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<h2>HL Paper 2</h2><div class="specification">
<p>Consider the following equilibrium reaction:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2SO<sub>2</sub> (g) + O<sub>2</sub> (g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> 2SO<sub>3</sub> (g)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equilibrium constant expression, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, for the reaction above.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State and explain how the equilibrium would be affected by increasing the volume of the reaction container at a constant temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>SO<sub>2</sub> (g), O<sub>2 </sub>(g) and SO<sub>3 </sub>(g) are mixed and allowed to reach equilibrium at 600 °C.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>Determine the value of <em>K</em><sub>c</sub> at 600 °C.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«<em>K</em><sub>c</sub> = <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mfrac><msup><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi>SO</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mfenced><mn>2</mn></msup><mrow><msup><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi>SO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mfenced><mn>2</mn></msup><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mfenced></mrow></mfrac></math> » ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Square brackets required for the mark.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>pressure decrease «due to larger volume» ✓</p>
<p>reaction shifts to side with more moles/molecules «of gas» ✓</p>
<p>reaction shifts left/towards reactants ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Award M3 only if M1 <strong>OR</strong> M2 awarded.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>[O<sub>2</sub>] = 1.25 «mol dm<sup>−3</sup>» <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>[SO<sub>3</sub>] = 3.50 «mol dm<sup>−3</sup>» ✓</p>
<p>«<em>K</em><sub>c</sub> =<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><msup><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>50</mn></mrow></mfenced><mn>2</mn></msup><mrow><msup><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>50</mn></mrow></mfenced><mn>2</mn></msup><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>25</mn></mrow></mfenced></mrow></mfrac></math>=» 4.36 ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Urea, (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO, is excreted by mammals and can be used as a fertilizer.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Urea can also be made by the direct combination of ammonia and carbon dioxide gases.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2NH<sub>3</sub>(g) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌<!-- ⇌ --></mo>
</math></span> (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(g) Δ<em>H </em>< 0</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in urea to two decimal places using section 6 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest how the percentage of nitrogen affects the cost of transport of fertilizers giving a reason.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The structural formula of urea is shown.</p>
<p><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_11.43.42.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.b_01"></p>
<p>Predict the electron domain and molecular geometries at the nitrogen and carbon atoms, applying the VSEPR theory.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_11.45.16.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.b_02"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Urea can be made by reacting potassium cyanate, KNCO, with ammonium chloride, NH<sub>4</sub>Cl.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">KNCO(aq) + NH<sub>4</sub>Cl(aq) → (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO(aq) + KCl(aq)</p>
<p>Determine the maximum mass of urea that could be formed from 50.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> potassium cyanate solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equilibrium constant expression, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, with a reason, the effect on the equilibrium constant, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, when the temperature is increased.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine an approximate order of magnitude for <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet. Assume Δ<em>G</em><sup>Θ</sup> for the forward reaction is approximately +50 kJ at 298 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest one reason why urea is a solid and ammonia a gas at room temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch two different hydrogen bonding interactions between ammonia and water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The combustion of urea produces water, carbon dioxide and nitrogen.</p>
<p>Formulate a balanced equation for the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the maximum volume of CO<sub>2</sub>, in cm<sup>3</sup>, produced at STP by the combustion of 0.600 g of urea, using sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bond formation when urea acts as a ligand in a transition metal complex ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The C–N bonds in urea are shorter than might be expected for a single C–N bond. Suggest, in terms of electrons, how this could occur.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The mass spectrum of urea is shown below.</p>
<p><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_13.00.41.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.j_01"></p>
<p>Identify the species responsible for the peaks at <em>m</em>/<em>z </em>= 60 and 44.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAxEAAADDCAYAAAD9eZzfAAATEElEQVR4Ae3df2ycdR0H8M8aJIQsCwQiMN1o4ZYlG0wy8Q/8w80fkCwIdYgjIAgSBUUSg4B/wMbAGlF+yB8qRCHQwcBMETcwEIckhSCaqEuUYbK00AKhjmQYUpplWcKdubYHj9DbcaTfy57vvfrPPb1+e5/n8/p82907d083r1ar1cIHAQIECBAgQIAAAQIEPqBAzwdcZxkBAgQIECBAgAABAgSmBA5pOFR6+xqHbgkQIECAAAECBAgQIDCrwMjYaMwrvp2pHiTqd/ogQIAAAQIECBAgQIBAUaCYFbydqSjjmAABAgQIECBAgACBlgJCREsiCwgQIECAAAECBAgQKAoIEUUNxwQIECBAgAABAgQItBQQIloSWUCAAAECBAgQIECAQFFAiChqOCZAgAABAgQIECBAoKWAENGSyAICBAgQIECAAAECBIoCQkRRwzEBAgQIECBAgAABAi0FhIiWRBYQIECAAAECBAgQIFAUECKKGo4JECBAgAABAgQIEGgpIES0JLKAAAECBAgQIECAAIGigBBR1HBMgAABAgQIECBAgEBLASGiJZEFBAgQIECAAAECBAgUBYSIooZjAgQIECBAgAABAgRaCggRLYksIECAAAECBAgQIECgKCBEFDUcEyBAgAABAgQIECDQUkCIaElkAQECBAgQIECAAAECRQEhoqjhmAABAgQIECBAgACBlgJCREsiCwgQIECAAAECBAgQKAoIEUUNxwQIECBAgAABAgQItBTIIkRUd/8tNq/vj0pvX1R6l8eZ6x+KHbv3F5rfH7t3PBQb1iwvrLk3/rBjd1QLqxwSIECAAAECBAgQINBaoPQhojq+Na5cc2+8fdEDMTI2GiM7H4nLYkusu/yhGJ5JCNXxx+MHF26JuGAwnn1pNEZeeipu+uhf4roL74pnJsSI1tvECgIECBAgQIAAAQLvCpQ8ROyJZ+68I54987xYu3TBdFfzl0b/96+K84fvi/uf2RMR++LF7Q/H9iVr42tf/VQcW++459g49cpr4uolz8VTO/77roYjAgQIECBAgAABAgRaCpQ7REzsjKceiej/wkkxEyGmG16wOgb+/XQMrD46IibjtZFX4/CTe+OYYrc9R8XxJ++PbX/aGRP176ruik39y6PSP/jOKxgt9SwgQIAAAQIECBAg0IUCxafVpWu/+vpY7Ny7KCoLxmNocH2cOXVNxGlx2R1PxvBk471Mb8TLz9dfkZj9Y+/zY/F6fWnP0rh42wsxsu2SWFJqldn7dC8BAgQIECBAgACBuRIo8dPlaky+Nhovxqvxm+tvjqHeK+Kx+jURY3+Mq498JM6/9tEYr4eDyf/EyPDeufLyOAQIECBAgAABAgS6XqDEIaIxuz1x6Hk3xg2rF8Z0Mwti6TnnxZqn74i7pq6JaKxzS4AAAQIECBAgQIDAXAhkECKOjpN6j5oJEDMk84+LypK3YufYG1GdOj58Lqw8BgECBAgQIECAAAEC9SsByqvQEwtWfjb6W+WDqQuo6xdYz/7xvguuZ1/mXgIECBAgQIAAAQIEZgRKHCIiYv4Jceqqwl9Yaox16jqIvli14pjoifnxscqieOcC6saaav2C67fixMpxMb9xn1sCBAgQIECAAAECBFoKlDtE9Hw8Pv/NC2LR5p/FvTvenG62ujv+PvhgPLHqolh3yhERcViceMa5ccbwL+PW+1+Iyfqq+pqf3xa3D58V3z1nSZlfjmk5YAsIECBAgAABAgQIzLVAuUNE/XWGld+JLU9+K+LONVGp/4nXE9bGr95eF7++9exYONNdz8LPxVV3Xh7HbFkXp0ytOS0u/deyGNj87fjMgplF/p+Iud5bHo8AAQIECBAgQCBTgXm1Wq3W6K3+JHxkbLTxqVsCBAgQIECAAAECBAhMCRSzQslfiTBRAgQIECBAgAABAgQ6LSBEdFpcPQIECBAgQIAAAQIlFxAiSj5Ap0+AAAECBAgQIECg0wJCRKfF1SNAgAABAgQIECBQcgEhouQDdPoECBAgQIAAAQIEOi0gRHRaXD0CBAgQIECAAAECJRcQIko+QKdPgAABAgQIECBAoNMCQkSnxdUjQIAAAQIECBAgUHIBIaLkA3T6BAgQIECAAAECBDotIER0Wlw9AgQIECBAgAABAiUXECJKPkCnT4AAAQIECBAgQKDTAkJEp8XVI0CAAAECBAgQIFByASGi5AN0+gQIECBAgAABAgQ6LSBEdFpcPQIECBAgQIAAAQIlFxAiSj5Ap0+AAAECBAgQIECg0wJCRKfF1SNAgAABAgQIECBQcgEhouQDdPoECBAgQIAAAQIEOi0gRHRaXD0CBAgQIECAAAECJRcQIko+QKdPgAABAgQIECBAoNMCQkSnxdUjQIAAAQIECBAgUHIBIaLkA3T6BAgQIECAAAECBDotIER0Wlw9AgQIECBAgAABAiUXECJKPkCnT4AAAQIECBAgQKDTAkJEp8XVI0CAAAECBAgQIFByASGi5AN0+gQIECBAgAABAgQ6LSBEdFpcPQIECBAgQIAAAQIlFxAiSj5Ap0+AAAECBAgQIECg0wJCRKfF1SNAgAABAgQIECBQcgEhouQDdPoECBAgQIAAAQIEOi2QVYioDg/G2t6+WLF+KCaaSVZ3xab+5VFZtjGGJqpNVu2L4cELo9K7KjYM7WmyJiL3esEqIuyF+g9A7ntdf/UhH4y/G+29qX+ADsrZ+N3od+PM0yP7c/rHdM6eg864luBmXq1WqzXOs9LbFyNjo41P3RIgQIAAAQIECBAgQGBKoJgVsnolwnwJECBAgAABAgQIEEgvIESkN1aBAAECBAgQIECAQFYCQkRW49QMAQIECBAgQIAAgfQCQkR6YxUIECBAgAABAgQIZCUgRGQ1Ts0QIECAAAECBAgQSC8gRKQ3VoEAAQIECBAgQIBAVgJCRFbj1AwBAgQIECBAgACB9AJCRHpjFQgQIECAAAECBAhkJSBEZDVOzRAgQIAAAQIECBBILyBEpDdWgQABAgQIECBAgEBWAkJEVuPUDAECBAgQIECAAIH0AkJEemMVCBAgQIAAAQIECGQlIERkNU7NECBAgAABAgQIEEgvIESkN1aBAAECBAgQIECAQFYCQkRW49QMAQIECBAgQIAAgfQCQkR6YxUIECBAgAABAgQIZCUgRGQ1Ts0QIECAAAECBAgQSC8gRKQ3VoEAAQIECBAgQIBAVgJCRFbj1AwBAgQIECBAgACB9AJCRHpjFQgQIECAAAECBAhkJSBEZDVOzRAgQIAAAQIECBBILyBEpDdWgQABAgQIECBAgEBWAkJEVuPUDAECBAgQIECAAIH0AkJEemMVCBAgQIAAAQIECGQlIERkNU7NECBAgAABAgQIEEgvIESkN1aBAAECBAgQIECAQFYCQkRW49QMAQIECBAgQIAAgfQCQkR6YxUIECBAgAABAgQIZCUgRGQ1Ts0QIECAAAECBAgQSC8gRKQ3VoEAAQIECBAgQIBAVgJCRFbj1AwBAgQIECBAgACB9AJCRHpjFQgQIECAAAECBAhkJSBEZDVOzRAgQIAAAQIECBBILyBEpDdWgQABAgQIECBAgEBWAkJEVuPUDAECBAgQIECAAIH0AkJEemMVCBAgQIAAAQIECGQlIERkNU7NECBAgAABAgQIEEgvIESkN1aBAAECBAgQIECAQFYCQkRW49QMAQIECBAgQIAAgfQCQkR6YxUIECBAgAABAgQIZCUgRGQ1Ts0QIECAAAECBAgQSC8gRKQ3VoEAAQIECBAgQIBAVgJCRFbj1AwBAgQIECBAgACB9AJCRHpjFQgQIECAAAECBAhkJSBEZDVOzRAgQIAAAQIECBBILyBEpDdWgQABAgQIECBAgEBWAkJEVuPUDAECBAgQIECAAIH0AkJEemMVCBAgQIAAAQIECGQlIERkNU7NECBAgAABAgQIEEgvkFmI2B/jW6+KFcs2xtBEtaledXxrXLFsVWwY2tN0jS8QIECAAAECBAgQIDC7QFYhojr+ePzwuq2xd/Zep++tvhKPDfwkth9w0YEewNcIECBAgAABAgQIdLdAPiFi8oV44IZfxMvHLz7ARCdi1/03x8DYkXHiAVb5EgECBAgQIECAAAECzQUyCRFvxo67b4jbP/L1uPori5p0W43JHZvie7ccFtdfc3Yc/t5V1V2xqX95VPoHY7j5O6He+10+J0CAAAECBAgQINB1AhmEiHo4eCA23L04BjZ8MRY162jyH3HP9Q/H8T+6Ks5afNj7B92zNC7e9kKMbLskljR7jPd/l3sIECBAgAABAgQIdJ1A+Z8uT4WD5+L0zRujf+GhTQZYf6Xip/HkGbfFLV9aHOVvukmb7iZAgAABAgQIECDQAYFDOlAjXYnqK7Ht2mumwsGWlUdExL5ZatX/YtNNccn2T8fgbz8Z8yPCu5VmYXIXAQIECBAgQIAAgQ8oUOIQsT/GH70jNoydG4O3ToeD2Xqe/otNr8SlmzfGyvleg5jNyH0ECBAgQIAAAQIE2hGYV6vVao1vqPT2xcjYaOPTg/u2fiH02nNi4J/N/lbr4XHyjQ/Gj+O2OPPGPzfv5RMb44nfuw6iOZCvECBAgAABAgQIEIgoZoXyhohZJ7kvhge/EWtuOTHu+evGWL1g9lceqsOD8eXT74uTBn8XA6uPnvWR3EmAAAECBAgQIECAwLsCxRAx+7Psd9c6IkCAAAECBAgQIECAwP8JCBENDv9PREPCLQECBAgQIECAAIEDCmT2dqYD9uqLBAgQIECAAAECBAh8SAFvZ/qQcL6NAAECBAgQIECAAIHw/67ZBAQIECBAgAABAgQItCfgmoj2vKwmQIAAAQIECBAg0PUCQkTXbwEABAgQIECAAAECBNoTECLa87KaAAECBAgQIECAQNcLCBFdvwUAECBAgAABAgQIEGhPQIhoz8tqAgQIECBAgAABAl0vIER0/RYAQIAAAQIECBAgQKA9ASGiPS+rCRAgQIAAAQIECHS9gBDR9VsAAAECBAgQIECAAIH2BISI9rysJkCAAAECBAgQIND1AkJE128BAAQIECBAgAABAgTaExAi2vOymgABAgQIECBAgEDXCwgRXb8FABAgQIAAAQIECBBoT0CIaM/LagIECBAgQIAAAQJdLyBEdP0WAECAAAECBAgQIECgPQEhoj0vqwkQIECAAAECBAh0vYAQ0fVbAAABAgQIECBAgACB9gSEiPa8rCZAgAABAgQIECDQ9QJCRNdvAQAECBAgQIAAAQIE2hMQItrzspoAAQIECBAgQIBA1wsIEV2/BQAQIECAAAECBAgQaE9AiGjPy2oCBAgQIECAAAECXS8gRHT9FgBAgAABAgQIECBAoD0BIaI9L6sJECBAgAABAgQIdL2AENH1WwAAAQIECBAgQIAAgfYEhIj2vKwmQIAAAQIECBAg0PUCQkTXbwEABAgQIECAAAECBNoTECLa87KaAAECBAgQIECAQNcLZBUiqsODsba3L1asH4qJZqOt7opN/cujsmxjDE1Um6zaF8ODF0ald1VsGNrTZE1E7vWCVUTYC/UfgNz3uv7qQz4Yfzfae1P/AB2Us/G70e/GmadH9uf0j+mcPQedcS3BzbxarVZrnGelty9GxkYbn7olQIAAAQIECBAgQIDAlEAxK2T1SoT5EiBAgAABAgQIECCQXkCISG+sAgECBAgQIECAAIGsBISIrMapGQIECBAgQIAAAQLpBYSI9MYqECBAgAABAgQIEMhKQIjIapyaIUCAAAECBAgQIJBeQIhIb6wCAQIECBAgQIAAgawEhIisxqkZAgQIECBAgAABAukFhIj0xioQIECAAAECBAgQyEpAiMhqnJohQIAAAQIECBAgkF5AiEhvrAIBAgQIECBAgACBrASEiKzGqRkCBAgQIECAAAEC6QWEiPTGKhAgQIAAAQIECBDISkCIyGqcmiFAgAABAgQIECCQXkCISG+sAgECBAgQIECAAIGsBISIrMapGQIECBAgQIAAAQLpBYSI9MYqECBAgAABAgQIEMhKQIjIapyaIUCAAAECBAgQIJBeQIhIb6wCAQIECBAgQIAAgawEhIisxqkZAgQIECBAgAABAukFhIj0xioQIECAAAECBAgQyEpAiMhqnJohQIAAAQIECBAgkF5AiEhvrAIBAgQIECBAgACBrASEiKzGqRkCBAgQIECAAAEC6QWEiPTGKhAgQIAAAQIECBDISkCIyGqcmiFAgAABAgQIECCQXkCISG+sAgECBAgQIECAAIGsBISIrMapGQIECBAgQIAAAQLpBYSI9MYqECBAgAABAgQIEMhKQIjIapyaIUCAAAECBAgQIJBeQIhIb6wCAQIECBAgQIAAgawE5tVqtVq9o0pvX1aNaYYAAQIECBAgQIAAgbkXGBkbjXdCxNw/vEckQIAAAQIECBAgQCBHAW9nynGqeiJAgAABAgQIECCQUECISIjroQkQIECAAAECBAjkKCBE5DhVPREgQIAAAQIECBBIKPA/e1wPFjlFBjYAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">j.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The IR spectrum of urea is shown below.</p>
<p><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_13.07.17.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.k_01"></p>
<p>Identify the bonds causing the absorptions at 3450 cm<sup>−1</sup> and 1700 cm<sup>−1</sup> using section 26 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">k.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the number of signals in the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of urea.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">l.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the splitting pattern of the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of urea.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">l.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why TMS (tetramethylsilane) may be added to the sample to carry out <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectroscopy and why it is particularly suited to this role.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">l.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>molar mass of urea <strong>«</strong>4 <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \times ">
<mo>×</mo>
</math></span> 1.01 + 2 <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \times ">
<mo>×</mo>
</math></span> 14.01 + 12.01 + 16.00<strong>» </strong>= 60.07 <strong>«</strong>g mol<sup><sub>-1</sub></sup><strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>% nitrogen = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{{\text{2}} \times {\text{14.01}}}}{{{\text{60.07}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>14.01</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>60.07</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \times ">
<mo>×</mo>
</math></span> 100 =<strong>» </strong>46.65 <strong>«</strong>%<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for final answer not to </em><em>two decimal places.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>cost<strong>»</strong> increases <strong><em>AND </em></strong>lower N%<strong> «</strong>means higher cost of transportation per unit of nitrogen<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>cost<strong>»</strong> increases <strong><em>AND </em></strong>inefficient/too much/about half mass not nitrogen</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept other reasonable explanations.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept answers referring to </em><em>safety/explosions.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_11.46.41.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.b/M"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Note: Urea’s structure is more complex </em><em>than that predicted from VSEPR theory.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[3 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>n</em>(KNCO) <strong>«=</strong> 0.0500 dm<sup>3</sup> <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \times ">
<mo>×</mo>
</math></span> 0.100 mol dm<sup>–3</sup><strong>» =</strong> 5.00 <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \times ">
<mo>×</mo>
</math></span> 10<sup>–3</sup> <strong>«</strong>mol<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>mass of urea = 5.00 <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \times ">
<mo>×</mo>
</math></span> 10<sup>–3</sup> mol <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \times ">
<mo>×</mo>
</math></span> 60.07 g mol<sup>–1</sup><strong>» =</strong> 0.300 <strong>«</strong>g<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{K_{\text{c}}} = \frac{{[{{({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{N}})}_2}{\text{CO}}] \times [{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}]}}{{{{[{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_3}]}^2} \times [{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}]}}">
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow>
<mtext>c</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>N</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>CO</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>×</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>O</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>N</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>×</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>C</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>O</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong><em>K</em><sub>c</sub><strong>»</strong> decreases <strong><em>AND </em></strong>reaction is exothermic</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong><em>K</em><sub>c</sub><strong>»</strong> decreases <strong><em>AND</em></strong> Δ<em>H </em>is negative</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong><em>K</em><sub>c</sub><strong>»</strong> decreases <strong><em>AND </em></strong>reverse/endothermic reaction is favoured</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>ln <em>K </em><strong>« = </strong><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{ - \Delta {G^\Theta }}}{{RT}} = \frac{{ - 50 \times {{10}^3}{\text{ J}}}}{{8.31{\text{ J }}{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}{\text{ mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}} \times 298{\text{ K}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Θ</mi>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>50</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext> J</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>8.31</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> J </mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>K</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext> mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>298</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> K</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> <strong>»</strong> = –20</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>«</strong><em>K</em><sub>c</sub> =<strong>»</strong> 2 <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \times ">
<mo>×</mo>
</math></span> 10<sup>–9</sup></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>1.69 <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \times ">
<mo>×</mo>
</math></span> 10<sup>–9</sup></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>10<sup>–9</sup></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept range of 20-20.2 for M1.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any one of:</em></p>
<p>urea has greater molar mass</p>
<p>urea has greater electron density/greater London/dispersion</p>
<p>urea has more hydrogen bonding</p>
<p>urea is more polar/has greater dipole moment</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “urea has larger size/greater </em><em>van der Waals forces”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “urea has greater </em><em>intermolecular forces/IMF”.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_12.44.01.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.e.ii/M"></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for each correct interaction.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>If lone pairs are shown on N or O, then </em><em>the lone pair on N or one of the lone </em><em>pairs on O </em><strong><em>MUST </em></strong><em>be involved in the </em><em>H-bond.</em></p>
<p><em>Penalize solid line to represent </em><em>H-bonding only once.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>2(H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO(s) + 3O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 4H<sub>2</sub>O(l) + 2CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2N<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<p>correct coefficients on LHS</p>
<p>correct coefficients on RHS</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept (H</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>N)</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>CO(s) +</em> <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{3}{2}">
<mfrac>
<mn>3</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span><em>O</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>(g) → </em><em>2H</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>O(l) +</em> <em>CO</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>(g) +</em> <em>N</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>(g).</em></p>
<p><em>Accept any correct ratio.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>V = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{{\text{0.600 g}}}}{{{\text{60.07 g mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>0.600 g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>60.07 g mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \times ">
<mo>×</mo>
