVl8IbBG/RJBBq8Q/INYVNE5W2gMGwuUEEekXchRi0Bd00SqkmsCFasDVuLDW2Ybdp3lCTXVsokmQvf6I7535m9t/sn9nMkhDd3Sefz7JnzjznOed8z7PPnPOcGSaJMcZAf0SACBABIhCRgCriWTpJBIgAESACIoHrpBySkpKkh5QmAkSACCQsgeBFd4CzFKgECyQsKer4Z0JAuGCTDX4m6KlSDwE5G6RlOJkIESACREABAXKWCiCRCBEgAkSAnCXZABEgAkRAAQFylgogkQgRIAJEgJwl2QARIAJEQAEBcpYKIJEIESACRICcJdkAESACREABAXKWCiCRCBEgAkSAnCXZABEgAkRAAQFylgogkUj8Ejh16hTuv/9+LF68GCdPngzb0UuXLmHGjBni5/z582FlKDP+CXyGzvJD1BZmQHi0SPwU1sIRwPscGkum+89nVKLl0wABOhAIfNqCygyBYQYKaz8kJlEQ6Or6/7jlllvwq+rn8eqr9Zg9ezbKd+4K0sCjYv3dePfdd1H42CaMHz8+6Hy0h060VM6RsflodQ2RvM+G5qCyxTlESuNPzWfoLINgHrWgrZf3Z356Bu+ZWvzHlCICQ0zgV9XlmPAv1yN96Qb8+S09bhqdgu3PPA+JFeLkMQN+9vPfQJv/CB5e9N0hbgGpiyUCnx9n6WhAvcW/xOE7/oijf40llNTW2CLwKU6/+y7OfZKJuXO/iRFfysa0ySqcuzIKp7q6xK6cP/cnrCr4Mb74r1PxwtM/ia3uUWuHnMDnwFlOxnLdOuSgBTX176NX7OJltJ94Aw3QYJ1uNSaHdLsXtqPbUaj2LOGTkqAurERti8M/K3Da0GgswRzvMj9JjTklRjTa3DW4VfbC1mhEyRy1f7k/pwTGRhsiLkYctSgU9T6AV1p+j9rKQqjF42wUbj8Jh29q4g01BC2RfcueB1DrEGIL/qVZRuVR/NnXN6HNtbA5P4XTVo/Kwmx3O+eUoFraVy8fvhvN2yVtqayHzelrDAAeTlsjjCW5nv6GYeLtW8bPUFv/Mw+/ZTDaLntriZvvlC+MEvvy8d8lAaCL53Hp4kUA/Xj8B/mwOs7j+epn8WXFy28FtukjeBn25t0+O1YXbsdRqX16xyLJayfugp+2VCJDsDdv6EoiF9kehfKB7XPX6Z+k+Jom2orE5oT61IWorG3x23dU9fbD0VLrt2HxNxvUXyX26W/g8KeE/ynd++f+H9q8R9f6+2/MVDCZAZNZwctHmCGHY5isZ5ZPGGOuNvcxV8reaNjKJgP+c+wK6zI9zDghL/jDPcxMXVcYYx8zi35B6HlBXlvFLH0uoRLWZ6li2mAd4vECprd8LA/AbmIFYcsJbeJYjqGNCTUwJumj6W9+fZ9YmH6yILuamexCh/uYRa8N315wTFtczAq4oP5ypczc42LMpyvovKd9XMF+1ib2lzFXl4kVBesR5LgiZmjrcbcvXN+8dfl7cM1Sw2mDb/3ix2wsrmdZd/w7e/NXT/r4Oy9eZK+/tFE8Xl6yKYq+KrHNSGMtNxZeO3E35ROL3v2bKDAxu5AVbsx89im1xwjtE+W1TG/pEyuRtRVMZUWmTrd9K643wm/N95tVaJ9RjMbVisrZ4OdgZglAlY5vzM8C/tqMP3ZcBpx2WFsdwPzp+Pr4oP9yk+9A/R5hM2gB9JaPxf/70NVlQhEHwPEndHzUD3z6Vxx/9ggADXTms6IM63sHei0HNOlRdsgGHhdhPf4amgBwOjN6GANjH8OiXwDgCDaU1cImnZSFvY5x0OpMsPa5wFydMBVNFRqBhjf/jL+HlVeQyRXB0NYjaYsDTVUNwJZW9DEX+ixV0ApqHL/De38RZkCSP+1PYbZfAWNXYDf/VJRzvLAT+5qFmcM5ND1TDqNjKgoMgi6hvz1oMxSBcxjx+D6LZ1bv1cdBq39HlHPZynBbyufDVLytG4rv/5PzAJYu+gasx36J7/y/xzCGy4Cx7nVcOfceHlq7C1zWN/DcT9ZD2AFvaGhAbW0tujxL9LD1K7HNgII5KDV3wcUYXPYGlAr2GXYsAgpFOBjAHntP4Jk1u+EAB21pA+wuBuay452qAgg/H//fZbTX/xJGh98G/Pb9Ad7sOOdfwYmFBqiXt+FQmR5NAfV2wVyaAzh2Y80zJ9AbtX36WztsKan3lfOoUpmhS0tnXZ2sx1zKOHFW9if2sS/dxq54r6LeWae3AS47s9SZmMn0HNNpOc+sQMN05rOMuTqZqWiqJ28qK9C/yEwmE6uz2D0zPkFJ4FWWK9Czl00mZqqzMLt7WuitKfTbd0VdygzWS57znzC7abW7Tu8V/ypmlpzOzDxzPOabQUhndr6ZpGcW4DuezAqks1d2lpl1GrE9k/UW9olPLvwMFN46wvYtFMG1yhleG3T3wmq1svr6enbx4kVxVbJ4RrrI7eQf/sA+PNPCvv6VL3psCewrX5/Gznz4YeTuR7JN6SrCZyeCOpfnNyBZRfnGQunMMrI9uqwGliPOIAP1sR4z04krDv/M0t3BK8xuOcJMppeZQZfjY+CzUV/7Itfrn/kG1SulqNQ+pWWuUVrOBoOmbcPmo4MqUiFl+h3I57Zi28Ff4vmpDXBgNrbMToeqL0gUvThtfBRzVxmDbjUS5MbgxrGjAdUELN5iwP4JT2DFtga8sOFevOBVoy2Fac+PkZeZgrTFj+Hw/i9g/YptaHphA5b6hHKgM+3AE3lTkOwtF/Z7PMaN8SK8DjfelCHGVwfclzp7Bq0yQjfcOBY3BNd1w3iMvWGgmd2XkX3T/5KUHI2xN47xH0eoUxRynMeF/5ZMpbkMpKeO9JeP41RmZiaEjxDTfUn/EOqaO/HQT7Zg1rQpKF7yTfzZMQI/2FKJqX9/HRt2/gH3FW/EW4eMYYgosE1JqcnZN+FG37EKN4wdHzr2vvPexKc4e6Yd4c0nsj3yfefd5bjxGPcFiT3dMBY3BhgdD+fpGjw8dwVekIRzvS0ItdHI9X5q70D4O1i9GgEotc/PcIUjISZp+GeRTPkqZs6fDDRsxoaqFiDnu5idMTqkJbztFawTHWUOdIaXUWexw/WJBfqgXSAVNwOFFfXiUtNqroPJ9CL0BVOBpq1YsvYV9xJbxUFTWIHjwvLWehwmkwkv64UlSQO2LdmIQzG1qWHF0T92SZZHl9FzVnKl+cI4pIprLS30lj53aEJcigvLceHzLPI4r+MHoMhBhwxPTGf87b2DuFe3H7fMW4DKkmLhF4zDb/4FuOV7uO1r/4o771mMTPD47cv7wvZTqW16C//16B/R4bs+8bjYcx5BgRWv6JB8q8aMd2+WOtrRKYSrvH8Xe3BWWrGwbF5XiheEZbjuOZjqLLC7+mDRiwEgbynF39epJ+F2Ufo8LvTJ3CwdrX0qrn3oBD8/zhI3Yup3bvX1jJuWjtSQ1vFwdrWjVZDivoqZud/DIs0X8fe3fo0jkkst312LVeJOeS7KGvuQMXcR8vLuxvcXfccfm+HPoHaVsLusxpwyM/oytMjLy0Pe9xfhzsAAjq9N0Seux7jUcQD+iqNH3kW38MPgu9G4c49/phu9UpkSDjTUvIA6cTe1H47G3di8TbhPVYMlt96E61JuRm6+BkATqp4x4bSwSy60pcy9M64uaQyKWcpUE6/Z/BmsWv4jsXcv/bwK119/vZhu/+cVhT1WZpsByhoOwlB3WrzzgneY8dTm/eJqiVtyK74qXLd8DuQkjvyuW7wQ8o7j2LnztQA1Sg9UGbNwT45g3CdQs/+37l1t3oFmQzVqpDNI754BvohJM3OweJEGX/r772A6YlVaVaDcl76O7wTXK64QV7nvIsk1wpYcA/YpXfbLrdWlMkOXlsYs3TvF/piKJ/bIhM1ez86fJ2YZfpdOw7RaYWfdWy7CbrhvNy/CDh3AuCIT65KLXfpiNYExGF9bfbGowLiowFf8zNIyrRgj8pb375CK8UUPZJ8+abzWF9sJjlmGj0X6++FifW37Q3fVhTaF2w2X1jl0gz6gpuG1QW9zrrCn184Tx+bp/dXeTMbYJTbvFjXDv/xvtmHvi+yljQtZMrJEOYmQL6nMNv1j7bMHr12IY+G9o0MIY0pj797x5dgs7Sz33SBeOxusPfrq99jUAPWGxiy9duxG4bNbb/si3nmSw0rNXcwlyCixTx/ta5eQs8GQuVvgJWF4j3xXPi4HudPDP1amSvu/2HL4BeiEnUPhT6vDfsuvcGDtHYDvXs1x0Kx/CVazwS/nkTWYTdiRdxNUUCFZsw6HrWYYdDluXeK/wvLejKYdi5E2aDojPXFRnXsHW9gN1Blg3luGBQExIkn1V52cjIKXfwfLfm9dU1Ggf0PSDxWSp+Rjd1Ngf7mCKjQ0bUfRlJSrrjm2C/I49cZ2/MdOM27PXYgfLlsq6c5oPFS2CfjkH3j6/nuxfOvbcMKKPdXVEhl/Uplt+uVR8CIsFr8tu8eiHHlpnlix6iZ37N1nn4JtHsDeJxYqiG1K6vElRyItrxxNDVUo8Px8xDr/1BAYxgpX7/46vHLgR5gv3IhRcwwW6dN2Pv1yCeG39jBespjcoTCPGFegh8myH1vmprl/j59z+0wS/LO3i3KvgPSep28icK0JfBY2KPwnGq+++iqsVqtnoyewlzabDc8//7yYuWjRItx+uzsCFyhFR/FCQM4GyVnGywjHST/kDDVOukfdiAECcjY46IVmDPSdmkgEiAARGDQBcpaDRkgKiAARSAQC5CwTYZSpj0SACAyaADnLQSMkBUSACCQCAXKWiTDK1EciQAQGTYCc5aARkgIiQAQSgQA5y0QYZeojESACgyZAznLQCEkBESACiUAg5Kb0ROg09ZEIEAEiMBABycONoqjk/+RyFw0WGEghnScCQ0lA7umJoayDdBGBSATkbJCW4ZGo0TkiQASIgIcAOUsyBSJABIiAAgLkLBVAIhEiQASIADlLsgEiQASIgAIC5CwVQCIRIkAEiAA5S7IBIkAEiIACAuQsFUAiESJABIgAOUuyASJABIiAAgLkLBVAIhEiQASIADlLsgEiQASIgAIC5CwVQJIV4c+gdlU21CWN6A0S4h3NqC7JhfDoVFKSGnNKatDi6A+SokMioJQAj97GMqhFexJsKvQTzg792nthazSiZI7aXVZdiMqjNjj9AmKK7DYIiOSQnKUERnTJfnTX6bHG+EFIMb67Fvf/2x64Vr4M4Vl71teItTiA6SsOwMaHiFMGEVBAQIWUueWwC/YU8PkYFv0CQFuFw09oEf7t7/3ori2DdnM7Zu457S7fVY5bjxdjYWWz32E6m1G1/CG8NfM5uMQ6OnFg5jtYuHw3WpxkuAI43x8QcOjLp0QwARfra9vPCibPYtpZHON0ZtbjEznLzDpNUB5jrMfMdJyG6cxnfZKUCCVANhjKRD7HxfosVUyLBUxv+VheTLQ9juUY2phLIuWyGlgOljKD9RJjzMV6zKWM40qZuUcilYB2K2eDNLNUcE0PEXFa8OyDO3HdU6VYnhx0tvd91NcA+bk3B17lU+aiwm5BxdwJQQXokAhcJQHBDtfrYdUV44eacbJK+I86ccqhxrT0CZD+4FWp6ZjGncDBE52IPG+041TnuQFkZKuPmxNSdnHTqWvbkQtoeXYTqiaVYdPiDIwIqsxtmJOQNbYbjcYSzBFjS9korKyHjZYyQbTo8OoJ9KO74QVUWfOw65HZgRfmqJQ60Gq1wwkVUmYsRnFWA1489qHHMfbDYfktmrM2oHxZZoCjjaqKOBEmZxnVQPJwtuzD+iPzcHjHYqSF0OPh7GpHKzpQs/6nOJb+CMxi7OckSscfwl3r6tAd+RIeVWtIOIEJ8B2o31ML5OfhjrSREUG4Z5ChIu4LuyQ/eQaK9zyEriXpGCFe5EdBPe9PyN/zIDTJIcYuKZgYSSIQxTjz3XVYt9CMBZUrBzAeO0bmb8WWuWmeq3EKptx9L5a8Xo5nms5FUSOJEoHwBPj2t3Gw4VYUL7t14Fllymw8sus21GzejUbPHRm84yR2VNSifxbnqUCYCGzHPO1J3NPW49lEcqGvbQHevOthGE8H3+8Rvl3xnEvOUuno8mdQt7EcHcUb8UCE+JBbXWh8CMlqZGVfoNiPUt4kF4HAZbSfeAMNOXn43i3ysUq/gpFIyytHU1kKqjWjxFvZ5j3dgW9vehL5yTcgO0uNZJxH86EXYc2/F3dP8e6pq5A8ZQEKl/wRj++zhNwe59efGClylgrHmW83Y4+xBU0bZmKM9x63EV/DqgYHHNvmYWzSMhht/UiZfgfyvRdrhbpJjAhERYDvxImDJ8BNS0eq4l9wCjLnP4pqu3DrkR3HK/KhGfNPWFvHuTd+xI3JljDNSMbErElw1ByDpTexY0iKUYehmFBZqswi1Afc38bAXG0w5HDgdGb0sEMoyhwNJE/GzDuvoKb+/cArsdMOa+sUzP9GasIHyhPKcK5BZ91LcHXoHRdydfGnYcy9HSWNgSEgMWaJHOROHw+k3IzcfE0YDU50WTvA5d+B6SmJ7S4Su/dhTGPQWaovI+ehImRtq8JzLRfc6ngHmg3VMN1ZhO8rWjYNuhWkIG4JeDcRJyFrYvB9azKdVqVj9j1p2BYQs2xGjeENTNy1GlrRCY7HjJVrMf9UPV5p9D7Zw8N5+giqa1KVxUZlqo+XbHKWQz6SKiRr1uGwdS3wzL+5Hy0bkYPdruX4Tdgd9CFvAClMcAK8zYjcpCTJY7ijkbliBywrLmKzWohZJmHEchOwbAf25t3kWekI8cl87N6ZC9Sv9YSaRiBz63nc1/QS1g8Yp49/6CHvDadX4cb/oH+eeyj3GtLPc5upbfFFQM4GaWYZX+NMvSECROAaESBneY3AkloiQATiiwA5y/gaT+oNESAC14gAOctrBJbUEgEiEF8EyFnG13hSb4gAEbhGBMhZXiOwpJYIEIH4IkDOMr7Gk3pDBIjANSJAzvIagSW1RIAIxBcBcpbxNZ7UGyJABK4RgZAneK5RPaSWCBABIhBTBIKfZrwuuPXBAsHn6ZgIXEsCco+aXcs6STcRkBKQs0FahkspUZoIEAEiIEOAnKUMGMomAkSACEgJkLOU0qA0ESACRECGADlLGTCUTQSIABGQEiBnKaVBaSJABIiADAFyljJgKJsIEAEiICVAzlJKg9JEgAgQARkC5CxlwFA2ESACREBKgJyllAaliQARIAIyBMhZyoChbCJABIiAlAA5SymNaNP8GdSuypa8cpRHb2MZ1ElJ7lfghvlWlzSiN9p6SJ4IYLC21Qvb0e0oVHtsU12IyqPe94N78fbC1mhEyRy1z37Vhdtx1EYWKxAiZ+m1k6i/+9Fdp8ca4weSkiqkzC2HnTEIz9j7Px/Dol8AaKtw+AktUiQlKEkElBEYjG31o7u2DNrys1jU1APGXOhrWoSz5XdhYWUznGIDPDL3vYnUiha4BPt12VE37RQKtWWo7e5X1sx4lmKSP0D4fdPfwARcrK9tPyuYPItpZ3GM05lZj2whF+uzVDEtFjC95WNZKTrhJkA2GI0lKLStHjPTcRqmM5+VKL/ErIalDFwpM/e4GHO1MUNOGFuWy5doireknA2G/K9D8XxhGLK+OS149sGduO6pn2L53h/iJ5EUC7Lr9bDqDuBVzbhIknSOCERHQKltpcxFhd0SWbdqCorq7SiSkXKc6sRHPJCSwGvRBO66jFUMmH0BLc9uQtWkMmxanIEREeX70d3wAqqsedj1yGxafkdkRSejIzAY2+qHo9mAJx9vQ9Gu1dAO6AFvQM49s5CR4N4iwbsfnXkCPJwt+7D+yDwc3rEYaQPR4ztQv6cWyM/DHWkjo62M5ImAPIGrtC3eZkRu0iioZ67B0fkPYPW3uAgbF0Jcfhceb/0uVudOiiAn38x4OjPQzz2e+jrovvDddVi30IwFlSuhSR4YHd/+Ng423IriZbfSrHLQ9EmBlMDV2pYqswj14uZNFw6kvYaZmmKZzRseztO/QNmav2DFgVIspot9wl8spPYXOc2fQd3GcnQUb8QDimKPl9F+4g005OThe7dQrDIyXDobHYEhsC1VGub+uAQ61GJPfQf4gAYIjrIGD8+tBLb8J8rmppGjoFuHAiwk4gHfbsYeYwuaNszEGO/9kyO+hlUNDji2zcPYpGUw2i77dfCdOHHwBLhp6UgdeBLqL0cpIjAQgSG1LQdarXbP7UNCxUI88788jvIX2F00FckDtSdBztPPWOFA+5Yv0vsnXW0w5HDgdGb0sEMoyhzt0+ZeJqmRn3szLcF9VCgxFASitS13nHI6ShrPhale47dRvhuNZQuhnvkaUne9TI4yiBY5yyAgQ3PIw9nVjlZMQtZEui4PDVPS4iYQvW2pMvNQrk9FTfURnHZ6FtyCY3yqAjXz12LljPEALqClajXmbbWjyPQctuZNoRllkMmRswwCQodEINYJuGeSSZLHcMdBU7wXhxedxdbMEe5HGUcUoT6jBE278zElWQXeVouyDUcAfADjknSM8IaavN/qMjT2BkY2Y51TtO0PeW84vQo3WoQkP5QE5F5DOpR1kC4iEImAnA3SzDISNTpHBIgAEfAQIGdJpkAEiAARUECAnKUCSCRCBIgAESBnSTZABIgAEVBAgJylAkgkQgSIABEgZ0k2QASIABFQQICcpQJIJEIEiAARIGdJNkAEiAARUECAnKUCSCRCBIgAEQh5goeQEAEiQASIgPhCsgAMIe/goccdA/jQwTATkHvUbJibQdUlMAE5G6RleAIbBXWdCBAB5QTIWSpnRZJEgAgkMAFylgk8+NR1IkAElBMgZ6mcFUkSASKQwATIWSbw4FPXiQARUE6AnKVyViRJBIhAAhMgZ5nAg09dJwJEQDkBcpbKWZEkESACCUyAnGUCDz51nQgQAeUEyFkqZ0WSRIAIJDABcpaDGXz+DGpXZUteOepV1g9HSw1K5qjdrx1NykVJdTMcif0mUS8c+g4hcA6NJdM9tpIU5ns6ShrPeUr1wnZ0OwrVHjl1ISqP2uAM0Rmc0Qtbo9Fvk2HL8XDaGmEsyfW0IRuFlfWwed81HqwywY7JWV71gPeju06PNcYPgjTwcLbsxvKF72DmgU4Iz9oz13OY+dZDWF7VrMCog9TRYQIQmIC5FRa3rQj24v30vQO9djK0+p/jibkTAPSju7YM2vKzWNTUA8Zc6GtahLPld2FhZSTb8pTb3I6Ze0679XeV49bjxQHl+O46rNNWwDpzB/rENrTgqVt/j9ULd6CFHKb4P2sw7x8CD73Z9B1CwMX62vazgsmzmHYWxzidmfX4ZM4ys04TlOdiPeZSxnGlzNzj8klSIpQA2aCXycfMol/AoK1ilj6PzfSYmY7TMJ35rFeIMXaJWQ1LGSLZlliOYzmGNia1PpfVwHKwlBmslxhjbrtFjoFZA4TamCFnckhZSQPiLilngzSzvJp5i9OCZx/cieueKsXy5CgUONrR+VF/FAVINDEJCKuTfVi/4SPonsiHJtnzM02Ziwq7BRXiLFM5Gf6jTpxyqDEtfQKkP3hVajqmcSdw8EQneP4cOk/ZwU1LR2qA0ASkTxuHhoNvoz3Bw0hSLMrpJ7TkBbQ8uwlVk8qwaXEGRoSwGI8Zy+5FVk0tjnV7HCPvgOXY+8jSr8eyzNEhJSiDCAQQ4D9Ew8+NsBaV4RGtsPyW++uHo9mAJx9vQ9Gu1dCmXM3P2YFWq33g8FBrO7oSfCke8v9Zyg0L5QsEPFf8I/Nw+PBipKlsYbCokKx5EHu2FCBr4ij/+RwDrK/PQDQTUX9hSiUSAb7djD3GUcg3fxtpMv6PtxlxZ9YqNADgCnah7ltcwKxRyss9g5TmuNPuGacnXyXMINVhhNwzztATiZcjMxSJB0JJj8UA+EIzFlSu9C+NQgpeQEvl3dC+uQBtfS5PsL4HbfecxF0rq3E6wa/OIbgoI4jAZbSfeAMN2nuxbMb4oHP+Q1VmEerFzcMuHEh7DTM1xaj1rmT8Yu5Uymw8sus21GzejUaHe7XDO05iR0Ut+mdxHukJ0D5ShjtrKvBUYzfEFTfvQPOOp3GwP4wTDa4jAY7JWSodZP4M6jaWo6N4Ix7QjJMv1fseDlV9hPzCBZjijTUhBVPuvhdLju7Evubz8mXpDBHgO3Hi4HvIyb8Tt/jsJwIWVRrm/rgEOtRiT32H28mFiI9EWl45mspSUK0ZhaQkNeY93YFvb3oS+ck3IDtLLa54VGmLsaOpGOOrv4sRSUlImvc02r5dgh35k4DsDExU0p6QuuMng5ylwrF0L41a0LRhJsYIhiR8RnwNqxoccGybh7FJy2C0XUSv5RhqHGGUJquRlW1HTf376A1zmrKIgECAb38bBxvGhWzGDExnoNhjCjLnP4pqu3Brkh3HK/KhGfNPWFuldamQnJmL9dWt7hXR8QoUasbAbu0I3fgZuEFxJ0HOUuGQ+pY93nvgxCVQGww5HDidGT3sEIoyb0DK9DuQ713ZSHU77bC2qpGfezNSpPmUJgI+Ap4lOJeD3OmhS3AhTpmbJL1B3VcQgEbetvjTMObeLrmx3V1OjFnCW9dl2IzLQh+wEHfJR8nrljYhztPkLId6gFOmY+WW6ThV/xoabd45ZC9Ov/IiarIix6GGuimkL9YIONFl7ZBd8qoy81CuT0VN9RF/7JvvRuNTFaiZvxYr5WKcqnTMvicN2wJils2oMbyBib5d9NHImP1dZG8LjFm21OzDwYk/GmBXPtY4X117yVleHbcIpVIwpWgbduYC9auneB4bux1bzy9D0+F1ETaGIqikU0RAJDAOmuK9OLzoLLZmjvCEgopQn1GCpt35vhi5ewaaJJkljkbmih2wrLiIzWohZpmEEctNwLId2Jt3k28XXZV5H/Zb7oNr8zfdMcsRK3AISyrDXysAAA0FSURBVLB/b57srnwiDUzIe8PpVbiJNPyfv77KvYb089dSalG8EpCzQZpZxuuIU7+IABEYUgLkLIcUJykjAkQgXgmQs4zXkaV+EQEiMKQEyFkOKU5SRgSIQLwSIGcZryNL/SICRGBICZCzHFKcpIwIEIF4JUDOMl5HlvpFBIjAkBIgZzmkOEkZESAC8UqAnGW8jiz1iwgQgSElEPIEz5BqJ2VEgAgQgRglEPw0Y8j/lB4sEKP9pGbHKAG5R81itDvU7BgkIGeDtAyPwcGkJhMBIjD8BMhZDj9zqpEIEIEYJEDOMgYHjZpMBIjA8BMgZzn8zKlGIkAEYpAAOcsYHDRqMhEgAsNPgJzl8DOnGokAEYhBAuQsY3DQqMlEgAgMPwFylsPPnGokAkQgBgmQs4zBQaMmEwEiMPwEyFkOhjl/BrWrsiVv0fMq64Wt0YiSOWr3G/jUhag8aoPTe5q+icDVEhDfAe6xq6Qkz9tDhe9lMNouK9Taj+7aNVCry9DYyweW4R1oqS7BHK/uOSWobnEgSCqwTIIckbO86oHuR3edHmuMHwRpEAyxDNrN7Zi55zSEx0dZVzluPV6MhZXN5DCDaNFhlAScdlhbZ8NgveS2LcG+xM8hFGWOVqSM7/41Nq7ZDUewtHDxv385nnHl47CoswfWtSOwf/o67FfsiIOVxs8xOcurGkseztO/QJnuD8iaxQVq6D2BZ9bUIju/AIszU9znVGnQrsjDyA2VOERGF8iLjqIgwKPXcgw1yEB66sgoyklEnR9gf9l/oiNLI8kUkjx6m/ZgzevfQuHdX0eyeDYFmXnFeELXgccNb6M3qESiHZKzvJoRd1rw7IM7cd1TpVjutiqfFv6jTpxyqDEtfYLv5fXCSVVqOqZxJ3DwRCctaXy0KBEdgX581NkOR3YGJiZfzU/3Alqe/TEev+4BlC2fFFT1eVjqG4D8OzA9Rap7AuZWWGCvmAvPpT+oXOIcSqkkTq8H1VPB4DahalIZNi3OwIiodDnQarXTUjwqZiTsJ+BEl7UDXOqHqF2Z7YlXZqOwshYtjn6/WNgUD2fLPqyvSseuTYtwU7Dh8ufQeeoCsrNugF0Sb1cXbsdRW6LPKd1AyVmGNSy5TI/BHZmHwzsWIy0MPfcMMrS8e8YZmk85REAxAY9Dy0qbhcJ9rZ5Y5Uk8NsmC9ct3o8UZYRtGWA2tfwsLDm9BXlqYJbwYC70IZ00p1h37Mv7DbAdjLthKx+PAXWWo7R7IGSvuRcwKhvm5x2xfrnnD+e46rFtoxoLKldDILYNSZuORXbehZvNuNHqu9rzjJHZU1KI/OL55zVtMFcQVAdUUFNW343j5fHC+X24KMu+4AzOsepQdsoUP8QgbN+sewpEFpXhAMy4CEgfeHpmPnVu8+lVInrIAhUt+jzXPnKCYZQRydEpKgD+Duo3l6CjeOIDBjURaXjmaylJQrRmFpCQ15j3dgW9vehL5yTcgO0vtCZ5LlVOaCAyCQLIaWdmQCfF47trouBeVD0wf0Pa4aelI9TlioU3JmJg1CY5TnfgowsR1EK2PmaIBWGKm1Z9BQ/l2M/YYW9C0YSbGeO9BG/E1rGpwwLFtHsYG3OeWgsz5j6LaLtzWYcfxinxoxvwT1tZxIRs/n0FXqMpEIsB3oH5PLRxNxZg+ZoQnznk9sla9DDi2Yt7Yicg1ngafcjNy84N3yBMJ1MB9JWc5MCNRQpVZhHrfPW2ee9tcbTDkcOB0ZvQwz31u4k3Dt6Ok8VyAZjFmiRzkTh8fkE8HREApAd5mRG7S9BDbghhvVCM/9+bQHWtx6S7EH733Ywrfl2A1LAW4Uph7ulBfNAUqpCBr5m1AzTFYAm5UFzaVuqGdPxXqBPcWCd59pWYahZwqHbPvScO2gJhlM2oMb2DirtXQBtyWEYVeEk14AqrMPJTrU1FTfQSnfZs5vTj9yosw3VmGR7QTBsFoJNJyClCcdQibn7N47tjoh6P5IKpNt2Dt96cNuIQfROUxUZSc5ZAP02hkrtgBy4qL2KwWYpZJGLHcBCzbgb15NwXceznkVZPCOCcwDprivTi86Cy2ZnqX1EuxD/fiN5K7M9wz0KQwj+EOgCd5BtYf/g3KsBuZYqhpFDS7+3Hfb8rD76APoC7eToe8Cpfe7hhvQxxb/ZF7s15s9YJaG8sE5GyQZpaxPKrUdiJABIaNADnLYUNNFREBIhDLBMhZxvLoUduJABEYNgLkLIcNNVVEBIhALBMgZxnLo0dtJwJEYNgIkLMcNtRUEREgArFMgJxlLI8etZ0IEIFhI0DOcthQU0VEgAjEMgFylrE8etR2IkAEho0AOcthQ00VEQEiEMsEQh53jOXOUNuJABEgAkNFIPjR7+uCFQcLBJ+nYyJwLQnIPZd7Lesk3URASkDOBmkZLqVEaSJABIiADAFyljJgKJsIEAEiICVAzlJKg9JEgAgQARkC5CxlwFA2ESACREBKgJyllAaliQARIAIyBMhZyoChbCJABIiAlAA5SykNShMBIkAEZAiQs5QBQ9lEgAgQASkBcpZSGpQmAkSACMgQIGcpA0Yu2/uaUeEu/4BPrhE23lOKd6ClugRzfDK5KDH+Gi2Ofjm1lE8ElBHgT8OYqw60PdHOlsFouyyvw2lDo1Fqk9korKyHzff+caHoZdiMy8LoViPXeBpe85avJL7PkLOManx5OLva0ZpjgNXFIDwa6vvUFyFTpNmP7ronsXA/sMJih4sxuOwbkfpmKRY+fQK9UdVHwkQgiIDTDmvrbBisl/y2J9rhIRRljg4S9hzyZ1C7bgnue/MrqLBfEcu57M9iWut6aNfVodvnBZ3osnYjx9Am2q3Ptpkd9UVTEv6d9+Qsw5uXTO55WOobgGnpSJUjx3egfs8byM5fiXwNJxqYirsd6x57FNk1x2Dp9VmmTB2UTQTkCPDotRxDDTKQnjpSTigkn283Y49xFPIL78EMzl3OZ5PGcjzTdM5dpvd91NdcwbT0CQnvGEMgAsQkHBTZPP4cOk9dQHaWGslyQuKVf1yIwalS0zENDai3nJcrSflEYAAC/fiosx2O7AxMTJa7WoeqUGUWoZ5ZUDF3QuhJ2HGq85y4xOY/6sQpxyRkTZS17jDlEydLOfHEYSLfU9ERXo/UfxzESrUnZqkuRGVtCxyeCaPb4ORU+A1TToLyiYA8AWGZ3AEu9UPUrsz2xBaF2GPtIOLhs3HP7HSo4AkxcdfjH7WrofbE29WFlahtcSR8vFIYE3KW8pYZcsbtCNVIm/ED7LN74pW2Ukx65ydYXtUMp9fgQkpSBhEYAgKelU1W2iwU7mv1xCxP4rFJFqxfvhstAZs1A9THn0FdxXa0Fv07cjOEWKdn1po1CTMK98IuxkFdsD02Ce+sfwhVLRcGUJgAp5nkDxD40190BFysx1zKOCxlBut/e9IapjOfDVTTY2Y6jmM5hjbmCjxDRxICZIMSGEqTUdtWD2szFDFO+1Nmtl8ZoJazzKzTMOQYmDVBDFfOBmlmOegLogrJEzOQjQ5Yuy560oNWSgqIgHICyWpkZQOtVjucA5bqxWnjo5j7OLDlvx7FXM+Gj3yxZEzMmgS0tqMrmpmrvMKYPUPOcoiHTtzI4eSUqkM2fuQkKZ8IDDkB3oHm7WvdjrJxO4qmpAx5FfGskJyl4tH13LCrLkNjwO0/3sB4DnKnjwfEq/wF3w6jVz3tNHpJ0PfVEnA/EDEdJY2eW328isSNRzXyc2+GnPvjHUdRNk+Dma+lYVdTGEfpudldXdIYdC+wZ1Mp/w5MT0lwdyENWMit1aUyCZ3ue4fptRpWYGhlfV4Qfa3MUKBlRaZOTyzyCusyPcw4rogZ2npEKZf9BKsqmMo4nZm5c7yF6TuYANlgMBHp8cfMol/AuIL9rK3PG0B0xx8nF5lYlzdLWkRIi3bLMXAPM1OXXIzSxfosVUwrsVvGXKyvbT8rmBypXHBlsX8sZ4MBOzpyQrHf/aHrgctuYSZ9AeMAJvCCVscMZqvfeQpV9VmZ2aBjWq8MprICvYlZBgymD107Y1UT2eAAI+eyM4tJzwo4j/0hh+kMZmb1OU/GXFYDywE8F+dLzGpY6rZVnz16y7q//RfxK8xuMTF9wVSPPMe0OgMzWxPrEi9ngyGvwqW3O3rXNvT9WRCQe7PeZ9EWqjMxCcjZYIIHIRLTGKjXRIAIRE+AnGX0zKgEESACCUiAnGUCDjp1mQgQgegJkLOMnhmVIAJEIAEJkLNMwEGnLhMBIhA9AXKW0TOjEkSACCQgAXKWCTjo1GUiQASiJ0DOMnpmVIIIEIEEJEDOMgEHnbpMBIhA9ATIWUbPjEoQASKQgARCHndMQAbUZSJABIhACIHgR7+vk0oEn5SeozQRIAJEIJEJ0DI8kUef+k4EiIBiAuQsFaMiQSJABBKZADnLRB596jsRIAKKCZCzVIyKBIkAEUhkAv8DWufu5OBMq28AAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
<p>Calculate the relative atomic mass of titanium to two decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{22}^{48}{\text{Ti}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>22</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>48</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Ti</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> atom.</p>
<p><img 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PX2/5nnvrIsuW5X+kYOZvvq94wfOPvy6Attuat/JCMDT+TzKxbkcM8dWXnz85M1Rwbuy+LnN6Xzhp0nn6a176vZ+tSFuW3Pb1Ov/zkDj12en15353hIGs3woV25/eYX0/mdw6k3HvvIr3LvgieyZuOPJq/jaOnYkL31gezdcEUKGe68+obULAECBAgQIEDgfBMo5zlnywdy4/3/NRtOd+rT0At56Iu7s/SBu7JpRdvxJ9ytV2XDwztzy8+25aH9U1+RaHaUy3LL+k/kitaWtLT9Xf5u9H/le/ccyPWP3D9Zs6Xt6tzx8M58pe8b2fJk/4lXEtpuzb1335iO1sZYFqZt+ceyou3XeeblIxnNsQy8/MvsX3p1rulYdPzBtVya1dv2pr53QzrKmWSz8NYRIECAAAECBAjMgUBRT0NbLv1k7n9kplOfRjN08Nk8OtieD1/2npP/9761PZ1LB/Lo3n/LiZOHZmMaEzWvzNVXvW+amskrfQNTTmk6pebY45rYZmHaP/TRrNz37ez68S/Su3v/lNO0TlnnUwIECBAgQIAAAQIVCRQVKBr/q3/pu576dCgPrnnv+PUTjescaqktuDK37Rs8C+THcuT113K6PQ++9HqOnNGpVi1pXbYpe/p25CNv/iRbP7UqnRctSG1Vd3p6p15ncRbasEsCBAgQIECAAAECMwgUFiiSnHTq0y/zzt9OcVN29f3p+DUIjesQpvwd2L464ycTzcD1l969MIsvW5K20yxr+/BlWXzGU2hJa8fKrN2wPT+v1zMycDBPfeJI7lnzmWw96QLy0xT0JQIECBAgQIAAAQKzKHDGT2VnseZZ39WJU5+25uEDE5GiJYuWfzy3tP0mL776uxPXLTQezfCB7Fi1ZPydkVrS+v4lWTorj/J0NQfS90qytLM9rU3WamlblrWfX59b2gby0utHT+6pyX1aRoAAAQIECBAgQOAvESgyUJw49enP2b//f5/wWHRN/vGRa/OzL96XnQcGjz8BHz6c3VvvzeZ8IdvWdYxd59Cy5O/zD9cN5NEf/DSHx95Odij9u/9btjbeJnbyT2ve33n5+GdvZ3j4/01+5aQPFi3PZx9YcUrNV9OzcVMe7Nw8WfOkNdN+8nb6e9altmpLdk++TexQ+p99NgeyNrd3XX7yNRrT7sOdBAgQIECAAAECBGZXoNBAMeXUp5PON1qYS9duy/7Hrs2R7mVZ0Lh+4qKb8vR7b8/Bx7+QZWPvrtRY25F1D38vd2ZHrmxcp1C7Kbveui73/vebpuhfkCXXfy53HbsnnQsuz6eefC0jU7564sNFuWLDN0+p+aX0XbszfXs2nah5YsEMH12Qjlt35uDGS/L0yovHrwG5OCufviQb99ydGy9dOLbO76GYgc/dBAgQIECAAAECZ0WgVm9cRDD+p3GB8pRPJ+52S4AAAQIECBAgQIDAPBeYKSuU+wrFPB+49gkQIECAAAECBAhUISBQVKGsBgECBAgQIECAAIFCBQSKQgerLQIECBAgQIAAAQJVCAgUVSirQYAAAQIECBAgQKBQAYGi0MFqiwABAgQIECBAgEAVAgJFFcpqECBAgAABAgQIEChUQKAodLDaIkCAAAECBAgQIFCFgEBRhbIaBAgQIECAAAECBAoVECgKHay2CBAgQIAAAQIECFQhIFBUoawGAQIECBAgQIAAgUIFBIpCB6stAgQIECBAgAABAlUICBRVKKtBgAABAgQIECBAoFABgaLQwWqLAAECBAgQIECAQBUCAkUVymoQIECAAAECBAgQKFRAoCh0sNoiQIAAAQIECBAgUIWAQFGFshoECBAgQIAAAQIEChUQKAodrLYIECBAgAABAgQIVCEgUFShrAYBAgQIECBAgACBQgUEikIHqy0CBAgQIECAAAECVQgIFFUoq0GAAAECBAgQIECgUAGBotDBaosAAQIECBAgQIBAFQICRRXKahAgQIAAAQIECBAoVECgKHSw2iJAgAABAgQIECBQhYBAUYWyGgQIECBAgAABAgQKFRAoCh2stggQIECAAAECBAhUISBQVKGsBgECBAgQIECAAIFCBQSKQgerLQIECBAgQIAAAQJVCAgUVSirQYAAAQIECBAgQKBQAYGi0MFqiwABAgQIECBAgEAVAkUFitH+nnTVamnv7s3QTHqjh9PT1Z5a+5b0Do3OsNXb6e9Zl1ptebp7j86wTVJ6vbBK4lhofAOUfqzrrzHkc/Fno2Nv7B+gc3I2fjb62Tj+9MjxefzbdNaeg467nmc3tXq9Xp94zLVaLVM+nbjbLQECBAgQIECAAAEC81xgpqxQ1CsU83zG2idAgAABAgQIECBQuYBAUTm5ggQIECBAgAABAgTKERAoypmlTggQIECAAAECBAhULiBQVE6uIAECBAgQIECAAIFyBASKcmapEwIECBAgQIAAAQKVCwgUlZMrSIAAAQIECBAgQKAcAYGinFnqhAABAgQIECBAgEDlAgJF5eQKEiBAgAABAgQIEChHQKAoZ5Y6IUCAAAECBAgQIFC5gEBRObmCBAgQIECAAAECBMoRECjKmaVOCBAgQIAAAQIECFQuIFBUTq4gAQIECBAgQIAAgXIEBIpyZqkTAgQIECBAgAABApULCBSVkytIgAABAgQIECBAoBwBgaKcWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQOUCAkXl5AoSIECAAAECBAgQKEdAoChnljohQIAAAQIECBAgULmAQFE5uYIECBAgQIAAAQIEyhEQKMqZpU4IECBAgAABAgQIVC4gUFROriABAgQIECBAgACBcgQEinJmqRMCBAgQIECAAAEClQsIFJWTK0iAAAECBAgQIECgHAGBopxZ6oQAAQIECBAgQIBA5QICReXkChIgQIAAAQIECBAoR0CgKGeWOiFAgAABAgQIECBQuYBAUTm5ggQIECBAgAABAgTKERAoypmlTggQIECAAAECBAhULiBQVE6uIAECBAgQIECAAIFyBASKcmapEwIECBAgQIAAAQKVCwgUlZMrSIAAAQIECBAgQKAcAYGinFnqhAABAgQIECBAgEDlAgJF5eQKEiBAgAABAgQIEChHQKAoZ5Y6IUCAAAECBAgQIFC5gEBRObmCBAgQIECAAAECBMoRECjKmaVOCBAgQIAAAQIECFQuIFBUTq4gAQIECBAgQIAAgXIEBIpyZqkTAgQIECBAgAABApULCBSVkytIgAABAgQIECBAoBwBgaKcWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQOUCAkXl5AoSIECAAAECBAgQKEdAoChnljohQIAAAQIECBAgULmAQFE5uYIECBAgQIAAAQIEyhEQKMqZpU4IECBAgAABAgQIVC4gUFROriABAgQIECBAgACBcgQEinJmqRMCBAgQIECAAAEClQsIFJWTK0iAAAECBAgQIECgHAGBopxZ6oQAAQIECBAgQIBA5QICReXkChIgQIAAAQIECBAoR0CgKGeWOiFAgAABAgQIECBQucB5HiiOprd7eWq12mn+rktP/9tJ3k5/z7rUunrSPzqbzkPpf+ahbPnB4czqbmfzIdoXAQIECBAgQIAAgbMkcJ4HinGVtrvy3B9GUq/Xp/n7ZDZ0XHCW+JIMHcyu9V/PoZGzV8KeCRAgQIAAAQIECJyrAmUEinNV1+MiQIAAAQIECBAgULjAPA8UxzJ46NF0r2ofP2WqK909vekfPvnkpdHBA/lBd9f4Nkuzfsfe49sM9ab7ijV5cHAw+267Mgvat6R36PfHT8Na1Z1/3rE+7Y3Tscbub+xzKP29PaepN34KV9e30ntgyuNqX58dz/RnePJgPHU/7VnV3ZPe/qHxLcZP76pNnO41udAHBAgQIECAAAECBGZVYB4HimN5Y/edWXbDs1m8/VBGGqdLvfVP6Xx+U1Zu+nHeGM8Uo2/szueW3Zjv5/b0vTWS+lv/kmtf+fLxbVpXZ/vh5/KVtrZct+s3GRnYltWLxkn3/2teuGRz+ut/zsD+27Ni0XAO99yRlTc/P1lvZOC+LH5+Uzpv2JlDU0PMvq9m61MX5rY9v029sf6xy/PT6+7Mdw+9mWQ0w4d25fabX0zndw4fP8Vr5Fe5d8ETWbPxR+PXh1yQjg1Ppl4/y6d7zeqhaGcECBAgQIAAAQLno0AZgWLwa1lz8YJpL8xu7+7NxP/bnzSgoRfy0Bd3Z+kDd2XTiraMQbRelQ0P78wtP9uWh/YfHbuQ+7W9P0xPbs29d9+YjtaWpPWD+fT6G5KeH2bva42LvWf403ZD1n/6g2nNwrR1fCCtQwfzvXsO5PpH7p+s19J2de54eGe+0veNbHmy/8RF3W1T6jXWL/9YVrT9Os+8fCSjOZaBl3+Z/UuvzjUdi44Xb7k0q7ftTX3vhnSUMdEZUN1NgAABAgQIECBwrgmU8fTzNBdlD2xfnfGn3VPsRzN08Nk8OtieD1/2nuNhYuKrre3pXDqQR/f+W4ZGX88LT7yQLF2S9zfCxNiflixavS0Df9H//k/UuzJXX/W+aeolr/QNTDmlaeLBjN+OPaaJbRam/UMfzcp9386uH/8ivbv3v+MUrVNW+5QAAQIECBAgQIDAWROYeJZ81gqc2zs+lAfXvPfkVzYWXJnb9g3O8sM+liOvv5bT7XXwpddz5ORLN2Z4DC1pXbYpe/p25CNv/iRbP7UqnRctSG1Vd3p6p15nMcNydxMgQIAAAQIECBCYRYF5Hihuyq6+P03zVrP1TP/KRrPyC7P4siVpO83ytg9flsVnPI2WtHaszNoN2/Pzej0jAwfz1CeO5J41n8nW3sapWv4QIECAAAECBAgQqEbgjJ/CVvNwqqrSkkXLP55b2n6TF1/93YlrFxrlhw9kx6ol6eo5nNGWy3LNP1yTvPJafjvlounR/p501dqPb3NGD/l09QbS90qytLM9rWe0r3du1NK2LGs/vz63tA3kpdePntzPOzd3DwECBAgQIECAAIFZE5ingSLJomvyj49cm5998b7sPDB4/En48OHs3npvNucL2bauIy25IEuu/1zu6nwyW7/+XAYbpySNvpH9338i+1ZuPr7N2PUN/+74QP44nCm54+QhLVqezz6w4pR6r6Zn46Y82Dm+r5NXzPDZ+FvCrtqS3ZNvEzuU/mefzYGsze1dl598jcYMe3E3AQIECBAgQIAAgdkQKCNQnOZdnmozvpKwMJeu3Zb9j12bI93LsqDx+yIuuilPv/f2HHz8C1k2fhF2S9t/zAOPP55bR3akfUEttQX/IVtHbj6xTcvlub77lhxr/B6KCzfkydf+NMNcFuWKDd88pd6X0nftzvTt2TRZb4bFU+6+IB237szBjZfk6ZUXj1//cXFWPn1JNu65OzdeunDs3an6e9al5vdQTHHzIQECBAgQIECAwNkQqNXr9frEjmu12tj1BBOfuyVAgAABAgQIECBAgEBDYKasUMYrFGZMgAABAgQIECBAgMCcCAgUc8KuKAECBAgQIECAAIEyBASKMuaoCwIECBAgQIAAAQJzIiBQzAm7ogQIECBAgAABAgTKEBAoypijLggQIECAAAECBAjMiYBAMSfsihIgQIAAAQIECBAoQ0CgKGOOuiBAgAABAgQIECAwJwICxZywK0qAAAECBAgQIECgDAGBoow56oIAAQIECBAgQIDAnAgIFHPCrigBAgQIECBAgACBMgQEijLmqAsCBAgQIECAAAECcyIgUMwJu6IECBAgQIAAAQIEyhAQKMqYoy4IECBAgAABAgQIzImAQDEn7IoSIECAAAECBAgQKENAoChjjrogQIAAAQIECBAgMCcCAsWcsCtKgAABAgQIECBAoAwBgaKMOeqCAAECBAgQIECAwJwICBRzwq4oAQIECBAgQIAAgTIEBIoy5qgLAgQIECBAgAABAnMiIFDMCbuiBAgQIECAAAECBMoQECjKmKMuCBAgQIAAAQIECMyJgEAxJ+yKEiBAgAABAgQIEChDQKAoY466IECAAAECBAgQIDAnAgLFnLArSoAAAQIECBAgQKAMAY3FMFwAAANaSURBVIGijDnqggABAgQIECBAgMCcCAgUc8KuKAECBAgQIECAAIEyBASKMuaoCwIECBAgQIAAAQJzIiBQzAm7ogQIECBAgAABAgTKEBAoypijLggQIECAAAECBAjMiUBRgWK0vyddtVrau3szNBPn6OH0dLWn1r4lvUOjM2z1dvp71qVWW57u3qMzbJOUXi+skjgWGt8ApR/r+msM+Vz82ejYG/sH6JycjZ+NfjaOPz1yfB7/Np2156DjrufZTa1er9cnHnOtVsuUTyfudkuAAAECBAgQIECAwDwXmCkrFPUKxTyfsfYJECBAgAABAgQIVC4gUFROriABAgQIECBAgACBcgQEinJmqRMCBAgQIECAAAEClQsIFJWTK0iAAAECBAgQIECgHAGBopxZ6oQAAQIECBAgQIBA5QICReXkChIgQIAAAQIECBAoR0CgKGeWOiFAgAABAgQIECBQuYBAUTm5ggQIECBAgAABAgTKERAoypmlTggQIECAAAECBAhULiBQVE6uIAECBAgQIECAAIFyBASKcmapEwIECBAgQIAAAQKVCwgUlZMrSIAAAQIECBAgQKAcAYGinFnqhAABAgQIECBAgEDlAgJF5eQKEiBAgAABAgQIEChHQKAoZ5Y6IUCAAAECBAgQIFC5gEBRObmCBAgQIECAAAECBMoRECjKmaVOCBAgQIAAAQIECFQuIFBUTq4gAQIECBAgQIAAgXIEBIpyZqkTAgQIECBAgAABApULCBSVkytIgAABAgQIECBAoBwBgaKcWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQOUCAkXl5AoSIECAAAECBAgQKEdAoChnljohQIAAAQIECBAgULmAQFE5uYIECBAgQIAAAQIEyhEQKMqZpU4IECBAgAABAgQIVC4gUFROriABAgQIECBAgACBcgQEinJmqRMCBAgQIECAAAEClQsIFJWTK0iAAAECBAgQIECgHAGBopxZ6oQAAQIECBAgQIBA5QICReXkChIgQIAAAQIECBAoR6BWr9frjXZqtVo5XemEAAECBAgQIECAAIGzIjAeHyb3/TcTH536hYn73RIgQIAAAQIECBAgQGAmAac8zSTjfgIECBAgQIAAAQIE3lVAoHhXIhsQIECAAAECBAgQIDCTwP8HtjadAiuqcrsAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electron configuration of the <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{22}^{48}{\text{Ti}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>22</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>48</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Ti</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span><sup>2+</sup> ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why an aluminium-titanium alloy is harder than pure aluminium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of bonding in potassium chloride which melts at 1043 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A chloride of titanium, TiCl<sub>4</sub>, melts at 248 K. Suggest why the melting point is so much lower than that of KCl.