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<h2>SL Paper 2</h2><div class="specification">
<p>Titanium is a transition metal.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>TiCl<sub>4</sub> reacts with water and the resulting titanium(IV) oxide can be used as a smoke screen.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in metals.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Titanium exists as several isotopes. The mass spectrum of a sample of titanium gave the following data:</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>Calculate the relative atomic mass of titanium to two decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{22}^{48}{\text{Ti}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>22</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>48</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Ti</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> atom.</p>
<p><img 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PX2/5nnvrIsuW5X+kYOZvvq94wfOPvy6Attuat/JCMDT+TzKxbkcM8dWXnz85M1Rwbuy+LnN6Xzhp0nn6a176vZ+tSFuW3Pb1Ov/zkDj12en15353hIGs3woV25/eYX0/mdw6k3HvvIr3LvgieyZuOPJq/jaOnYkL31gezdcEUKGe68+obULAECBAgQIEDgfBMo5zlnywdy4/3/NRtOd+rT0At56Iu7s/SBu7JpRdvxJ9ytV2XDwztzy8+25aH9U1+RaHaUy3LL+k/kitaWtLT9Xf5u9H/le/ccyPWP3D9Zs6Xt6tzx8M58pe8b2fJk/4lXEtpuzb1335iO1sZYFqZt+ceyou3XeeblIxnNsQy8/MvsX3p1rulYdPzBtVya1dv2pr53QzrKmWSz8NYRIECAAAECBAjMgUBRT0NbLv1k7n9kplOfRjN08Nk8OtieD1/2npP/9761PZ1LB/Lo3n/LiZOHZmMaEzWvzNVXvW+amskrfQNTTmk6pebY45rYZmHaP/TRrNz37ez68S/Su3v/lNO0TlnnUwIECBAgQIAAAQIVCRQVKBr/q3/pu576dCgPrnnv+PUTjescaqktuDK37Rs8C+THcuT113K6PQ++9HqOnNGpVi1pXbYpe/p25CNv/iRbP7UqnRctSG1Vd3p6p15ncRbasEsCBAgQIECAAAECMwgUFiiSnHTq0y/zzt9OcVN29f3p+DUIjesQpvwd2L464ycTzcD1l969MIsvW5K20yxr+/BlWXzGU2hJa8fKrN2wPT+v1zMycDBPfeJI7lnzmWw96QLy0xT0JQIECBAgQIAAAQKzKHDGT2VnseZZ39WJU5+25uEDE5GiJYuWfzy3tP0mL776uxPXLTQezfCB7Fi1ZPydkVrS+v4lWTorj/J0NQfS90qytLM9rU3WamlblrWfX59b2gby0utHT+6pyX1aRoAAAQIECBAgQOAvESgyUJw49enP2b//f5/wWHRN/vGRa/OzL96XnQcGjz8BHz6c3VvvzeZ8IdvWdYxd59Cy5O/zD9cN5NEf/DSHx95Odij9u/9btjbeJnbyT2ve33n5+GdvZ3j4/01+5aQPFi3PZx9YcUrNV9OzcVMe7Nw8WfOkNdN+8nb6e9altmpLdk++TexQ+p99NgeyNrd3XX7yNRrT7sOdBAgQIECAAAECBGZXoNBAMeXUp5PON1qYS9duy/7Hrs2R7mVZ0Lh+4qKb8vR7b8/Bx7+QZWPvrtRY25F1D38vd2ZHrmxcp1C7Kbveui73/vebpuhfkCXXfy53HbsnnQsuz6eefC0jU7564sNFuWLDN0+p+aX0XbszfXs2nah5YsEMH12Qjlt35uDGS/L0yovHrwG5OCufviQb99ydGy9dOLbO76GYgc/dBAgQIECAAAECZ0WgVm9cRDD+p3GB8pRPJ+52S4AAAQIECBAgQIDAPBeYKSuU+wrFPB+49gkQIECAAAECBAhUISBQVKGsBgECBAgQIECAAIFCBQSKQgerLQIECBAgQIAAAQJVCAgUVSirQYAAAQIECBAgQKBQAYGi0MFqiwABAgQIECBAgEAVAgJFFcpqECBAgAABAgQIEChUQKAodLDaIkCAAAECBAgQIFCFgEBRhbIaBAgQIECAAAECBAoVECgKHay2CBAgQIAAAQIECFQhIFBUoawGAQIECBAgQIAAgUIFBIpCB6stAgQIECBAgAABAlUICBRVKKtBgAABAgQIECBAoFABgaLQwWqLAAECBAgQIECAQBUCAkUVymoQIECAAAECBAgQKFRAoCh0sNoiQIAAAQIECBAgUIWAQFGFshoECBAgQIAAAQIEChUQKAodrLYIECBAgAABAgQIVCEgUFShrAYBAgQIECBAgACBQgUEikIHqy0CBAgQIECAAAECVQgIFFUoq0GAAAECBAgQIECgUAGBotDBaosAAQIECBAgQIBAFQICRRXKahAgQIAAAQIECBAoVECgKHSw2iJAgAABAgQIECBQhYBAUYWyGgQIECBAgAABAgQKFRAoCh2stggQIECAAAECBAhUISBQVKGsBgECBAgQIECAAIFCBQSKQgerLQIECBAgQIAAAQJVCAgUVSirQYAAAQIECBAgQKBQAYGi0MFqiwABAgQIECBAgEAVAkUFitH+nnTVamnv7s3QTHqjh9PT1Z5a+5b0Do3OsNXb6e9Zl1ptebp7j86wTVJ6vbBK4lhofAOUfqzrrzHkc/Fno2Nv7B+gc3I2fjb62Tj+9MjxefzbdNaeg467nmc3tXq9Xp94zLVaLVM+nbjbLQECBAgQIECAAAEC81xgpqxQ1CsU83zG2idAgAABAgQIECBQuYBAUTm5ggQIECBAgAABAgTKERAoypmlTggQIECAAAECBAhULiBQVE6uIAECBAgQIECAAIFyBASKcmapEwIECBAgQIAAAQKVCwgUlZMrSIAAAQIECBAgQKAcAYGinFnqhAABAgQIECBAgEDlAgJF5eQKEiBAgAABAgQIEChHQKAoZ5Y6IUCAAAECBAgQIFC5gEBRObmCBAgQIECAAAECBMoRECjKmaVOCBAgQIAAAQIECFQuIFBUTq4gAQIECBAgQIAAgXIEBIpyZqkTAgQIECBAgAABApULCBSVkytIgAABAgQIECBAoBwBgaKcWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQOUCAkXl5AoSIECAAAECBAgQKEdAoChnljohQIAAAQIECBAgULmAQFE5uYIECBAgQIAAAQIEyhEQKMqZpU4IECBAgAABAgQIVC4gUFROriABAgQIECBAgACBcgQEinJmqRMCBAgQIECAAAEClQsIFJWTK0iAAAECBAgQIECgHAGBopxZ6oQAAQIECBAgQIBA5QICReXkChIgQIAAAQIECBAoR0CgKGeWOiFAgAABAgQIECBQuYBAUTm5ggQIECBAgAABAgTKERAoypmlTggQIECAAAECBAhULiBQVE6uIAECBAgQIECAAIFyBASKcmapEwIECBAgQIAAAQKVCwgUlZMrSIAAAQIECBAgQKAcAYGinFnqhAABAgQIECBAgEDlAgJF5eQKEiBAgAABAgQIEChHQKAoZ5Y6IUCAAAECBAgQIFC5gEBRObmCBAgQIECAAAECBMoRECjKmaVOCBAgQIAAAQIECFQuIFBUTq4gAQIECBAgQIAAgXIEBIpyZqkTAgQIECBAgAABApULCBSVkytIgAABAgQIECBAoBwBgaKcWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQOUCAkXl5AoSIECAAAECBAgQKEdAoChnljohQIAAAQIECBAgULmAQFE5uYIECBAgQIAAAQIEyhEQKMqZpU4IECBAgAABAgQIVC4gUFROriABAgQIECBAgACBcgQEinJmqRMCBAgQIECAAAEClQsIFJWTK0iAAAECBAgQIECgHAGBopxZ6oQAAQIECBAgQIBA5QICReXkChIgQIAAAQIECBAoR0CgKGeWOiFAgAABAgQIECBQucB5HiiOprd7eWq12mn+rktP/9tJ3k5/z7rUunrSPzqbzkPpf+ahbPnB4czqbmfzIdoXAQIECBAgQIAAgbMkcJ4HinGVtrvy3B9GUq/Xp/n7ZDZ0XHCW+JIMHcyu9V/PoZGzV8KeCRAgQIAAAQIECJyrAmUEinNV1+MiQIAAAQIECBAgULjAPA8UxzJ46NF0r2ofP2WqK909vekfPvnkpdHBA/lBd9f4Nkuzfsfe49sM9ab7ijV5cHAw+267Mgvat6R36PfHT8Na1Z1/3rE+7Y3Tscbub+xzKP29PaepN34KV9e30ntgyuNqX58dz/RnePJgPHU/7VnV3ZPe/qHxLcZP76pNnO41udAHBAgQIECAAAECBGZVYB4HimN5Y/edWXbDs1m8/VBGGqdLvfVP6Xx+U1Zu+nHeGM8Uo2/szueW3Zjv5/b0vTWS+lv/kmtf+fLxbVpXZ/vh5/KVtrZct+s3GRnYltWLxkn3/2teuGRz+ut/zsD+27Ni0XAO99yRlTc/P1lvZOC+LH5+Uzpv2JlDU0PMvq9m61MX5rY9v029sf6xy/PT6+7Mdw+9mWQ0w4d25fabX0zndw4fP8Vr5Fe5d8ETWbPxR+PXh1yQjg1Ppl4/y6d7zeqhaGcECBAgQIAAAQLno0AZgWLwa1lz8YJpL8xu7+7NxP/bnzSgoRfy0Bd3Z+kDd2XTiraMQbRelQ0P78wtP9uWh/YfHbuQ+7W9P0xPbs29d9+YjtaWpPWD+fT6G5KeH2bva42LvWf403ZD1n/6g2nNwrR1fCCtQwfzvXsO5PpH7p+s19J2de54eGe+0veNbHmy/8RF3W1T6jXWL/9YVrT9Os+8fCSjOZaBl3+Z/UuvzjUdi44Xb7k0q7ftTX3vhnSUMdEZUN1NgAABAgQIECBwrgmU8fTzNBdlD2xfnfGn3VPsRzN08Nk8OtieD1/2nuNhYuKrre3pXDqQR/f+W4ZGX88LT7yQLF2S9zfCxNiflixavS0Df9H//k/UuzJXX/W+aeolr/QNTDmlaeLBjN+OPaaJbRam/UMfzcp9386uH/8ivbv3v+MUrVNW+5QAAQIECBAgQIDAWROYeJZ81gqc2zs+lAfXvPfkVzYWXJnb9g3O8sM+liOvv5bT7XXwpddz5ORLN2Z4DC1pXbYpe/p25CNv/iRbP7UqnRctSG1Vd3p6p15nMcNydxMgQIAAAQIECBCYRYF5Hihuyq6+P03zVrP1TP/KRrPyC7P4siVpO83ytg9flsVnPI2WtHaszNoN2/Pzej0jAwfz1CeO5J41n8nW3sapWv4QIECAAAECBAgQqEbgjJ/CVvNwqqrSkkXLP55b2n6TF1/93YlrFxrlhw9kx6ol6eo5nNGWy3LNP1yTvPJafjvlounR/p501dqPb3NGD/l09QbS90qytLM9rWe0r3du1NK2LGs/vz63tA3kpdePntzPOzd3DwECBAgQIECAAIFZE5ingSLJomvyj49cm5998b7sPDB4/En48OHs3npvNucL2bauIy25IEuu/1zu6nwyW7/+XAYbpySNvpH9338i+1ZuPr7N2PUN/+74QP44nCm54+QhLVqezz6w4pR6r6Zn46Y82Dm+r5NXzPDZ+FvCrtqS3ZNvEzuU/mefzYGsze1dl598jcYMe3E3AQIECBAgQIAAgdkQKCNQnOZdnmozvpKwMJeu3Zb9j12bI93LsqDx+yIuuilPv/f2HHz8C1k2fhF2S9t/zAOPP55bR3akfUEttQX/IVtHbj6xTcvlub77lhxr/B6KCzfkydf+NMNcFuWKDd88pd6X0nftzvTt2TRZb4bFU+6+IB237szBjZfk6ZUXj1//cXFWPn1JNu65OzdeunDs3an6e9al5vdQTHHzIQECBAgQIECAwNkQqNXr9frEjmu12tj1BBOfuyVAgAABAgQIECBAgEBDYKasUMYrFGZMgAABAgQIECBAgMCcCAgUc8KuKAECBAgQIECAAIEyBASKMuaoCwIECBAgQIAAAQJzIiBQzAm7ogQIECBAgAABAgTKEBAoypijLggQIECAAAECBAjMiYBAMSfsihIgQIAAAQIECBAoQ0CgKGOOuiBAgAABAgQIECAwJwICxZywK0qAAAECBAgQIECgDAGBoow56oIAAQIECBAgQIDAnAgIFHPCrigBAgQIECBAgACBMgQEijLmqAsCBAgQIECAAAECcyIgUMwJu6IECBAgQIAAAQIEyhAQKMqYoy4IECBAgAABAgQIzImAQDEn7IoSIECAAAECBAgQKENAoChjjrogQIAAAQIECBAgMCcCAsWcsCtKgAABAgQIECBAoAwBgaKMOeqCAAECBAgQIECAwJwICBRzwq4oAQIECBAgQIAAgTIEBIoy5qgLAgQIECBAgAABAnMiIFDMCbuiBAgQIECAAAECBMoQECjKmKMuCBAgQIAAAQIECMyJgEAxJ+yKEiBAgAABAgQIEChDQKAoY466IECAAAECBAgQIDAnAgLFnLArSoAAAQIECBAgQKAMAY3FMFwAAANaSURBVIGijDnqggABAgQIECBAgMCcCAgUc8KuKAECBAgQIECAAIEyBASKMuaoCwIECBAgQIAAAQJzIiBQzAm7ogQIECBAgAABAgTKEBAoypijLggQIECAAAECBAjMiUBRgWK0vyddtVrau3szNBPn6OH0dLWn1r4lvUOjM2z1dvp71qVWW57u3qMzbJOUXi+skjgWGt8ApR/r+msM+Vz82ejYG/sH6JycjZ+NfjaOPz1yfB7/Np2156DjrufZTa1er9cnHnOtVsuUTyfudkuAAAECBAgQIECAwDwXmCkrFPUKxTyfsfYJECBAgAABAgQIVC4gUFROriABAgQIECBAgACBcgQEinJmqRMCBAgQIECAAAEClQsIFJWTK0iAAAECBAgQIECgHAGBopxZ6oQAAQIECBAgQIBA5QICReXkChIgQIAAAQIECBAoR0CgKGeWOiFAgAABAgQIECBQuYBAUTm5ggQIECBAgAABAgTKERAoypmlTggQIECAAAECBAhULiBQVE6uIAECBAgQIECAAIFyBASKcmapEwIECBAgQIAAAQKVCwgUlZMrSIAAAQIECBAgQKAcAYGinFnqhAABAgQIECBAgEDlAgJF5eQKEiBAgAABAgQIEChHQKAoZ5Y6IUCAAAECBAgQIFC5gEBRObmCBAgQIECAAAECBMoRECjKmaVOCBAgQIAAAQIECFQuIFBUTq4gAQIECBAgQIAAgXIEBIpyZqkTAgQIECBAgAABApULCBSVkytIgAABAgQIECBAoBwBgaKcWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQOUCAkXl5AoSIECAAAECBAgQKEdAoChnljohQIAAAQIECBAgULmAQFE5uYIECBAgQIAAAQIEyhEQKMqZpU4IECBAgAABAgQIVC4gUFROriABAgQIECBAgACBcgQEinJmqRMCBAgQIECAAAEClQsIFJWTK0iAAAECBAgQIECgHAGBopxZ6oQAAQIECBAgQIBA5QICReXkChIgQIAAAQIECBAoR6BWr9frjXZqtVo5XemEAAECBAgQIECAAIGzIjAeHyb3/TcTH536hYn73RIgQIAAAQIECBAgQGAmAac8zSTjfgIECBAgQIAAAQIE3lVAoHhXIhsQIECAAAECBAgQIDCTwP8HtjadAiuqcrsAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electron configuration of the <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{22}^{48}{\text{Ti}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>22</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>48</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Ti</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span><sup>2+</sup> ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why an aluminium-titanium alloy is harder than pure aluminium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of bonding in potassium chloride which melts at 1043 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A chloride of titanium, TiCl<sub>4</sub>, melts at 248 K. Suggest why the melting point is so much lower than that of KCl.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>one</strong> disadvantage of using this smoke in an enclosed space.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrostatic attraction</p>
