File "HL-paper2.html"

Path: /IB QUESTIONBANKS/5 Fifth Edition - PAPER/HTML/Chemistry/Topic 8/HL-paper2html
File size: 487.92 KB
MIME-type: text/html
Charset: utf-8

 
Open Back 
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>


<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>IB Questionbank</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="css/application-02ef852527079acf252dc4c9b2922c93db8fde2b6bff7c3c7f657634ae024ff1.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="css/print-6da094505524acaa25ea39a4dd5d6130a436fc43336c0bb89199951b860e98e9.css">
<script src="js/application-9717ccaf4d6f9e8b66ebc0e8784b3061d3f70414d8c920e3eeab2c58fdb8b7c9.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" async src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-MML-AM_CHTML-full"></script>
<!--[if lt IE 9]>
<script src='https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/html5shiv/3.7.3/html5shiv.min.js'></script>
<![endif]-->
<meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token">
<meta name="csrf-token" content="iHF+M3VlRFlNEehLVICYgYgqiF8jIFlzjGNjIwqOK9cFH3ZNdavBJrv/YQpz8vcspoICfQcFHW8kSsHnJsBwfg==">
<link href="favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon">

</head>
<body class="teacher questions-show">
<div class="navbar navbar-fixed-top">
<div class="navbar-inner">
<div class="container">
<div class="brand">
<div class="inner"><a href="http://ibo.org/">ibo.org</a></div>
</div>
<ul class="nav">
<li>
<a href="../../../../../../../index.html">Home</a>
</li>
<!-- - if current_user.is_language_services? && !current_user.is_publishing? -->
<!-- %li= link_to "Language services", tolk_path -->
</ul>
<ul class="nav pull-right">
<li class="dropdown">
<a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#">
Help
<b class="caret"></b>
</a>
<ul class="dropdown-menu">
<li><a href="https://questionbank.ibo.org/video_tour?locale=en">Video tour</a></li>
<li><a href="https://questionbank.ibo.org/instructions?locale=en">Detailed instructions</a></li>
<li><a target="_blank" href="https://ibanswers.ibo.org/">IB Answers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://06082010.xyz">IB Documents (2) Team</a>
</li></ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div class="page-content container">
<div class="row">
<div class="span24">

<div class="pull-right screen_only"><a class="btn btn-small btn-info" href="https://questionbank.ibo.org/updates?locale=en">Updates to Questionbank</a></div>
<p class="muted language_chooser">
User interface language:
<a href="https://questionbank.ibo.org/en/users/set_user_locale?new_locale=en">English</a>
|
<a href="https://questionbank.ibo.org/en/users/set_user_locale?new_locale=es">Español</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>

<div class="page-header">
<div class="row">
<div class="span16">
<p class="back-to-list">
</p>
</div>
<div class="span8" style="margin: 0 0 -19px 0;">
<img style="width: 100%;" class="qb_logo" src="https://mirror.ibdocs.top/qb.png" alt="Ib qb 46 logo">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h2>HL Paper 2</h2><div class="specification">
<p>Phosphoric acid, H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> can form three different salts depending on the extent of neutralisation by sodium hydroxide.</p>
</div>

<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for the reaction of one mole of phosphoric acid with one mole of sodium hydroxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate <strong>two</strong> equations to show the amphiprotic nature of H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the concentration of H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> if 25.00 cm<sup>3</sup> is completely neutralised by the addition of 28.40 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.5000 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> NaOH.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the reasons that sodium hydroxide is considered a Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis base.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The concentration of a solution of a weak acid, such as ethanedioic acid, can be determined<br>by titration with a standard solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq).</p>
</div>

<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>5.00 g of an impure sample of hydrated ethanedioic acid, (COOH)<sub>2</sub>•2H<sub>2</sub>O, was dissolved in water to make 1.00 dm<sup>3</sup> of solution. 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> samples of this solution were titrated against a 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution of sodium hydroxide using a suitable indicator.</p>
<p>(COOH)<sub>2</sub> (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) → (COONa)<sub>2 </sub>(aq) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
<p>The mean value of the titre was 14.0 cm<sup>3</sup>.</p>
<p>(i) Suggest a suitable indicator for this titration. Use section 22 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>(ii) Calculate the amount, in mol, of NaOH in 14.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution.</p>
<p>(iii) Calculate the amount, in mol, of ethanedioic acid in each 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> sample.</p>
<p>(iv) Determine the percentage purity of the hydrated ethanedioic acid sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the ethanedioate ion, <sup>–</sup>OOCCOO<sup>–</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why all the C–O bond lengths in the ethanedioate ion are the same length and suggest a value for them. Use section 10 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain how ethanedioate ions act as ligands.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Butanoic acid, CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH, is a weak acid and ethylamine, CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>2</sub>, is a weak base.</p>
</div>