</math></span> 22700 cm<sup>3</sup> mol<sup>–1</sup> =<strong>» </strong>227 <strong>«</strong>cm<sup>3</sup><strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>lone/non-bonding electron pairs <strong>«</strong>on nitrogen/oxygen/ligand<strong>» </strong>given to/shared with metal ion</p>
<p>co-ordinate/dative/covalent bonds</p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">h.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>lone pairs on nitrogen atoms can be donated to/shared with C–N bond</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>C–N bond partial double bond character</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>delocalization <strong>«</strong>of electrons occurs across molecule<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>slight positive charge on C due to C=O polarity reduces C–N bond length</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>60</em>: CON<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></p>
<p><em>44</em>: CONH<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “molecular ion”.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong><br></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">j.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>3450 cm</em><sup><em>–</em><em>1</em></sup><em>:</em> N–H</p>
<p><em>1700 cm</em><sup><em>–</em><em>1</em></sup><em>:</em> C=O</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “O</em><em>–</em><em>H” for 3450 cm</em><sup><em>–1</em></sup><em>.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">k.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>1</p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">l.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>singlet</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “no splitting”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">l.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>acts as internal standard</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>acts as reference point</p>
<p> </p>
<p>one strong signal</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>12 H atoms in same environment</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>signal is well away from other absorptions</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “inert” or “readily removed” or </em><em>“non-toxic” for M1.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">l.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">h.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">j.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">k.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">l.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">l.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">l.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>White phosphorus is an allotrope of phosphorus and exists as P<sub>4</sub>.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>An equilibrium exists between PCl<sub>3</sub> and PCl<sub>5</sub>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">PCl<sub>3 </sub>(g) + Cl<sub>2 </sub>(g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> PCl<sub>5 </sub>(g)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the P<sub>4</sub> molecule, containing only single bonds.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write an equation for the reaction of white phosphorus (P<sub>4</sub>) with chlorine gas to form phosphorus trichloride (PCl<sub>3</sub>).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the electron domain and molecular geometry using VSEPR theory, and estimate the Cl–P–Cl bond angle in PCl<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the reason why PCl<sub>5</sub> is a non-polar molecule, while PCl<sub>4</sub>F is polar.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the standard enthalpy change (Δ<em>H</em><sup>⦵</sup>) for the forward reaction in kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Δ<em>H</em><sup>⦵</sup><sub>f</sub> PCl<sub>3 </sub>(g) = −306.4 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Δ<em>H</em><sup>⦵</sup><sub>f</sub> PCl<sub>5 </sub>(g) = −398.9 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the entropy change, Δ<em>S</em>, in J K<sup>−1 </sup>mol<sup>−1</sup>, for this reaction.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"> </p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><em>Chemistry 2e, Chpt. 21 Nuclear Chemistry, Appendix G: Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/g-standard-thermodynamic-properties-for- selectedsubstances# page_667adccf-f900-4d86-a13d-409c014086ea © 1999-2021, Rice University. Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.</em></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the Gibbs free energy change (Δ<em>G</em>), in kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, for this reaction at 25 °C. Use section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>If you did not obtain an answer in c(i) or c(ii) use −87.6 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> and −150.5 J mol<sup>−1 </sup>K<sup>−1</sup> respectively, but these are not the correct answers.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the equilibrium constant, <em>K</em>, for this reaction at 25 °C, referring to section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>If you did not obtain an answer in (c)(iii), use Δ<em>G</em> = –43.5 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, but this is not the correct answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equilibrium constant expression,<em> K</em><sub>c</sub>, for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State, with a reason, the effect of an increase in temperature on the position of this equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(vi).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="282" height="109"></p>
<p><em>Accept any diagram with each P joined to the other three. <br>Accept any combination of dots, crosses and lines.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>P<sub>4 </sub>(s) + 6Cl<sub>2 </sub>(g) → 4PCl<sub>3 </sub>(l) ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Electron domain geometry</em>: tetrahedral ✔</p>
<p><em>Molecular geometry</em>: trigonal pyramidal ✔</p>
<p><em>Bond angle</em>: 100«°» ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept any value or range within the range 91−108«°» for <strong>M3</strong>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>PCl<sub>5</sub> is non-polar</em>:</p>
<p>symmetrical<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>dipoles cancel ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>PCl<sub>4</sub>F is polar:</em></p>
<p>P–Cl has a different bond polarity than P–F ✔</p>
<p>non-symmetrical «dipoles»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>dipoles do not cancel ✔</p>
<p><em><br></em><em>Accept F more electronegative than/different electronegativity to Cl for <strong>M2</strong>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«−398.9 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> − (−306.4 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>) =» −92.5 «kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«ΔS = 364.5 J K<sup>–1 </sup>mol<sup>–1</sup> – (311.7 J K<sup>–1 </sup>mol<sup>–1</sup> + 223.0 J K<sup>–1 </sup>mol<sup>–1</sup>)=» –170.2 «J K<sup>–1 </sup>mol<sup>–1</sup>» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«ΔS =» –0.1702 «kJ mol<sup>–1 </sup>K<sup>–1</sup>»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>298 «K» ✔</p>
<p>«ΔG = –92.5 kJ mol<sup>–1</sup> – (298 K × –0.1702 kJ mol<sup>–1 </sup>K<sup>–1</sup>) =» –41.8 «kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>» ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>If –87.6 and -150.5 are used then –42.8.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«ΔG = –41.8 kJ mol<sup>–1</sup> = <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>-</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>8</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>31</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">J</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><mn>1000</mn></mfrac></math> × 298 K × ln<em>K</em>»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«ΔG = –41800 J mol<sup>–1</sup> = –8.31 J mol<sup>–1 </sup>K<sup>–1</sup> × 298 K × ln<em>K</em>»<br><br>«ln<em>K</em> = =» 16.9 ✔</p>
<p>«<em>K</em> = e<sup>16.9</sup> =» 2.19 × 10<sup>7</sup> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award<strong> [2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept range of 1.80 × 10<sup>6</sup>–2.60 × 10<sup>7</sup>.</em></p>
<p><em>If –43.5 is used then 4.25 × 10<sup>7</sup>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«<em>K</em><sub>c</sub> =» <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mfrac><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi>PCl</mi><mn>5</mn></msub></mfenced><mrow><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi>PCl</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mfenced><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi>Cl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mfenced></mrow></mfrac></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«shifts» left/towards reactants <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>«forward reaction is» exothermic/ΔH is negative ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(vi).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(vi).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A mixture of 1.00 mol SO<sub>2</sub>(g), 2.00 mol O<sub>2</sub>(g) and 1.00 mol SO<sub>3</sub>(g) is placed in a 1.00 dm<sup>3</sup> container and allowed to reach equilibrium.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2SO<sub>2</sub>(g) + O<sub>2</sub>(g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌<!-- ⇌ --></mo>
</math></span> 2SO<sub>3</sub>(g)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Nitrogen oxide is in equilibrium with dinitrogen dioxide.</p>
<p>2NO(g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>(g) Δ<em>H</em><sup>Θ</sup> < 0</p>
<p>Deduce, giving a reason, the effect of increasing the temperature on the concentration of N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A two-step mechanism is proposed for the formation of NO<sub>2</sub>(g) from NO(g) that involves an exothermic equilibrium process.</p>
<p>First step: 2NO(g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>(g) fast</p>
<p>Second step: N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>(g) + O<sub>2</sub> (g) → 2NO<sub>2</sub>(g) slow</p>
<p>Deduce the rate expression for the mechanism.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The rate constant for a reaction doubles when the temperature is increased from 25.0 °C to 35 °C.</p>