<p>between «a lattice of» metal/positive ions/cations <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>«a sea of» delocalized electrons</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept mobile electrons.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “metal atoms/nuclei”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{(46 \times 7.98) + (47 \times 7.32) + (48 \times 73.99) + (49 \times 5.46) + (50 \times 5.25)}}{{100}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>46</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>7.98</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>47</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>7.32</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>48</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>73.99</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>49</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>5.46</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>50</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>5.25</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>100</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p>= 47.93</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Answer must have two decimal places with a value from 47.90 to 48.00.</em></p>
<p><em>Award [2] for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award [0] for 47.87 (data booklet value).</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Protons:</em> 22 <em><strong>AND</strong> Neutrons:</em> 26 <em><strong>AND</strong> Electrons:</em> 22</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p> </p>
<p>1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>3d<sup>2</sup></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>titanium atoms/ions distort the regular arrangement of atoms/ions<br><strong>OR</strong><br>titanium atoms/ions are a different size to aluminium «atoms/ions» </p>
<p>prevent layers sliding over each other</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept diagram showing different sizes of atoms/ions.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>ionic<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«electrostatic» attraction between oppositely charged ions</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«simple» molecular structure<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>weak«er» intermolecular bonds<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>weak«er» bonds between molecules</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept specific examples of weak bonds such as London/dispersion and van der Waals.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “covalent”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>TiCl<sub>4</sub>(l) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → TiO<sub>2</sub>(s) + 4HCl(aq)</p>
<p>correct products</p>
<p>correct balancing</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept ionic equation.</em></p>
<p><em>Award M2 if products are HCl and a compound of Ti and O.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>HCl causes breathing/respiratory problems<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>HCl is an irritant<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>HCl is toxic<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>HCl has acidic vapour<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>HCl is corrosive</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “TiO<sub>2</sub> causes breathing problems/is an irritant”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “harmful” for both HCl and TiO<sub>2</sub>.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “smoke is asphyxiant”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The equations show steps in the formation and decomposition of ozone in the stratosphere, some of which absorb ultraviolet light.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><br>Step 1 O<sub>2</sub> → 2O•</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Step 2 O• + O<sub>2</sub> → O<sub>3</sub></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Step 3 O<sub>3</sub> → O• + O<sub>2</sub></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Step 4 O• + O<sub>3</sub> → 2O<sub>2</sub></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Draw the Lewis structures of oxygen, O<sub>2</sub>, and ozone, O<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline why both bonds in the ozone molecule are the same length and predict the bond length in the ozone molecule. Refer to section 10 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Reason: </span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Length:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Distinguish ultraviolet light from visible light in terms of wavelength and energy.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Discuss how the different bond strengths between the oxygen atoms in O<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>3</sub> in the ozone layer affect radiation reaching the Earth’s surface.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p><em>NOTES: Coordinate bond may be represented by an arrow.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept delocalized structure for ozone.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">resonance «structures»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>delocalization of «the double/pi bond» electrons ✔<br>121 «pm» < length < 148 «pm» ✔</span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NOTE: Accept any length between these two values.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«UV» shorter wavelength <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>higher energy «than visible» ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«bond» in O<sub>2</sub> stronger than in O<sub>3</sub> ✔</p>