<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equation for the reaction of each substance with water.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw a diagram showing the delocalization of electrons in the conjugate base of butanoic acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the average oxidation state of carbon in butanoic acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A 0.250 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous solution of butanoic acid has a concentration of hydrogen ions, [H<sup>+</sup>], of 0.00192 mol dm<sup>−3</sup>. Calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions, [OH<sup>−</sup>], in the solution at 298 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the pH of a 0.250 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous solution of ethylamine at 298 K, using section 21 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the pH curve for the titration of 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of ethylamine aqueous solution with 50.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of butanoic acid aqueous solution of equal concentration. No calculations are required.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAxEAAALcCAYAAACYZj24AAAgAElEQVR4AezdD5Bs51nf+efKWqNshGJTDsvImLhsl6TdheBdGUMqUItkkFFMNkQGzAIjKjdL2SGOTVxihB1VCrAWaNmxyn9wTLYkrL7AghdrvcisEUHXCrVsVWyLclBSki5/yk6Qhiq7iCXfioVtTW89o3m733k0p6fvOb/T/Zwz366S+5zu9/2d5/28p1zz3j6n+9RsNpsZDwQQQAABBBBAAAEEEEBgRYGLVmxHMwQQQAABBBBAAAEEEEBgX+Bi/99Tp07BgQACCCCAAAIIIIAAAggsFSgXMe0vInzHFxLlxaU9eRMBBBBAAAEEEEAAAQROlEBcK3A504mafgaLAAIIIIAAAggggEB3ARYR3Q1JQAABBBBAAAEEEEDgRAmwiDhR081gEUAAAQQQQAABBBDoLsAiorshCQgggAACCCCAAAIInCgBFhEnaroZLAIIIIAAAggggAAC3QVYRHQ3JAEBBBBAAAEEEEAAgRMlwCLiRE03g0UAAQQQQAABBBBAoLsAi4juhiQggAACCCCAAAIIIHCiBFhEnKjpZrAIIIAAAggggAACCHQXYBHR3ZAEBBBAAAEEEEAAAQROlACLiBM13QwWAQQQQAABBBBAAIHuAiwiuhuSgAACCCCAAAIIIIDAiRJgEXGippvBIoAAAggggAACCCDQXYBFRHdDEhBAAAEEEEAAAQQQOFECLCJO1HQzWAQQQAABBBBAAAEEuguwiOhuSAICCCCAAAIIIIAAAidKgEXEiZpuBosAAggggAACCCCAQHcBFhHdDUloFNiz8w/cbtdc/hY7+8ReYyuzL9qjd7/eLj+23ZII3kIAAQQQQAABBBBYmwCLiLVRn7QD7dn5h3/N3vqWX7H7jxn63qMftn/++l+w3WPa8TYCCCCAAAIIIIBADgEWETnmYVxV7O3aA3fdYv/4w5fb97/mRcvHdv7f2/vf8i/sT6+8enk73kUAAQQQQAABBBBII8AiIs1UjKWQJ+3c+2+ymx65xn7+Td9iX7l0WJ+zB973k3bLxa+zt/zgMYuNpTm8iQACCCCAAAIIILBOgYvXeTCOdRIEnm2XX3+73bP11XapPWmfbxyy3y/xS3bTO15o7/n437O/ce89jS15AwEEEEAAAQQQQCCXAIuIXPMxgmousku3vvr4cZz/hL3vpt+zV93zS3bD859t547vQQsEEEAAAQQQQACBJAIsIpJMxIkqY+/Tdvcbf8x+61XvtXuufo6ZPXns8E+dOnVsm6YGs9ms6S1eRwABBBBAAAEEEGghwCKiBRpdugh80R790Nvs9X/6Q3bPO19ml3aJWrHvbbfdNm+5s7Ozv12/Nn9zhY3S35sel+Ftm9qUnPh+7BP36xJLRqwl9on7bTK8zyo5ivEoMo4zqQ2O2i62sZbYdl0mjOewPPNz2MP3mkziORr366SS4a/V5/6yPnX/sl1y6ozyXv28LLcpI/aJ+zG/7Ne1LOtT2tfPTbXUbXx7WW5TRuwT90tuPBb7CKQQmB08zKxs8oyASOALs0fu+L6Zbb15dt/jTz2d+dRDszuu2/KPBhr+25pdd8dDs4PWneoox+gUMpvNptNp14g0GT4QxXgmk0kKE9V4FCaKDB9PFlvVeBQ5igyF6xjPtyy2ijrGOD+q89ZteCDQVSCuFfh2phRLuRNUxEVX2el7H/MVa/XfF+yRO77PbOvNdt/jf2b3nr7KODFP0DnBUBFAAAEEEEBgcAL8rTa4KaNgBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQ2K3DKP9rwEvzGVW5A3exkjO/oT9q5O2+0K295id338K127WVNa9ZV212YULkZm/P6wtxojQACCCCAAAIIRIG4Vmj6qy72Yx+BFgKX2BWnP2Czx352yQLCY1dt16IEQZczZ850TsmS4QNR1FLfpNgWR1GHajyKWhQZPp4stqrxKHIUGQrXMZ5vWWwVdYxxflTnrdvwQEAtwCJCLUoeAggggAACCCCAAAIjF2ARMfIJZngIIIAAAggggAACCKgFuCdCLUpeGgHuiUgzFRSCAAIIIIAAAgMX4J6IgU8g5a9fQHGtbpYM11PUorhOV1GHajyKWhQZPp4stqrxKHIUGQrXMZ5vWWwVdYxxflTnrdvwQEAtwOVMalHyEEAAAQQQQAABBBAYuQCLiJFPMMNDAAEEEEAAAQQQQEAtwD0RalHy0ghwT0SaqaAQBBBAAAEEEBi4APdEDHwCKR8BBBBAAAEEEEAAgU0LcDnTpmeA4yMwQAFu9utv0rDtxxbXflw9FVts+xMgObMAi4jMs0NtKQQU3xqSJcNBFbUoJkZVhyInS4bCVTXHCpNstSh8FS5ZMlTzk8VVNZ5M86OwJQOBvgRYRPQlSy4CCCCAAAIIIIAAAiMV4MbqkU4swzIrN1ZPp9M5x/b29v52239pKv095LgMb9vUpuTE92OfuD8fiJmVjFhL7BP322R4n1VyGM9Cl/lZWJStVU1K+6bnkhPPt9g+yzkb64r7jCeKLP7/Lc5xnNO4XycVV3+tzlnWp+7v200ZsV1pWx+nblNy4vuxlrhfcussthHYlEC8sdpmBw+z+WZ5iWcEBi3g57TivJ5Op50dsmT4QBS1TCaTFCaq8ShMFBk+niy2qvEochQZCtcxnm9ZbBV1jHF+VOet2/BAoKtA/JuKy5k2tZzjuAgggAACCCCAAAIIDFSARcRAJ46yEUAAAQQQQAABBBDYlACLiE3Jc1wEBiyws7Mz4Opzl45tP/ODaz+unoottv0JkJxZgEVE5tmhNgSSCvC98P1NDLb92OLaj6unYottfwIkZxZgEZF5dqgNAQQQQAABBBBAAIGEAiwiEk4KJSGAAAIIIIAAAgggkFmA34nIPDvU1kmg/E7EbObf9MoDAQQQQAABBBBAoK1A/J0IPoloK0m/EyMQfxyozcCzZHjtiloU10Ar6lCNR1GLIsPHk8VWNR5FjiJD4TrG8y2LraKOMc6P6rx1Gx4IqAVYRKhFyUMAAQQQQAABBBBAYOQCLCJGPsEMDwEEEEAAAQQQQAABtQD3RKhFyUsjwD0RaaaCQhBAAAEEEEBg4ALcEzHwCaR8BBBAAAEEEEAAAQQ2LcDlTJueAY6PwAAFuNmvv0nDth9bXPtx9VRsse1PgOTMAiwiMs8OtaUQUHxrSJYMB1XUopgYVR2KnCwZClfVHCtMstWi8FW4ZMlQzU8WV9V4Ms2PwpYMBPoSYBHRlyy5CCCAAAIIIIAAAgiMVIAbq0c6sQzLrNxYPZ1O5xzb29v7223/pan095DjMrxtU5uSE9+PfeL+fCBmVjJiLbFP3G+T4X3qnN3dXdva2ppHlVqGOp75QA42Njme2rbU4WXVtvVclNqPeq1+L2b4fuwT90v/0rbsL6tFkVGO0/Tsx/BHXcdRbetaaldv25RR9yntmo5TMmItMeOo2urXSk7TcUrbZblNGbFP3C/Z/lwyfLuuZVkfb7uqbX2scrz6OPX7pZb4fqwl7h+V4a/VOcv61P19u9QRM2K70rY+Tt2m5MT3Yy1x3213dnbqKLYR2JhAvLHaZgcPs/lmeYlnBAYt4Oe04ryeTqedHbJk+EAUtUwmkxQmqvEoTBQZPp4stqrxKHIUGQrXMZ5vWWwVdYxxflTnrdvwQKCrQPybisuZNrae48AIIIAAAggggAACCAxTgEXEMOeNqhFAAAEEEEAAAQQQ2JgA90RsjJ4D9y1Q7omYzfyqJh5KAf9KR67TVYousrBdWCi3cFVqHs7C9rCHcg9bpSZZXQXiPRF8EtFVlP6jF4g3wrUZcJYMr11RSxuD2EdVhyInS0Y0arufaTyZamnrWffLMh5FHT4uVU5t1GZbVYciJ0tGG0f6ILBOARYR69TmWAgggAACCCCAAAIIjECARcQIJpEhIIAAAggggAACCCCwTgHuiVinNsdaqwD3RPTHzXW62PYn0E8y52w/rp6KLbb9CZCcSYB7IjLNBrUMQiDL9bGKOhxcldN18lR1KHKyZHQ1Lf0zjSdTLcWny3OW8SjqcAdVThdTZR2K8WTJ6GpKfwT6FuBypr6FyUcAAQQQQAABBBBAYGQCLCJGNqEMBwEEEEAAAQQQQACBvgVYRPQtTD4CCCCAAAIIIIAAAiMT4MbqkU0ow1kIcGP1woItBBBAAAEEEECgiwA3VnfRoy8CCCCAAAIIIIAAAggYlzNxEiBwjECWb+pQ1OFDVeT4Vzp2fSjqUI1HUYsiw8eTxVY1HkWOIkPhOsbzLYutoo4xzo/qvHUbHgioBVhEqEXJQwABBBBAAAEEEEBg5AIsIkY+wQwPAQQQQAABBBBAAAG1ADdWq0XJSyNQbqyeTqfzmra3t/e32350Xvp7yHEZ3rapTcmJ78c+cX8+EDMrGbGW2Cfut8nwPqvkMJ6FLvOzsChbq5qU9k3PJSeeb7F9lnM21hX3GU8UWfz/W5zjOKdxv04qrv5anbOsT93ft5syYrvStj5O3abkxPdjLXG/5NZZbCOwKYF4Y7XNDh5m883yEs8IDFrAz2nFeT2dTjs7ZMnwgShqmUwmKUxU41GYKDJ8PFlsVeNR5CgyFK5jPN+y2CrqGOP8qM5bt+GBQFeB+DcVlzNtajnHcRFAAAEEEEAAAQQQGKgAlzMNdOIo+3iBcjnTbOYfSPBQCvg3huzs7CgjyToQwLafUwHXflw9FVts+xMgOZNAvJyJTyIyzQ61pBSI17C2KTJLhteuqKWNQeyjqkORkyUjGrXdzzSeTLW09az7ZRmPog4flyqnNmqzrapDkZMlo40jfRBYpwCLiHVqcywEEEAAAQQQQAABBEYgwCJiBJPIEBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQWKcAi4h1anMsBBBAAAEEEEAAAQRGIMAiYgSTyBAQQAABBBBAAAEEEFinAIuIdWpzLAQQQAABBBBAAAEERiDAImIEk8gQEEAAAQQQQAABBBBYpwCLiHVqcywEEEAAAQQQQAABBEYgwI/NjWASGcLRAvzY3NEuvIoAAggggAACCFyoAD82d6FitEcAAQQQQAABBBBAAIFDAlzOdIiDHQQQWEXgtttuW6UZbVoIYNsCbYUuuK6A1LIJti3hVuiG7QpINNmYAIuIjdFz4KEInDlzpnOpWTJ8IIpaOoMI61CMJ0uGwlU1xwqTbLUofBUuWTJU85PFVTWeTPOjsCUDgb4EWET0JUsuAggggAACCCCAAAIjFeDG6pFOLMMyKzdWT6fTOcf29vb+dtt/aSr9PeS4DG/b1KbkxPdjn7g/H4iZlYxYS+wT99tkeJ9VchjPQpf5WViUrVVNSvum55ITz7fYPss5G+uK+4wniiz+/y3OcZzTuF8nFVd/rc5Z1qfu79tNGbFdaVsfp25TcuL7sZa4X3LrLLYR2JRAvLHaZgcPs/lmeYlnBAYt4Oe04ryeTqedHbJk+EAUtUwmkxQmqvEoTBQZPp4stqrxKHIUGQrXMZ5vWWwVdYxxflTnrdvwQKCrQPybisuZNrWc47gIIIAAAggggAACCAxUgEXEQCeOshFAAAEEEEAAAQQQ2JQAi4hNyXNcBAYssLOzM+Dqc5eObT/zg2s/rp6KLbb9CZCcWYBFRObZoTYEkgrw3eX9TQy2/dji2o+rp2KLbX8CJGcWYBGReXaoDQEEEEAAAQQQQACBhAIsIhJOCiUhgAACCCCAAAIIIJBZgEVE5tmhNgSSCnANdH8Tg20/trj24+qp2GLbnwDJmQVYRGSeHWpDIKkA10D3NzHY9mOLaz+unoottv0JkJxZgEVE5tkZfG17dv6B2+2ay99iZ5/YOzya8+fs7J032zWnTu3/svSpU99gP/L2e+3c+dDucC/2EEAAAQQQQAABBBIIsIhIMAnjLGHPzj/8a/bWt/yK3R8HuPdpu/uNr7Yf/jdfZ5PH/tJ/Kt2eeux99tIHb7Jvf+OH7FHWEVGMfQQQQAABBBBAIJXAKf8JbK/o1KlT+3/MpaqOYoYpsLdrD5x5t73rM9fZG77qvfayW15i9z18q1172dNr1r1zd9r1V77XXnrfb9vk2ufNx9j0+rzBBW74Oe2Pg1P8AnvTHAEEEEAAAQQQQKAIxLUCn0QUGZ5FAk/aufffZDc9co39/Ju+xb7yiNSLrjht984+cWgBsWj2mH3yU581PoxYiLCFAAIIIIAAAghkE2ARkW1GBl/Ps+3y62+3e372O22r1dn1rfaab32hterak92ZM2c6J2fJ8IEoalHcSKmoQzUeRS2KDB9PFlvVeBQ5igyF6xjPtyy2ijrGOD+q89ZteCCgFsj0t5p6bORtROAiu3Trq+3SCz323qftQ5Pb7cHTP2CvfMklF9qb9ggggAACCCCAAAJrFLh4jcfiUAg0CDxhD7//Z+z1f/q99su/+t32fJa2DU68jAACCCCAAAII5BDgxuoc8zDSKp60c3feaFeGG6sPD/YJe/jOf2rX3mJ269nb7fRVlx1++2Cv3CR95JvHvDiZTOYtyo8itf2IuPT3wOMyvG1Tm5IT34994v58IOEHnuqc2Cfut8nwPqvk1HUc1WddGX7supZlx609yra3jxnlvfp5WW5TRuwT92N+2Wc8RWLx42a1yeLdxdYqtjEj9on7i/RFHf5anbOsT92/bHv7mFHeq5+X5TZlxD5xP+aXfcZTJBbzXJss3l1srWIbM2KfuO/p/hoPBDIIxBur/Ztr9h9Pf4lN2eMZAYXAF2aP3PF9M9t68+y+x596ZuBTj83+7TtunG1tnZ7d8dDjz3y/esXPz7b/VTGtNqfTaat+dacsGV6TopbJZFIPr9W2og7VeBS1KDJ8PFlsVeNR5CgyFK5jPN+y2CrqGOP8qM5bt+GBQFeBuFbgwpEMS7sTWMPe7r+2t7ziavvm33y+vef+5k8gCo1/TeuF/lf68owAAggggAACCCCgFeCeCK0naasInP+YveMHf8R+7pEb7IMf/ym74fnPXqUXbRBAAAEEEEAAAQSSCPBJRJKJODllPGnnPvB2+4n7d812f8Fe/bVfsf9Dh36dXfnv8pvP2hMnB4SRIoAAAggggAACgxPgk4jBTdmQCr7Erjj9AZudrms+6rX6fbYRQAABBBBAAAEEsgvwSUT2GaI+BBBAAAEEEEAAAQSSCbCISDYhlIMAAggggAACCCCAQHYBFhHZZ4j6EEAAAQQQQAABBBBIJsCPzSWbEMrRCZQfqPOvhuWhFfAfTOIHkLSmJQ3bIqF9xlXrWadhW2tot7HVepLWTSD+2ByfRHTzpPcJEDhz5kznUWbJ8IEoaukMIqxDMZ4sGQpX1RwrTLLVovBVuGTJUM1PFlfVeDLNj8KWDAT6EmAR0ZcsuQgggAACCCCAAAIIjFSARcRIJ5ZhIYAAAggggAACCCDQlwD3RPQlS+7GBbgnYuNTQAEIIIAAAgggMBIB7okYyUQyDAQQQAABBBBAAAEENiXA5Uybkue4gxHIcpOdog5HV+T4N4Z0fSjqUI1HUYsiw8eTxVY1HkWOIkPhOsbzLYutoo4xzo/qvHUbHgioBVhEqEXJQwABBBBAAAEEEEBg5AIsIkY+wQwPAQQQQAABBBBAAAG1ADdWq0XJSyNQbqyeTqfzmra3t/e32350Xvp7yHEZ3rapTcmJ78c+cX8+EDMrGbGW2Cfut8nwPnXO7u6ubW1tzaNKLUMdz3wgBxubHE9tW+rwsmrbei5K7Ue9Vr8XM3w/9on7pX9pW/aX1aLIKMdpevZj+KOu46i2dS21q7dtyqj7lHZNxykZsZaYcVRt9Wslp+k4pe2y3KaM2Cful2x/Lhm+XdeyrI+3XdW2PlY5Xn2c+v1SS3w/1hL3j8rw1+qcZX3q/r5d6ogZsV1pWx+nblNy4vuxlrjvtvywZy3J9iYF4o3VNjt4mM03y0s8IzBoAT+nFef1dDrt7JAlwweiqGUymaQwUY1HYaLI8PFksVWNR5GjyFC4jvF8y2KrqGOM86M6b92GBwJdBeLfVFzOtMklHcdGAAEEEEAAAQQQQGCAAlzONMBJo+TVBMrlTLOZfyDBQyng3xjCR+xK0UUWtgsL5RauSs3DWdge9lDuYavUJKurQLyciU8iuorSf/QC8RrWNgPOkuG1K2ppYxD7qOpQ5GTJiEZt9zONJ1MtbT3rflnGo6jDx6XKqY3abKvqUORkyWjjSB8E1inAImKd2hwLAQQQQAABBBBAAIERCLCIGMEkMgQEEEAAAQQQQAABBNYpwCJindocCwEEEEAAAQQQQACBEQiwiBjBJDIEBBBAAAEEEEAAAQTWKcAiYp3aHAsBBBBAAAEEEEAAgREIsIgYwSQyBAQQQAABBBBAAAEE1inAImKd2hwLAQQQQAABBBBAAIERCPBjcyOYRIZwtAA/Nne0C68igAACCCCAAAIXKsCPzV2oGO0RQAABBBBAAAEEEEDgkACXMx3iYAcBBFYRuO2221ZpRpsWAti2QFuhC64rILVsgm1LuBW6YbsCEk02JsAiYmP0HHgoAmfOnOlcapYMH4iils4gwjoU48mSoXBVzbHCJFstCl+FS5YM1fxkcVWNJ9P8KGzJQKAvARYRfcmSiwACCCCAAAIIIIDASAW4sXqkE8uwzMqN1dPpdM6xvb29v932X5pKfw85LsPbNrUpOfH92CfuzwdiZiUj1hL7xP02Gd5nlRzGs9BlfhYWZWtVk9K+6bnkxPMtts9yzsa64j7jiSKL/3+LcxznNO7XScXVX6tzlvWp+/t2U0ZsV9rWx6nblJz4fqwl7pfcOottBDYlEG+sttnBw2y+WV7iGYFBC/g5rTivp9NpZ4csGT4QRS2TySSFiWo8ChNFho8ni61qPIocRYbCdYznWxZbRR1jnB/Vees2PBDoKhD/puJypk0t5zguAggggAACCCCAAAIDFWARMdCJo2wEEEAAAQQQQAABBDYlwCJiU/IcF4EBC+zs7Ay4+tylY9vP/ODaj6unYottfwIkZxZgEZF5dqgNgaQCfHd5fxODbT+2uPbj6qnYYtufAMmZBVhEZJ4dakMAAQQQQAABBBBAIKEAi4iEk0JJCCCAAAIIIIAAAghkFuB3IjLPDrV1Eii/EzGb+Te98kAAAQQQQAABBBBoKxB/J4JPItpK0u/ECMQfB2oz8CwZXruiFsU10Io6VONR1KLI8PFksVWNR5GjyFC4jvF8y2KrqGOM86M6b92GBwJqARYRalHyEEAAAQQQQAABBBAYuQCLiJFPMMNDAAEEEEAAAQQQQEAtwD0RalHy0ghwT0SaqaAQBBBAAAEEEBi4APdEDHwCKR8BBBBAAAEEEEAAgU0LcDnTpmeA4yMwQAFu9utv0rDtxxbXflw9FVts+xMgObMAi4jMs0NtKQQU3xqSJcNBFbUoJkZVhyInS4bCVTXHCpNstSh8FS5ZMlTzk8VVNZ5M86OwJQOBvgRYRPQlSy4CCCCAAAIIIIAAAiMV4MbqkU4swzIrN1ZPp9M5x/b29v52239pKv095LgMb9vUpuTE92OfuD8fiJmVjFhL7BP322R4nzpnd3fXtra25lGllqGOZz6Qg41Njqe2LXV4WbVtPRel9qNeq9+LGb4f+8T90r+0LfvLalFklOM0Pfsx/FHXcVTbupba1ds2ZdR9Srum45SMWEvMOKq2+rWS03Sc0nZZblNG7BP3S7Y/lwzfrmtZ1sfbrmpbH6scrz5O/X6pJb4fa4n7R2X4a3XOsj51f98udcSM2K60rY9Ttyk58f1YS9x3252dnTqKbQQ2JhBvrLbZwcNsvlle4hmBQQv4Oa04r6fTaWeHLBk+EEUtk8kkhYlqPAoTRYaPJ4utajyKHEWGwnWM51sWW0UdY5wf1XnrNjwQ6CoQ/6bicqaNrec4MAIIIIAAAggggAACwxRgETHMeaNqBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQ2JsA9ERuj58B9C5R7ImYzv6qJh1LAv9KR63SVoossbBcWyi1clZqHs7A97KHcw1apSVZXgXhPBJ9EdBWl/+gF4o1wbQacJcNrV9TSxiD2UdWhyMmSEY3a7mcaT6Za2nrW/bKMR1GHj0uVUxu12VbVocjJktHGkT4IrFOARcQ6tTkWAggggAACCCCAAAIjEGARMYJJZAgIIIAAAggggAACCKxTgHsi1qnNsdYqwD0R/XFznS62/Qn0k8w524+rp2KLbX8CJGcS4J6ITLNBLYMQyHJ9rKIOB1fldJ08VR2KnCwZXU1L/0zjyVRL8enynGU8ijrcQZXTxVRZh2I8WTK6mtIfgb4FuJypb2HyEUAAAQQQQAABBBAYmQCLiJFNKMNBAAEEEEAAAQQQQKBvARYRfQuTj8AIBfiNiP4mFdt+bHHtx9VTscW2PwGSMwtwY3Xm2aG2TgLcWN2Jj84IIIAAAggggMBcgBur5xRsIIAAAggggAACCCCAQBsBLmdqo0afEyWQ5Zs6FHX4xCly/Csduz4UdajGo6hFkeHjyWKrGo8iR5GhcB3j+ZbFVlHHGOdHdd66DQ8E1AIsItSi5CGAAAIIIIAAAgggMHIBFhEjn2CGhwACCCCAAAIIIICAWoAbq9Wi5KURKDdWT6fTeU3b29v7220/Oi/9PeS4DG/b1KbkxPdjn7g/H4iZlYxYS+wT99tkeJ86Z3d317a2tuZRpZahjmc+kIONTY6nti11eFm1bT0XpfajXqvfixm+H/vE/dK/tC37y2pRZJTjND37MfxR13FU27qW2tXbNmXUfUq7puOUjFhLzDiqtvq1ktN0nNJ2WW5TRuwT90u2P5cM365rWdbH265qWx+rHK8+Tv1+qSW+H2uJ+0dl+Gt1zrI+dX/fLnXEjNiutK2PU7cpOfH9WEvcd1u+/aqWZHuTAvHGapsdPMzmm+UlnhEYtICf04rzejqddnbIkuEDUdQymUxSmKjGozBRZPh4stiqxqPIUWQoXMd4vmWxVdQxxvlRnbduwwOBrgLxbyouZ9rkko5jI4AAAggggAACCJIIQC0AACAASURBVCAwQAEuZxrgpFHyagLlcqbZzD+Q4KEU8G8M4SN2pegiC9uFhXILV6Xm4SxsD3so97BVapLVVSBezsQnEV1F6T96gXgNa5sBZ8nw2hW1tDGIfVR1KHKyZESjtvuZxpOplraedb8s41HU4eNS5dRGbbZVdShysmS0caQPAusUYBGxTm2OhQACCCCAAAIIIIDACARYRIxgEhkCAggggAACCCCAAALrFOCeiHVqc6y1CnBPRH/cXKeLbX8C/SRzzvbj6qnYYtufAMmZBLgnItNsUMsgBLJcH6uow8FVOV0nT1WHIidLRlfT0j/TeDLVUny6PGcZj6IOd1DldDFV1qEYT5aMrqb0R6BvAS5n6luYfAQQQAABBBBAAAEERibAImJkE5prOHt2/oHb7ZrL32Jnn9g7XNrerj1w1812zalT5h+PnTr1Srv5zg/bA7tfPNyOPQQQQAABBBBAAIF0AtwTkW5KxlLQnp1/+NfsrW98h9324HV238O32rWXlTXrF+3Ru99k3/Tuv2o/9/Yft+2rt8x2f9/e+ZOvs7d9zTvt4cm1dpmAgXsiBIgNEVwD3QAjeBlbAeIREbgegSJ6CVsR5BEx2B6BwksbE4j3RLCI2NhUjPjA/inDmXfbuz5znb3hq95rL7vlJYcXEXsP253Xf7f9+ms+bB85fZWVpcXeuTvt+m//Y7v50IKjvROLiPZ29EQAAQQQQAABBGqBuIgof7/VbdhGoIPAk3bu/TfZTY9cYz//pm+xrzwq6fxj9siDz7GXvvB58wWEN7voa15oL7XfsXs/8RdH9eI1BBBAAAEEEEAAgSQCLCKSTMR4yni2XX797XbPz36nbTWcXXt//in75G7TiB+zT37qsxbuoGhqvJbXs3xTh6IOB1Pk+EfsXR+KOlTjUdSiyPDxZLFVjUeRo8hQuI7xfMtiq6hjjPOjOm/dhgcCaoGGP/PUhyHv5AhcZJdufbVd2jjgPTv/Z39sDza+zxsIIIAAAggggAAC2QVYRGSfIepDAAEEEEAAAQQQQCCZADdWJ5uQcZXzpJ2780a7MtxYvX8D9ZXvtZfe99s2ufZ5iyE/cdZuvuqH7ZO3nj10w7U3KDdJLxqvvjWZTOaNd3Z29rfbfkRc+nvIcRnetqlNyYnvxz5xfz4QMysZsZbYJ+63yfA+q+QoxqPIOM6kNjhqu9jGWmLbdZkwnsPyzM9hD99rMonnaNyvk0qGv1af+8v61P3LdsmpM8p79fOy3KaM2Cfux/yyX9eyrE9pXz831VK38e1luU0ZsU/cL7nxWOwjsAmBeGO1zQ4eZvPN8hLPCHQU+MLskTu+b2Zbb57d9/hTi6zH75vtbF0927nvM4vXfKvp9dls5udn2/8OH+TC96bT6YV3Cj2yZHhZilomk0kY4YXvKupQjUdRiyLDx5PFVjUeRY4iQ+E6xvMti62ijjHOj+q8dRseCHQViGsFLmfaxFLupB/z0svtym/43DNuoH76husX2ZVf+8w7KnwdcaH/nXRmxo8AAggggAACCPQlwCKiL1lymwUuepG98rXfZQ/e8jZ7/8NP7Lfb8x+b+99utwd3Xmffe8UlzX15BwEEEEAAAQQQQGDjAtwTsfEpGHMBR98TsT/i8+fs7AfusLf+w9vs/v0Xvt5ufNtP2xt+6Lvt6q1nS1DKfRRPXw0liSQEAQQQQAABBBA4kQLxngg+iTiRp8G6Bn2JXXH6AzZ77Gft2svCqXbpFXbt6Yl9dH6Z0oN21003yBYQyhEqvr88S4a7KGqpb1Jsa62oQzUeRS2KDB9PFlvVeBQ5igyF6xjPtyy2ijrGOD+q89ZteCCgFgh/2anjyUMAAQQQQAABBBBAAIGxCbCIGNuMMh4EEEAAAQQQQAABBHoW4J6InoGJ35wA90Rszp4jI4AAAggggMC4BLgnYlzzyWjWIKC4VjdLhnMpalFcp6uoQzUeRS2KDB9PFlvVeBQ5igyF6xjPtyy2ijrGOD+q89ZteCCgFuByJrUoeQgggAACCCCAAAIIjFyARcTIJ5jhIYAAAggggAACCCCgFmARoRYlD4ETILCzs3MCRrmZIWLbjzuu/bh6KrbY9idAcmYBbqzOPDvU1kmAG6s78dEZAQQQQAABBBCYC3Bj9ZyCDQQQaCvAzX5t5Y7vh+3xRm1a4NpGbbU+2K7m1KYVtm3U6LMuAS5nWpc0xxmsgOJbQ7Jk+CQoalFMpqoORU6WDIWrao4VJtlqUfgqXLJkqOYni6tqPJnmR2FLBgJ9CbCI6EuWXAQQQAABBBBAAAEERirAPREjnViGZVbuiZhOp3OO7e3t/e22/9JU+nvIcRnetqlNyYnvxz5xfz4QMysZsZbYJ+63yfA+dc7u7q5tbW3No0otQx3PfCAHG5scT21b6vCyatt6LkrtR71WvxczfD/2ifulf2lb9pfVosgox2l69mP4o67jqLZ1LbWrt23KqPuUdk3HKRmxlphxVG31ayWn6Til7bLcpozYJ+6XbH8uGb5d17Ksj7dd1bY+VjlefZz6/VJLfD/WEvePyvDX6pxlfer+vl3qiBmxXWlbH6duU3Li+7GWuO+23LheS7K9SYF4T4TNDh5m883yEs8IDFrAz2nFeT2dTjs7ZMnwgShqmUwmKUxU41GYKDJ8PFlsVeNR5CgyFK5jPN+y2CrqGOP8qM5bt+GBQFeB+DcVlzNtcknHsRFAAAEEEEAAAQQQGKAAi4gBTholI4AAAggggAACCCCwSQHuidikPsfuVaDcEzGb+VVNPJQC/rWDXKerFF1kYbuwUG7hqtQ8nIXtYQ/lHrZKTbK6CsR7Ivgkoqso/UcvEG+EazPgLBleu6KWNgaxj6oORU6WjGjUdj/TeDLV0taz7pdlPIo6fFyqnNqozbaqDkVOlow2jvRBYJ0CLCLWqc2xEEAAAQQQQAABBBAYgQCLiBFMIkNAAAEEEEAAAQQQQGCdAtwTsU5tjrVWAe6JWCs3B0MAAQQQQACBEQtwT8SIJ5eh9SOQ5fpYRR0upMjxm/26PhR1qMajqEWR4ePJYqsajyJHkaFwHeP5lsVWUccY50d13roNDwTUAlzOpBYlDwEEEEAAAQQQQACBkQuwiBj5BDM8BBBAAAEEEEAAAQTUAiwi1KLkIXACBPiNiP4mGdt+bHHtx9VTscW2PwGSMwtwY3Xm2aG2TgLcWN2Jj84IIIAAAggggMBcgBur5xRsIIBAWwFu9msrd3w/bI83atMC1zZqq/XBdjWnNq2wbaNGn3UJcDnTuqQ5zmAFFN8akiXDJ0FRi2IyVXUocrJkKFxVc6wwyVaLwlfhkiVDNT9ZXFXjyTQ/ClsyEOhLgEVEX7LkIoAAAggggAACCCAwUgEWESOdWIaFAAIIIIAAAggggEBfAtxY3ZcsuRsXKDdWT6fTeS3b29v7220/ri79PeS4DG/b1KbkxPdjn7g/H4iZlYxYS+wT99tkeJ86Z3d317a2tuZRpZahjmc+kIONTY6nti11eFm1bT0XpfajXqvfixm+H/vE/dK/tC37y2pRZJTjND37MfxR13FU27qW2tXbNmXUfUq7puOUjFhLzDiqtvq1ktN0nNJ2WW5TRuwT90u2P5cM365rWdbH265qWx+rHK8+Tv1+qSW+H2uJ+0dl+Gt1zrI+dX/fLnXEjNiutK2PU7cpOfH9WEvcd1u+/aqWZHuTAvHGapsdPMzmm+UlnhEYtICf04rzejqddnbIkuEDUdQymUxSmKjGozBRZPh4stiqxqPIUWQoXMd4vmWxVdQxxvlRnbduwwOBrgLxbyouZ9rkko5jI4AAAggggAACCCAwQAEuZxrgpFHyagLlcqbZzD+Q4KEU8K8d5CN2pegiC9uFhXILV6Xm4SxsD3so97BVapLVVSBezsQnEV1F6T96gXgNa5sBZ8nw2hW1tDGIfVR1KHKyZESjtvuZxpOplraedb8s41HU4eNS5dRGbbZVdShysmS0caQPAusUYBGxTm2OhQACCCCAAAIIIIDACARYRIxgEhkCAggggAACCCCAAALrFGARsU5tjoUAAggggAACCCCAwAgEWESMYBIZAgIIIIAAAggggAAC6xRgEbFObY6FAAIIIIAAAggggMAIBFhEjGASGQICCCCAAAIIIIAAAusUYBGxTm2OhQACCCCAAAIIIIDACAT4sbkRTCJDOFqAH5s72oVXEUAAAQQQQACBCxXgx+YuVIz2CCCAAAIIIIAAAgggcEiAy5kOcbCDwDMFsvx6qaIOH50i57bbbnsm1AW+oqhDNR5FLYoMH08WW9V4FDmKDIXrGM+3LLaKOsY4P6rz1m14IKAWYBGhFiUPAQQQQAABBBBAAIGRC7CIGPkEMzwEEEAAAQQQQAABBNQC3FitFiUvjUC5sXo6nc5r2t7e3t9u+9F56e8hx2V426Y2JSe+H/vE/flAzKxkxFpin7jfJsP7rJLDeBa6zM/ComytalLaNz2XnHi+xfZZztlYV9xnPFFk8f9vcY7jnMb9Oqm4+mt1zrI+dX/fbsqI7Urb+jh1m5IT34+1xP2SW2exjcCmBOKN1TY7eJjNN8tLPCMwaAE/pxXn9XQ67eyQJcMHoqhlMpmkMFGNR2GiyPDxZLFVjUeRo8hQuI7xfMtiq6hjjPOjOm/dhgcCXQXi31RczrSp5RzHRQABBBBAAAEEEEBgoAIsIgY6cZSNAAIIIIAAAggggMCmBFhEbEqe4yIwYIGdnZ0BV5+7dGz7mR9c+3H1VGyx7U+A5MwCLCIyzw61IZBUgO8u729isO3HFtd+XD0VW2z7EyA5swCLiMyzQ20IIIAAAggggAACCCQUYBGRcFIoCQEEEEAAAQQQQACBzAL8TkTm2aG2TgLldyJmM/+mVx4IIIAAAggggAACbQXi70TwSURbSfqdGIH440BtBp4lw2tX1KK4BlpRh2o8iloUGT6eLLaq8ShyFBkK1zGeb1lsFXWMcX5U563b8EBALcAiQi1KHgIIIIAAAggggAACIxdgETHyCWZ4CCCAAAIIIIAAAgioBbgnQi1KXhoB7olIMxUUggACCCCAAAIDF+CeiIFPIOUjgAACCCCAAAIIILBpAS5n2vQMcHwEBijAzX79TRq2/dji2o+rp2KLbX8CJGcWYBGReXaoLYWA4ltDsmQ4qKIWxcSo6lDkZMlQuKrmWGGSrRaFr8IlS4ZqfrK4qsaTaX4UtmQg0JcAi4i+ZMlFAAEEEEAAAQQQQGCkAtxYPdKJZVhm5cbq6XQ659je3t7fbvsvTaW/hxyX4W2b2pSc+H7sE/fnAzGzkhFriX3ifpsM71Pn7O7u2tbW1jyq1DLU8cwHcrCxyfHUtqUOL6u2reei1H7Ua/V7McP3Y5+4X/qXtmV/WS2KjHKcpmc/hj/qOo5qW9dSu3rbpoy6T2nXdJySEWuJGUfVVr9WcpqOU9ouy23KiH3ifsn255Lh23Uty/p421Vt62OV49XHqd8vtcT3Yy1x/6gMf63OWdan7u/bpY6YEduVtvVx6jYlJ74fa4n7bruzs1NHsY3AxgTijdU2O3iYzTfLSzwjMGgBP6cV5/V0Ou3skCXDB6KoZTKZpDBRjUdhosjw8WSxVY1HkaPIULiO8XzLYquoY4zzozpv3YYHAl0F4t9UXM60sfUcB0YAAQQQQAABBBBAYJgCLCKGOW9UjQACCCCAAAIIIIDAxgRYRGyMngMjMFwBrtHtb+6w7ccW135cPRVbbPsTIDmzAIuIzLNDbQgkFeB74fubGGz7scW1H1dPxRbb/gRIzizAIiLz7FAbAggggAACCCCAAAIJBVhEJJwUSkIAAQQQQAABBBBAILMAvxOReXaorZNA+Z2I2cy/6ZUHAggggAACCCCAQFuB+DsRfBLRVpJ+J0Yg/jhQm4FnyfDaFbUoroFW1KEaj6IWRYaPJ4utajyKHEWGwnWM51sWW0UdY5wf1XnrNjwQUAuwiFCLkocAAggggAACCCCAwMgFWESMfILzDu+LtvvAGbv5msvNPx47deqVdvNdH7PdvbwVUxkCCCCAAAIIIIDA0wLcE8GZsAGBPTv/wDvt7/7dP7F/8vF32A3Pf7bZ3qft7h99tb37v32v3XPTy+1SQVXcEyFAJAIBBBBAAAEEEDDb/0ff+j5TPongtNiAwF/Yxz7wK/bI9g32Hb6A8MdFL7Dv+KHr7JF3fMg+9gQfR2xgUjgkAggggAACCCCwsgCLiJWpaLgWgd0/tk/9+RfXcqhVD6K44S9Lho9ZUYviZj9FHarxKGpRZPh4stiqxqPIUWQoXMd4vmWxVdQxxvlRnbduwwMBtQCLCLUoeSsIfJW9/Pt/yK48c7f97qMHC4a9XfvE7/6hXfm2m+z7r7hkhQyaIIAAAggggAACCGxK4OJNHZjjnmSBi+zSq/+R/eKtN9qVX/sVC4jr7rBHPqK5H2IRyhYCCCCAAAIIIICAWoBPItSi5K0g8Dl74O3fa9/+b15lD33+KfObdGazx+2h1/y+/Z1/cJc9fP6Z90Q8/Q1O/i1Oq/+3QiE0QQABBBBAAAEEEGghwLcztUCjS0eBJ87azVftmP3yb9vk2uctwppeP/hGgEXDC9uaTCbzDjs7O/vbba8zLf095LgMb9vUpuTE92OfuD8fiJmVjFhL7BP322R4n1VyFONRZBxnUhsctV1sYy2x7bpMGM9heebnsIfvNZnEczTu10klw1+rz/1lfer+Zbvk1Bnlvfp5WW5TRuwT92N+2a9rWdantK+fm2qp2/j2stymjNgn7pfceCz2EdiEgP9Dbv3tTL6z/zCbb5aXeEagB4GnZo/f9+bZll0927nvM4fzn3podsd1W7Otnftmjx9+p9Wen9OK83o6nbY6ft0pS4bXpKhlMpnUw2u1rahDNR5FLYoMH08WW9V4FDmKDIXrGM+3LLaKOsY4P6rz1m14INBVIP5NxeVMm1jKnehjXmSXvew7bHvrCITzj9kjD15u26/8m3bZEW/zEgIIIIAAAggggEAOARYROebhZFVx2cvsH9z6Mvvkvb9pZ889cTD2J+zh3/gVO3PlD9n3v/yrTpYHo0UAAQQQQAABBAYmwD0RA5uw8ZT7hJ07+xt2x1tvsdvu3zWzr7cb3/Z2+2ev+0674lLN2pZfrO7vbPHri8s1vv0d5WQmY9vPvOPaj6unYottfwIkZxKI90Ro/lrLNEJqGYjAZXbFtadt8tHHDr6d6UG766ZXyhYQSgTFjyBlyXAXRS0KX1UdipwsGQpX1RwrTLLVovBVuGTJUM1PFlfVeDLNj8KWDAT6EmAR0ZcsuQgggAACCCCAAAIIjFSARcRIJ5ZhIYAAAggggAACCCDQlwD3RPQlS+7GBbgnor8p4BpobPsT6CeZc7YfV0/FFtv+BEjOJMA9EZlmg1oGIZDl+lhFHQ6uyuk6eao6FDlZMrqalv6ZxpOpluLT5TnLeBR1uIMqp4upsg7FeLJkdDWlPwJ9C3A5U9/C5COAAAIIIIAAAgggMDIBFhEjm1CGgwACCCCAAAIIIIBA3wLcE9G3MPkbE+CeiI3Rc2AEEEAAAQQQGJkA90SMbEIZDgIIIIAAAggggAAC6xbgcqZ1i3M8BEYg4N/GwqMfAWxx7Uegv1TOWWz7EyA5swCLiMyzQ20pBLJ8U4eiDgdV5XSdHFUdipwsGV1NS/9M48lUS/Hp8pxlPIo63EGV08VUWYdiPFkyuprSH4G+BVhE9C1MPgIIIIAAAggggAACIxPgxuqRTSjDWQiUG6un0+n8xe3t7f3ttv/SVPp7yHEZ3rapTcmJ78c+cX8+EDMrGbGW2Cfut8nwPqvkMJ6FLvOzsChbq5qU9k3PJSeeb7F9lnM21hX3GU8UWfz/W5zjOKdxv04qrv5anbOsT93ft5syYrvStj5O3abkxPdjLXG/5NZZbCOwKYF4Y7XNDh5m883yEs8IDFrAz2nFeT2dTjs7ZMnwgShqmUwmKUxU41GYKDJ8PFlsVeNR5CgyFK5jPN+y2CrqGOP8qM5bt+GBQFeB+DcVlzNtajnHcRFAAAEEEEAAAQQQGKgAi4iBThxlI4AAAggggAACCCCwKQEWEZuS57gIDFhgZ2dnwNXnLh3bfuYH135cPRVbbPsTIDmzAIuIzLPTsban/t277H88dcr8RpiV/vvKN9iHP/NUx6PS/SQI8L3w/c0ytv3Y4tqPq6dii21/AiRnFmARkXl2qA0BBBBAAAEEEEAAgYQCLCISToqqpGd94xvsD2Yz/9qt+X9f+sTb7MX2Yrvxg/9x/tr8/c+/y777rz9LdXhyEEAAAQQQQAABBEYqwO9EjHRim4b15Qfeble97H32tz/4Ubvrhhc0NRvF6+V3InyRxAMBBBBAAAEEEECgvUD8nQg+iWhvSc8TIhB/HKjNsLNkeO2KWhTXQCvqUI1HUYsiw8eTxVY1HkWOIkPhOsbzLYutoo4xzo/qvHUbHgioBVhEqEXJQwABBBBAAAEEEEBg5AIsIkY+wQwPAQQQQAABBBBAAAG1APdEqEUz5X35vH32M5+3L1U1PfWH/9K+7bvO2Dfd8Rv2zusvr94xs1N/xZ773zzHLjl1+OWh7nFPxFBnjroRQAABBBBAIJtAvCeCRUS2GRLW8/RN1D9hf7Jy5mvtg4+9x27YunjlHpkbsojIPDvUhgACCCCAAAJDEoiLiHH8tTikGVhjrae+8gV2/Y032hOrHvOiq+yvj+VjiFXHTLtWAn6zH79S24ru2E7YHkvUqgGurdhW6oTtSkytGmHbio1OaxLgnog1QW/iMM+64jX27rvusrtW/e+Xfty+7bn8TkScK8W3hmTJ8LEpaolGbfZVdShysmS0cTyqT6bxZKrlKKsLfS3LeBR1+NhVORfqGNur6lDkZMmIRuwjkE2ARUS2GaEeBBBAAAEEEEAAAQSSC3BPRPIJ0pY3sy9/7o/s/7v3rP2/f/Dv7JE//y920XNfZC//W9fYK175t+yK5/xX2sNtOK3cEzGdTueVbG9v72+3/Zem0t9Djsvwtk1tSk58P/aJ+/OBmFnJiLXEPnG/TYb3qXN2d3dta2trHlVqGep45gM52NjkeGrbUoeXVdvWc1FqP+q1+r2Y4fuxT9wv/Uvbsr+sFkVGOU7Tsx/DH3UdR7Wta6ldvW1TRt2ntGs6TsmItcSMo2qrXys5TccpbZflNmXEPnG/ZPtzyfDtupZlfbztqrb1scrx6uPU75da4vuxlrh/VIa/Vucs61P39+1SR8yI7Urb+jh1m5IT34+1xH235dLRWpLtTQrEeyJsdvAwm2+Wl3gelcDe7EuP/c7sn1/zAv/55mf8d+k1b5397mNPjmrEZZxdBzWdTrtGzLJk+EAUtUwmkxQmqvEoTBQZPp4stqrxKHIUGQrXMZ5vWWwVdYxxflTnrdvwQKCrQFwrcDnTJpd06zz27D/Zb/6zN9jPfPy/t5t/7d/apz//JZvN9uxLn3/M/sPvvstu+LOJfc8/+hU79yVfX/BAAAEEEEAAAQQQQKBZgEVEs8243vnsH9rv/J8P29b/+uO28/0vt6+71L+Y65RdfOmW/XevOG03v+k6O/9//6ad/aMvjGvcjAYBBBBAAAEEEEBALsA9EXLSpIF/ca/9+Eu+y+5+/e/ZQz/zbfZXD5X5JftPv/5a+7of2LV3fvI37A3fePjdQ00HtFPuiZjN+HRlQNNGqQgggAACCCCQUCDeE8EnEQknqZeSnnu1veamV9l//rUz9uv/4fH9myKePs7Mvvyf/8D+r1/9qF36P/99e8WV/3Uvhx9yaLwRrs1YsmR47Ypa/LvLuz4UdajGo6hFkeHjyWKrGo8iR5GhcB3j+ZbFVlHHGOdHdd66DQ8E1AL82JxaNGve7L/YF77iBfay3ffZP/z6++2XX/sau/4lf83siXP2kV/9P+yjf/Jc+/bXPmYfec+/sI/sj+HZ9oLvvNFe843PyToi6kIAAQQQQAABBBDYkACLiA3Br/2we5+xP/iX77P7z/uR/8g++ou32kcPFXHe7v/Fn7b756+92G784N9nETH3YAMBBBBAAAEEEECgCHBPRJEY/fOX7fxnP2ufX/nbl55lf+W5z7PnXDLcK964J2L0JzUDRAABBBBAAIE1CXBPxJqg8x3mYrv0eV+z/wNh/iNhx//31YNeQCj9FdfqZslwF0Utiut0FXWoxqOoRZHh48liqxqPIkeRoXAd4/mWxVZRxxjnR3Xeug0PBNQCw/1nZrUEeQgggAACCCCAAAIIILCSAIuIlZhohAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAkWAeyKKBM+jE+CeiNFNKQNCAAEEEEAAgQ0JcE/EhuA5LAIIIIAAAggggAACYxHgcqaxzCTjQGCNAtzs1x82tv3Y4tqPq6dii21/AiRnFmARkXl2qC2FgOJbQ7JkOKiiFsXEqOpQ5GTJULiq5lhhkq0Wha/CJUuGan6yuKrGk2l+FLZkINCXAIuIvmTJRQABBBBAAAEEEEBgpAIsIkY6sQwLAQQQQAABBBBAAIG+BPh2pr5kyd24QPl2pul0Oq9le3t7f7vtx9Wlv4ccl+Ftm9qUnPh+7BP35wMxs5IRa4l94n6bDO9T5+zu7u7/YGHJKrUMdTxlHOV5k+OpbUsdXldtW89FXXPdprzuzyUnvh9z4v5RGf5anRP7xP02GXWfo7b9GP6o62hqV9rUrt62KSPWH/fr45SMWMuyPnX/sl1ySq3l9fi8LLcpI/aJ+/UxSoa/VteyrI+3XdW2PpZvL8sttdR1HNVnlQzvV+cs63NUjeW1OqO8Vj8vy207Hrfd2dmpD8M2AhsTiN/OZLODh9l8s7zEMwKDFvBzWnFeT6fTzg5ZMnwgilomk0kKE9V4FCaKDB9PFlvVeBQ5igyF6xjPtyy2ijrGOD+q89ZteCDQVSD+TcXlTBtbz3FgBBBAAAEEEEAAAQSGKcDlTMOcN6peQaBc/IoK1wAAIABJREFUzjSb+QcSPJQC/pWOfMSuFF1kYbuwUG7hqtQ8nIXtYQ/lHrZKTbK6CsTLmfgkoqso/UcvcNx1sKsAZMnwWhW1rDLm49qo6lDkZMk4zmzV9zONJ1Mtq/ota5dlPIo6fJyqnGVmq7ynqkORkyVjFTfaILBJARYRm9Tn2AgggAACCCCAAAIIDFCARcQAJ42SEUAAAQQQQAABBBDYpAD3RGxSn2P3KsA9Ef3xcp0utv0J9JPMOduPq6dii21/AiRnEuCeiEyzQS2DEMhyfayiDgdX5XSdPFUdipwsGV1NS/9M48lUS/Hp8pxlPIo63EGV08VUWYdiPFkyuprSH4G+BbicqW9h8hFAAAEEEEAAAQQQGJkAi4iRTSjDQQABBBBAAAEEEECgbwEWEX0Lk48AAggggAACCCCAwMgEuLF6ZBPKcBYC3Fi9sGALAQQQQAABBBDoIsCN1V306IsAAggggAACCCCAAALG5UycBAgcI5DlmzoUdfhQFTn+lY5dH4o6VONR1KLI8PFksVWNR5GjyFC4jvF8y2KrqGOM86M6b92GBwJqARYRalHyEEAAAQQQQAABBBAYuQCLiJFPMMNDAAEEEEAAAQQQQEAtwI3ValHy0giUG6un0+m8pu3t7f3tth+dl/4eclyGt21qU3Li+7FP3J8PxMxKRqwl9on7bTK8zyo5jGehy/wsLMrWqialfdNzyYnnW2yf5ZyNdcV9xhNFFv//Fuc4zmncr5OKq79W5yzrU/f37aaM2K60rY9Ttyk58f1YS9wvuXUW2whsSiDeWG2zg4fZfLO8xDMCgxbwc1pxXk+n084OWTJ8IIpaJpNJChPVeBQmigwfTxZb1XgUOYoMhesYz7cstoo6xjg/qvPWbXgg0FUg/k3F5UybWs5xXAQQQAABBBBAAAEEBirA5UwDnTjKPl6gXM40m/kHEjyUAv6NITs7O8pIsg4EsO3nVMC1H1dPxRbb/gRIziQQL2fik4hMs0MtKQXiNaxtisyS4bUralEsIBR1qMajqEWR4ePJYqsajyJHkaFwHeP5lsVWUccY50d13roNDwTUAiwi1KLkIXACBPxfHnn0I4Atrv0I9JfKOYttfwIkZxZgEZF5dqgNAQQQQAABBBBAAIGEAtwTkXBSKEkjwD0RGsejUrgG+igVzWvYahxjCq5RRLePrc4yJmEbRdjfpAD3RGxSn2MPUkBxrW6WDJ8ARS2K63QVdajGo6hFkeHjyWKrGo8iR5GhcB3j+ZbFVlHHGOdHdd66DQ8E1AJczqQWJQ+BEyDg/zrGox8BbHHtR6C/VM5ZbPsTIDmzAIuIzLNDbQgggAACCCCAAAIIJBRgEZFwUk5KSXu7H7O7bn6l+TV2p05dbtfcfMYe2P3iSRk+40QAAQQQQAABBAYrwI3Vg526YRe+9+jd9qP/02/Z3/7w7Xb6qsvMzj9sd7/1jfbqT77GHvnIabtCsLzlxuphnyNUjwACCCCAAAJ5BOKN1Swi8szNCarks3b25u+yH7bb7OHJtXZZGfkTZ+3mq3bMfvm3bXLt88qrrZ9ZRLSmoyMCCCCAAAIIIHBIIC4iBP/eeyifHQSOF3jiD+3eM2bbr/ybiwWE97rsWps89gnJAuL4IlZvofjWkCwZPmpFLYobKRV1qMajqEWR4ePJYqsajyJHkaFwHeP5lsVWUccY50d13roNDwTUAiwi1KLkHSuw9+efsk/uvsiu/GuP2tk7b7Zr9u+J+Ab7kbffa+fO7x3bnwYIIIAAAggggAACmxVgEbFZ/xN49D07/2d/bA/an9qZm37KfveFb7D7ZjObzX7f3vxVH7C/88YP2aOsI07gecGQEUAAAQQQQGBIAtwTMaTZGkWte/bE2Vvsqle8377hjrP2kdNX2Xwlu+SeiHJ/QxuCyWQy71Z+uKftR8Slvwcel+Ftm9qUnPh+7BP35wMJP0pW58Q+cb9NhvdZJaeu46g+68rwY9e1LDtu7VG2vX3MKO/Vz8tymzJin7gf88s+4ykSix/kq00W7y62VrGNGbFP3F+kL+rw1+qcZX3q/mXb28eM8l79vCy3KSP2ifsxv+wzniKxmOfaZPHuYmsV25gR+8R9T/fXeCCQQSDeE2Gzg4fZfLO8xDMCPQg8NXv8vjfPtuzq2c59nzmc/9RDszuue/Hsujsemj11+J2Zn59t/wtRF7w7nU4vuE/skCXD61LUMplM4hAveF9Rh2o8iloUGT6eLLaq8ShyFBkK1zGeb1lsFXWMcX5U563b8ECgq0BcK8z/ETjDCocaToLARXbZy77DtrcubKyz/Uue/LKn1f+7sCPQGgEEEEAAAQQQQGBVARYRq0rRTidw6Yvtm6//Sztz7x/aE3Xq+cfskQevsu/8xq9ZXOJUv882AggggAACCCCAQAoBFhEppuGEFXHRC+y6HzttV972DvtXD3zu6cHv7drH7rjLPnj9aftf/ofnnDAQhosAAggggAACCAxLgEXEsOZrJNVeZJde/Ua755F/YvaubzO/UefUs66zX3jqB+3/eef32PM5K0cyzwwDAQQQQAABBMYqcPFYB8a4sgtcZJde8Uq76S7/L3ut1IcAAggggAACCCBQC/BvvrUG2wgggAACCCCAAAIIIHCsAIuIY4logAACUYDvLY8iun1sdZZ1Eq61hnYbW61nnYZtrcF2NgEWEdlmhHoQGIBA/MGkAZQ8mBKx7WeqcO3H1VOxxbY/AZIzC7CIyDw71IYAAggggAACCCCAQEIBFhEJJ4WSEEAAAQQQQAABBBDILMAiIvPsUBsCSQW4Tre/icG2H1tc+3H1VGyx7U+A5MwCp2az2cwL9O/qP9jMXC+1IbCygJ/T/uC8XpmMhggggAACCCCAwJECca3AJxFHMvEiAggsE+BGymU63d7DtptfU29cm2S6v45td8OmBGybZHg9gwCLiAyzQA2pBc6cOdO5viwZPhBFLZ1BhHUoxpMlQ+GqmmOFSbZaFL4KlywZqvnJ4qoaT6b5UdiSgUBfAiwi+pIlFwEEEEAAAQQQQACBkQqwiBjpxDIsBBBAAAEEEEAAAQT6EuDG6r5kyd24QLmxejqdzmvZ3t7e3277cXXp7yHHZXjbpjYlJ74f+8T9+UDMrGTEWmKfuN8mw/vUObu7u7a1tTWPKrUMdTzzgRxsbHI8tW2pw8uqbeu5KLUf9Vr9Xszw/dgn7pf+pW3ZX1aLIqMcp+nZj+GPuo6j2ta11K7etimj7lPaNR2nZMRaYsZRtdWvlZym45S2y3KbMmKfuF+y/blk+HZdy7I+3nZV2/pY5Xj1cer3Sy3x/VhL3D8qw1+rc5b1qfv7dqkjZsR2pW19nLpNyYnvx1rivtvy7Ve1JNubFIg3Vvs31+w/nv4Sm7LHMwLDF/BzWnFeT6fTzhhZMnwgilomk0kKE9V4FCaKDB9PFlvVeBQ5igyF6xjPtyy2ijrGOD+q89ZteCDQVSD+TcXlTJtc0nFsBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQGKMDlTAOcNEpeTaBczsTvRKzmdSGt/GsH+Yj9QsRWb4vt6lYX0hLXC9G6sLbYXpjXhbTG9kK0aNu3QLyciU8i+hYnf/AC8RrWNgPKkuG1K2ppYxD7qOpQ5GTJiEZt9zONJ1MtbT3rflnGo6jDx6XKqY3abKvqUORkyWjjSB8E1inAImKd2hwLAQQQQAABBBBAAIERCLCIGMEkMgQEEEAAAQQQQAABBNYpwD0R69TmWGsV4J6I/ri5Thfb/gT6Seac7cfVU7HFtj8BkjMJcE9EptmglkEIZLk+VlGHg6tyuk6eqg5FTpaMrqalf6bxZKql+HR5zjIeRR3uoMrpYqqsQzGeLBldTemPQN8CXM7UtzD5CCCAAAIIIIAAAgiMTIBFxMgmlOEggAACCCCAAAIIINC3AIuIvoXJRwABBBBAAAEEEEBgZALcWD2yCWU4CwFurF5YsIUAAggggAACCHQR4MbqLnr0RQABBBBAAAEEEEAAAeNyJk4CBI4RyPJNHYo6fKiKHP9Kx64PRR2q8ShqUWT4eLLYqsajyFFkKFzHeL5lsVXUMcb5UZ23bsMDAbUAiwi1KHkIIIAAAggggAACCIxcgEXEyCeY4SGAAAIIIIAAAgggoBbgxmq1KHlpBMqN1dPpdF7T9vb2/nbbj85Lfw85LsPbNrUpOfH92CfuzwdiZiUj1hL7xP02Gd5nlRzGs9BlfhYWZWtVk9K+6bnkxPMtts9yzsa64j7jiSKL/3+LcxznNO7XScXVX6tzlvWp+/t2U0ZsV9rWx6nblJz4fqwl7pfcOottBDYlEG+sttnBw2y+WV7iGYFBC/g5rTivp9NpZ4csGT4QRS2TySSFiWo8ChNFho8ni61qPIocRYbCdYznWxZbRR1jnB/Vees2PBDoKhD/puJypk0t5zguAggggAACCCCAAAIDFeBypoFOHGUfL1AuZ5rN/AMJHkoB/8aQnZ0dZSRZBwLY9nMq4NqPq6dii21/AiRnEoiXM/FJRKbZoZaUAvEa1jZFZsnw2hW1KBYQijpU41HUosjw8WSxVY1HkaPIULiO8XzLYquoY4zzozpv3YYHAmoBFhFqUfIQOAEC/i+PPPoRwBbXfgT6S+WcxbY/AZIzC7CIyDw71IYAAggggAACCCCAQEIBFhEJJ4WSEEAAAQQQQAABBBDILMCN1Zlnh9o6CXBjdSc+OiOAAAIIIIAAAnMBbqyeU7CBwGoCihv+smT4iBW1KK6BVtShGo+iFkWGjyeLrWo8ihxFhsJ1jOdbFltFHWOcH9V56zY8EFALcDmTWpQ8BBBAAAEEEEAAAQRGLsAiYuQTzPAQQAABBBBAAAEEEFALcE+EWpS8NALcE5FmKigEAQQQQAABBAYuwD0RA59AykcAAQQQQAABBBBAYNMCXM606Rng+AgMUICb/fqbNGz7scW1H1dPxRbb/gRIzizAIiLz7FBbCgHFt4ZkyXBQRS2KiVHVocjJkqFwVc2xwiRbLQpfhUuWDNX8ZHFVjSfT/ChsyUCgLwEWEX3JkosAAggggAACCCCAwEgFuLF6pBPLsMzKjdXT6XTOsb29vb/d9l+aSn8POS7D2za1KTnx/dgn7s8HYmYlI9YS+8T9NhneZ5UcxrPQZX4WFmVrVZPSvum55MTzLbbPcs7GuuI+44kii/9/i3Mc5zTu10nF1V+rc5b1qfv7dlNGbFfa1sep25Sc+H6sJe6X3DqLbQQ2JRBvrLbZwcNsvlle4hmBQQv4Oa04r6fTaWeHLBk+EEUtk8kkhYlqPAoTRYaPJ4utajyKHEWGwnWM51sWW0UdY5wf1XnrNjwQ6CoQ/6bicqZNLec4LgIIIIAAAggggAACAxVgETHQiaNsBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQ2JcA9EZuS57i9C5R7ImYzv6qJBwIIIIAAAggggEBbgXhPBJ9EtJWk34kRiDfCtRl4lgyvXVGL4nvhFXWoxqOoRZHh48liqxqPIkeRoXAd4/mWxVZRxxjnR3Xeug0PBNQCLCLUouQhgAACCCCAAAIIIDByARYRI59ghocAAggggAACCCCAgFqAeyLUouSlEeCeiDRTQSEIIIAAAgggMHAB7okY+ARS/voFFNfqZslwPUUtiut0FXWoxqOoRZHh48liqxqPIkeRoXAd4/mWxVZRxxjnR3Xeug0PBNQCXM6kFiUPAQQQQAABBBBAAIGRC7CIGPkEMzwEEEAAAQQQQAABBNQC3BOhFiUvjQD3RKSZCgpBAAEEEEAAgYELcE/EwCeQ8hFAAAEEEEAAAQQQ2LQAlzNtegY4PgIDFOBmv/4mDdt+bHHtx9VTscW2PwGSMwuwiMg8O9SWQkDxrSFZMhxUUYtiYlR1KHKyZChcVXOsMMlWi8JX4ZIlQzU/WVxV48k0PwpbMhDoS4BFRF+y5CKAAAIIIIAAAgggMFIBFhEjnViGhQACCCCAAAIIIIBAXwJ8O1NfsuRuXKB8O9N0Op3Xsr29vb/d9uPq0t9Djsvwtk1tSk58P/aJ+/OBmFnJiLXEPnG/TYb3qXN2d3dta2trHlVqGep45gM52NjkeGrbUoeXVdvWc1FqP+q1+r2Y4fuxT9wv/Uvbsr+sFkVGOU7Tsx/DH3UdR7Wta6ldvW1TRt2ntGs6TsmItcSMo2qrXys5TccpbZflNmXEPnG/ZPtzyfDtupZlfbztqrb1scrx6uPU75da4vuxlrh/VIa/Vucs61P39+1SR8yI7Urb+jh1m5IT34+1xH233dnZqaPYRmBjAvHbmWx28DCbb5aXeEZg0AJ+TivO6+l02tkhS4YPRFHLZDJJYaIaj8JEkeHjyWKrGo8iR5GhcB3j+ZbFVlHHGOdHdd66DQ8EugrEv6m4nGlj6zkOjAACCCCAAAIIIIDAMAW4nGmY80bVKwiUy5lmM/9AgodSwL/SkY/YlaKLLGwXFsotXJWah7OwPeyh3MNWqUlWV4F4OROfRHQVpf/oBeI1rG0GnCXDa1fU0sYg9lHVocjJkhGN2u5nGk+mWtp61v2yjEdRh49LlVMbtdlW1aHIyZLRxpE+CKxTgEXEOrU5FgIIIIAAAggggAACIxBgETGCSWQICCCAAAIIIIAAAgisU4B7ItapzbHWKsA9Ef1xc50utv0J9JPMOduPq6dii21/AiRnEuCeiEyzQS2DEMhyfayiDgdX5XSdPFUdipwsGV1NS/9M48lUS/Hp8pxlPIo63EGV08VUWYdiPFkyuprSH4G+BbicqW9h8hFAAAEEEEAAAQQQGJkAi4iRTegwh/NFe/Tu19vll7/Fzj6xN8whUDUCCCCAAAIIIHCCBLgn4gRNdtah7j16t/3oN73a7rQ3230P32rXXqZZ23JPRH8zzjXQ2PYn0E8y52w/rp6KLbb9CZCcSSDeE8EiItPsnMRazv97u/Mfv9bO/Me/tPsfuY5FxEk8BxgzAggggAACCKQXiIsIzT/5ph82BeYU+Jw98L6ftFsufp295QdflLNEqkIAAQQQQAABBBB4hgCLiGeQ8MJ6BPbs/AO/ZDe944X2np/5e/Y3nrWeo7Y5SpZv6lDU4eNX5PjlC10fijpU41HUosjw8WSxVY1HkaPIULiO8XzLYquoY4zzozpv3YYHAmoBFhFqUfJWEzj/CXvfTb9nr7rnVrvh+c9erQ+tEEAAAQQQQAABBFIIXJyiCoo4WQJ7n7a73/hj9luveq/dc/VzzOzJY8dfbpI+tiENEEAAAQQQQAABBHoX4Mbq3ok5wGEB/zrXN9k3vfvFds89b7SrL/UPw560c3feaFfe8pLGG6u7LCImk8m8hJ2dnf3tth8Rl/4eclyGt21qU3Li+7FP3J8PxMxKRqwl9on7bTK8zyo5ivEoMo4zqQ2O2i62sZbYdl0mjOewPPNz2MP3mkziORr366SS4a/V5/6yPnX/sl1y6ozyXv28LLcpI/aJ+zG/7Ne1LOtT2tfPTbXUbXx7WW5TRuwT90tuPBb7CGxCIN5YbbODh9l8s7zEMwJ6gacemt1x3dbMz7ej/9uaXXfHQ7OnBEcu+V2jptNp14hZlgwfiKKWyWSSwkQ1HoWJIsPHk8VWNR5FjiJD4TrG8y2LraKOMc6P6rx1Gx4IdBWIawXuidjEUu4kH/Oiq+z0vY/5irX67wv2yB3fZ7b1Zrvv8T+ze09fZZyYJ/kkYewIIIAAAgggkF2Av9WyzxD1IYAAAggggAACCCCQTIB7IpJNyMks5/h7Itq4lPso/FMPHggggAACCCCAAALtBeI9EXwS0d6SnjKBS+yK0x+w2WM/a9delu+UVHx/eZYMnzJFLfVNim1PA0UdqvEoalFk+Hiy2KrGo8hRZChcx3i+ZbFV1DHG+VGdt27DAwG1QL6/2NQjJA8BBBBAAAEEEEAAAQSkAiwipJyEIYAAAggggAACCCAwfgHuiRj/HJ/YEXJPxImdegaOAAIIIIAAAmIB7okQgxI3fgHFtbpZMny2FLUortNV1KEaj6IWRYaPJ4utajyKHEWGwnWM51sWW0UdY5wf1XnrNjwQUAtwOZNalDwEEEAAAQQQQAABBEYuwCJi5BPM8BBAAAEEEEAAAQQQUAtwT4RalLw0AtwTkWYqKAQBBBBAAAEEBi7APREDn0DKRwABBBBAAAEEEEBg0wJczrTpGeD4CAxQgJv9+ps0bPuxxbUfV0/FFtv+BEjOLMAiIvPsUFsKAcW3hmTJcFBFLYqJUdWhyMmSoXBVzbHCJFstCl+FS5YM1fxkcVWNJ9P8KGzJQKAvARYRfcmSiwACCCCAAAIIIIDASAW4sXqkE8uwzMqN1dPpdM6xvb29v932X5pKfw85LsPbNrUpOfH92CfuzwdiZiUj1hL7xP02Gd5nlRzGs9BlfhYWZWtVk9K+6bnkxPMtts9yzsa64j7jiSKL/3+LcxznNO7XScXVX6tzlvWp+/t2U0ZsV9rWx6nblJz4fqwl7pfcOottBDYlEG+sttnBw2y+WV7iGYFBC/g5rTivp9NpZ4csGT4QRS2TySSFiWo8ChNFho8ni61qPIocRYbCdYznWxZbRR1jnB/Vees2PBDoKhD/puJypk0t5zguAggggAACCCCAAAIDFWARMdCJo2wEEEAAAQQQQAABBDYlwD0Rm5LnuL0LlHsiZjO/qokHAggggAACCCCAQFuBeE8En0S0laTfiRGIN8K1GXiWDK9dUYvie+EVdajGo6hFkeHjyWKrGo8iR5GhcB3j+ZbFVlHHGOdHdd66DQ8E1AIsItSi5CGAAAIIIIAAAgggMHIBFhEjn2CGhwACCCCAAAIIIICAWoB7ItSi5KUR4J6INFNBIQgggAACCCAwcAHuiRj4BFL++gUU1+pmyXA9RS2K63QVdajGo6hFkeHjyWKrGo8iR5GhcB3j+ZbFVlHHGOdHdd66DQ8E1AJczqQWJQ8BBBBAAAEEEEAAgZELsIgY+QQzPAQQQAABBBBAAAEE1ALcE6EWJS+NAPdEpJkKCkEAAQQQQACBgQtwT8TAJ5DyEUAAAQQQQAABBBDYtACXM216Bjg+AgMU4Ga//iYN235sce3H1VOxxbY/AZIzC7CIyDw71JZCQPGtIVkyHFRRi2JiVHUocrJkKFxVc6wwyVaLwlfhkiVDNT9ZXFXjyTQ/ClsyEOhLgEVEX7LkIoAAAggggAACCCAwUgEWESOdWIaFAAIIIIAAAggggEBfAnw7U1+y5G5coHw703Q6ndeyvb29v9324+rS30OOy/C2TW1KTnw/9on784GYWcmItcQ+cb9Nhvepc3Z3d21ra2seVWoZ6njmAznY2OR4attSh5dV29ZzUWo/6rX6vZjh+7FP3C/9S9uyv6wWRUY5TtOzH8MfdR1Hta1rqV29bVNG3ae0azpOyYi1xIyjaqtfKzlNxyltl+U2ZcQ+cb9k+3PJ8O26lmV9vO2qtvWxyvHq49Tvl1ri+7GWuH9Uhr9W5yzrU/f37VJHzIjtStv6OHWbkhPfj7XEfbfd2dmpo9hGYGMC8duZbHbwMJtvlpd4RmDQAn5OK87r6XTa2SFLhg9EUctkMklhohqPwkSR4ePJYqsajyJHkaFwHeP5lsVWUccY50d13roNDwS6CsS/qbicaWPrOQ6MAAIIIIAAAggggMAwBbicaZjzRtUrCJTLmWYz/0CCh1LAv9KRj9iVoossbBcWyi1clZqHs7A97KHcw1apSVZXgXg5E59EdBWl/+gF4jWsbQacJcNrV9TSxiD2UdWhyMmSEY3a7mcaT6Za2nrW/bKMR1GHj0uVUxu12VbVocjJktHGkT4IrFOARcQ6tTkWAggggAACCCCAAAIjEGARMYJJZAgIIIAAAggggAACCKxTgHsi1qnNsdYqwD0R/XFznS62/Qn0k8w524+rp2KLbX8CJGcS4J6ITLNBLYMQyHJ9rKIOB1fldJ08VR2KnCwZXU1L/0zjyVRL8enynGU8ijrcQZXTxVRZh2I8WTK6mtIfgb4FuJypb2HyEUAAAQQQQAABBBAYmQCLiJFNKMNBAAEEEEAAAQQQQKBvARYRfQuTjwACCCCAAAIIIIDAyAS4sXpkE8pwFgLcWL2wYAsBBBBAAAEEEOgiwI3VXfToiwACCCCAAAIIIIAAAsblTJwECBwjkOWbOhR1+FAVOf6Vjl0fijpU41HUosjw8WSxVY1HkaPIULiO8XzLYquoY4zzozpv3YYHAmoBFhFqUfIQQAABBBBAAAEEEBi5AIuIkU8ww0MAAQQQQAABBBBAQC3AjdVqUfLSCJQbq6fT6bym7e3t/e22H52X/h5yXIa3bWpTcuL7sU/cnw/EzEpGrCX2ifttMrzPKjmMZ6HL/CwsytaqJqV903PJiedbbJ/lnI11xX3GE0UW//8W5zjOadyvk4qrv1bnLOtT9/ftpozYrrStj1O3KTnx/VhL3C+5dRbbCGxKIN5YbbODh9l8s7zEMwKDFvBzWnFeT6fTzg5ZMnwgilomk0kKE9V4FCaKDB9PFlvVeBQ5igyF6xjPtyy2ijrGOD+q89ZteCDQVSD+TcXlTJtaznFcBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQGKsDlTAOdOMo+XqBczjSb+QcSPJQC/o0hOzs7ykiyDgSw7edUwLUfV0/FFtv+BEjOJBAvZ+KTiEyzQy0pBeI1rG2KzJLhtStqUSwgFHWoxqOoRZHh48liqxqPIkeRoXAd4/mWxVZRxxjnR3Xeug0PBNQCLCLUouQhcAIE/F8eefQjgC2u/Qj0l8o5i21/AiRnFmARkXl2qA0BBBBAAAEEEEAAgYQCLCISTgolIYAAAggggAACCCCQWYBFRObZoTYEEEAAAQQQQAABBBIKsIhIOCmUhAACCCCAAAIIIIBAZgEWEZlnh9oQQAABBBBAAAEEEEgowCIi4aRQEgIIIIAAAggggAACmQX4sbnMs0NtnQT4sblOfHRGAAEEEEAAAQTmAvzY3JyCDQT/mrhGAAAgAElEQVQQQAABBBBAAAEEEGgjwOVMbdTog8AJF+DHpfo7AbDtxxbXflw9FVts+xMgObMAi4jMs0NtKQTOnDnTuY4sGT4QRS2dQYR1KMaTJUPhqppjhUm2WhS+CpcsGar5yeKqGk+m+VHYkoFAXwIsIvqSJRcBBBBAAAEEEEAAgZEKcGP1SCeWYZmVG6un0+mcY3t7e3+77b80lf4eclyGt21qU3Li+7FP3J8PxMxKRqwl9on7bTK8zyo5jGehy/wsLMrWqialfdNzyYnnW2yf5ZyNdcV9xhNFFv//Fuc4zmncr5OKq79W5yzrU/f37aaM2K60rY9Ttyk58f1YS9wvuXUW2whsSiDeWG2zg4fZfLO8xDMCgxbwc1pxXk+n084OWTJ8IIpaJpNJChPVeBQmigwfTxZb1XgUOYoMhesYz7cstoo6xjg/qvPWbXgg0FUg/k3F5UybWs5xXAQQQAABBBBAAAEEBirAImKgE0fZCCCAAAIIIIAAAghsSoBFxKbkOS4CAxbY2dkZcPW5S8e2n/nBtR9XT8UW2/4ESM4swCIi8+xQGwJJBfhe+P4mBtt+bHHtx9VTscW2PwGSMwuwiMg8O9SGAAIIIIAAAggggEBCARYRCSeFkhBAAAEEEEAAAQQQyCzAIiLz7FAbAkkFuAa6v4nBth9bXPtx9VRsse1PgOTMAiwiMs8OtSGQVIBroPubGGz7scW1H1dPxRbb/gRIzizAIiLz7FAbAggggAACCCCAAAIJBVhEJJyUE1HS+XN29s6b7ZpTp8x/Rv3UqW+wH3n7vXbu/N6JGD6DRAABBBBAAAEEhixwyn8C2wfgf8gdbA55PNQ+BIG9T9vdP/rd9vovv84+9PM/ai/ferbt7f6+vfMnX2dvu/in7eP/+w32fMHy1s9pf3BeD+GkoEYEEEAAAQQQyCwQ1wosIjLP1khr2zt3p11/5Xvtpff9tk2ufd58lE2vzxtc4AaLiAsEozkCCCCAAAIIINAgEBcRgn/vbTgSLyPQIHDRFaft3tknDi0gFk0fs09+6rOW6aKmM2fOLMpruZUlw8tX1KK4kVJRh2o8iloUGT6eLLaq8ShyFBkK1zGeb1lsFXWMcX5U563b8EBALcAiQi1KXkeBb7XXfOsLjROzIyPdEUAAAQQQQACBHgX4W61HXKIvQGDv0/ahye324OkfsFe+5JIL6EhTBBBAAAEEEEAAgXULcE/EusU53hECT9jDd/5Tu/bM19kv/+qb7dqtZz+jTbm/4RlvrPDCZDKZtyo/itT2I+LS3wOPy/C2TW1KTnw/9on784GEH3iqc2KfuN8mw/usklPXcVSfdWX4setalh239ijb3j5mlPfq52W5TRmxT9yP+WWf8RSJxY+b1SaLdxdbq9jGjNgn7i/SF3X4a3XOsj51/7Lt7WNGea9+XpbblBH7xP2YX/YZT5FYzHNtsnh3sbWKbcyIfeK+p/trPBDIIBDvifBvrtl/PP0lNmWPZwTWJfD47KE7Ts+2tk7P7njo8caD+vnZ9r/G0BXfmE6nK7ZsbpYlwytU1DKZTJoHu+I7ijpU41HUosjw8WSxVY1HkaPIULiO8XzLYquoY4zzozpv3YYHAl0F4lrh4gwrG2o4oQJ7u/axd/6kfc/bLrZbz95up6+6rBGizde0dvn0orEQ3kAAAQQQQAABBBDg/lXOgc0I7O3+a3vLK662b/7N59t77l++gNhMhRwVAQQQQAABBBBAoEmATyKaZHi9P4HzH7N3/OCP2M89coN98OM/ZTc8/5n3QPR3cJIRQAABBBBAAAEEugrw7UxdBel/gQJP2rkPvN1+4v5ds91fsFd/7Vfs/1q6X3pU/rv85rP2xAWm0hwBBBBAAAEEEEBgfQJ8ErE+a460L3CJXXH6AzY7DQcCCCCAAAIIIIDAUAX4JGKoM0fdCCCAAAIIIIAAAghsSIBFxIbgOSwCCCCAAAIIIIAAAkMV4Mfmhjpz1H2sQPmK1zZfD3ts+Alv4D+YxA8g9XMSYItrPwL9pXLOYtufAMmZBPzvqvpvKj6JyDQ71JJS4MyZM53rypLhA1HU0hlEWIdiPFkyFK6qOVaYZKtF4atwyZKhmp8srqrxZJofhS0ZCPQlwCKiL1lyEUAAAQQQQAABBBAYqQCLiJFOLMNCAAEEEEAAAQQQQKAvAe6J6EuW3I0LcE/ExqeAAhBAAAEEEEBgJALcEzGSiWQYCCCAAAIIIIAAAghsSoDLmTYlz3EHI5DlJjtFHY6uyPFvY+n6UNShGo+iFkWGjyeLrWo8ihxFhsJ1jOdbFltFHWOcH9V56zY8EFALsIhQi5KHAAIIIIAAAggggMDIBVhEjHyCGR4CCCCAAAIIIIAAAmoBbqxWi5KXRqDcWD2dTuc1bW9v72+3/ei89PeQ4zK8bVObkhPfj33i/nwgZlYyYi2xT9xvk+F9VslhPAtd5mdhUbZWNSntm55LTjzfYvss52ysK+4zniiy+P+3OMdxTuN+nVRc/bU6Z1mfur9vN2XEdqVtfZy6TcmJ78da4n7JrbPYRmBTAvHGav/luf2H2XyzvMQzAoMW8HNacV5Pp9PODlkyfCCKWiaTSQoT1XgUJooMH08WW9V4FDmKDIXrGM+3LLaKOsY4P6rz1m14INBVIP5NxeVMm1rOcVwEEEAAAQQQQAABBAYqwOVMA504yj5eoFzONJv5BxI8lAL+jSE7OzvKSLIOBLDt51TAtR9XT8UW2/4ESM4kEC9n4pOITLNDLSkF4jWsbYrMkuG1K2pRLCAUdajGo6hFkeHjyWKrGo8iR5GhcB3j+ZbFVlHHGOdHdd66DQ8E1AIsItSi5CFwAgT8Xx559COALa79CPSXyjmLbX8CJGcWYBGReXaoDQEEEEAAAQQQQACBhAIsIhJOCiUhgAACCCCAAAIIIJBZgEVE5tmhNgQQQAABBBBAAAEEEgqwiEg4KZSEAAIIIIAAAggggEBmARYRmWeH2hBAAAEEEEAAAQQQSCjAIiLhpFASAggggAACCCCAAAKZBfixucyzQ22dBPixuU58dEYAAQQQQAABBOYC/NjcnIINBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQaCPA5Uxt1OiDwAkX4Mel+jsBsO3HFtd+XD0VW2z7EyA5swCLiMyzQ20pBM6cOdO5jiwZPhBFLZ1BhHUoxpMlQ+GqmmOFSbZaFL4KlywZqvnJ4qoaT6b5UdiSgUBfAiwi+pIlFwEEEEAAAQQQQACBkQpwY/VIJ5ZhmZUbq6fT6Zxje3t7f7vtvzSV/h5yXIa3bWpTcuL7sU/cnw/EzEpGrCX2ifttMrzPKjmMZ6HL/CwsytaqJqV903PJiedbbJ/lnI11xX3GE0UW//8W5zjOadyvk4qrv1bnLOtT9/ftpozYrrStj1O3KTnx/VhL3C+5dRbbCGxKIN5YbbODh9l8s7zEMwKDFvBzWnFeT6fTzg5ZMnwgilomk0kKE9V4FCaKDB9PFlvVeBQ5igyF6xjPtyy2ijrGOD+q89ZteCDQVSD+TcXlTJtaznFcBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQGKsAiYqATR9kIIIAAAggggAACCGxKgEXEpuQ5LgIDFtjZ2Rlw9blLx7af+cG1H1dPxRbb/gRIzizAIiLz7FAbAkkF+F74/iYG235sce3H1VOxxbY/AZIzC7CIyDw71IYAAggggAACCCCAQEIBFhEJJ4WSEEAAAQQQQAABBBDILMDvRGSeHWrrJFB+J2I282965YEAAggggAACCCDQViD+TgSfRLSVpN+JEYg/DtRm4FkyvHZFLYproBV1qMajqEWR4ePJYqsajyJHkaFwHeP5lsVWUccY50d13roNDwTUAiwi1KLkIYAAAggggAACCCAwcgEWESOfYIaHAAIIIIAAAggggIBagHsi1KLkpRHgnog0U0EhCCCAAAIIIDBwAe6JGPgEUj4CCCCAAAIIIIAAApsW4HKmTc8Ax0dggALc7NffpGHbjy2u/bh6KrbY9idAcmYBFhGZZ4faUggovjUkS4aDKmpRTIyqDkVOlgyFq2qOFSbZalH4KlyyZKjmJ4urajyZ5kdhSwYCfQmwiOhLllwEEEAAAQQQQAABBEYqwI3VI51YhmVWbqyeTqdzju3t7f3ttv/SVPp7yHEZ3rapTcmJ78c+cX8+EDMrGbGW2Cfut8nwPnXO7u6ubW1tzaNKLUMdz3wgBxubHE9tW+rwsmrbei5K7Ue9Vr8XM3w/9on7pX9pW/aX1aLIKMdpevZj+KOu46i2dS21q7dtyqj7lHZNxykZsZaYcVRt9Wslp+k4pe2y3KaM2Cful2x/Lhm+XdeyrI+3XdW2PlY5Xn2c+v1SS3w/1hL3j8rw1+qcZX3q/r5d6ogZsV1pWx+nblNy4vuxlrjvtjs7O3UU2whsTCDeWG2zg4fZfLO8xDMCgxbwc1pxXk+n0/+/vbsBjuK88zz+m8GHnbWscFn2jhlIomJVCDZWClsKW4m5WLxECpslpsDGWdtYRD4XzhqMzRlkMM5dwksso4UQQ61ZlxSwCGeToMUhWVvCaCFL1medxJHIOSMVRSm7MMPGlMsWOsdmo+mrbs1IrZYGSaMe9bx8VWVrXvr5P//n8zyM5pl+np4xO6RKDLMhbuRSVVWVEiZutccNEzdimO1JFVu32uNGHDdiuOGaieMtVWzdyCMT+8etcWva8IPAWAWc76lYzuTZfI6KEUAAAQQQQAABBBBITwEmEenZb2SNAAIIIIAAAggggIBnAuyJ8IyeipMtENsTYRjmqiZ+3BQwL+nIOl03RftjYdtv4eYtXN3UHBgL24Eebt7D1k1NYo1VwLkngjMRYxWlfMYLODfCJdLgVIlh5u5GLokYOMu4lYcbcVIlhtMo0fup1J5UyiVRT3u5VGmPG3mY7XIrjt0okdtu5eFGnFSJkYgjZRAYTwEmEeOpTV0IIIAAAggggAACCGSAAJOIDOhEmoAAAggggAACCCCAwHgKsCdiPLWpa1wF2BORPG7W6WKbPIHkRGbMJsfVjIottskTIHIqCbAnIpV6g1zSQiBV1se6kYcJ7lacsXaeW3m4ESdVYozVNFY+ldqTSrnEfMbyO1Xa40YepoNbccZi6mYebrQnVWKM1ZTyCCRbgOVMyRYmPgIIIIAAAggggAACGSbAJCLDOpTmIIAAAggggAACCCCQbAEmEckWJj4CCCCAAAIIIIAAAhkmwMbqDOtQmtMvwMbqfgtuIYAAAggggAACYxFgY/VY9CiLAAIIIIAAAggggAACYjkTgwCBYQRS5UodbuRhNtWNOOYlHcf640YebrXHjVzciGG2J1Vs3WqPG3HciOGGayaOt1SxdSOPTOwft8atacMPAm4LMIlwW5R4CCCAAAIIIIAAAghkuACTiAzvYJqHAAIIIIAAAggggIDbAmysdluUeCkjENtY/dJLL/XltGLFCut2oqfOY+XNIMPFMI+Nd0wsjvN5Zxnn/b6GSIrFcObiLOO8n0gMs8xI4tCefl36p98idmukJrHj4/2OxXGON+fxqTJmnXk579Mep0j/65uzj5196rxvjxRzNR+zx7leGXt583a8GM7jYsfa67EfE4vjfN6Zi/N+LK49FrcR8ErAubFaRvRH6rsZe4jfCKS1gDmm3RjXL7300pgdUiWG2RA3cqmqqkoJE7fa44aJGzHM9qSKrVvtcSOOGzHccM3E8ZYqtm7kkYn949a4NW34QWCsAs73VCxn8mo6R70IIIAAAggggAACCKSpAMuZ0rTjSHt4gdhyJsMwT0jw46aAecWQDRs2uBmSWFEBbJMzFHBNjqsZFVtskydA5FQScC5n4kxEKvUOuaSkgHMNayJJpkoMM3c3cknEwFnGrTzciJMqMZxGid5PpfakUi6JetrLpUp73MjDbJdbcexGidx2Kw834qRKjEQcKYPAeAowiRhPbepCAAEEEEAAAQQQQCADBJhEZEAn0gQEEEAAAQQQQAABBMZTgD0R46lNXeMqwJ6I5HGzBhrb5AkkJzJjNjmuZlRssU2eAJFTSYA9EanUG+SSFgKpsj7WjTxMcLfijLXz3MrDjTipEmOsprHyqdSeVMol5jOW36nSHjfyMB3cijMWUzfzcKM9qRJjrKaURyDZAixnSrYw8RFAAAEEEEAAAQQQyDABJhEZ1qE0BwEEEEAAAQQQQACBZAuwJyLZwsQfWiASVmvd9/Xkyud00jqiVBtq1mj5olIVBSYOXWaUj7InYpRgozicNdCjwBrlodiOEmyEh+M6QqgEDsM2AbQRFsF2hFAcNi4Czj0RTCLGhZ1KBgpc06X6dfrC8zfre9WPa0VRQAr/UrufekQ7puzWuar5yh1YIKF7TCISYqMQAggggAACCCAwSMA5iWA50yAiHki6QOSCGva9rsIV37QmEOYg9Afu0Nqnn1Bh3Rtq6YokPQUqQAABBBBAAAEEEEhcgElE4naUTFSgO6T2tkmanTdZ9gHon5Kn2WpUQ8t7iUZOSrlUuVKHG3mYQG7EMU+xj/XHjTzcao8bubgRw2xPqti61R434rgRww3XTBxvqWLrRh6Z2D9ujVvThh8E3Bawv4dzOzbxEBhSIHK5U2fDQz4lKaSznVfEuYh4PjyOAAIIIIAAAgh4L8Akwvs+yLIMIuq+eF5tWdZqmosAAggggAACCGSSABurM6k306ItEXU1bdbMBY1aceJ1Vc2f3J91V5MqZz6gs1ub9FrFzL6lTrEN0v0HcgsBBBBAAIHsETAMI3saS0tTVoCN1SnbNdmSmF850/JVmC3NpZ0IIIAAAggggEAGCtyQgW2iSSkuYG2gDsRLMjhow3Win8DEzmAkWj5ehjwuYZucUYBrclzNqNgmxxbX5LgyZpPnSmT3BNgT4Z4lkUYqkBNUQeH7gzZQ9264nq6CaTkjjcRxCCCAAAIIIIAAAh4IMInwAD3rq/RPV9mqr6pt8w7tP9dlcUTML5vbtkttGx7R3TNuynoiABBAAAEEEEAAgVQWYBKRyr2TsblN1NTSx3Rw62TVzfqktcxgQvARnS38jo49PteVb6vOWDoahgACCCCAAAIIpIAAV2dKgU4gheQIsFY3Oa5mVGyTY4trclwZs7gmTyB5kXk9SJ4tkRMTMMekfZ8pZyISc6QUAggggAACCCCAAAJZK8AkImu7noYjgAACCCCAAAIIIJCYAJOIxNwohQACCCCAAAIIIIBA1gowicjarqfhCCCAAAIIIIAAAggkJsAkIjE3SiGAAAIIIIAAAgggkLUCTCKytutpOAIIIIAAAggggAACiQkwiUjMjVIIIIAAAggggAACCGStAJOIrO16Go4AAggggAACCCCAQGICfNlcYm6UQgABBBBAAAEEEEAgawT4srms6WoaigACCCCAAAIIIIBAcgRYzpQcV6IigAACCCCAAAIIIJCxAkwiMrZraRgCCCCAAAIIIIAAAskRYBKRHFeiIoAAAggggAACCCCQsQJMIjK2a2kYAggggAACCCCAAALJEWASkRxXoiKAAAIIIIAAAgggkLECTCIytmuztWHXFG6tU+W8oMxLkfl8Qc2rfFGvtoYVyVaSMbf7fbVW/6WClU3qcsSKhJt1oLIsau2Tb16lal9tVRhsh5TtbneHmmorNc8an+YYLVR5dYM6uu1ojGOb2MhvdnfoeHW5glHbYPkuHe9wjNpIWK0H7P5lqqz9mVrD10ZeT1YfeU2X6lcrGNykpi7G7FiHQqSjVmV9rwXm60H0v7JadcR4GbNjZaZ8kgSYRCQJlrDeCEQu/UybFx+UVh5VqMeQ0dOqqimn9a3Fz+vkgD943uSXfrV26dyB72nT358ZnHrktzq6+a+1Xw+oJfSxDONjhao+o1PfWqXvn7wy+HgekSK/Vf3aZXrg1GdUZZkZ6gm9oNltT6pk7VFdir5pYBwnMFgs2/u0/d27dPJqjwzjA528611tL7hP1a3vRwNe06Wj27R4v7SyJaQew/T/tqac2qjF3z89aJKcQBYZX8Qcm99evVdhR0sZsw6QEd2NqPviebWV1qjd/Htl2P5rqNAM6x0aY3ZElBzkjYAR/ZHM8csPAuks8HujveYeQ6U1RnuPrR097xg1pV8yNpx41/YgN4cT6Am9Zezf8Kix463TRk1pwAhsOGF8YCvU015jlOoeo6b997ZHe/vAeaztgKy+2WtWNGgsDnyccTz6QdJjfHBioxEIbDROfGD7x2/927eNXev+nxqlNe8YtqMMy99ZdvRJZH6Jq21GzYNfMkpKigwN8GLMJtb57xonNhQNem0dEIsxO4CDO94KOOcKnInwZu5GrUkR6NbF9gsKzM7TFPvI9k9W3uyPVdfwaz5pHKl75Jz2r/yu2ss2al3xHw9RKvoJWiBfeVMm2p6fqCl5+VLdG2rhzI/Npfemf0aFGowWVc2fPOg5KaSznVcUEeN4CJxhHvIrd/52hULbNT/X/o/fUaw7pPa2SZqdN1n2o/xT8jRbjWpoec9RgLv9Au+r9YWntPmGR7Tpvun9D1u3GLMOkJHdjVxR59n3VVgQVE68EozZeDI8ngIC9tfRFEiHFBAYg4D1ghyKGyB8tlOXY2tM4x7FE5aAf5oW7X9Z2+dPHfBmq1/nmi53nh+0pKHv+fB5dV5mjXmfx4huzNW9c/PkZxyPSGvYgyJhNe/+nja3LdWex+YqV1LkcqfOOtfh9AWKTeL6HuBGn0BE3a0/1JM787Tnu3fpsxP6nui9wZh1gIzwrjVB+ISm/O4VfTMY3QsRLFd1ff++MsbsCC05zBMBJhGesFNpUgSsF+S47xCSUmXmBs1RIBD3szEp+ml55rZ/HFtm7i2p2qW2im+oLP8miXE8RvyP1FG7XL4JQf35ujP6yvq/0hcD5tmy6NmzMUbPyuLdLXrhyV/oa8e2aulU+5nHqAZjNqFh0TtBCGrqnP+qH4ai+yE6Nmr6W/9d9+1sVjdjNiFXCo2fAJOI8bOmJgQQQMAh0KVz+7+r1Rfu1sGtf6mpvCI7fBK5e5NmVBy2Nqn2hHZq6k/vUdHD9X2b1hOJmNVlrA3rf62ff22jHimalNUUbje+d3ljw8AzvjkztLDs82pfX63DHR+5XSXxEHBVgD9ZrnISzFOBnKAKCgOeppA9ledoWoFzXXT2tN6dlnbpXO0Tmr9Z2vq3T2i+9Wm5JMaxO7yS/IEFeuqZlVLty2o4f0050/JV6Fr0bAhkXhloh1ZfuF/VjxTHX7fPmHVxMPij4/SC2i9+yJh1UZZQ7gvc4H5IIiLgkYC1gToYt/JBG67jHskTwwv0bqCOO2UbtOF6+IhZdYS1Xv8pLdlxg7Y27VLFTHPFfvSHcRyTcPG3+YasW/7iPM2OO2iDgzZcu5hAeoaKXFDDvnqFT4ZVfMu6QW1Y8Mn9Kq1p0msV5sUreO0dBOTCA9amf8asC5KESIYAZyKSoUpMjwR6Px0ftIF6JFfA8Cjj9K02+mnZoA3U0Q3XhfmalsPLy1D9Gwkf16YFRfrzn07VnpOOCYRVgHE8lNv1H4vugxj0BWjRUoFSlRV/KnqW5/3oVbD6I/auTZ+ugmnX2wfUf3zW3PLPVEVDaOD3Fxi/V3vNPVJgo058cFENFTPlF2N29GMi3piNXfmOMTt6U0qMu0DsirPOa7/GHuc3Aukk0HPxiFERuNV4sKbNuGom3hMy3tr54ODrx6dTo7zO1Xmt/Vg+PZ3GkYpbjcCD+413rppX3f/YCL21x3gwMPh7EGJFsv731beMHSUBQ4FHjSMXP47LwTiOSxP/Ccu2qP/fvvXPv9HYWGJ/7GPj4pFHjUCgwqh5p/dbT3pCp42dD956/Wv1x681C5+JfifEgO+JMAzGbAJDYYgxa1jfxVFiVBzpjH6XCWM2AVmKJEnAOVfgo8Jxn7ZRYTIF/FMXqvLgE5pSV6pbfD7rCi1LzhZqz7E1Krne9eOTmVSmxvZ/WqWVu7V1yiHNumWCfL4bFVzSrMI9+/R4yVDfg5CpECNt10fqOFyt9SfDUnivlk27UT5zjNr+C1Y2Wd9lwjgeqantuJw5Wndon+56b4dmRE0n3PeG8p85pL0Vt0bX80/U1NLHdHDrZNXN+qRlPyH4iM4WfkfHHu+9DKwtIjdHIcCYHQVW7NAhxqxvcZ1Uvk+7l342enltxmyMi9+pJ+AzJytmWuYfsujN1MuSjBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQMAzAedcgTMRnnUFFSOAAAIIIIAAAgggkJ4CTCLSs9/IGgEEEEAAAQQQQAABzwSYRHhGT8UIIIAAAggggAACCKSnAJOI9Ow3skYAAQQQQAABBBBAwDMBJhGe0VMxAggggAACCCCAAALpKcAkIj37jawRQAABBBBAAAEEEPBMgEmEZ/RUjAACCCCAAAIIIIBAegowiUjPfiNrBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQ8E2AS4Rk9FSOAAAIIIIAAAgggkJ4CTCLSs9/IGgEEEEAAAQQQQAABzwSYRHhGT8UIIIAAAggggAACCKSnAJOI9Ow3skYAAQQQQAABBBBAwDMBJhGe0VMxAggggAACCCCAAALpKcAkIj37jawRQAABBBBAAAEEEPBMgEmEZ/RUjAACCCCAgNsCXeqo36R5Pp98vjJV1p9Tt9tVEA8BBBCQxCSCYYAAAggggECGCEQ6fqI1q7u05uLH6rm4SldWf1+N4T9kSOtoBgIIpJLADamUDLkggAACCCCAQOIC/hkVaghVSIqo+9xV/eGPPqVJN/N5YeKilEQAgXgCvLLEk+FxBBBIkkBE3a27NC+4WvWXrsWtI9JRqzLfctV2fBT3mL4nIudUW5avstpzivQ9mK437MtRgkO2aVQ2wzF0d+h49TYdGInzcLESev4jddQuly+4SU1d3vZer2uxKpuuxG9JV5Mqg0P3i7OQFa+sVh3j3qxutVYv0C2zNupfls/TrBz+1Dv7hvsIIDB2AV5Zxm5IBAQQGJWAXzm3LTrDbNAAAA6HSURBVNKKwte1r+FCnDf9H+n86dfVVvENleXfNKro6X6wtRxl2TFNP9KpHiOkhoqZSVx3GlFX836Vr/+VejyDu0kzKg7LCG3X/Fxv/yRZn+IbLaqaP9kFjYi6L3bqP9z7JeWPe7NyVPTkP8roeVNr/u1/6Kmj/+pCewiBAAIIDBQY95e2gdVzDwEEslLAP11lq76qtlf+WeeH+pQ20qnTr1zSivu/rKlZ+Sp1oyZPujmJk4esHHXj3Oj31NLwOy2dmzeu/Tjg7If/Zk2a/B81ZdInxrntVIcAAtkgkJV/nrOhY2kjAqktMFFTFy7VirZ6/fT/vO9INaKuky9p87W7tXzOp3qf6+5QU21l9IozPvnmVaq2qSPOVWci6mrapKDPuSzlipoqi/uXzcSWpVT/RA3V5QpaV7MJal5lnVrDV9RxfJfKg+YVbnwKlu9Vc9i+9Oqawq11qpwXtJ63roJT26SO7qFmRPbmdamjqTZOud5lPRMKHlKjWvXcgj/pz9Ueou/2v+u9t/9B1eWFvTkEy1V93GZitc+nYGWTuvrK2G1+p66mzZq54HsK68d6qOAT/cdGwmqtr+5rv89nutSqqSMWKWpZtldNzTYHZw5Wvddrs3nAUMuZHL5Dxu1rVO+NYXOOHdasA5Vl0X4rVHl1Q1+/DV7OZOZRP9D4tTO67Kh6yLtdv1bDb+Zo7vXOpJk5H+gf18HyXTo+yPhZ1Tf0j0Vz7B9ovaSujoYBee1qDltn9fwz7tbue3+pkgnm2J2nA1M26vESN86sDNlKHkQAgSwWYBKRxZ1P0xHwVCD3di1fJ+08fMb2JtfMyPwE95QKVyzSbeZa7u63VfvoMj1w6jOqCn0sw/hYoarP6NQDJVpc3RxnIjHSloXVuP5FNU3fqA7DUE/ogL7YXKni4Dxte3uOnr1oyLjapq16QUs2/0yXrDnCNV2qX6eixW9oSlWregzzmL9Rwam1Kll7NHrMUPV36VztEyp54FRfuZ7QtzXl1FoVLN6t1u6J1rKenvYalapIG068O8wSn6Nav/pVTXi0UT1Gj66evEvvbv+LUZj4lTt/q86d2KiA7lFN++8VqpqvXL2v1p0Pa/Grn9Cjraa3IaPnf+uZCa9owaoatdonSo3btOXIzXro2MXefjk4XT8vXacXWmMTw+HaPNSkK+pbfFBa06SrZtua5qutfJnW1v82zvK3keUcuVSvh4uWaL9Wqf1qj4yr/1N3tj0Zp9/MvTt7dV/xPr1714911XTo2KjpZ47rpfBQ/Wt/LKKulpP6zdLrLGWK/Fb1D5eqeP8ErWn/QIbxgZrufFvlJZsG7hVq/IGeb/qsnu7okdFzUSe+eFYri6dp5rbz+vKzrVa5d7beoB1LtumotccoVzMrahQy8zXadOCJOxTgL729c7iNAAIuCfDS4hIkYRBAYLQCk3Tb15eqsO4Ntdg21EYu/UI/OnKbVpVNl1/mmv1D2nz8Tu3Z/rDmBCZKmqjAnG/p+YMr1b6+WofHuCE4sKFSTy+dqRzzmteB27RwTlAqfUJPr42++crJ19w7Zyn8WovazTfQXaf1g9X1Kty6UWvnBHqXquTcqornd2vFa9v1g5NxNuV2teiHm5u1aM93+8r5A3foied3a0P7Dm063BHnDXI811tV0RfLr5wZS/T0M8vVvvOomm2e8UrHfbzrjA7vvKwV5fdGvU2YqSpZea9KT76pX4VsZ2QCK/XM00s0w9q4O1GB4v+iOYEzOv6ry71tSaTNkQtq2Fcv9fWLXzkzv6byFTeqdt+JoZe/jSjnj3S+4WXVypZzzp/p7vLFUu3Lajjv3MD/npoP/0jtfXlIypmppU9XakMgrl70CXMifEafy5scdylT5PwJ7au9URueWaelM3Il5Wrm3fdrheoH7hWyG/sDKl5YZE36tj79ULR/cjVj7h0qDP8vvdUeO1M0XH48jwACCIxdgEnE2A2JgAACCQr48xdo1aI39aM3/jX6Brr3jd5ry5Zq4VRzwmC+GWtUuPB23WpNIGIV+ZUzLV+FuqD2i+P5VVrmJ8xvqC4c1GznG8ScoAoKQ6pr+LXjzIqZc6zcLN1x638e+MbSKie1tYdGeVbFGStqEm5UQ8t7MajR/86dr6pQi6rmvKem+nrVm//VVmqBtcxqmHAD2pJYmyPn/1mvNEqFBUFrYtdb42TNr2qR0VChGUP91RpJztY+m9NSYb6m9V2tyDwbs10h47AqZjg28JvLkepCjjzMiYTZz390fYjIFXX+5naVFUeX4w06uvfCAY2aroJp5vQ1+mO1I9mb6WOV8RsBBBAYm8BQL8dji0hpBBBAYKQC/k9r4f1f1GuxT5itN3r/rnXLb5f52azMN2NnQ9eJFtLZziuj/ATfHi4w+E2i/em4t6N7Fqx9FL37JnwTZumhxnjrXK7pcud5xXvWrCZ8tlOXh1rdEzeHZD1hLkF6SMFbCrTg+bdkLUyatEh/2/J3Kh3VpG082+xWzv2mkcudOnu9Dus/dNAtcyJU/7kSFbtxtakBk55BVfEAAggg4JkAXzbnGT0VI4CA5FfunCVad223Tp//hoJXX1OdFmvfbZN6cfyTlTc7KJ2NZxU7IxBnCVG8YmN+3NxD8NLgT6/jxp2oKXn5Cuh83CMCs/M0JQU+1jEvMbv2oWYtOtKpF5d+NnrWxNyQ3ag2SbPjtsD5xMjbPKKNys7wtvvu5dwf1D8lT7MD1xl6/Yc6bplnGZr1ubKv906EHc9yFwEEEMgUgRT4k5UplLQDAQQSEsj5vL6+QnrldLPePPy6pq9aYLuu/qdUXFaqQNsZvT3g6kjmNfjPq825HMRKILbUKaFshinkV27xQq0IvKNfvv1vA8+AdDerel68L7y7XrmQ2tucy3eGScN62rmUK2oSKO1dRmMtuxl28b6jopirc6nUH3T1/dGut0+szf78L+neUufyrugVnIb88sER5uzP09x750pt53XRtjm894pMQ3x5XO7nVbYiOHiZWbfZXx863Gx3zbNp9f/pOkuZzGNvUv7crw4+s2N9aWJQPk++oM7WBm4igAACIxBgEjECJA5BAIFkCtyk/LJlmlb3HW0/UqT7F37atmfAPFNxn7Z+5ZRWb3oxepnViLrP1WnNA/tVsONJLXeuZTf3AVtvREOqO/BznbPeMJrfAr1TW55rHXtDcufqsT136rXV39bu6GU11X1O9Vue0Xo9qu3LZ9jyt1WXW6xvbp3jKPe2ates1XMF6+OXs4UYeLNVz23ZqXrrkqAxk2NatGeVSsxlNNE3zeG6H+kn58wJQETdHUe1bct+27Iq+4Qrog+7P1KONUk6rbr9/6Rw9GpU4eYXtWn1Xlu5gZnEvZdIm/3TtahylQqeq9KzTZesiVok/E/aX3dGJUP2d2yyMlzONyl/0cPaWHBYW5490du2yCWd3P+KGkuG8p+sksc2aVHdWq2pfbt3v4rZz9uq9Nz1ljmZkwzl2fZdDK3jzy9T5cY/1nNb9qrJmiBfU/jkK6prvF07ti8deu/H0KF4FAEEEPBEgEmEJ+xUigACdgH/1C/r/jnXpEeWaI5zHbl55aO9R3Twzn9RZfBG+XwTdMu3/q/uPHhSx56cY9t8a4von6Hlz/9Q61StWbdMkM93j2quluqZv7vHdlCiNydq6tLtOnnwTl2uLNIEc1/ELffo1T9ZpZZDj6qob9OuM7556c1djnL/Te137lb7sbXXKeeME7u/RDvWFOvCtjt6TeY3qfDAEe3uW4J0k2Ys36rGdX/Q5lmflM83TYtr/p+WPfO0SmMhrAmX+Wb2Az1UcLNuXvayzufM1ePHqjTnzXIFre8aKNJTv5is8qM/HsFViWyBrZuJtHmiAvM36lDLA+rZ8gXLd0KwWj0rD+nQujj9nTuynP2Br2jroUNa2VPd27YJX9CWngfi9pt/6hLtPlmtwlN/pVusfl6rt75QoR2l8TZWj+DSrjEi/1TN37pfLSs/1BZrXN+o4JYPtbLlRa0rii7nix3LbwQQQCAFBXyGeRFwyfrinejNFEyTlBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQMArAfPLV+1zBc5EeNUT1IsAAggggAACCCCAQJoKMIlI044jbQQQQAABBBBAAAEEvBJgEuGVPPUigAACCCCAAAIIIJCmAkwi0rTjSBsBBBBAAAEEEEAAAa8EmER4JU+9CCCAAAIIIIAAAgikqQCTiDTtONJGAAEEEEAAAQQQQMArASYRXslTLwIIIIAAAggggAACaSrAJCJNO460EUAAAQQQQAABBBDwSoBJhFfy1IsAAggggAACCCCAQJoKMIlI044jbQQQQAABBBBAAAEEvBJgEuGVPPUigAACCCCAAAIIIJCmAkwi0rTjSBsBBBBAAAEEEEAAAa8EmER4JU+9CCCAAAIIIIAAAgikqQCTiDTtONJGAAEEEEAAAQQQQMArASYRXslTLwIIIIAAAggggAACaSrAJCJNO460EUAAAQQQQAABBBDwSoBJhFfy1IsAAggggAACCCCAQJoKMIlI044jbQQQQAABBBBAAAEEvBJgEuGVPPUigAACCCCAAAIIIJCmAkwi0rTjSBsBBBBAAAEEEEAAAa8EmER4JU+9CCCAAAIIIIAAAgikqQCTiDTtONJGAAEEEEAAAQQQQMArASYRXslTLwIIIIAAAggggAACaSrAJCJNO460EUAAAQQQQAABBBDwSoBJhFfy1IsAAggggAACCCCAQJoKMIlI044jbQQQQAABBBBAAAEEvBJgEuGVPPUigAACCCCAAAIIIJCmAkwi0rTjSBsBBBBAAAEEEEAAAa8EmER4JU+9CCCAAAIIIIAAAgikqYDPMAzD5/OlafqkjQACCCCAAAIIIIAAAuMlYBiGVdUN5v9jd8arcupBAAEEEEAAAQQQQACB9BVgOVP69h2ZI4AAAggggAACCCDgiQCTCE/YqRQBBBBAAAEEEEAAgfQV+P+fbk8Cyi4amAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why butanoic acid is a liquid at room temperature while ethylamine is a gas at room temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State a suitable reagent for the reduction of butanoic acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the product of the complete reduction reaction in (e)(i).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Graphing is an important tool in the study of rates of chemical reactions.</p>
</div>