<p>Calculate the activation energy, <em>E</em><sub>a</sub>, in kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> for the reaction using section 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>[N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>] decreases <strong><em>AND </em></strong>exothermic <strong>«</strong>thus reverse reaction favoured<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “product” for [N</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>O</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>].</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept just “reverse reaction </em><em>favoured/shift to left” for “[N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></em><em>] </em><em>decreases”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong><em>ALTERNATIVE 1:</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>from equilibrium, step 1<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{K_c} = \frac{{{\text{[}}{{\text{N}}_2}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{]}}}}{{{{{\text{[NO]}}}^2}}}">
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>K</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>[</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>N</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>O</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>]</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>[NO]</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>[N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>] = <em>K</em><sub><em>c</em></sub>[NO]<sup>2</sup></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>from step 2, rate <strong>«</strong>= <em>k</em><sub>1</sub>[N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>][O<sub>2</sub>] = <em>k</em><sub>2</sub><em>K</em>[NO]<sup>2</sup>[O<sub>2</sub>]<strong>»</strong></p>
<p>rate = <em>k</em>[NO]<sup>2</sup>[O<sub>2</sub>]</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><em>ALTERNATIVE 2:</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>from step 2<strong>» </strong>rate = <em>k</em><sub>2</sub>[N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>][O<sub>2</sub>]</p>
<p><strong>«</strong>from step 1, rate<sub>(1)</sub> = k<sub>1</sub>[NO]<sup>2</sup> = <em>k<sub>–</sub></em><sub>1</sub>[N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>], [N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>] = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{{k_1}}}{{{k_{ - 1}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> [NO]<sup>2</sup><strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>rate = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{{k_1}}}{{{k_{ - 1}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> <em>k</em><sub>2</sub>[NO]<sup>2</sup>[O<sub>2</sub>]<strong>»</strong></p>
<p>rate = <em>k</em>[NO]<sup>2</sup>[O<sub>2</sub>]</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct rate expression.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\ln \frac{{{k_1}}}{{{k_2}}} = \frac{{{E_a}}}{R}\left( {\frac{1}{{{T_2}}} - \frac{1}{{{T_1}}}} \right)">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo></mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>R</mi>
</mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>−</mo>
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</math></span><strong>»</strong></p>
<p>T<sub>2</sub> = <strong>«</strong>273 + 35 =<strong>» </strong>308 K <strong><em>AND </em></strong>T<sub>1</sub> = <strong>«</strong>273 + 25 =<strong>» </strong>298 K</p>
<p><em>E</em><sub>a</sub> = 52.9 <strong>«</strong>kJ mol<sup>–1</sup><strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">A student performs a titration to determine the concentration of ethanoic acid, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mi>COOH</mi></math></span><span class="fontstyle0">, in vinegar using potassium hydroxide.</span> </p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The pH curve for the reaction is given.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="446" height="312"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Write a balanced equation for the reaction.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Identify the </span><span class="fontstyle2"><strong>major</strong> </span><span class="fontstyle0">species, other than water and potassium ions, at these points.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="651" height="162"></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State a suitable indicator for this titration. Use section 22 of the data booklet</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Suggest, giving a reason, which point on the curve is considered a buffer region.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>K</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi></msub></math> <span class="fontstyle0">expression for ethanoic acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>K</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi></msub></math> <span class="fontstyle0">of the conjugate base of ethanoic acid using sections 2 and 21 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">In a titration, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>25</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>cm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></math></span><span class="fontstyle0"> </span><span class="fontstyle0">of vinegar required <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>20</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>75</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>cm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></math> </span><span class="fontstyle0">of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></math></span><span class="fontstyle0"> </span><span class="fontstyle0">potassium hydroxide to reach the end-point.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the concentration of ethanoic acid in the vinegar.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Potassium hydroxide solutions can react with carbon dioxide from the air. The solution was made one day prior to using it in the titration.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"> State the type of error that would result from the student’s approach.<br> </span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Potassium hydroxide solutions can react with carbon dioxide from the air. The solution was made one day prior to using it in the titration.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Predict, giving a reason, the effect of this error on the calculated concentration of ethanoic acid in 5(e).</span></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mi>COOH</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>KOH</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mi>COOK</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>)</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept the ionic equation.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>B: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mi>COOH</mi><mo> </mo></math> <em><strong>AND</strong> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msup><mi>COO</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></math></em> ✔</p>
<p>C: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msup><mi>COO</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></math> ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept names.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">3</mn></msub><mi>C</mi><mi>O</mi><mi>O</mi><mi>K</mi></math> for <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">3</mn></msub><mi>C</mi><mi>O</mi><msup><mi>O</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">−</mo></msup></math></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>phenolphthalein ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept “phenol red” or “bromothymol </em><em>blue”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>B <em><strong>AND</strong></em> the region where small additions «of the base/<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>KOH</mi></math> » result in little or no<br>change in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>pH</mi></math><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>B <em><strong>AND</strong></em> the flattest region of the curve «at intermediate <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>pH</mi></math>/before equivalence<br>point »<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>B <em><strong>AND</strong></em> half the volume needed to reach equivalence point<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>B <em><strong>AND</strong></em> similar amounts of weak acid/<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mi>COOH</mi></math>/ethanoic acid <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>conjugate base/<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msup><mi>COO</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></math>/ethanoate ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>K</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mrow><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msup><mi>COO</mi><mo>-</mo></msup></mrow></mfenced><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></mrow></mfenced></mrow><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mrow><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mi>COOH</mi></mrow></mfenced></mfrac></math></p>