<p><br>ozone absorbs lower frequency/energy «radiation than oxygen»<br><strong>OR</strong><br>ozone absorbs longer wavelength «radiation than oxygen» ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>NOTE: Accept ozone «layer» absorbs a range of frequencies.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>When heated in air, magnesium ribbon reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The reaction in (a)(i) was carried out in a crucible with a lid and the following data was recorded:</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible and lid = 47.372 ±0.001 g</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible, lid and magnesium ribbon before heating = 53.726 ±0.001 g</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible, lid and product after heating = 56.941 ±0.001 g</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"> </p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>When magnesium is burnt in air, some of it reacts with nitrogen to form magnesium nitride according to the equation:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">3 Mg (s) + N<sub>2 </sub>(g) → Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2 </sub>(s)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The presence of magnesium nitride can be demonstrated by adding water to the product. It is hydrolysed to form magnesium hydroxide and ammonia.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Most nitride ions are <sup>14</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the block of the periodic table in which magnesium is located.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify a metal, in the same period as magnesium, that does <strong>not</strong> form a basic oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the amount of magnesium, in mol, that was used.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the percentage uncertainty of the mass of product after heating.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Assume the reaction in (a)(i) is the only one occurring and it goes to completion, but some product has been lost from the crucible. Deduce the percentage yield of magnesium oxide in the crucible.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Evaluate whether this, rather than the loss of product, could explain the yield found in (b)(iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest an explanation, other than product being lost from the crucible or reacting with nitrogen, that could explain the yield found in (b)(iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate coefficients that balance the equation for the following reaction.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">__ Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2 </sub>(s) + __ H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → __ Mg(OH)<sub>2 </sub>(s) + __ NH<sub>3 </sub>(aq)</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the oxidation state of nitrogen in Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> and in NH<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce, giving reasons, whether the reaction of magnesium nitride with water is an acid–base reaction, a redox reaction, neither or both.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of subatomic particles in this ion.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Some nitride ions are <sup>15</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>. State the term that describes the relationship between <sup>14</sup>N<sup>3–</sup> and <sup>15</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The nitride ion and the magnesium ion are isoelectronic (they have the same electron configuration). Determine, giving a reason, which has the greater ionic radius.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two</strong> reasons why atoms are no longer regarded as the indivisible units of matter.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the types of bonding in magnesium, oxygen and magnesium oxide, and how the valence electrons produce these types of bonding.</p>