<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The graph represents the titration of 25.00 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous ethanoic acid with 0.100 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous sodium hydroxide.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-08_om_13.41.48.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/02.d.i_01"></p>
<p>Deduce the <strong>major </strong>species, other than water and sodium ions, present at points A and B during the titration.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the pH of 0.100 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous ethanoic acid.</p>
<p><em>K</em><sub>a</sub> = 1.74 × 10<sup>−5</sup></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, using an equation, why sodium ethanoate is basic.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict whether the pH of an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride will be greater than, equal to or less than 7 at 298 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate the equation for the reaction of nitrogen dioxide, NO<sub>2</sub>, with water to form two acids.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate the equation for the reaction of one of the acids produced in (e)(i) with calcium carbonate.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A student titrated two acids, hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq) and ethanoic acid, CH<sub>3</sub>COOH (aq),&nbsp;against 50.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.995 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq), to determine their&nbsp;concentration. The temperature of the reaction mixture was measured after each acid&nbsp;addition and plotted against the volume of each acid.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>

<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Using the graph, estimate the initial temperature of the solutions.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the maximum temperature reached in each experiment by analysing the graph.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the enthalpy change of neutralization of CH<sub>3</sub>COOH is less negative than that of HCl.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Sulfur trioxide is produced from sulfur dioxide.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2SO<sub>2&thinsp;</sub>(g) + O<sub>2&thinsp;</sub>(g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>&#8652;</mo></math> 2SO<sub>3&thinsp;</sub>(g)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &Delta;<em>H</em> = &minus;196&thinsp;kJ&thinsp;mol<sup>&minus;1</sup></p>
</div>