<p>Accept <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi>H</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></math> instead of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>H</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msup><mi>O</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></math>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><msub><mi>K</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>76</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup><mo>»</mo></math><br><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><msub><mi>K</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">w</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>K</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi></msub><mo>·</mo><msub><mi>K</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>14</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup><mo>×</mo><msub><mi>K</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi></msub><mo>»</mo></math><br><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>«</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>8</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>10</mn></mrow></msup></math> ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept answers between <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn mathvariant="italic">5</mn><mo mathvariant="italic">.</mo><mn mathvariant="italic">7</mn><mo mathvariant="italic">−</mo><mn mathvariant="italic">5</mn><mo mathvariant="italic">.</mo><mn mathvariant="italic">9</mn><mo mathvariant="italic">×</mo><msup><mn mathvariant="italic">10</mn><mrow><mo mathvariant="italic">−</mo><mn mathvariant="italic">10</mn></mrow></msup></math></em>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>«</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>KOH</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>02075</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0208</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>«</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>KOH</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mi>COOH</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>»</mo></math><br><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>«</mo><mo>[</mo><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mi>COOH</mi><mo>]</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0208</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>02500</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>830</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>systematic «error» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mrow><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mi>COOH</mi></mrow></mfenced></math> would be higher ✔</p>
<p>actual <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mi>KOH</mi></mfenced></math> is lower «than the value in calculation»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>larger volume of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>KOH</mi></math> «solution» needed to neutralize the acid ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>K</mi><mi>O</mi><mi>H</mi></math> partially neutralised by <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math> from air.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates could write a balanced neutralization equation.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Identifying species present at various points along a pH titration curve was one of the most poorly answered questions in the exam. Very few candidates realized there were two major species at point B even when they were able in general to realize that B was a buffer zone.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Almost all candidates could identify a suitable indicator to use in a titration of a weak acid with a strong base.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most students could identify a buffer zone region in a titration but very few (50%) could coherently explain why.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Poorly answered with only 50% correctly writing a K<sub>a</sub> expression. The major error was in candidates trying to calculate a K<sub>a</sub> rather than write an expression for it.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Like with other calculations in this exam, the majority of candidates could correctly determine a concentration from titration data.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>80% of candidates could identify the method used as a systematic error, with some stating human or random error.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates identified that the systematic error would result in the concentration of the alkali being lowered but then failed to propagate this through to the effect on the concentration of the acid.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Many reactions are in a state of equilibrium.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The following reaction was allowed to reach equilibrium at 761 K.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">H<sub>2</sub> (g) + I<sub>2</sub> (g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌<!-- ⇌ --></mo>
</math></span> 2HI (g) Δ<em>H</em><sup>θ</sup> < 0</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The pH of 0.010 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> carbonic acid, H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (aq), is 4.17 at 25 °C.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌<!-- ⇌ --></mo>
</math></span> HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> (aq) + H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> (aq).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equilibrium constant expression,<em> K</em><sub>c</sub> , for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The following equilibrium concentrations in mol dm<sup>–3</sup> were obtained at 761 K.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant at 761 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the value of Δ<em>G</em><sup>θ</sup>, in kJ, for the above reaction at 761 K using section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate [H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>] in the solution and the dissociation constant, <em>K</em><sub>a</sub> , of the acid at 25 °C.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate <em>K</em><sub>b</sub> for HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> acting as a base.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>K</em><sub>c</sub> = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{{{{\text{[HI]}}}^{\text{2}}}}}{{{\text{[}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{][}}{{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{]}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>[HI]</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>[</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>][</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>I</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>]</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>45.6</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Δ<em>G</em><sup>θ</sup> = «– <em>RT</em> ln <em>K</em> = – (0.00831 kJ K<sup>−1</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup> x 761 K x ln 45.6) =» – 24.2 «kJ»</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>[H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>] = 6.76 x 10<sup>–5</sup> «mol dm<sup>–3</sup>»</p>
<p><em>K</em><sub>a</sub> = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{{{\left( {6.76 \times {{10}^{ - 5}}} \right)}^2}}}{{\left( {0.010 - 6.76 \times {{10}^{ - 5}}} \right)}}/\frac{{{{\left( {6.76 \times {{10}^{ - 5}}} \right)}^2}}}{{0.010}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>6.76</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>0.010</mn>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>6.76</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>6.76</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>0.010</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p>4.6 x 10<sup>–7</sup></p>
<p><em>Accept 4.57 x 10<sup>–7</sup></em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[3]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{1.00 \times {{10}^{ - 14}}}}{{4.6 \times {{10}^{ - 7}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1.00</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>14</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>4.6</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>7</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> =» 2.17 x 10<sup>–8</sup></p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>«<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{1.00 \times {{10}^{ - 14}}}}{{4.57 \times {{10}^{ - 7}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1.00</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>14</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>4.57</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>7</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> =» 2.19 x 10<sup>–8</sup></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>This reaction is used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2SO<sub>2</sub> (g) + O<sub>2</sub> (g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌<!-- ⇌ --></mo>
</math></span> 2SO<sub>3</sub> (g) <em>K</em><sub>c</sub> = 280 at 1000 K</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State why this equilibrium reaction is considered homogeneous.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, giving your reason, the sign of the standard entropy change of the forward reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change, Δ<em>G</em><sup>Θ</sup>, in kJ, for this reaction at 1000 K. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, giving your reasons, whether the forward reaction is endothermic or exothermic. Use your answers to (b) and (c).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>0.200 mol sulfur dioxide, 0.300 mol oxygen and 0.500 mol sulfur trioxide were mixed in a 1.00 dm<sup>3</sup> flask at 1000 K.</p>
<p>Predict the direction of the reaction showing your working.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>all «species» are in same phase ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “all species are in same state”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “all species are gases”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>negative <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>fewer moles/molecules «of gas» in the products ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Δ<em>G</em><sup>Θ</sup> =«–RT ln <em>K</em><sub>c</sub> =» –8.31 J K<sup>–1</sup> mol<sup>–1</sup> × 1000 K × ln 280</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>Δ<em>G</em><sup>Θ</sup> = – 4.7 × 10<sup>4</sup> «J» ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p>«Δ<em>G</em><sup>Θ</sup> =» – 47 «kJ» ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Δ<em>G</em><sup>Θ</sup> < 0/spontaneous <em><strong>AND</strong></em> Δ<em>S</em><sup>Θ</sup> < 0/unfavourable ✔</p>
<p>exothermic <em><strong>AND </strong></em>Δ<em>H</em><sup>Θ </sup> «must be» negative/favourable ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«reaction quotient/<em>Q</em> =» <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{{{\left[ {{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_3}} \right]}^2}}}{{{{\left[ {{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_2}} \right]}^2}\left[ {{{\text{O}}_2}} \right]}}{\text{/}}\frac{{{{0.500}^2}}}{{{{0.200}^2} \times 0.300}}{\text{/}}20.8">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>S</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>O</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>S</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>O</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>O</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mrow>