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>one</strong> disadvantage of using this smoke in an enclosed space.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Iron may be extracted from iron (II) sulfide, FeS.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Iron (II) sulfide, FeS, is ionically bonded.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The first step in the extraction of iron from iron (II) sulfide is to roast it in air to form iron (III) oxide and sulfur dioxide.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why metals, like iron, can conduct electricity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Justify why sulfur is classified as a non-metal by giving <strong>two</strong> of its chemical properties.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in this type of solid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electron configuration of the sulfide ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, in terms of their electronic structures, why the ionic radius of the sulfide ion is greater than that of the oxide ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why chemists find it convenient to classify bonding into ionic, covalent and metallic.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write the equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the change in the oxidation state of sulfur.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why this process might raise environmental concerns.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the addition of small amounts of carbon to iron makes the metal harder.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Both vinegar (a dilute aqueous solution of ethanoic acid) and bleach are used as cleaning agents.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Bleach reacts with ammonia, also used as a cleaning agent, to produce the poisonous compound chloramine, NH<sub>2</sub>Cl.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline why ethanoic acid is classified as a weak acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A solution of bleach can be made by reacting chlorine gas with a sodium hydroxide solution.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Cl2 (g) + 2NaOH (aq) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> NaOCl (aq) + NaCl (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest, with reference to Le Châtelier’s principle, why it is dangerous to mix vinegar and bleach together as cleaners.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of chloramine.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce the molecular geometry of chloramine and estimate its H–N–H bond angle. </span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Molecular geometry:</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">H–N–H bond angle:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>