<div class="specification">
<p>The reaction between sulfur dioxide and oxygen can be carried out at different temperatures.</p>
</div>

<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, giving a reason, the effect of a catalyst on a reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>On the axes, sketch Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curves for the reacting species at two temperatures T<sub>1</sub> <strong>and</strong> T<sub>2</sub>, where T<sub>2</sub> &gt; T<sub>1</sub>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAsUAAAFyCAYAAAAd7KdIAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAAAkUSURBVHhe7d09a5VnHMDh226uOkayudhBsENROyoVihBXv4JUUBx8HUVc00oEwS6uYpf6CZqIm+mayWjWgFNG6zk8g0rp1pOS33Utz/2ynuHHw5/nHPr4yQAAgLBvpicAAGSJYgAA8kQxAAB5X8wULy8fm1YAAHCwbW+/n1b/EMWfXwIAwEH0dfcanwAAIE8UAwCQJ4oBAMgTxQAA5IliAADyRDEAAHmiGACAPFEMAECeKAYAIE8UAwCQJ4rZN2tra2NjY2PaAQDsH1HMvpjF8IMH98etWzfH7u7udAoAsD9EMQu3t7c3j+GZs2d/GE+ePJmvAQD2iyhm4VZXV+cxPHPjxo3x8uUfY3Nzc74HANgPopiF2traGo8e/TKuXLky3x85cmTcu3dvXL368/wNMgDAfhDFLMwseu/cuTNWV38dS0tL0+kY586dHydOfDueP38+nQAALJYoZmHW1/+cP1dWVubPz929e3fcvn1z7OzsTCcAAIsjilmYU6e+G48fP552X5q9OX716vV8nAIAYNFEMQszC95/i95ZGB8+fHjaAQAsjigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAYCc3d3dsbOzM+1AFAMAQe/evRunT38/nj17Nvb29qZTykQxAJBz8uTJ8erV67G+vj4uXPhxbG5uTjdUiWIAIGlpaWmsra2Na9euj6tXfx4PHz6cj1XQJIoBgLSVlZXx4sXv48OHD+PSpZWxsbEx3VBy6OMn03osLx8b29vvpx38t2a/NwD4v3n69Ldx7tz5acdB9XX3imIAIG02T3z//v1x9OjRcf369XH8+PHphoPs6+41PgEAJM2+OjGbI7548adx+fLl+XyxIO4SxQBAztbW1vyrE7M54jdv/prPFdNmfAIAyJn9ccfbt2/HmTNnphNqjE8AAHmzz7EJYj4nigEAyBPFAADkiWIAAPJEMQAAeaIYAIA8UQwAQJ4oBgAgTxQDAJAnigEAyBPFAADkiWIAAPJEMQAAeaIYAIA8UQwAQJ4oBgAgTxQDAJAnigEAyBPFAADkiWIAAPJEMQAAeaIYAIA8UQwAQJ4oBgAgTxQDAJAnigEAyBPFAADkiWIAAPJEMQAAeaIYAIA8UQwAQJ4oBgAg79DHT6b1WF4+Nq0AAOBg295+P62+imIAACgyPgEAQJ4oBgAgTxQDABA3xt/l88qe3joSawAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the effect of increasing temperature on the yield of SO<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis structure of SO<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the electron domain geometry of SO<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the product formed from the reaction of SO<sub>3</sub> with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the meaning of a strong Brønsted–Lowry acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Soluble acids and bases ionize in water.</p>
</div>