<mtext>/</mtext>
</mrow>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>0.500</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>0.200</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>0.300</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mrow>
<mtext>/</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>20.8</mn>
</math></span> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p>reaction quotient/<em>Q</em>/20.8/answer < <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>/280</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>mixture needs more product for the number to equal Kc ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p>reaction proceeds to the right/products ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> award M3 without valid reasoning.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Hydrogen peroxide can react with methane and oxygen to form methanol. This reaction can occur below 50°C if a gold nanoparticle catalyst is used.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Now consider the second stage of the reaction.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">CO (g) + 2H<sub>2</sub> (g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> CH<sub>3</sub>OH (l) Δ<em>H</em><sup>⦵</sup> = –129 kJ</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Hydrogen peroxide can react with methane and oxygen to form methanol. This reaction can occur below 50°C if a gold nanoparticle catalyst is used.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Methanol is usually manufactured from methane in a two-stage process.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">CH<sub>4 </sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> CO (g) + 3H<sub>2 </sub>(g)<br>CO (g) + 2H<sub>2 </sub>(g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> CH<sub>3</sub>OH (l)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Consider the first stage of the reaction.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">CH<sub>4 </sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> CO (g) + 3H<sub>2 </sub>(g)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The diagram shows the Maxwell-Boltzmann curve for the uncatalyzed reaction.</p>
<p>Draw a distribution curve at a lower temperature (T<sub>2</sub>) <strong>and</strong> show on the diagram how the addition of a catalyst enables the reaction to take place more rapidly than at T<sub>1</sub>.</p>
<p><img style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="486" height="385"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The hydrogen peroxide could cause further oxidation of the methanol. Suggest a possible oxidation product.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the overall equation for the production of methanol.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>8.00 g of methane is completely converted to methanol. Calculate, to three significant figures, the final volume of hydrogen at STP, in dm<sup>3</sup>. Use sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the enthalpy change, Δ<em>H</em>, in kJ. Use section 11 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>Bond enthalpy of CO = 1077 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State <strong>one</strong> reason why you would expect the value of Δ<em>H</em> calculated from the <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>∆</mo><msubsup><mi>H</mi><mi>f</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">⦵</mi></msubsup></math> values, given in section 12 of data booklet, to differ from your answer to (d)(i).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the expression for <em>K</em><sub>c</sub> for this stage of the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State and explain the effect of increasing temperature on the value of <em>K<sub>c</sub></em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The equilibrium constant, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, has a value of 1.01 at 298 K.</p>
<p>Calculate Δ<em>G</em><sup>⦵</sup>, in kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>, for this reaction. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate a value for the entropy change, Δ<em>S</em><sup>⦵</sup>, in J K<sup>–1</sup> mol<sup>–1</sup> at 298 K. Use your answers to (e)(i) and section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>If you did not get answers to (e)(i) use –1 kJ, but this is not the correct answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Justify the sign of Δ<em>S</em> with reference to the equation.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, giving a reason, how a change in temperature from 298 K to 273 K would affect the spontaneity of the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iv).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="430" height="342"></p>
<p>curve higher <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>to left of T<sub>1</sub> ✔</p>
<p>new/catalysed <em>E</em><sub>a</sub> marked <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>to the left of E<sub>a</sub> of curve T<sub>1</sub> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Do <strong>not</strong> penalize curve missing a label, not passing exactly through the origin, or crossing x-axis after E<sub>a</sub>.</em><br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> award M1 if curve drawn shows significantly more/less molecules/greater/smaller area under curve than curve 1.</em><br><em>Accept E<sub>a</sub> drawn to T<sub>1</sub> instead of curve drawn as long as to left of marked E<sub>a</sub>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>methanoic acid/HCOOH/CHOOH<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>methanal/HCHO ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept “carbon dioxide/CO<sub>2</sub>”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>CH<sub>4</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> CH<sub>3</sub>OH(l) + H<sub>2</sub>(g) ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept arrow instead of equilibrium sign.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>amount of methane = « <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mfrac><mrow><mn>8</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>16</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>05</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac></math> = » 0.498 «mol» ✔</p>
<p>amount of hydrogen = amount of methane / 0.498 «mol» ✔</p>
<p>volume of hydrogen = «0.498 mol × 22.7 dm<sup>3 </sup>mol<sup>−1</sup> = » 11.3 «dm<sup>3</sup>» ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[3]</strong> for final correct answer.</em><br><em>Award <strong>[2 max]</strong> for 11.4 «dm<sup>3</sup> due to rounding of mass to 16/moles to 0.5. »</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Σbonds broken = 4 × 414 «kJ» + 2 × 463 «kJ» / 2582 «kJ» ✔</p>
<p>Σbonds formed = 1077 «kJ» + 3 × 436 «kJ» / 2385 «kJ» ✔</p>
<p>Δ<em>H</em> «= Σbonds broken − Σbonds formed =( 2582 kJ − 2385 kJ)» = «+»197«kJ» ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[3]</strong> for final correct answer.</em><br><em>Award <strong>[2 Max]</strong> for final answer of −197 «kJ»</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>bond energies are average values «not specific to the compound» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>K</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">c</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mi>CO</mi></mfenced><msup><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mfenced><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow><mrow><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>4</mn></msub></mfenced><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi></mrow></mfenced></mrow></mfrac></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>K<sub>c</sub></em> increases <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>«forward» reaction endothermic ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«Δ<em>G</em><sup>⦵</sup> = − <em>RT lnK<sub>c</sub></em>»<br>Δ<em>G</em><sup>⦵</sup> = − 8.31 «J K<sup>−1</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup>» × 298 «K» × ln (1.01) / −24.6 «J mol<sup>−1</sup>» ✔</p>
<p>= −0.0246 «kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>» ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for +0.0246 «kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>».</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«Δ<em>G</em><sup>⦵</sup> = Δ<em>H</em><sup>⦵ </sup>− <em>TΔS</em><sup>⦵</sup>»</p>
<p>Δ<em>G</em><sup>⦵</sup> = −129 «kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>» − (298 «K» × Δ<em>S</em>) = −0.0246 «kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>» ✔</p>
<p>Δ<em>S</em><sup>⦵</sup> = « <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mfenced><mrow><mn>129</mn><mo> </mo><mi>kJ</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>+</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0246</mn><mo> </mo><mi>kJ</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfenced><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>298</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi></mrow></mfrac></math> = » −433 «J K<sup>–1</sup> mol<sup>–1</sup>» ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award<strong> [1 max]</strong> for “−0.433 «kJ K<sup>–1 </sup>mol<sup>–1</sup>»”.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for “433” or “+433” «J K<sup>–1</sup> mol<sup>–1</sup>».</em></p>
<p><em>Award<strong> [2]</strong> for −430 «J K<sup>–1</sup> mol<sup>–1</sup>» (result from given values).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«negative as» product is liquid and reactants gases<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>fewer moles of gas in product ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>reaction «more» spontaneous/Δ<em>G</em> negative/less positive <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>effect of negative entropy decreases/TΔ<em>S</em> increases/is less negative/more positive<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>reaction «more» spontaneous/Δ<em>G</em> negative/less positive <em><strong>AND</strong></em> reaction exothermic «so <em>K</em><sub>c</sub> increases » ✔</p>
<p><em>Award mark if correct calculation shown.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iv).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e(iv).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Compound </span><strong><span class="fontstyle2">A </span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">is in equilibrium with compound </span><span class="fontstyle2"><strong>B</strong>.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle2"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="247" height="82"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Predict the electron domain and molecular geometries around the </span><span class="fontstyle2"><strong>oxygen</strong> </span><span class="fontstyle0">atom of molecule </span><strong><span class="fontstyle2">A </span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">using VSEPR</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><img 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" width="734" height="185"></span></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the type of hybridization shown by the central carbon atom in molecule </span><span class="fontstyle2"><strong>B</strong>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the number of sigma (</span><span class="fontstyle2"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi mathvariant="normal">σ</mi></math></span><span class="fontstyle0">) and pi (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi mathvariant="normal">π</mi></math></span><span class="fontstyle0">) bonds around the central carbon atom in molecule </span><strong><span class="fontstyle3">B</span></strong>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The IR spectrum of one of the compounds is shown:</span></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="687" height="247"></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><span class="fontstyle0">COBLENTZ SOCIETY. Collection © 2018 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.</span></em></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce, giving a reason, the compound producing this spectrum.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Compound </span><strong><span class="fontstyle2">A </span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">and </span><strong><span class="fontstyle2">B </span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">are isomers. Draw two other structural isomers with the formula <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>6</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi></math></span><span class="fontstyle0">.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The equilibrium constant, </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>K</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi></msub></math><span class="fontstyle0">, for the conversion of </span><strong><span class="fontstyle3">A </span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">to </span><strong><span class="fontstyle3">B </span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">is </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>8</mn></msup></math> <span class="fontstyle0">in water at <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>298</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi></math>.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce, giving a reason, which compound, </span><strong><span class="fontstyle3">A </span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">or </span><strong><span class="fontstyle3">B</span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">, is present in greater concentration when equilibrium is reached.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change, </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>∆</mo><msup><mi>G</mi><mo>⦵</mo></msup></math><span class="fontstyle0">, </span><span class="fontstyle5"><strong>in</strong> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi mathvariant="bold">kJ</mi><mo mathvariant="bold"> </mo><msup><mi mathvariant="bold">mol</mi><mrow><mo mathvariant="bold">–</mo><mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn></mrow></msup></math></span><span class="fontstyle0">, for the reaction (</span><strong><span class="fontstyle5">A </span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">to </span><strong><span class="fontstyle5">B</span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">) at <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>298</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi></math>. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Propanone can be synthesized in two steps from propene. Suggest the synthetic route including all the necessary reactants and steps.<br> </span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Propanone can be synthesized in two steps from propene.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Suggest why propanal is a minor product obtained from the synthetic route in (g)(i).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Electron domain geometry: </em>tetrahedral<em> ✔</em></p>
<p><em>Molecular geometry: </em>bent/V-shaped<em> ✔</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msup><mi>sp</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi mathvariant="normal">σ</mi></math>-bonds: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>3</mn></math><br><em><strong>AND</strong></em><br><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi mathvariant="normal">π</mi></math>-bonds: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>1</mn></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>B <em><strong>AND</strong> </em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi></math> absorption/<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>1750</mn><mo>«</mo><msup><mi>cm</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>»</mo></math> <br><em><strong>OR</strong></em> <br>B <em><strong>AND</strong></em> absence of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo>–</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mo> </mo><mo>/</mo><mn>3200</mn><mo>−</mo><mn>3600</mn><mo>«</mo><msup><mi>cm</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mi>absorption</mi><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo></math>✔</p>
<p><em>Accept any value between <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn mathvariant="italic">1700</mn><mo mathvariant="italic">−</mo><mn mathvariant="italic">1750</mn><mo mathvariant="italic"> </mo><mi>c</mi><msup><mi>m</mi><mrow><mo mathvariant="italic">−</mo><mn mathvariant="italic">1</mn></mrow></msup></math></em>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Accept any two <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>C</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>H</mi><mn>6</mn></msub><mi>O</mi></math> isomers except for propanone and propen-2-ol:</em></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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">✔✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Penalize missing hydrogens in displayed structural formulas once only.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi></math> <em><strong>AND</strong> </em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>K</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi></msub></math> is greater than <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>1</mn></math>/large ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msup><mi>G</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Θ</mi></msup><mo>=</mo><mo>−</mo><mi>R</mi><mi>T</mi><mi>ln</mi><mi>K</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00831</mn><mo> </mo><mi>kJ</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mn>298</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi><mo>)</mo><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo> </mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>8</mn></msup><mo>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo></math><br><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>−</mo><mn>46</mn><mo>«</mo><mi>kJ</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAmwAAABiCAYAAADtAI98AAAeU0lEQVR4Ae2dMa4sNRaGyUlYBGIHhEikBAhNwA4I2AAkxEhEJGQQzQJYADk5EhnxxJOS3tF3me+9036u6uru6m5X1W+pn10u+/j49/Hxb1fVfe+9JASBIBAEgkAQCAJBIAgMjcB7Q2sX5YJAEDgMAv/9739f/v7773f6O5X/TsFkBIEgEAR2jEAI244HN10LAltBAFL28ccfv3z11VcnpG0qfyv9ip5BIAgEgbUQCGFbC8nICQJB4GoE/vjjj5f33nvvlbRB0gxT+d5PHASCQBA4CgIhbEcZ6fQzCAyOwO+///4CQWvDVH5bLtdBIAgEgSUI/Oc//3n57bffXn799deXv/76a0mVIcqEsA0xDFEiCASBIBAEgkAQWAMByFjvfViIGq9dcJpff1988cUL99qADGSNEkLYRhmJ6BEEgkAQCAKHRIBTHghEwu0IcCIPllPvw3Lvp59+ej1Zoyxp8iBtLcn75ptvXu/9+9//vl2xFSTEQlYAMSKCQBAIAkEgCFyLQAjbtci9W0/CBtmq4fvvv38lX9xvA49GJXn1nmRulFO2ELY6OkkHgSDwVARYuHCSOFt+7GzrRwgqh9PFyfYCMrjXq9crv7c8Hu2AXW9hIo97LF5Lg2PCCYQnEVPYL5VpOU40GG++EEa2i2bvXUbrPDvWLqf0EOPeI7Z2bLRViQG4Htl2pzC9NB/7qadlpLWtKVk+Km3HrTePpmTcOz+E7d4IR34QCAKvCOA0cYpTDtBFS1LgAk7cOlEWTfJ7gQWPeyyGRwz0m/63pArcyYcctXhO4WQd6jF24s4143VLQAeJGmQQEikpRP6opA3dwGEqzNlfOzbgiyzJAml+S8dnSofknyLQ4n56958rx22U07Sejn2P1yuZvCAQBILADQhwWsZixyJdd7+I1FmycHkyRhkJA3XMpzyLGrJ6QVkhbG9PICuOS8mAixwkqmLPuEiskHttcAwZrxokcpcQy1r/3uk1CZu6irXXiddFQHxbW6utsEFgbOfK1PLPSPc93jM0SZtBIAjsGgEWfRbhdgcLAcBRQgJaIgcgkg0WeIOLvdc1DmE7PWFzIbqUAHnq0yO+jomLG2VIQ7Y4KWOMe2PpOFGOMZ96NKv8OubWXRqrEzLYLLTkEn0pQz5lODHsneqRxz1+lA9hWzoCzyvX2p7jpr32NJsq08rq1X1UXgjbo5AevB2MEoOtO+mqMveW7sxrPepQ99r6VVbS20egZ18SijlnKnmwfgjbtC0w1zwpYP5B1C4la0hHBrgvCYwd5WmHmN/cQmf5HkGyPWV5fUks4UMPTwNJVxvj2jZI+6s6QTzNr2XniKR9YxzaUMem3tP/1rykr0NAm68EXdznvvZ0rGs90oz7NWvfddrP1wphm8fnMHc16OrQaudxWnNOqpYljYG7qOrwlDHnyFs5ud4/AnMLnL3nJAb7cRHUtojbnwu0ZZVxlNi5DGaSjKmTrClMlAG2S4JjCMFj7p/D3vGUgPfacIzPyerVxQbou76GdvQ/ltcvuUCjdy1jHfpEGlnqPYeLWCi/F1Mm4T4IcBIK5nX8aYnrqVN87mtv1SavnT/36dnLSwjbvZDdmFwd9JQjqY7sXNcw+Gro7FjZvTghcIA60nOycn//CLjAzS3MbRltqbcYmjcnb8+oOpddtJhvpCUmvb7XRYr7ypjyB60Mx2eqjVa+49fKqdfKvGYcqVNPymhfHGwDTNCjBhZ086hPmSoHv9WrV2WoN+0hq/7UYSmuVW7SyxBgjMC5tRtsk7GD0LXB07X2HiQeWaOsVyFs7cgd9Pqcgz7npCps7kKZBG1w99NOjLZcrveJAItf6/xc4FoHWxFoy7AIYpO90JbtldlznnMZfMDbkyM2US1xckGiLPd9ZEQ58paezE1hjjw3byx8tEfQD3jdGw/9CLooH53qb8pmsDHqYCe2bz3b4pr7NUiuyLPN1l4rqat1TVuvp5tjQ5mExyOg3TGGjAE/fQn2OXroe7zRtY5+qyNwzpH0nFtPCZwbZeeMn8lCmXbx6MlL3n4QcIfb7ljN7xF8e18Xb/J0st6v8dyCWcvtNe1clnzRTzFpCQq48mMuesrgvIToMFenAnPYNpRfSQpyKINc0rRNWwTbmhtz2udHoD6y/WFDrR29Fvz/P9zTD6EjxNU8y3G/xYNr8+xTS9iQYxll1dh6FQvvk0e7lEl4DgLYA2PgDxsnrx3n52g332oI2zw+h7mrI2EHolOscc+59cBRzpxDcsJMPT7pyU3e9hGQmLULLY5SctBzmp4QUc/AgolN9sLcgtkrv7e8qTkoYakkCRwpbwBT567zlLgNEi5PynuYM94SNOpbh/S5Mbdsr237N3U65/22LjZWbabn08BDMgbJowyxAb179bxP3MPC++omxuYnfjwCjIWbk8e3fl2LfY93nazU2jACOhKc0dRPRzbXTR3tHBmzTJzWHJL7vMfY90jZFJljUfakpS7Q2CJ22gtzC2av/N7ynMvt/JL4gmdvoZKgiDPjJMlDFvn8JHLgr5wlmDNmlXSrJ3mkCbSpLPJ7tsKJiESxN3b2s5JFH4VVmyHd+jSuzaNvYKV+XCOzV6/qof72qd6zz5RJCAKXItD3eJdKSfnNI6AjwVnhTNpfz0nhGClHbOCasnOEzbYomxAEREDb0dZYKEnzaxc/7JT8XlBOW6dXdo95c/NLbMC2BuYw5KSSHO6b7zgYU7bOceVOYS5hau9L1JVrPEXWLC9RrH2oaW0HPZEp8SJtXdKSM+tyXfMksVUvCGMtY13jOSzmxsb6ie+LgGNZW+nl1fujpPsebxTtosfDEDjnSFrnpgPGcXFPR39ODh3SoVWH/7COpqGhEcAmsCXsipgTubohUHlOeaYWTWRwr1fP+nuOISTMsZYc0WdPsLgvcZGUTZEkyjEO1OFH2rriSFtVpvnE+oqp+a6+yp4bN2yiJZu1rZqGbKkzbSC36ki61YnrNs/+m98rU9udw8K+9samykj6PghIzIhrML/mjZg+1XpEDaPTQxDAgWC0OLFe4J4LJE6/7rDdheKMuEfZuZeV3f1SPiEIBIHnIXCOrN2q2Tmydql8/M6Uj7pUVsofDwGJGXEN5te8EdOnWo+oYXR6CAKXErb6LhJOH4N31+g7Lu1Lv3SEepTFkScEgSDwXATYWPFj7vpbayPlRo65rmx9xDW9bv3MNTJS59gISMyIazC/5o2YPtV6RA2j00MQwJFitFO7V+55wtYqxGOK9kSNPOv4CMG8qUcvrdxcHxeBrTjQLY+Qc16sjad8wKV9xV8os8aXyrG8+q5FKJWb+DgITNmh+aMjEcI2+gg9SD+d4ZSzxqB7hM1HHuyma+DRaOuweZxBee4lBIE5BLbiQOf6kHtBIAiMhYB+hbgG82veiOlTrUfUMDoNi4BkzZdxe4qyG4YM8jgjIQgsRWArDnRpf1IuCDwKATbE2RT30davhLD18UnuThHg/TROzNqTtZ12N916MAI61gc3m+aCwC4Q4LWTL7/88vUVl2yW3w6pfiWE7S0md0v9/PPPL59//vnric3dGongswj48i+PPHmE6i/vlpyFLgUWIqBjXVg8xYJAECgI4Is//PDDN+8QfvTRRy8//PDD658sObKf1q+EsBVjWTvJIzX/FISA8wJ7jn3XRnqZPB6BQtbaX3Zyy/BLqfMIOM/Pl0yJIBAEegjwRf4HH3zwhrQxp7z+17/+9fo/VrC2HinoV4hrML/mjZg+1XowDSFkvicFoJC0P//88w1545EcRpkQBILAvhDYigPdF+rpzd4Q+OSTT04Im/Oqxpy+fffdd4c4fav9rmNtfs0bMT0sYeMUB0IGkP6doAogj+G8z+lbTncqOkkHgW0jsBUH+miUxSXx9P95HGyuw6Y9fdvjmlpto85d82veiOnhCBvP1+ufg4CYTT36bMvyIvxU2RHBj05BIAj0EdiKA+1rf79ccUl8HSkJbvO4cdr27bffdv/7sftZ9eMk1/GvrZpf80ZMD0XYIGcCB2lbyvD5UtHTNk7j8uXiiKa2f52yWVhvjPUD60mMpCBwLATwR/XDA+dUG/s16RHeZ6t9r9Zgfs0bMT0EYcNQIFqANvdeGgY49YUL9/wvkZDD+25TZUcciOi0fQTYcHz22Wcvv/zySzYNNw7nVhzojd1M9SBwNwTwQ++///6bQxAfefJemz7qaJtM/QpxDebXvBHTp1o/WEOMpX5UMPdX8Osp2pya9YvSOfI3JyP3gsC1CHz99ddvHCROwMcLS0+Lr213b/W24kD3hnv6sw8EWC+dQz7m5L3wox9iiAlxDebXvBHTp1o/UEO+7qyPMaeOY3vvqS1Rs8rno4Qp+UtkpUwQWIoA9urkN6472x9//PH19O1oO9ul+FlO7LxOHASCwDIE8EE8YeLEPxvFU8z0K8Q1mF/zRkyfav0ADTGg9qOCqWYxOEndJe+0KU/DdTDyUYLIJL4nAvyBSm1uLuY0jo1FnOq7oyFu795JThAIAkHgOgT0K8Q1mF/zRkyfan1HDTlRgIAJDAQMQtULS99p69Xt5XE8XN+R2/tHCWKceP6LqBHw6Z2+9Wz4aHmOzdH6nf4GgSBwPwT0K8Q1mF/zRkyfan0nDVsCNvWfhbfvtK35vxkgu36UMEcY7wTDw8RqfInHJ2yO0VH/8vjUpBCXqfvJDwJBIAhcioB+hbgG82veiOlTrVfWEJIE6RKMuY8Kzv2h3LVU4/GT/80Vj1s59UsIAmsiMPdI1K+2+FLL/9uPeZJwioA+4zQ3V0EgCASB6xHQrxDXYH7NGzF9qvWKGtaX/nv/U4FN8Vi0faftEQtY1S8fJTgaiW9FgNNkJ38b54vR5eiK3fIaKRkEgkAQmEdAv0Jcg/k1b8T0qdYraFg/Kjh3gtW+0/bol6/zUcIKAx4RbxBgo/Hpp5++IWw85sTG84XyG4gWJ7biQBd3KAWDQBB4OgL6lcMTNharpe+Ite+0cdr1zNDqM/WO3TN1TNvjI8Ajf3581PKIU+LxEbleQx3r9RJSMwgEgSBwioB+5dCEbelXmCxiLGiCNvdO2ynM979Ct/bEb+or1vtrkxaCwLER0EccG4X0PggEgTUR0K8ckrBd8kixvjM2907bmoNzjaz6SJdBzUcJ16CYOkHgNgR0rLdJSe0gEASCwFsE9CuHI2yVgM29tL9VAlT7NzLBfGuKSQWB/SCgY91Pj9KTIBAEno2AfuUwhA0CtuTPYuzhESN9WPpnSZ5tiGk/COwJAR3rnvqUvgSBIPBcBPQruydskJf6UQFEZuodr729xL+3/jx3yqT1IHAeAR3r+ZIpsRQB/DW+DF+eEASOiIB+ZdeErX5UwOPBqf/aae8nUvko4YhTPH1+BgI61me0vbc28Vv+n8ziOvV/M3u/jSmf93n3ZhnH60+169p782veiOnZv8PGjqz+Udu5/zy9vvM1907biCBcolOLCU4sO9ZLEEzZIHAega040PM9eW6J+lW+mBpD4upTEl538d5UjJ9PCAJbRaDade2D+TVvxPQkYau7MggYk7kX6kcF5/5Qbq/+VvPa/0prCp+t9i96B4FnIrAVB/pMjM61XV9hYePNkxH8Vt2EQ+gM3BN3iBmPT/mRNp9XYRKCwFYR0I6JazC/5o2YPtX6/xpyYkQHIGBTOyrKtA6h7tZG7OzaOoGBO1icYMIxEGAzk/G+71hvxYHeF4XrpeOLxZANdxvqI1LvVX9unrEfmsXuRSTxFhFwThDXYH7NGzF9qnXRkJ3VFAGr77Qx8afeaSvidp3kdG0Kq113/KCdC2G7/8BvxYHeH4nrWsBGxRBf3gY3mnXh8uStJXj15C2ErUUy11tCwDlR7R79zR+9L5OErac4pKT+mYu5d9p69ZO3bQR8/I0D7wWcOTaxNED0sSc+ZGGRYBHpLS7Iw/a4T1kmFzHX1xBlFyDkou/UIkQ57vm4m2vJGu2T5pewPgJbcaDr93wdidgtGLbkS+m90zRP3Yipz8/55ngcfXMufom3iYB2TFyD+TVvxPSp1jMa8mjUCY0TmFpYZ0Tk1sYRYMwx7CmSwj2c/JIgaaIOi0JdGLhXA4RJ26McbXhNfClpg+ipJzE69AL95J62LrlDB9qlrnJ69ZN3PQLgPjUu10s9Tk18NPhh672g3Ysxc0jMezE2387LntzkBYGREai2XfU0v+aNmO6vVEVTJrKTn0VqarEuVZLcKQJrEjZJTyVbyueegfcEuWZCte9T+jI09km5pQF52rELV69uS9gsQ36ImmjcJ96KA71P72+XKn49wsZc8b52zMmZecwryJnzjviS+XW79pEQBO6DgDZOXIP5NW/E9KnWHQ1dtOb+UG6nWrI2igAECuLke3mm6Y6ESrLTdhGjdwFo79Vrd/O9L8585C6R8yRuqk0f7RAvCbZNXwhrETbwQibyTWeRWzIi/TJbcaB97Z+fq12zyW6DcwyMPTXTz5On3TrfyZuaf63sXAeBkRHQrxCzMZHXmD+y7uh2lrBRyMVz9M5Ev9sR8DQVR27a91Z04FPOG6NfQtjQkoWE8i4YU5q7uECCesHTAk4BlgRP5SzrwuZ1jV3EJHfek5R5TSyxRF5N1zJJL0dgKw50eY8eW9KNDDj6rid2W/PrnHEe1Dw0dv4xXyVyj+1JWgsC6yGgX5mK12vpPpIWEbb7NB2poyEgmYGoSVYqAZOw4dTJb39Mglp+rn+SGicO9Wi/3RyQT5m5IPmbK+M9FqCqo/KJ2x/9pO2WsCmrjS1PP2q6LZfr8whoF+dLpkQPAciV80Isa8y9ugmyLPOjhjpPSScEga0i4ObeeYCt46u1ffKX+vpnYTC/Ej5Lq7T7cAQgShquxK014DUJGx1EHrt/26U90nVhkFDNAbKkjPWRX08IrduSNa4lXUsnse8B2Yb9ycmE6C+PwY5fwvUIQMjq3BJTNmSVrDH3vVfnhi0rg3oJQWCLCOCbtWNt3X60RI41aVSfHY/oqB089lEJJAWDxahJ1yBh6zl1ylEHomNgkkh6cPZzxIcFRB2Q44IioVJmL0Y2ddqgPPORWWWTPyefflJ+Tm9lG9tf2tZBTOFlncSnCEh8wZ50wvUIsPCwAcIG2Yg5r6pEymDj/HoLFXW8X+slHQRGR4DNiD4ef4Jf7tk4/cDG9d/47npwMEo/313lRtEsejwUgfaETbKBERtIY/RTBIR7EjYmBTKYIDh8jp8lgEwEytFmGzzdIyZIHqsetQ7t0G67+1dX7hmQiU41OJlrnulLCZtt0ob9IN3rp20kfosAOGEnjFn9TdnK25pJBYEgEAROEcB/439dH3qbldMa/1zp96mH71larydr7by3q9nakiNvcwhIMiBWGi0Ga5CQcK8XNHDuUZa67masy6LsCUpPjvckbNaretS2PUWzPPdokz44WS0PGeBXA3LRuxfEAB2WBE/60MWdWtVriYyjlgEnx8vTWByl48O9nr0cFa/0OwgEgT4C+Gt9MX7jGh/MOqXvYX3A97iW9Vt9TG5/pXpM22llQAQ0Uk7BNHqPhiVPUwtnJWxt13xESD6G7+LMZHIHA1mT6NRTKYkTZMt8ZEjWOIWrgfLobj3v9Sav/bVMja2/hLCBEf2nXdPITphHgLHXzqZIWSVz2MeS8ZhvNXeDQBDYGwJ1TcAXs17cSrLw5a5VI/ieELa9We2N/YEQsSCykNY0Yq8lbBIYCJAB+U4EJlf9Ub4NPhqt5Uiz2NdJiVzy0VXChSx1534NaxE25NIGmJmuetU2k/6HtEu4Ga9Kxnv4gCVlHH/sIfj2kEpeEDgeAvckVviZuv6sQQSvHaEQtmuRO2A9yAgkCGLSC9xryZZkrT0Fo77yIE1Mgnra1pPPCRxyKE9bLfmiDgSO++joJCONHuS3gXxk9QL1uIeeCeshUE9S2bVyvTQwJp7CQvhbe1sqJ+WCQBDYPgL4Zvy6Gzn89b02cq3vueZR662Ih7DdimDqTyIwR9YmK914w4nbxjeKTfUVEGidKyds1zhX6uCYHWMcdkj1CgMUEUFgQwi0PqC3gb9Hd2jXp0P4nke1S19C2O4xopH5uoCyoHLixc7E3zUL9LVwOqGvrZ966yFQnRw2sYaTQ0a7u15P40gKAkFgRARGOOlqN5/4t0esbSFsI1rkDnSSLHkKYsxke1RQh0e1l3beRYDxhqAx/uxK7/EYgZNcd7wjvBj8LgqPzWHhAPfeqaP3nIeUIe11T1PvX7sgUY/H3sxHxmoNst7TM3n7RgA78jUX/Mkz3yUTaey6+p5LXu9QxiVxCNslaKXsYgTqQqDDJ77W6S9uuBRUh5KV5IMQYJwv+ajgVrVaZ45jf6St3ar/mvWZZyxoEKQawEPyDD4ENzWU7xEp5hD3+CH30lDJtHKIWWwTgsBSBKodjbYpe6SvC2FbajEpFwSCwCIEHr3rrEpBKupHCfc40avtjZjuEbYeWUP3Sth6WJEn0bqUsLHIUpcTCNqhPvJa0jgihtFpDAS29NoD9q1t3+tpQgjbGHYZLYLA5hHgNKZ9p+xZp1yViDz6xeBnD2SPsPkoyZM1daw4sdi0oY7nJYSNcWfR4tee3FXy2COJrQ65Ph4C2Ei1TewQ/7KFgN7YPZsV5lRr/7f0IYTtFvRSNwgEgVcEqpMahSCNRCAfaSYtYZsia+jkoujJQF0UWTR9fEksYVM+cl2YiCv58nQN+b1AO8jkNDQhCFQEsK96So4tbS20vufaL+LbfoewtYjkOggEgcUItM61LtqLhdy54Mjvv9yj6xIqyJJkrXd6RtsSNuM6fpIuY+QSlO8JAnUlbp4m+P6idXr9dFGGGCYEAeyAdxuxK37Y7tZtg9dDtHPiWz9KCGHLPAkCQeBiBHCkkgGc6whfbM11Ymv6zvXl3D0JlSSK8SHdW/wkatShTP0YgDRET3mSL68ZfwMLEe0gj+CjVO/3Yhdn5fbKJO8YCLBR0F4hNnuyCeadGxh9ZT3JvmSEQ9guQStlg0AQeP3TDFt1riwEPv6jD/VEaS9DK6FicaCvLhaVjNnXStgk4Cww/KgPPspzEfW6nhaYdwlhsz3lqhOLmXLMS7xPBLb0UcGtI0Bfq++5xsZD2G4dhdQPAgdBoH0vA4fTO7XZAhzoLukc5Z27tXCTPLE4SL58LFNJFu2BA8SMOp6S8QjUx6CMufIkVu01csxzEZIkWqfXt6lTuKn8nozkbRMB7FLbw/4Y82tPnbaGQD1NZI7OzZG2byFsLSK5DgJB4B0EWufqu0rvFNxQRktAIRlbJaAV9pY8cc88SGrto+PqosF9Tr74sZjUupZRlte1jIRN8oecXgB7TwDrfRYz8vkl7BMBbMMNBPbWbiL22evTXmH/vhKArS/1PZkVpzjmKggEgYIAi3J1rpy87C2wYHjaRl+3voBIqCRPjpenXvXRaEvYuAcW/ChPUJ4Erb2uZWqbPv5pbQbC6L2KNYuY7YawOWr7ia8lKftB4N2eYP/Vv9b58G7p/F+iPUySFwQOjwCLat0BclJST2b2BhB9k9BAFug7C8wWg4Sqkif6QR9dHHx3ryVsPgoFA09RlXcpYavtYT+0xU8dWiLHYzFwt70tYh+d+wjc8hiwL3E/ua3vmXs8nBO2/Yx7ehIEVkGgOlcWVxfqVYQPLoS+evrDaY/EZnC1T9ST8LSEjULeo28Q0pawsXhA1hh3g3WIqwyva17bZvtSObJZkFqyxsmCOtme7SfeNgLYGePO+Lb2se2erat9nStTrxKEsK2LeaQFgc0iUB0GDvbIzpW+s8CAAwTO06bNDu6TFWfRhohBCHsBEgfexBJm0sG9h9a28hhzCPpWT6wfjTZYTdl9CNujRyPtBYHBEMChQlAgJ/xYKONcX14xqI+Fl74YPNjwbkIdFilskB+nC24YYoebGL4o+SAEQtgeBHSaCQIjIsCC6DtFnHC0j6pG1PnROrUvBodE3HcE8kj0vvhG+nYRCGHb7thF8yBwMwIQNE4z9v5Rwa1AcQrpRwlbfK/t1v4/sr6P5h/ZZtoKAltAIIRtC6MUHYNAEAgCQSAIBIFDIxDCdujhT+eDQBAIAkEgCASBLSAQwraFUYqOQSAIBIEgEASCwKERCGE79PCn80EgCASBIBAEgsAWEAhh28IoRccgEASCQBAIAkHg0AiEsB16+NP5IBAEgkAQCAJBYAsIhLBtYZSiYxAIAkEgCASBIHBoBELYDj386XwQCAJBIAgEgSCwBQRC2LYwStExCASBIBAEgkAQODQCIWyHHv50PggEgSAQBIJAENgCAiFsWxil6BgEgkAQCAJBIAgcGoEQtkMPfzofBIJAEAgCQSAIbAGBELYtjFJ0DAJBIAgEgSAQBA6NwP8A+xLeerDWJZ0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=" width="569" height="90"></p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi></math>/water «and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></math>» ✔</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mi>CH</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>OH</mi><mo>)</mo><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></math>/propan-2-ol ✔</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>Cr</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>7</mn></msub></math>/«potassium» dichromate(VI) <em><strong>AND</strong></em> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></math><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>KMnO</mi><mn>4</mn></msub></math>/«acidified potassium» manganate(VII) ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>H</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">3</mn></msub><msup><mi>O</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">+</mo></msup></math>.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">g(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>primary carbocation «intermediate forms»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>minor product «of the water addition would be» propan-1-ol<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>anti-Markovnikov addition of water ✔</p>
<p>primary alcohol/propan-1-ol oxidizes to an aldehyde/propanal ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">g(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The majority of students got at least one of electron domain geometry or molecular geometry correct.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The vast majority of students could identify the hybridization around a central carbon atom.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The vast majority of students could identify BOTH sigma and pi bonds in a molecule.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates identified B having C = O and a peak at 1750.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A surprising number of candidates drew propanone here as an option, either failing to read the question or perhaps finding the structural formulae provided difficult to understand.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates identified B, the product, as being in greater concentration at equilibrium however some lost the mark because they did not include a reason.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates could apply the formula for Gibbs free energy change, ΔG<sup>Θ</sup>, correctly however some did not get the units correct.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The mean mark was ⅔ for the required synthetic route. Some candidates failed to identify water as a reagent in the hydration reaction, or note that dichromate ion oxidation requires acidic conditions. This was also the question with most No Response.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">g(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question regarding the formation of a minor product was not well answered. Many candidates struggled to explain the formation of propan-1-ol and to then oxidize it to propanal.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">g(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>