<div class="specification">
<p>A solution containing 0.510 g of an unknown monoprotic acid, HA, was titrated with&nbsp;0.100 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> NaOH(aq). 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> was required to reach the equivalence point.</p>
</div>

<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The following curve was obtained using a pH probe.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>State, giving a reason, the strength of the acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State a technique other than a pH titration that can be used to detect the equivalence point.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> for this acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> of an anthocyanin is 4.35. Determine the pH of a 1.60 × 10<sup>–3</sup> mol dm<sup>–3</sup> solution to two decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>When heated in air, magnesium ribbon reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.</p>
</div>

<div class="specification">
<p>The reaction in (a)(i) was carried out in a crucible with a lid and the following data was recorded:</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible and lid = 47.372 &plusmn;0.001&thinsp;g</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible, lid and magnesium ribbon before heating = 53.726 &plusmn;0.001&thinsp;g</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible, lid and product after heating = 56.941 &plusmn;0.001&thinsp;g</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">&nbsp;</p>
</div>

<div class="specification">
<p>When magnesium is burnt in air, some of it reacts with nitrogen to form magnesium nitride according to the equation:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">3&thinsp;Mg&thinsp;(s) + N<sub>2&thinsp;</sub>(g) &rarr; Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2&thinsp;</sub>(s)</p>
</div>

<div class="specification">
<p>The presence of magnesium nitride can be demonstrated by adding water to the product. It is hydrolysed to form magnesium hydroxide and ammonia.</p>
</div>

<div class="specification">
<p>Most nitride ions are <sup>14</sup>N<sup>3&ndash;</sup>.</p>
</div>

<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify a metal, in the same period as magnesium, that does <strong>not</strong> form a basic oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the amount of magnesium, in mol, that was used.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the percentage uncertainty of the mass of product after heating.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Assume the reaction in (a)(i) is the only one occurring and it goes to completion, but some product has been lost from the crucible. Deduce the percentage yield of magnesium oxide in the crucible.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Evaluate whether this, rather than the loss of product, could explain the yield found in (b)(iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest an explanation, other than product being lost from the crucible or reacting with nitrogen, that could explain the yield found in (b)(iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate coefficients that balance the equation for the following reaction.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ammonia is added to water that contains a few drops of an indicator. Identify an indicator that would change colour. Use sections 21 and 22 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the oxidation state of nitrogen in Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> and in NH<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce, giving reasons, whether the reaction of magnesium nitride with water is an acid–base reaction, a redox reaction, neither or both.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of subatomic particles in this ion.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Some nitride ions are <sup>15</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>. State the term that describes the relationship between <sup>14</sup>N<sup>3–</sup> and <sup>15</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The nitride ion and the magnesium ion are isoelectronic (they have the same electron configuration). Determine, giving a reason, which has the greater ionic radius.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest, giving a reason, whether magnesium or nitrogen would have the greater sixth ionization energy.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two</strong> reasons why atoms are no longer regarded as the indivisible units of matter.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the types of bonding in magnesium, oxygen and magnesium oxide, and how the valence electrons produce these types of bonding.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Carbonated water is produced when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water under pressure. The following equilibria are established.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Equilibrium (1) &nbsp;CO<sub>2</sub> (g)&nbsp;<img src="images/5.PNG" alt width="64" height="25"> CO<sub>2</sub> (aq)</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Equilibrium (2) &nbsp;CO<sub>2</sub> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="49" height="14"> H<sup>+</sup> (aq) + HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq)</span></span></span></p>
</div>

<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Carbon dioxide acts as a weak acid.</span></p>
</div>

<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Soda water has sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, dissolved in the carbonated water.</span></p>
</div>

<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Distinguish between a weak and strong acid.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Weak acid: </span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Strong acid: </span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The hydrogencarbonate ion, produced in Equilibrium (2), can also act as an acid.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the formula of its conjugate base.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">When a bottle of carbonated water is opened, these equilibria are disturbed.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State, giving a reason, how a decrease in pressure affects the position of Equilibrium (1).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">At 298 K the concentration of aqueous carbon dioxide in carbonated water is 0.200 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> and the pK<sub>a</sub> for Equilibrium (2) is 6.36.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the pH of carbonated water.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Identify the type of bonding in sodium hydrogencarbonate.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Between sodium and hydrogencarbonate:</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Between hydrogen and oxygen in hydrogencarbonate:</span></span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Predict, referring to Equilibrium (2), how the added sodium hydrogencarbonate affects the pH.(Assume pressure and temperature remain constant.)</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">100.0cm<sup>3</sup> of soda water contains 3.0 × 10<sup>−2</sup>g NaHCO<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the concentration of NaHCO<sub>3</sub> in mol dm<sup>−3</sup>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The uncertainty of the 100.0cm<sup>3</sup> volumetric flask used to make the solution was ±0.6cm<sup>3</sup>.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the maximum percentage uncertainty in the mass of NaHCO<sub>3</sub> so that the concentration of the solution is correct to ±1.0 %.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The reaction of the hydroxide ion with carbon dioxide and with the hydrogencarbonate ion can be represented by Equations 3 and 4.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Equation (3)     OH<sup>−</sup> (aq) + CO<sub>2</sub> (g) → HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq)<br>Equation (4)     OH<sup>−</sup> (aq) + HCO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"> (aq) → H<sub>2</sub>O (l) + CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup> (aq)<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Discuss how these equations show the difference between a Lewis base and a Brønsted–Lowry base.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Equation (3):</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Equation (4):</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate has a pH of approximately 7 at 298 K.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Sketch a graph of pH against volume when 25.0cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> NaOH (aq) is gradually added to 10.0cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.0500 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> NaHCO<sub>3</sub> (aq).</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="569" height="344"></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Benzoic acid, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>COOH, is another derivative of benzene.</span></p>
</div>

<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Identify the wavenumber of one peak in the IR spectrum of benzoic acid, using section 26 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Identify the spectroscopic technique that is used to measure the bond lengths in solid benzoic acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline <strong>one</strong> piece of physical evidence for the structure of the benzene ring.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Draw the structure of the conjugate base of benzoic acid showing <strong>all</strong> the atoms and <strong>all</strong> the bonds.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline why both C to O bonds in the conjugate base are the same length and suggest a value for them. Use section 10 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The pH of an aqueous solution of benzoic acid at 298 K is 2.95. Determine the concentration of hydroxide ions in the solution, using section 2 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Formulate the equation for the complete combustion of benzoic acid in oxygen using only integer coefficients.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The combustion reaction in (f)(ii) can also be classed as redox. Identify the atom that is oxidized and the atom that is reduced.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest how benzoic acid, <em>M<sub>r</sub></em> = 122.13, forms an apparent dimer, <em>M<sub>r</sub></em> = 244.26, when dissolved in a non-polar solvent such as hexane.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the reagent used to convert benzoic acid to phenylmethanol (benzyl alcohol), C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A molecule of citric acid, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O<sub>7</sub>, is shown.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; display: block;" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAS4AAACtCAYAAAAOE5KBAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAABLGSURBVHhe7d1/bBNXggfwb4LUK4jNVXRPYlKQ+AMlpaKFkkCrQq9miQwn/gDBARIVbruBa6Vr/yjamPJjT/tH0bVxlf4BW626mBKqbdWCo1ZVVZI9U7iGrQLhgmDV1BZ/IJHGSPzoBiLSVkrezZuMgz2ME8fx2PNmvh9pmGE8dsbP73393vOvCqEDEZFCKs01EZEyGFxEpBwGFxEph8FFRMphcBGRchhcRKQcBhcRKYfBRUTKYXARkXIYXESkHAYXESmHwUVEymFwEZFyGFxEpBwGFxEph8FFRMphcBGRchhcRKQcBhcRKYfBRUTKYXARkXIYXESkHAaXEm4jebINh3etRkVFhblUY+WuP6PtZBKD5lEkFVJWN3ByV71+XD12nbxh7rMx8j0Or65GRfUenLw9Yu6kcmBwudxI6gzefWE5aldtRGNzh7lXSuFU839g46pa1LzwR5xN/WLu9y+WlX8wuNxs8Cxatm7CzqN/hxaK4Fg8gTtCQP6GrxA/o787hkhoIVJHX8VTW/+I84M+7gWwrPxF/pI1udGPojuyVgALRSh6SeiNMIcB0Rv9rdCgiUCka5zjvGyqZXVdxMN1+vXrRDh+3dxnY7hXRIOagLZbxAeGzZ1UDuxxudXt/8OnLV8Cwdex98WFmGnuvl8VHn2xCW8GgVMtn+GsH+deWFa+w+BypRHc7v4ffJjSENzyDOZP9ChVzsOKLSuAVAfau2+ZO/2CZeVHDC5X+gXXrlxGCtVYPO/XeTxID2L+ijUIoh8XrtzQm7KfFLOszqN51b+Yr0TaLNMWoLEjZR5L5cTg8pQULiX6+faIvLCsVMbg8hQNj9dWjzPHQ/fYlVUdwvHr5iuRNstwL6JBzTyWyonB5UoPYPa8+XrTynfoN4LBvsu4ZDNcGhoawo4dO3DmzBlzj9cUr6xIHXzcXKkSVfUN2Kal0PHJ33B5otY4ksTxt48gpQWxun6WuXPUV199hUOHDmHFihUIh8Po6+szL/GK4pUVqYPB5VZVS7B551qgYx9e3vdXpHI2yNv4/kgE+zqAwM71WFaV/ZAGAgE0NTUZ25FIBHPnzsXBgweNnpiq2tracOtWxiuCRSorUog+die3utMlIgFNyIdJC0XEsXgi402TP4v+7piIhBYalyPwBxHv/9m87H6JREKsW7du9Fh9Wbp0qYjFYualaujp6Rm7D3oYm3tNUyorvgFVNQwulxvu7xQt6QaXY9FCB0WXJbRu3rwp7t69a/7vnvb2diO00teVQSADwc2uXr1qBFX6nHOFbqFlxeBSD4NLCQMiEY+JaDiY0Qg1EQi/L2JZPYt7ZEPP1cBloB04cCDjtkZ7MDLs3ESeZ2tra9Z5yvMe/zwnX1YMLvUwuDxINuzMYWGuXpW1JyMXGRR2PbVSs/YM5XnK4S6RxODyMNnbsjZ+GVZWmXNHcpHXkcFRDnZzcZ2dnealRKMYXB4ne1/WYWGuXpU16GSAlKqXI8/T2vuT5+OG3h+5D4PLJ2QAZQZDrl6V3fzX/v37HZv/spvHcvLvkTcwuHxGDrus8192vSpr0Mml2D0geS7l6uGR2hhcPiTDx27+y66XYw26Ysw5yXDavn171m2Wa06N1MTgyjIs7iS+FrFoWATMRmUsgbCIxr4WiTveeglcBpUclo3dT32xm//KFXST7R3l+/e8x1/1qhQYXGnD/aKrJSS0zIplXbSQaOnq16uht9j1gOx6VTJ4rPNfE7+v6l7wZV5PBp/dK5ye4+N65SQGlyH9neWjlShyLPtZcLi/W8Qi6cq3VkS6fzQv8RbrnJMMM7telV3Q5Zr/spvHcvs79YuH9copDC7Zje9uMbrwWuiI6M3ZbdeP6z0iQppeyQItotuj3Xu73lGuV/nGCyUZbtZXMeXt+gfrlZMYXGMf99gkookhc18uQyIR3aQfO8FHQzzAbj7KrldlF3QNDQ1Z/89nOOk9rFdOYnANxEVYPtsFoyKRx5PdcCIqgnpj1MJxMWDu8zLZc8rnVcUffvhBbN26dew4uRQyge8ZrFeO8v0XEo1cu4ILKUBbPA+z8yiNyvnPYEtQQ+rCFVyb+Os2lVdTU4PPPvsM7e3t0EML586dG/tSwmQyaR4FvPLKK/joo4+M7UWLFkEPNzQ3NxvX9yPWK2fxm9QKdeky+nz0a8jBYBCnT59Ga2ur8X/5pYS1tbXGlxLKL/X74osv8Nxzz0EfNuLbb7/F8uXLjeNoknxWrwrF4CrU4/MxZ6a/im/69OkIhUK4efPm2Leqvvbaa1izZo2xLYNtw4YNxnFUIB/Wq0L4voQqZ8/DYg35d9EH+5G4lMp7COBFs2bNMoaBPT09WLdunTF8pGysV85iEVU9gdXb6oCOE+i8/JO5M5efkDz+JzSn6rBt9ROoMvf61eLFi435Lzk8JAvWK2eZk/Q+du/9NuN/bzvfbzMeWZVYnTKxXjmJNc0wmXc4B8XueJ9e3SgTg8sO65VTWNPS+JmyKUmXEVmwXjmiQv6jFx4ZRjCY/F90dH6FA43NOGXuRSCM6Gv/hhXBf0UNX/GxVVFRYaxZneywXhUbg4uKgsFFpcSYJyLlMLiISDkMLiJSDoPLQs7VpOdrMuXaT5QP1qviYnARkXIYXESkHAYXESmHwUVEymFwEZFyGFxEpBwGFxEph8FFRMphcBGRchhcRKQcBhcRKYfBRUTKYXARkXIYXESkHAYXESmHwUVEymFwEZFyGFxEpBwGFxEph8FFRMphcBGRchhcRKQcBhcRKYfBRUTKYXARkXIYXESkHAYXESmHwUVEymFwEZFyKoTO3CZdRUWFsb558ybee+89PPTQQ9i6dSsefvhhYz+L635DQ0OYMWOGsX337l1Mnz7d2KZ77OpVY2PjWLmxXk0Og8siXcGWLl2Kc+fO3bfN4srW1taGt956yyifJUuWYNq0aXjjjTewYcMG8wiS0vUqE+vVFMjgolGdnZ2y9owtixYtEnrlytrX09NjHu1viURCrFu3bqxcGhoaxIIFC8b+Ly9jWY1ivSo+Bpfu6tWroqmpKasitba2Cn3YYywHDhzIukweK6/jR/pQJ6usZAOMxWLi448/Nv6vD6vHLpOLn8tKhnuueiXL0a5eyf00MV8H12RCabxK6Afyfsr7m3n/9+/fP9bQZPmk98t98rLMY/1UVpMJJb/Xq0L5Nrja29uzuuv5Dm1ktz9ziCRvQ96Wl1nLavv27UaDs0ofk75Mrv1WVrL3aa1XdmVlZVev5D6y57vgsmtMsrJNhnw2LLSCqsSurMZrTOleluwxZLJ7kvBaWcknPSfqVa4nCb/zTXDZDV9kd34qXfLJDAlUIs/fOnyRDWqispIBJY+Vjc1KXtc61PRCWdnNjzpRrzKH5eSD4Eo/i2VWAlnRivksJm+rkIbuNnZlNZkGIxtx+nq57nuhoeg28nztgriYL0RY61W6F6daWTnB08FlnTeQ207OG8jbzuzmy21V5ims517ocC5d3hPdb7uhlSplZTf0dfLtDHaPjSpl5RRPBpe1+y4f9FI9U8m/Ye21uHmeQp6XPL/MsprKBHp6iCPX+ZBlldko3V5W1rCV518KdvWq2D08lXgquOSD65a5Afk37ebU3DJPYXd+xXgZXvYE5G3JBp4vNz1uduR5WIe38nynWlaFyFWvynEu5eSZ4LJ2393yzG3XoylV78+O/Lt2z9zFCgl5++nbnWxvoJw9ZTu5ysqt9WoqPWXVKB9cdt13N47/7eYpSv0xD7tzcKIRphtUoQ3JOv8lt0v9mNqVlSr1yg3B6jRlg8uu+17OZ+d85HoGd3qeQlZku56MU9KvtskhTaHSZZXZKEvR25G376Yecj5y1Su3DLWdoFxweeFBsgtdJ+Yp5N+xzh2VYj5ENv7035uqUt2HXH9HtXplnf9ye+gWavI1ayAuwppeKNpuER8YNnfebzgRFUG94LRwXAyY+7INiEQ8JqLhYEZBayIQfl/E4glxxzwqkxxCeKlbLM89c0hUrJ5QOtytvZVSvgKV/rvFenzk7WSGvdNl5bV6ZT8tMfk2KMR1EQ/X6cfViXD8urnPxnCviAa1CXOiUGUJruH+TtESWphRWPcvWuig6Or/2bzGKDmel5fJB8JLE5HWFxamEsiyjDIrrdwu9VyalH7mt378Z6rs5nQKvX/WspK3K/d5RWa9sraXQtugf4PrTpeIBPQ7ZBRMRBzLSvafRX93TETSBRpoEd13sv+GfAC82PWV92kqH4nJ1SMpV1nJx0meh5wvKrZ0Lyl9X+UymR6l9dVLuZSzrJwk75M1tKbWBn0ZXD+K7sha/U4vFKHopRxdUWlA9EZ/KzTZbY10jXOc98igsjaq8d5fJfe7cW5GhkP6fJwKBLs5ncmWlbx+ucuqtKbaBv0YXOnrBqMiMdF9cfiOu53dPIV1GOP2uZn0+Ts9/JL3eaL3NFnLSh7vprIqmSm3Qd8F17B+1d1Gggejvfr/JjIkEtFNExeQx9k1uBMnTmSFmtx249xMuncj16UgwyqzrGS5nD59esInAP8oRhtUPbjMijDRci+4Jh9Eo+GXbyF7l3WIs379+rFtN8/NyICQ5yiDo1RkWWTOFapSVqVRjDaYDq7RMp1wcSi4FPhdxRQuJfoxaP7Pj+TPfb366qu4evUq9OGgsW///v3GT13JX9Nx68+ByV/9kT7//HP09fUZ206TZREKhYyySZeVXLu9rNzNfW2w8ODSdkNPUtljs130pIY+VCwCDY/XVmOm+T8/mzNnDpqbm3Hw4EHs2bMHs2bNMi9xJxkS+tDW2P7uu++MdanIskmXlVy7vazcza4N1kHvtdm2fWMZ7oU+VDSPLb4S9rgewOx58/Ui6MeFKzcwYu7NbQSDfZdxCdVYPO/X/MntDI888oi55X7PPvusse7u7jbWpaZSWTnPO22whOdSiar6BmzTUuj45G+4PFGpjSRx/O0jSGlBrK7ns6Wqnn76aWO9d+9eY03l5J02WNoQrVqCzTvXAh378PK+vyKVs+Bu4/sjEezrAAI712NZFftbqqqpqTG3gAsXLphbVDYeaYMlPpuHUPfKfyESAE79dxB1L72D4yeTGZN+vyB1vg3vvLAcCxoPIxV4Gb9/fjHntxQnX0iQLl68aKypnLzRBksfozOXYedHx9ASWojU0SZsWlWLX1VUoMJY/gnV9RvRdPTv0EIH0fXRbvxGe8C8Iqmqvr7eWH/zzTfGmsrMA22wLP2/Sm05Xm89g0Q8hmg487VHDYHw+4jFE0i2/ieWMbQ84bHHHjPWhw4dwq1bt4xtKi/V22CFkK9dEjls/fr1xvu5Ojs7sXz5cnMvUWE4600l0dDQYKx7enqMNdFUMLioJJ588kljffToUWNNNBUcKlJJDA0NYcaMGca2/OiS/BQAUaEYXFQyyWQSc+fO5ecFacoYXESkHM5xEZFyGFxEpBwGF5XICAaTp9B2eBdWjr1LW19W7sLhtlNIDtp9aG4Et0/uQbV+XPWuk7ht7r3fT0ge3qzfXj12nbxh7iMvY3CR80ZSOPvuS6ipXYmNjc04Ze42nGpG48aVqK15Ce+eTeXxVStEDC5y3D9wvmUHntp5FCkthMixr5G4c+8LKIf7uxGLhKCljmLnUzvQcv4f5vWIcmNwkYP04eH5D/C7pi+hhY6gN6lv/3sANTPvVbtKrQ4bfvcBkr1HENK+RJO+fd522Eh0D4OLHHQLZz/9iz403IQ3927BoxmBla0SMx/dgr1vbtKHjn/Bp2f5QWwaH4OLnHP7Ito/PA8E12DF/AfNnbk8iPkr1iCI8/iw/eI4E/FEDC5y0Mi1K7iQArTF8zA7j5pWOf8ZbAlqSF24gmuW0WKqeRX+OfPVyKxlOmobj5lHkh8wuMh9Ll1GH+e5aBwMLnKfx+djjmU+TAvHMWC+Enn/MoREdJN5JPkBg4scUzl7HhZr+jDPZuhna7AfiUupvIeW5F+sHuScqiewelsd0HECnZd/Mnfm8hOSx/+E5lQdtq1+AlXmXiI7DC5y0Cws2/w8AjiGxpffxsnUL+Z+qxEMfv8J9u87BgSex+Zl/B1NGh+DixxUiZl1L+GdyFrg1B+wqm4H3jme/bnEkdR5tL3zEmoWvIijqSB2/34znsz5fi+iUawh5LCHULfzz+hqGf1YT9Omlaj91bSxtzJMq67HxqbRjwO1dB3Bm795hJWSJsQ6Qs6r1LDs9Q+QTHyNWDSsDx0zBMKIxr5GIvkBXl+msUJSXvgNqESkHD7BEZFyGFxEpBwGFxEph8FFRMphcBGRchhcRKQcBhcRKYfBRUTKYXARkXIYXESkHAYXESmHwUVEymFwEZFyGFxEpBwGFxEph8FFRMphcBGRchhcRKQcBhcRKYfBRUTKYXARkXIYXESkHAYXESmHwUVEymFwEZFigP8HLP9LWdXUoaIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" width="215" height="123"></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The equation for the first dissociation of citric acid in water is</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O<sub>7</sub> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
  <mo stretchy="false">⇌<!-- ⇌ --></mo>
</math></span> C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>7</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq) + H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> (aq)</span></span></p>
</div>

<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Identify a conjugate acid–base pair in the equation.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The value of <em>K</em><sub>a</sub> at 298 K for the first dissociation is 5.01 × 10<sup>−4</sup>.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State, giving a reason, the strength of citric acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The dissociation of citric acid is an endothermic process. State the effect on the hydrogen ion concentration, [H<sup>+</sup>], and on K<sub>a</sub>, of increasing the temperature.</span></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\Delta {G^\theta }"><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msup><mi>G</mi><mtext>θ</mtext></msup></math>, in kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, for the first dissociation of citric acid at 298 K, using section 1 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Comment on the spontaneity of the reaction at 298 K.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline <strong>two</strong> laboratory methods of distinguishing between solutions of citric acid and hydrochloric acid of equal concentration, stating the expected observations.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">A student performs a titration to determine the concentration of ethanoic acid, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mi>COOH</mi></math></span><span class="fontstyle0">, in vinegar using potassium hydroxide.</span> </p>
</div>

<div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The pH curve for the reaction is given.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="446" height="312"></span></p>
</div>

<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Write a balanced equation for the reaction.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Identify the </span><span class="fontstyle2"><strong>major</strong> </span><span class="fontstyle0">species, other than water and potassium ions, at these points.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="651" height="162"></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State a suitable indicator for this titration. Use section 22 of the data booklet</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Suggest, giving a reason, which point on the curve is considered a buffer region.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>K</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi></msub></math> <span class="fontstyle0">expression for ethanoic acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>K</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi></msub></math> <span class="fontstyle0">of the conjugate base of ethanoic acid using sections 2 and 21 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">In a titration, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>25</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>cm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></math></span><span class="fontstyle0"> </span><span class="fontstyle0">of vinegar required <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>20</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>75</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>cm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></math> </span><span class="fontstyle0">of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></math></span><span class="fontstyle0"> </span><span class="fontstyle0">potassium hydroxide to reach the end-point.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the concentration of ethanoic acid in the vinegar.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Potassium hydroxide solutions can react with carbon dioxide from the air. The solution was made one day prior to using it in the titration.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"> State the type of error that would result from the student’s approach.<br> </span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Potassium hydroxide solutions can react with carbon dioxide from the air. The solution was made one day prior to using it in the titration.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Predict, giving a reason, the effect of this error on the calculated concentration of ethanoic acid in 5(e).</span></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Chlorine undergoes many reactions.</p>
</div>

<div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>67</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></math> of manganese(IV) oxide was added to </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>200</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>cm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></math> <span class="fontstyle0">of </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mi>HCl</mi></math>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn><mi>HCl</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><msub><mi>Cl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>MnCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math></p>
</div>

<div class="specification">
<p>Chlorine gas reacts with water to produce hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>Cl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>⇌</mo><mi>HClO</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>HCl</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math></p>
</div>

<div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math>&nbsp;</span><span class="fontstyle0">is a common chlorofluorocarbon, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>CFC</mi></math>.</span></p>
</div>

<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the full electron configuration of the chlorine atom.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State, giving a reason, whether the chlorine atom or the chloride ion has a larger radius</span>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Outline why the chlorine atom has a smaller atomic radius than the sulfur atom</span>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The mass spectrum of chlorine is shown.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><img style="display: block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0"><em> NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center Collection © 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of </em><em>the United States of America. All rights reserved.</em><br> </span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"> <br>Outline the reason for the two peaks at <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>z</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>35</mn></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>37</mn></math>.<br> </span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Explain the presence and relative abundance of the peak at </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>z</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>74</mn></math><span class="fontstyle0">.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the amount, in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>mol</mi></math>, of manganese(IV) oxide added.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Determine the limiting reactant, showing your calculations.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Determine the excess amount, in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>mol</mi></math>, of the other reactant.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the volume of chlorine, in </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msup><mi>dm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></math><span class="fontstyle0">, produced if the reaction is conducted at standard temperature and pressure (STP). Use section 2 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the oxidation state of manganese in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span><span class="fontstyle0"> </span><span class="fontstyle0">and </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math><span class="fontstyle0">.</span></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="699" height="180"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce, referring to oxidation states, whether </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math> <span class="fontstyle0">is an oxidizing or reducing agent.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Hypochlorous acid is considered a weak acid. Outline what is meant by the term weak acid.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the formula of the conjugate base of hypochlorous acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the concentration of </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math><span class="fontstyle0"> in a </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>HClO</mi><mo> </mo><mfenced><mi>aq</mi></mfenced></math><span class="fontstyle0"> solution with a </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>pH</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>61</mn></math>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the type of reaction occurring when ethane reacts with chlorine to produce chloroethane.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Predict, giving a reason, whether ethane or chloroethane is more reactive.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Explain the mechanism of the reaction between chloroethane and aqueous sodium hydroxide, <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>NaOH</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math>, using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Ethoxyethane (diethyl ether) can be used as a solvent for this conversion.<br>Draw the structural formula of ethoxyethane</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce the number of signals and chemical shifts with splitting patterns in the <sup>1</sup>H NMR</span><span class="fontstyle0"> spectrum of ethoxyethane. Use section 27 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the percentage by mass of chlorine in </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math><span class="fontstyle0">.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Comment on how international cooperation has contributed to the lowering of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>CFC</mi></math> emissions responsible for ozone depletion.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>CFC</mi></math>s produce chlorine radicals. Write two successive propagation steps to show how chlorine radicals catalyse the depletion of ozone.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Limestone can be converted into a variety of useful commercial products through the lime cycle. Limestone contains high percentages of calcium carbonate, CaCO<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<p><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="538" height="218"></p>
</div>

<div class="specification">
<p>Thermodynamic data for the decomposition of calcium carbonate is given.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>

<div class="specification">
<p>The second step of the lime cycle produces calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>.</p>
</div>

<div class="specification">
<p>Calcium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide to reform calcium carbonate.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Ca(OH)<sub>2 </sub>(aq) + CO<sub>2 </sub>(g) → CaCO<sub>3</sub> (s) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
</div>

<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calcium carbonate is heated to produce calcium oxide, CaO.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">CaCO<sub>3 </sub>(s) → CaO (s) + CO<sub>2 </sub>(g)</p>
<p>Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide produced at STP when 555 g of calcium carbonate decomposes. Use sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the enthalpy change of reaction, <em>ΔH</em>, in kJ, for the decomposition of calcium carbonate.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the change in entropy, Δ<em>S</em>, in J K<sup>−1</sup>, for the decomposition of calcium carbonate.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the temperature, in K, at which the decomposition of calcium carbonate becomes spontaneous, using b(i), b(ii) and section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>(If you do not have answers for b(i) and b(ii), use Δ<em>H</em> = 190 kJ and Δ<em>S</em> = 180 J K<sup>−1</sup>, but these are not the correct answers.)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch an energy profile for the decomposition of calcium carbonate based on your answer to b(i), labelling the axes and activation energy, <em>E</em><sub>a</sub>.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State how adding a catalyst to the reaction would impact the enthalpy change of reaction, Δ<em>H</em>, and the activation energy, <em>E</em><sub>a</sub>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="679" height="174"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write the equation for the reaction of Ca(OH)<sub>2 </sub>(aq) with hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the volume, in dm<sup>3</sup>, of 0.015 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> calcium hydroxide solution needed to neutralize 35.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.025 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> HCl (aq).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Saturated calcium hydroxide solution is used to test for carbon dioxide. Calculate the pH of a 2.33 × 10<sup>−2 </sup>mol dm<sup>−3</sup> solution of calcium hydroxide, a strong base.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the mass, in g, of CaCO<sub>3 </sub>(s) produced by reacting 2.41 dm<sup>3</sup> of 2.33 × 10<sup>−2</sup> mol dm<sup>−3</sup> of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> (aq) with 0.750 dm<sup>3</sup> of CO<sub>2</sub> (g) at STP.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>2.85 g of CaCO<sub>3</sub> was collected in the experiment in d(i). Calculate the percentage yield of CaCO<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<p>(If you did not obtain an answer to d(i), use 4.00 g, but this is not the correct value.)</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how <strong>one</strong> calcium compound in the lime cycle can reduce a problem caused by acid deposition.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Limescale, CaCO<sub>3</sub>(s), can be removed from water kettles by using vinegar, a dilute solution of ethanoic acid, CH<sub>3</sub>COOH(aq).</p>
</div>

<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, giving a reason, a difference between the reactions of the same concentrations of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid with samples of calcium carbonate.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Dissolved carbon dioxide causes unpolluted rain to have a pH of approximately 5, but other dissolved gases can result in a much lower pH. State one environmental effect of acid rain.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write an equation to show ammonia, NH<sub>3</sub>, acting as a Brønsted–Lowry base and a different equation to show it acting as a Lewis base.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the pH of 0.010 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> 2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid solution.</p>
<p><em>K</em><sub>a</sub> (2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid) = 9.333 × 10<sup>−6</sup></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain, using appropriate equations, how a suitably concentrated solution formed by the partial neutralization of 2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid with sodium hydroxide acts as a buffer solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Both vinegar (a dilute aqueous solution of ethanoic acid) and bleach are used as cleaning agents.</span></p>
</div>

<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Bleach reacts with ammonia, also used as a cleaning agent, to produce the poisonous compound chloramine, NH<sub>2</sub>Cl.</span></p>
</div>

<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline why ethanoic acid is classified as a weak acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A solution of bleach can be made by reacting chlorine gas with a sodium hydroxide solution.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Cl<sub>2</sub> (g) + 2NaOH (aq) ⇌ NaOCl (aq) + NaCl (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest, with reference to Le Châtelier’s principle, why it is dangerous to mix vinegar </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">and bleach together as cleaners.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of chloramine.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the hybridization of the nitrogen atom in chloramine.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce the molecular geometry of chloramine and estimate its H–N–H bond angle.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Molecular geometry:</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">H–N–H bond angle:</span></span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the type of bond formed when chloramine is protonated.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Sketch a graph of pH against volume of hydrochloric acid added to ammonia solution, showing how you would determine the pK<sub>a</sub> of the ammonium ion.</span></p>
<p><img src="images/5di.PNG" alt width="478" height="387"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration, using section 22 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain, using <strong>two</strong> equations, how an equimolar solution of ammonia and ammonium ions acts as a buffer solution when small amounts of acid or base are added.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Ammonia is soluble in water and forms an alkaline solution:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">NH<sub>3&thinsp;</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O&thinsp;(l) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>&#8652;</mo></math> NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+&thinsp;</sup>(aq) + HO<sup>&ndash;&thinsp;</sup>(aq)</p>
</div>

<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the relationship between NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> and NH<sub>3</sub> in terms of the Brønsted–Lowry theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the concentration, in mol dm<sup>–3</sup>, of the solution formed when 900.0 dm<sup>3</sup> of NH<sub>3 </sub>(g) at 300.0 K and 100.0 kPa, is dissolved in water to form 2.00 dm<sup>3</sup> of solution. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions in an ammonia solution with pH = 9.3. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the concentration, in mol dm<sup>–3</sup>, of ammonia molecules in the solution with pH = 9.3. Use section 21 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>An aqueous solution containing high concentrations of both NH<sub>3</sub> and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> acts as an acid-base buffer solution as a result of the equilibrium:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">NH<sub>3</sub> (aq) + H<sup>+</sup> (aq) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>⇌</mo></math> NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> (aq)</p>
<p>Referring to this equilibrium, outline why adding a small volume of strong acid would leave the pH of the buffer solution almost unchanged.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium salts form slightly acidic solutions owing to equilibria such as:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Mg<sup>2+ </sup>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> Mg(OH)<sup>+ </sup>(aq) + H<sup>+ </sup>(aq)</p>
<p>Comment on the role of Mg<sup>2+</sup> in forming the Mg(OH)<sup>+</sup> ion, in acid-base terms.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Mg(OH)<sup>+</sup> is a complex ion, but Mg is not regarded as a transition metal. Contrast Mg with manganese, Mn, in terms of one characteristic chemical property of transition metals, other than complex ion formation.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Iron may be extracted from iron (II) sulfide, FeS.</p>
</div>

<div class="specification">
<p>Iron (II) sulfide, FeS, is ionically bonded.</p>
</div>

<div class="specification">
<p>The first step in the extraction of iron from iron (II) sulfide is to roast it in air to form iron (III) oxide and sulfur dioxide.</p>
</div>

<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why metals, like iron, can conduct electricity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Justify why sulfur is classified as a non-metal by giving <strong>two</strong> of its chemical properties.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the first eight successive ionisation energies of sulfur.</p>
<p><img style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="480" height="394"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in this type of solid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State a technique that could be used to determine the crystal structure of the solid compound.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electron configuration of the sulfide ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, in terms of their electronic structures, why the ionic radius of the sulfide ion is greater than that of the oxide ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why chemists find it convenient to classify bonding into ionic, covalent and metallic.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write the equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the change in the oxidation state of sulfur.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why this process might raise environmental concerns.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the addition of small amounts of carbon to iron makes the metal harder.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>