<p><img 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j7c9v5T72lRfLf9S6P+O1f7cp+c1st+bf5xfP+npZ9QO1ov7IRyPyD3yb3tp4aY95Wy82Z3uo/Khu25Z1FJGSzoJc/paqDqLISn3RoSNedcFfM6nQDlCpVq1sU963p+4FFxbt3DuzZErZ4cC2+7PKbWDM0P5OAYNfmyuLV+csnJX9oVbFv89qXGkovw/eKoiYeWjONaFYNGfSouvvTUGDJ+RlxXXxf1y78TV47bJ/995apGnRV3PLw0FtZ/qXAxVqjkLv18jBuafwuabeen/jZOL2lxEbE+NmzqpTXEmItiSf25cVj+OlVDj4zzC6/bqYXwxtfjDyWHoGXd/bGovVVfYZdNvCZuvWpyjBqUv+lBo+LYmf8Qcw6uiTPnLyxs79J44Ftn5TcmhQ/op++Pb7RXbjVxwTX/ULK/94yhNZ+OS685r+SD6Z649+n+7K7M21PrBfRDt0yN0W1ls115OSx84E+7IW676m+jpu2cysrx7IVx9/xPdJz7lUxe1+dzKrto/XYsLG0FNea8WPDFT5dsy+iYdNWNsXBiT3XnzlDeAq45Xln/72UtBPrSZT9Xtk+S76d5dTzSWHKeb3k27r215OJ15ty49LOHt9etVUMPj6lfnBsXlFxAfmP5s73fEMFO9/t4evk9nQKUqUu+Gle2l9fsOuD4mFW/uNP1T/MD98TD7S27B8UHRn4wXy7oFIw2x/pnnir8t0zzK/HL37TdhJQFrNXj4ria9+QP+lGqrrpkdpxZeinysw2xqf173P6+Btgzhh07qaQOK9zc3L6q7MuqX8YT9z6TPygo31dVo2PatxpiceF67brCjd+QqbPjonHD8u3LjuUn4qwzDi0+avV6NG74bS/jwpboj7ptl1/LFfR3Hd3vnwFl5215WS6On/4PsaC90Ufh/uTW++Pp9vOycLO+fHHc2X5iDo0J9TfGlZNH51/Wtp73M7LjULiJn1coTwuXNMQd00fnZWn7VU+8NOafdUDXL4W7nF8DeW3zWrz82Mv5csGoo+ITH207zzPZ/dWFcfHUsYVy9qVC+fpq3LXqso4QeLtk5eSGuH7GkSV17+S48rZrYkL7my283W5apHcoHMt/+p/x2dGJr586lcuCrCHL7WX3jcedH9ffu6AkbCyvh16LR5feXnLvWF6+09vdb8qHMSneC18Wk0a1vf/sPZ0TF18yLkZPnVc4VjfE4oe/EtNG5V+a77bXa6n92npP3rFby+vvHa0XdrTc9/dnZEped/VS/jqfN7tTXVOw5cn45pcfzx9kyvdbtt/L85xyA1FnkbEHezLogJh2y71dZ8NOysYkObfC8Tt3jk7dMtqVX4wXzv3vPxPrizVt+XAEj8eC488oDia8on2yhNYxXJ9ePDtOnjw5Ptl+IvdVVpkdE5MmnxGzFq+IBeUBbNWfxpA//5P8QSWq46AzJsQhZcFS1Yix8del34T/1+bY0txWQ5WHxcNj0hlHx7DyN5TdfKz4biyYPqWwvcd0XIyXd/fd++g4ZmzHd4mtCu9z7FFxfPs29DBuGXQr7y51eWpspq7dzk+felT7hV6HwTF6yhmdwsSu33aW2p5z6s34zauvlGxLNpneyVFTHvhW/UV8vPDa3X/o7ySDj4izLjkqf1B+sZQp297qCTF9woge6rT0Pun6fkrP8/KA9kNx/F+P6XqjOGhMHDPhQ/mD1LbCLtClJfbJ8Zlj2sK2EoXyevLU0jJf2rK7bLzO0mC05d/ihdW/bF2uLlxfXP6J1uVOLR4712nVUz4eNf1+Qd/NuV09ON5beinSqb7bBdcAvQw/Ut5lP7mvCjd94wrXayfPvjWebm9x1maPePeQ7Q2m+6NuG4hruf6uo3fBZ0DZeTtkwlExtrwsx5AY+9dHd7R46/QlX9mNdqeu8x2qRk2Pex+4OqYVytOkcaMSgWdf7R1H/M1hXY9V0e50bbNP7H/0/vlywXNXxsQT58bShvtKJurZJ8ZdvSJumV3Ylsmf6Ahdtlvh/X7yoC77uGrY0XF6aZ1Q/mVtF4fH3xyRqMO7lMtsv5wax3TZ7kIdNvoT8bfd1UMtv4tfvlDaWv24OPfMQ3vf7v7y2zXxeKc6MXUvvFeMmn57fP/qvyscq5NiXHuwujtfr6XKQ1XhI2pI4c6+w5u/29JxzuxwvbCj5X4A7pO7q7u6nDel47HvTnVNoRT+5tV4sWNjIsZ/Nj5dU77fuuY5nQ1EnUWma11LZ8Vvba6O72dN329cGPPam/J3Y0fGCe2T6thv5H9PX9gMHhmHfazkrH19Q/zqtdbvqar2Ozamd2oR1jqY8JzphZM/6/LXr2O6tkQ2O96KhmyGu/NjTg/jeHT1J/HnQ/609wLb/Hr8R3sF9UZs2rA+X858MEZ+ILnH0sovGF6/IU4fWdZFMtFNsvmFV+M3/X78efvJWrLPjlNmfbvz4OLlk6/01O28y414T8NhbM85tTX+bf2v8uXM/nHUAamW6VUx+COHxhH5o/5THuKU3WSUtdpKX2SX+lD89dgPJPZJ1/fT3LQ5vxArD5TXxE1TDupaT+x7UJy+aE3+bwo6tcSDXWPb+mfigfbCWrjw77YldteW3aXd8zuP11kSrG7991i/Lv8Doz4SRxz1V/n5+Xo8+fT61humTp+tPVzL7FTbUd/tkmuAnoYf6dplv6LhDTLF2X8bYsWS+fG5WfflT/ZVf9RtA3At1+91dP9/BpTfbG9edEp8pMvrl8/yXTJR27bfxoaflRTSUSPiA11Clv4wNPYfXh4K5Hara5vCtcSEUzu3nMwmfJk1I2qz+S4K+7Y4E3fDTpw1fO+PxkEjUu93SHzksIPz5cwf4jebe+iZt/eI+OA+qUETynsB9DDee5d6qOTLrtI6PXNwTez/vtTfK9/u/rFt04boaEvb18+P3fl67T0x5N29Tzfdce25E+qFHS33A3Gf3G3dVV7+muLljfm73q3qmvKhjQrXYUePiffljzopz3M6GYA6i6Jd8cn59pCFqCdNiWlXr4jW8TWyLunzkmO8dO7e1l8qPGHLVQ2Pk+Zd2n3XitIxXSfOjWU7GKK2NDXG/Q3fiHkTDyicyPvFIcdPizmzupl9v0c9XIBVrLIPpnYt/xmvbyz5VKpUefN83tlKxgXr8pN9KVM/o6S7VHYK3hyLVpaMe/faxni59HuGPx8S7+72xN8rBr/3T/PlTE/DYWzPOfVG/EfTH/LlTA/nVPWQeH939cxO1DnE6fyNdudWW5UEDyNjxLBuLqj2GR77l17DtHfv3RZ/eH17uiD9Pl7/Q3cXZJBSOnZaNz/l4xJ2sq1QnWwouYnq5TqivFVmaZf2qg/Fx05u6w7eMWRGaTg7ZNzY2O+/7xsH5qdn2w1T5/Oypxv6nWk76rtdcg1QFYOP+duY016HlbR0Ke+yf/DZcdYx3Qyj1NIUjfdlX0xPar1ZzcbTnjW7m9n3K9UfddsAXMv1ex3d/58BLX94PUq/tqxMc/zq9f9MX8P3eB2xi+xW1zaFM3HYCTH3n7rvJluciXtWNmv4oXHi3G/veCDx0RExLFmM9yhcbozoaCnY16E22m2OX71UOot8T+dNeQvHkr/ZvDl+U1oNdnucCq8xZO9u91//6Ou98G58vdZtCN69nVEv7FC5H4j75O2pu3aruqalcEq93h6A91yG94o/G/rufLmrXV5nUdTX4kdRW5f0v4sFD7wQXQZZ7/OA/LtW1bBPxZdX3F5BK9pvxfyp1yZm9qtENpvvF+KQI06JWbMW5DPRVZeMP3N/LBzf7R0evDNkX8pMnhn/8pWzSj78mrpOWkL3OoU4hYuF9u5VZa22KhpX8fexWaAJFdgz3r/vfu31VuvwQG/Ehud/loezw2PiocNjj9KWE8UWHG92bnVRwQRub3tldVhbl9nOIXN3rYRbYuvaZXHugUfG6ReWfDHdPm7lD+KB+pNanwN6sGcMm3xlfHfJFb1MfpT1Erospu9oL8P/s1lDC3YDu7jcsxM5dgNBeJrQsm5JnFzS3Hzs3NU9jM2RBakfj09/8vD88fZqieYtm6PymHJ7v4nMZNs8rrUVbXE4gsIF9vWdW7+1a34obvnOc2WTsPTmzdjUcEWc1j6bb9tski+VjD/zZ8Xf7FoVTErVk71nxF3rEy19yn+emR01ffvykHe0RBf30hZe5S0ee7zgfiO2/O4/8+VMDy0pt8uQ+OABpV8U9XBOlbdW6DfddN3v0mW/knEVe2hdUP7NdbetRsbEBctfSNcNnX56m3UVdrbyFk3/VahOummZlmneEr/7r3w506nMl3Xrf/1n8cKGX5WMq9jWtbp0XK7n4umf/1tJV9Kehg3YDfXbNUBZHRa/ivX/9lpZl/10C92WTd+LS06e1z6DcPusvyXjVnbfbqWvdpe6bQev5fr9ffT/fhoy87vx8+Rrdv7pdhb8ThOj9ac+9OYY0GubNoNj1LjpseCBl+IXT3436vOJ2JK3Rw/cEXc929GOv8+6bX1X3kNg76gZ8b70ccx0ey1Sfr3W05fD5fegJX+z21435cpb1G2n8s+dHu3IvXDm7XW9tv31wk4q97viPnl76q7dqq7pS8vy8t5+KbuwzqJIeJpQ9f6ObmaZ5mU3xjcaeypsW2PThn/LlytQNnBwq75/6Gxe/XxsSJ38W9bH00+U3OX31BWgOBxB4QJ7yuy45eVChZaFqZ0myGqOtd98LH7Rp4rqt/HU/T/ueC/VE+Jvp/9VYmDm/rZXDBsxMl/OlIx/Uok9hschJ5aMe5I8brCjWmLrpl9Fpxpk+N4dXUr2eF+M+GjJp37ZhCKddJkMpruxqbbXHvHuvUtbb/4yfvz8vyXCl5bY8vNn4sn8UX/rPJZza9f9/+hzl/1M5e9nyAHDo7UDbXWMPPTwkguV/4zfbdmRG3voP3sMGxE1+XL2+d79ZAiJyUbKx+XqNDbYy/H4/72649qjfTy/vWLE2I/mNwqvxYv/+nQ81zahVOEMOnDf9+6+F6K78BqgfPiRB575STxXOsFPsoXutvjtT1fFQ+3HqFDPTT21fdbfHbe71G07eC3X7++j//fTHiMPjYkdf6DzpDGVKL+OKJkLYcDsVtc2XVUNrYlP5hOxPf/qhvjFk3fF/E499hpj2Y//dfuDu+IXTqn3uzl+/vRz+XJme4e6KD9vSsdTLlc+oU7JePZVfxp7Dy8pfBVvd2+6OU96+eK982dY4a++tLHwyVKpt9f12g7XCwl9KvcDcZ+8PefNblbXVL177/hgvpypOM/pRb/XWRQJT1PKBwsuFLabpkyLeUt+UDZeRDYB0upYOndanL6oY/jqLpOolH/wpAaebtkU//uHT+UPKvTcffH9Lt8gvBmbVq0oueEpfFSceGiMbDvvi+NiNcSK5XVx7v5TY+m6ssojC1PPnFIyK952KB+YPqFl09Pxwz5UCNtnj3jfATUlrTlej1W3r4x1XSqozdFYd2acOPcbsaLTLHWD4gMjS6q35nti0fJ13Vx4wPbYEutWfzOuvexrncalqz5o33h/e+1cNqNi4QL4rmWPR1OXgrgl1i7/TuewY6e36ipvIdUcL3znoXi2dIKrTMuv40eF53f0Iq5iZbPhN7+wLp55oWR25p7GCuyk8H6+/LWuQ5V0eT95l+TiclUM+sCI2K+4nNkYd9bdn6hnYDfwvjFxVHtIV/DcvfGtRzd1/VzbuibuXVZa5lMtH0snGXk9nrz73vhpvkLpdUfHDV7h/Lrqkrim7UuNiobSGEi78BqgalThhufU9jps8w9uj9vbr5GGxoSzj03U5eUTKSVsz7Vlu92lbtvRa7n+fh+7YD8N+u8xclTHedu8bHHcW3793qPy64hHYsmDryTO+6eifuIphfud5YV9+GisK/9s36l2p2ub7PYom6OhIe6tOyfGTlrS5fhVDT08Pj1lXEmLsR31eCy8/sEu3WhbNj0Wd5WGN9WHxyEjS+rsipWfN9n12j3xaJdxD7OhPx6Mb3cKjEq+rCkfViQ7Tve/0KVHYpft7qL8y/fSiYvaFO5hn/xxz1+8l3+GrbwnftjlXCi8p8Yb48SJ2ezjhXve1evy7X2bXa/tcL2wo+V+IO6TKyx/nc6b3auu6fxlaUGFeU65XV9nkdnJxeHtYp84ZtrZJR84mWxW+vPj9CNGt3fnb50A6ewukx9VTzw1ji9tIVD13vjQQaU37oUPzGuXxNP5B1hL01Ox7PILY84DpQN7V6Ixbpp6cdQ/0vahsCXWNVwT58xqKLnhqYm/m3JI3uLqtVh9+Rlx+oWzY85FN8Sq5mw7bo1V7ReYBS1N8fRXvhrfKMk1O4WvXRRumH74dOuHf8vvo+m3hffUJSy+J6778vfyi7A3o6nx23HF5y4raS3Rf6pGfTJmTi0Jwp+7LmZdXjJochYm3/EvMW/Rk7F22YKYU5yl7u/zUHmvGDWlNs5sfyuFC4/5l8QVdzzVUeFuXRsr5k7KZ7RriPt3cIIt3oZWzo6jS4YB6fxzcEycfmU+JnCb8laShXJ46sy4oH08m+ZYu3RGfK60HG9dF6vq5pQMlVEw5ryYd+qonV7Jd27lWbDm+pg+65b2+qx4TmxXfdaLJ34c/7sYar4Zv236fdl5VtaF+Lllcd2tj+UP+njx09wQ8y7/eke9mO3bRQtiXun7GXNqnHxYx01Ar/VMsW6+Ik7c/5yoX164kL+vMXHRBrtA1ag45YrzSnqXPB/Lpn+h5HMt+1L44aifVRsLVraV+eoYPXNmnDKqvOVj5xvR5jVr8rFM944jDhvZUYeV3eC1qWwojQr0WDfsiF15DVBWh61bE2vbKvPqCXH6sX+RqMvLw4iNcee1N8aKvO7a/mvLDrtL3bZj13L9/z76fT+VhevZfcSCGVeXTOqanbeFz66Jfx3n1hVu/rvMsNx7WS6Wly9dHTetaSzc78wp7MNpMfEz3+w+WNrh8243urbZsjquODabo2F2XLxoZTQ/9/W4btHDncLjlqafxFe/cld0RBylX6Jun+YHro357X+nte694fJrS+6PCnXvOZ+Mw7aznqwaNTnmzSxpp7lmcdSefVVJuSmUy0dujotKhv7I7hsvuGJyjGr/k+WzeheO06IZcdENP8nLTmvZ6/2+rvM42cUy+OV/iZufyreleA5fVXYPm9DruZDdZ/6v1kYJxdnHC/e80yfHZ5esLf5+19dpifvknWVH64UdLvcDcZ+cl7+60vOmvPyVnze7131UVI2I48/uaPDRlufc2HYuFMtgeZ5TZoDqLCLe9ceCfLmL7OY+G5vinSkbt/PS+ERvlXi56smxcOW1MWlYabeplkIZvzKOnv7NPr1WNnbJk+3jkmyLpoaL4uhZ9xUfVSa74VkS35l9eLSN1NKyqSEuGD+78uAy9X4KJ+y8I86OO7u8RjYT8Pfilsn7xLoltTFx/uP585UYHmcu+W4sGNcWMm+NxrrT4/RFa/LH2bg0d3Udc2ZbY9Qffkrc1B72nhQLn7w+Jg3tqBpamh6Jq86eEcs6BVTdKd9nfS0HhYuO5bcVtvOd+T3PO7vOyDU1xLlHzI5V+cO+qp5YFw/ePDmGdfq0LlwcNN4cZ0y5vsKZk1PlcGedU4VtWfvtsovtCoyvi8cWT47SEbh69lqsnntK1C5LtGRIvlZ3//6omPfw4pjWJfjJlO+TSqTP8b7VrV3r5nci9UXvtjXWxRFTbsgvfts+Y/+i+Cip/PxNnitZC73PlfWY6cGYi+Kuu8+PmkGJW4iWtbH05CmxoH2IjEz5OZc6z8o/8/uikrphZ9V3u/IaIP2+qqfeHo9dPS457Eg2Rv8px19ZMjZq7zq/Xu/7acfqtp11HArbsUPXcv1fR/f7fmrZGCvOP6PyMLzLeftmNK2+Lj43ffF2XkdUct79OlbUfirmrGw7kF2PY2e7y7VN3+/50tdqPejy9yuQqnvLrzF7u7bKWhOfNj1u2s7zplU2CfClnYOlXiU+r7q9f+xBNo7mU2VjZLZsitVXfiFql3ZuvNStsv3Y79drvd4nF/ZJeXlIvc+CztcABeXHe4fqhZ1R7vv5M3J77qmS1yy7031UwdaXYmmnL6krsYvrrHegSu5L7L5u5TOY3XZReiKllDFnxcIVV5YFp5mqGHzM5+OGaT3Mbl89PmbeWRfnVdxd/qS4bvlXY2q3s6sVKvtpN8RtMztX9q0z7df1MitbLtumpZfGSeXvp8uwBm3aJp/IvuH5nzFvfA8xSbav7l5Y8m1V6ziFJW1gd5qqocfF5bff0MO+alPYZ1OvifpzPlqyz/JyUH9WSUud7oyNM+v/KWq366YJslPu0vjGFSckPtiqYlDN+fGdhys4d7Nz6+HbK78w6bPCtow+Pa4q1A3d141D49j5NxTqgB0Z/6O0S3CZ5GDv3fz7Ps3mPSbOq/9qzOy27ur+HK+8bk3VM7ArDYma2bfHA71+rmVltS4e6HITUqJLl86C6v3iQ+8vvW4oH2cu0zah1Pboa92wI3blNcB74rApp5b9nZ7Ha64aNSW+NP8T6X1RlG3T0lhY0tKqefmPonFL5Ttpd6nbduxarv/fR7/vp6pCWbhuSeFY9nAv0Sa7DrhhWtl5u2cMHXdx3LakdjvLcn+cd7vLtU1fzvPCEez2Wq0P9q6NhXf2cB2VPIbbYdDhMevu5RWUm+yYL+8mJBwco8+6Ir5xUXoimqLqT8S82+bFsfnDpMEfi/O/0lP5yyYY/mosPH9M/rgbVcNi3BVfjcU93Ve3SezHfj9Xe71P3ol2qF7YGeV+V35G7h3HXv/tno/7mNpYfPvnE+fN7nQfVTDogPjs1df3cL+R7e95cUvh8z1tAOosiuzCHg2OUcddGLf89KFYXL8w5qUqpurxccH1dbFwyUPx7ANXxqRR3VziZhX9lXfEA0u+HBeUnijF9b8ad626OS48vG9NqauGjY/5dzcUtm1ep4qgevyMuG5JQ3znyuMSkzQVKo9Rk2PB9x+Ju25Mv6fi+oWL7Qd++vXCNg1NFJJ9YtxV3ymbWCpbrzamj81n0S9UCtNuubfwNzpvW4z5TMzLXvvuK2LSRw/oPFZLHy/o+yK76J5ffM9f6rz/M/kxrF/+SNx39eQY1aXCLZSDQgV1XzaL3fUzul7oFN9T4Rg+eXcsmDy6bx+wULw4mxcLb/xuPHTLeT1M9tHzuVs8bwuv8dj3e6iHdprCTdjh58XXVhXOifml9UDhwnfmlwrn0r3xtemH7uA4O1UxeNxl8dDyazrXIdn5evbYxAzShX9/2Cfj7zpdFPV9vKI9hh8dF2Z1V33puZ69ry/H4ofv6OEcLz0+iXomu2icv7CHegZ2pZLPtbJriI7zuJKyWj4OcsHHDo2PdOpmWjg3P3JoHJE/KurTlxrl+lo37KhddQ1QqEMOmRCnl46FVjZESFeDY/T0RYV9cXPZZ0JW39TlddZfxv6dxqVbHY80/j5/UIndp27bsWu5/n4fu2A/DRodk66+Ox5b/tXEjMod1xLdXwdkAepl3Zbl1uv/7spyf513pfttIK9teqoTM631Yna/98Tinq7VKlUdH8yvoxaWHstiOc7vk3bW+y0pNws7XbMVFP9eBfVX1dA4bMbNXeuatvVXLYppB/RUV2Wy8vc/4zsPLy0rvyXXjjOOjg9WcjNcvK/u7lzIj1W35aa/z9UK7pN3ph2qF3ZGud+F98lVH8zzlLpEOczOm/8Z494S91HZKXVk6/1GWVbSth0P3XJW7D/kv+XPpuzqOouMbvvATqPOYEB16ULcU5f9TIVdcOgX6gsA3hEq7KYNwMDQbR+Ad4iW2PLot2NhydiL1VNr4+Rug1MAAADonfAUgLe4bLbN78V1195TMnB6z2MFAgAAQCWEpwC8JWUzTZ+874gYue9+ccjxs+PO0tlkex0rEAAAAHonPAXgLanq3UPiz/PlTrJZX+t3wiy1AAAAvOO5swTgrWmf4bH/3vlyUTZD6s2ts76O1mEfAACAHWe2fWCnUWcAlVJfAAAAA81s+wAAAAAA20l4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEh41x8L8uVORu47Il8CAAAAAHh7Wv/qhnypq27D00wWoPa0MkApdQZQKfUFAAAw0Cq5L9FtHwAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAbylbo7HuhBi574jCz4xY0bQtf75y2xrr4rDi+jVxbsOv82cr91Zfv/ACUX9otn7hp7YhmvKnK/ZWX3+Hy9BAr7/jZUAZVAadA84B54Ay+M4ug/SF8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQ8K4/FuTLXWTNf9e/uiF/BNAzdQZQKfUFAAAw0Cq5L9HyFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAICEXRyeboumhhkxct8R7T9j566OLflve/dGrFsytWT9E6K+cWv+O3bM1misO6F1v9Y2RFP+LAAAAAC8Uw14y9Pm5T+Kxi0t+aNetPwynrj3mfwBAAAAAED/Gfhu+82r45HG3+cPetbyyk+i4bnm/BEAAAAAQP8ZwPB0eIwes3fh/xtjxcoXK+i6/0a88vjKeCGqY78xIwv/ZecaFDWzfxDrX90Q6xdPjqH5swAAAADwTjWA4en+ceoZE4ohaEVd99u77B9aWO+Y2LP1WQAAAACAfjGA4el/i/cceVxMKqanvXfdb+uyXz21Nk4ZOyh/FgAAAACgfwzsmKd/dlAcN2V4YaG3rvub49n774sXYnhMGn9gDM6f7dHWdbG64TtRX3tkyez82c+kmLekIVav63mggJamxrh/ydw4sX29A+LEud+I+xubomVbY9Qf2vr8YXWNsS1fJwpLTQ0zWv/9oXXRuK2lsBmPxorE66xYvS625mulvRlNjQ/GvXXnxNj2dUfE2Nq6uPe+xmjqqaFuS1M03tf1vRfXbXg01m1NrdzdbPsl72nfGbGiqePddvbrWFFb0/P6xX3Sum9XdHpfR8a5dQ3R2PRmvk6231bH0rmT8t9nP9lxW93NtgMAAADAzjfAE0a9J2rGj+u96/6WZ+PeWxsjqsfFcTXvyZ/szpvR9NTX4ty/nBC1s74YN63siPFaPR93zp8dtcd/Nuav3hRd/2Jh/dXXxElHnBKz5n8r1ubPFrYw1i5bELOmnBzn3f7T+F3+bPea41c/+uc44/hpMSfxOnOmT44z6p5KB6gtm2L1FafF0VO+EBcvWllYo0Pzyhvi4gtPiaNPvCJWpALgrS/F0nNPjtMv7Prei+vOmhYT//L8WLq291Fmd75sn7Tu2zmd3ldTrFo0O04/+7pY3fRarF1yfnzs+LNjwbLn899nsuN2dkw87eZoFKACAAAAsAsMcHhaFYNrPt5L1/2W2NL4o1jRHFE95eNRM7jnTW7Z9IO4atq1saq5OkZPvSIWP/xc6yRI2c+//iTuWvCZGF38l8/Hsr//ejzaKbBtia1r74rL/35xMeysHj8jFi7/SfyiuP7aeGz5NXHmmC2x6ppr487XW9fo1uuLY845i+NX4y+KW9q34ZV49uG6wmsU33CsXfSlWNy4ufXft9scjYsujNqlWXA4Ns6cf3s88OIr+frZNtTFBeOHRqz5ZsyZdEWs2NTWWjNTWPfWy2NBFppWj48Lbnsonm177+3bX/jbzQ/GgkuWx7pdnUEW98m3Izodl+figfqzWo/Jmm/HdXMvjovmPxtHzKyLu55c2/pvCsftf100vnWSsDVfiwX3rEuE3gAAAACwcw1weFow+MBeuu7/PhpXro7mirrsvxaPfqUuHsqaNI45LxZ88awYN6pkjaqhUfPZuVE//6jWx+WBbcuv45H6m2NVcf2LYkn9zJhUMzTfSXvG0Jq/jStvvyGmFsPP3lVPrIsHb7kwjm3fhqoYNGpyXHnbNTGh+BI/jx8//5uSILAltjbeEfMWNRaWa+KC5UtjwfRxMWpQ22HKtmFyzLrlO7Fw4tDC9jfEvK880bHPtv1rPPrNbN3qOOiSf4gZx42KjtFhs3U/HRdfemprCPncynjilTeKv9mVqideE7deNb3kuAyOUZMvjIunZmWgOdau/GnEzBvi+tmTo2ZoPi1Y4bgddsG8WJC958K/eeGxNfHb1t8AAAAAQL8Z+PA09oljpp0dBxWWkl33t7wYjyzfGBV12W/7t1l4eMaEOKQ9dCy1V4wY+9EYUlz+Q/xmc0eA2PLKqljyQNbVfXiceemZUZNYv2rox+OitgCyR8Nj0hlHx7DEJlQNHRN/NSp7heZ4Zf2/l3Td/308vfye1lavUy+Mv6tp3couqobHSRd9vvt91uV121TF4HFXxvPFFp/LYtqovfLnd5Xu9smg+MDID+bLh8bpnzyoJPTNVb0nPvjhvVuXf7YhNnU39CoAAAAA7CS7QXha2Ij9jozJB1dH1677feuyH4PHxYKXs2Dwpbh3+uhu31zVu/eOtqiuw7b47UuN8UK22GNQWxWDP3JoHJE/6t7BcdhHugs//zSG/PmfFBebmzZH+9if2zbGs9/Pwt/eW9lWvX/fOLCYvz4Vz67PX2GP4XHIiVkLzsLTy86PM7OJqbqdIGogdLdP9oh3D8n3d/V+8aH35y1OAQAAAGAA7RbhaVR9KD528qGFhfKu+33pst+94sz5DQ2xIvtZMjdOOv7K1pC0kzdi04b1rYujRsQHkq1Wc/sMj/3zRpDdqt47/qy6j7v3tY3xcnEs1Y1x5/TDS2aaT/yMPTvuLGamTfHyxrZxU/eJYy64PB9WIJ+YKpsg6sD9YuT+50T98oa4v7Fp4MYLrWSf/MmQGNzX/QYAAAAA/WA3San2iv2OGt+1G3pfuuy3a4mt6x6Ne+vOibF50PjhbOb8WbNjTvbTaeb7bvz5kHj3ju6ZAQoBq4YeF/PvbojF18+IY0vHFmheGTddNDtmTTkyPpwFqY+sS8/0358EowAAAAC8hew2SVbXrvt97LJf9GY0rf7nOOP4aXHxopUd3eGLs9YvjIX1dbFwyUPR+PAVxaC2WwM+puaYuGD5C/ls9L39NMYtk/8iXy83aFSMmzI7bnl5Q/ziye9Gff3CmDd1bP7LgixI/dxZcUnDxoFrhQoAAAAAu7ndpxlgl677fe+y37LpB3HV3y+OtVEdo6deE3c9uTYPGFfEgulTYtLkyTFp3Kio/sPr8at8nQ57xbARI1sX/2tzbGnuIVZs716/k1UPifcXW4uWdsXfMVVDa+KTk6fEtKtXFPbDc/HAkivizGK3/qZ46B9vi0e7TDa1nVr+Mzb/n//KHwAAAADAW99u1Ie6rOv+r5/rY5f9bfHbn66Kh7LmptWnxsWXfDpqhqYmHnojNjz/s+gaTe4R7zugprVFapeJq0q1xJafPxNP5o92qsEHxnFTsgmfXo9Vt6+MdT3kmi3rlsTJxWEJpsbSdW8Un9vWWBeHlT3X2eAYNe6suPjSU6OY0Ta/Hv/RU0jcF1v/Pdav62jrCwAAAABvdbvVAJQdXfcfim/OX9zHLvuVaWl6PL71nWfyR51V7XdsTJ84tLC0Me689s5oTM1Sv/Vn8Y1r7ykZEmBnek/UjB/XGmw+9/W47psvpcclbdkY913/9dZJrw4eHx/bb6/i03uMPDQmFld+Ju66/4VuxjR9M37z6iut27/3iPjgPnsUn+3eHrHP8BHROkf+U/HDJzcluvpvjsbbbswnsAIAAACAt4fdKjzt6LrfFI+ufLJPXfY7txz9Zsy46JZ4uunN4m+Ktq6L1cvr4rxja2PZmraU7/Vo3PDbaB/etGp4nDTv0piQBZBrro/ps26OVeva5v5/M5oavx3zTpseN7Wvv7NVxeBjPh83TMvGJ22KVfNr46K6hmhsfx/ZZFirY+nlF8acB5oKj2vigismx6i2ozj4Y/GFf5oc1YU9t3bRjLJ1C7J9sOTqmDX/8cKD6jho5glxSG/ZacEeHz46n8E/6+q/IG4omWyqpakxVtRdHNMXvRajx+ydPwv0VUfL8Zo4t+HX+bN9sK0x6g9tnSRvZG1D4Wzto4Fev1CrNNad0Lr+vjNiRVNfB55+q68PfbHj5W1H65y3+vo7XGepcwe8zlQGlcF39vo7XgadA84BZfCdXgbpi90rPC3pul908Nlx1jH75A96VzVqSnxp/ieKLTebV14bnz5idGtByn4OnBC1F90Qqz70mZh/9+K4LGvhWvDm77Z0akVaNeyEuPwrtTG6sNy88vo49/iD89cYHUdPuSzuXDM4jr3s0jizmBPuHTUj3hcV5I+VqxoW4y7+ciwsTvDUFKsWzY7T29/HfnHI8WfHgmXPR1SPj5l33xwzalrbhLbaM4Z96uKO8LXTuvk+mP+t1jFhp90QXz1rdGUFYNBHo/aa84r7pHWyqQlxSP6aHz7ilJiz6Lcxqf5f4uIJWatdAAAAAHh72M3C08IGtXXdz1pGnnxk7NenLRwco6cvioeW39x5dvksLJw6Lxbe+N147PtXx9TD/0f8zdkTWkPWbHzVTpMm7RlDx10W92Wz1M//TGtgWJS9xhWx+OEfxi1n/2W8N3+2XwwaHZOuvjseW/7VuG7m+OJ2tqseHxdc/9W4a9XNceHhQ7sewCx8vbKbdWNsnDl/YdQvfyTuu/K4GFrxvq2KQTUXJvbJ0Dh25pcL++SOWDB5TIUthAEAAADgreFdfyzIl7vIWhZms9VTZsvqmHfE2XFn895xbP334pbJf5H/At7Z1BlApdQXAADAQKvkvmS3a3k6kDrGzDgh6hvT0y1lWn7zarxY7Ou/fxx1QOXDCgAAAAAAbx3C0xJ7DBsRNcWlX8bDP14T6ZnuN8Wjy+5tnel+zF/FQf99z+LTAAAAAMDbi/C01NCj42+nDi8stM1W/3Cs29o2HmrbTPdfiNqlzxceD40Jn58UhwyyCwEAAADg7ciYp+W2vhRLZ9XGgpVN+RMpY+PM+i/HpZNHx6D8GcAYhkDl1BcAAMBAM+bp9hh0QExb/MN4YEld2Yz9BW0z3T95dywQnAIAAADA25qWp8BOo84AKqW+AAAABpqWpwAAAAAA20l4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAvKVsjca6E2LkviMKPzNiRdO2/PnKbWusi8OK69fEuQ2/zp+t3Ft9/cILRP2h2fqFn9qGaMqfrthbff0dLkMDvf6OlwFlUBl0DjgHnAPK4Du7DNIXwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAwrv+WJAvd5E1/13/6ob8EUDP1BlApdQXAADAQKvkvkTLUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIOFdfyzIlzsZue+IfAkAAAAA4O1p/asb8qWuug1PM1mA2tPKAKXUGUCl1BcAAMBAq+S+RLd9AAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgC8pWyNxroTYuS+Iwo/M2JF07b8+cpta6yLw4rr18S5Db/On63cW339wgtE/aHZ+oWf2oZoyp+u2Ft9/R0uQwO9/o6XAWVQGXQOOAecA8rgO7sM0hfCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAEDCu/5YkC93kTX/Xf/qhvwRQM/UGUCl1BcAAMBAq+S+RMtTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABJ2i/C0pakx7m/4RsybeECM3HdEx8/+50T98oa4v7EpWvJ/CwAAAACwKwxseLp1bayYOyk+fMQpMWvWgrhzTXP+i1zzyrjpotkxa8qRcUjtjbFq3Zb8FwAAAAAA/WvAwtOWpkdi/mlTYs6y5/Nneta88vo49/jPxvzVm7RCBQAAAAD63YCEp1lwetXZM2JZe0vToXHszC9F/fKfxC9e3RDr859fPPndqL9+Rhxbnf+zeD6WTb8wbmjcnD8GAAAAAOgfAxCevhaP3nRVe3BaPf7S+F9P/jhumX1GfLJmaKcNqhpaE5+cMjtu+emDsXDq2PzZxrjpsjuicav2pwAAAABA/9nl4WnLuvtj0bKNrQ/GXBRL6s+Nw4bu2fq4O4NGx6SrboyFE4e2Pl7ztVhwzzrd9wEAAACAfrOLw9M34pXHV8YLxeWauOCaz0bNoAo3oWp4nDTv0phQ7MLfHC/c+5N4pZietsTWxhvjxOIM/QfEiXVPxdbs6XItG2PFF47MZ/GfHSs2vVl4bm0snZTP8D9pSazrIY1tWbckTi7+jamxdN0b+bO5lqZovO8bMW9i/lrZz8S5sfS+xmhq2RqNdSe0PndoXTRuy9fp5M1oanww7q07J8a2rV/4GVtbF/cWXyP/Z+WaGuLc4r89IeobC+9667pY3ZDYjoZHY52WugAAAADQJ7s2PG35ZTxx7zOtywefFCceMqR1uUJVw46O06cMb33w3Mp44pUsxKyKQTWfjQUzawrLzbF20ZdicZcxUd+MTd+ri3kPNBWWh8aEf5odJw3bs7DqqDh59qlRzGPbXy+lJPQ9eHx8bL+9is9mihNfnXhcnH7hgrizfQzXgjXfigUXnhITzr09nvvd/5M/mdCyKVZfcVocPeULcfGilYV30KF55Q1xceE1jj7xilixbkv+bNq2jQ/F/NMmR+2sxHbMmhYTT7vZUAcAAAAA0Ae7Njzd+u+xfl0+1ulB+8b7+/zX3xM148e1hp3xq1j/b21tTIdEzTlfjAvGZL8pHxO1JbauvSvm/2NDMZisnnhpzP3U8PyNV8Xgmo/HpOILPhMNj/8yPRRAe+hbHQedfGTs17bdW1+KO+bObR2/tXp8XFD/3XjsX9smuyr8zaljo3nl9XHNsvX5CuU2R+OiC6N26fOF5bFx5vzb44EXX8knzFobjy2viwvGD41Y882YM+mK1taySWvia7PmxLJffiwuuO2heLZt0q0XS8aKXfO1mHfrz9KtcgEAAACALnZteNq8OX6TN4rc872D8xC0L6qievCQaB0h9Q/xm80lLUUHfTRqrzkvRmfLpUHh1p/F4ln/HKuyvzumNm644oQYVvquBx8YxxVbs5YOBVCqJbY++1Dc9Vz2AofG5KM+lO+0N2PTysWxcGXWmrUmLlh2XcyaXBND89euGnp4TL3qq7F4WttEV+Wy4QbuiHmLGgvLhfWXL40F08fFqPZhDPaMoTWTY9Yt32kd67W5IeZ95Ynotv1p9eTCttwcs44bFYPypzqPFdsca1e/FP+u8SkAAAAAVGSXhqfbNm2ILCqM2DtqRrwv9igu980ew0ZE1kG/q6z7/ufj1vrJUd3efb/w9279UtxU7MaejbF6fozrMjlVSWvWZNf938fTy++JtdliaZf9lg3x8O0PtbZmnXph/F1NYgiCqmExbs7sODOZEne8brfrZ7KxXi/6fBxUWGxe/qNo3JJOP6unTIqPZ0MRlKt6X+z/V/u1Lq/bEP+m6z4AAAAAVGSXhqdV7947Plhc+q/4P5v/M91FvhcdAWzKnjHsU7NjQbGlZWPcNOXYOL3YsrM6Rs/8YtQmA8rSrvulQwHktrwYjyzfWFgYGhPOPrajy/5v18Tjxdaow2PS+ANjcOuzXQ0eGYd9bO/8QYltG+PZ72ev28v6BVXv3zcOzLav+al4dn32N8vtHUccNrKb19gj3j3kPa2Lza/HfzQLTwEAAACgErs4PB0Sf15cao5X1v/7doy/2RLNWzZH68if7473D+mYuKldp1n5c2POiwXnfLSjO3u59q77G2PFyhdLusa3xJbGH8WKYvPSCXH6sX/RvsM6QtwPxsgPdPvKBUPigwdkYW6Z1zbGy69nCxvjzumHd8yOn/oZe3bcWcxMm+LljeWTYWW62RcAAAAAwHbbpeFpvG9MHHVwa6rZ/MKr8Zs+N4L8fTSuXF3sKt9TaFk1tCb+5q/bAsvqGD3hiPhw+1iiKfvEMdPOTnSN7/h71VM+HjWDU6/xnhjy7u0ZgGBn+tN472DhKQAAAADsTLs2PK36UHzs5ENbl5+7Pb756Guty5Vq70JfUDr+aCdvxqbv1cW8B7KJnDJt45+mWmx2qNrvyJicBbvNq+ORxt+3Ptn+93rqWr8+NmwqHye1L8bEBctfyGfY7+2nMW6Z/Bf5egAAAABAf9q14WnsFfsdNb7YwrPYXf3ar8fqptZO+L1q2RSrF9bl3der46CTj+wYf7REy6YfxNX/2NDaWnR8bZw3Ph//9LI7orGnyZLag922rvulXfbHxXE1+bihuY6Jq/4zfrelp/B0c/zqpbYgt0T1kHh/sRFud13xAQAAAICBtIvD08IfHDU55s3M58tfszhqz76u9wB169pYcfkXonbp862Px5wX804d1XXjWzbGfQuujYeywHNMbdxw9cVx0VX5+Kdrvhbzbv1ZD+OsdgS7zcsWx73rNuVd9qtj9DmfjMPKu+y3D0FQPk5qmS3r4+knioObdtY+zurrser2lbGuh1y3Zd2SOLk4/unUWLpuR1q5AgAAAACV2uXhaTaBUs05X4wLxrSOfVoMUI84LeYtaYjV6zpHkC1NjXH/8ro49y8/EXOW5cFp1MQF13w2arqMYbo5GhfNjjnF7vrZvzk/xg3dM6qGnRBz/2lyVBe778+ISxo2djvLf3vX/Xg5Hn/hxfjlC9mwAofG6Z88qOtkU1Uj4vizJxReNwtbb4xvJIcFKGzTbTfmrWXLvSdqxo8rrh/PfT2u++ZL6WA3C4Sv/3q8kC13O1QBAAAAALCzDUB4WjDo8Jhx+w0xtS1Ajefjzvmzo/b4gzvNMv/hI06JWRfdEKvaw8exMXXJjTGjZkj+uE1LbG28I+Ytyua/r47RM78Yte3/Zs8Y9qnZsWBi1n2/KR76x7q4b1M3LV3bu+6/Hk/e99348brCH+42sCx93ca4aerFUf/IuvYAtKXpqVg2d1qcXtymlKoYfMzn44ZpYwvLTbFqfm1cVNcQje2tcAvvad3qWHr5hR2B8BWTY9TAHDGgn21rrIvDinVfTZzb8Ov82T7Y1hj1h+b1Z21DoVbpo4Fev1B7Ntad0Lr+vjNiRdO2/PlKvdXXh77Y8fK2o3XOW339Ha6z1LkDXmcqg8rgO3v9HS+DzgHngDL4Ti+D9MWARXFVQ4+L+Xc3xC0zx7e2vuxF9fiL4paH74j544Z13eitP4vFl30t1mbLY86LBed8tHNL0arhcdK8vPt+c0PMW/CD2JRsfrpXjJpSG2cW/l3zj1bGo83dj61alL3uFVe3hsDNK+Omz02IQ4onbxb8nh7zlz1f3O7Lpo5s/fcfHRHDSifmrxoW4y7+ciycmgeoi2bH6UeMbi38++4Xhxx/dizIWtxWj4+Zd9+cCI0BAAAAgP4ysO0YB42KY2ffGs8++d2or/9SXFCc3KlE9fi44Pq6qF/+k3h28YVx7KjUfPebo/HWL8VNa7Lmqd116c9yyrbu+xHND1wbV3+vm+777WORZg6NyUd9qMedVAyBv/9I3HXjvDizvSVtwZjPxLwlD8UTi8+Og9/73/InEwaNjklX3x2PLf9qXFceJBff/1fjrlU3x4WHDx3ggwUAAAAA7yzv+mNBvtxF1gJy/asb8kfvFG/EuiW1MXH+41E9sS4evHlyDNuh1PK1WD33lKhdtjFifF08tnhylEXE8LbxzqwzgO2hvgAAAAZaJfclGjOWa/llPHHvM4WF4THpjKO7D05Lxpc4rK4xuh0hpOV3+cRT1XHQ0WPifa3PAgAAAAC7OeFpJy2x9dmH4q7nmiPGnBonH/ae/PmEPd4XIz66d3Fx80OPx/NbU4MAvBlNj97T+nrxkfjrse+3wwEAAADgLUKW1y6b3f57cW1x4qmhMeHzk+KQxNipHYbFx6ee1DpG6ZrrY/qsm2PVui3F3xRtXRerl1wVn5u+uDiRVfXEz8bph5jwCQAAAADeKox52tQQ5x4xO1blDzOVj3W6JdYuuTROm/9gZG1L06pj9NRrov6Ln4pRPYax8NZnDEOgUuoLAABgoBnztBL7DI/9W3vfF4yNM+ffHt+97lMVThI1OEZPvzmeeHhpLJz/mRidP9tqaBw780tRv/yRuO/qyYJTAAAAAHiL0fIU2GnUGUCl1BcAAMBA0/IUAAAAAGA7CU8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAwFvK1misOyFG7jui8DMjVjRty5+v3LbGujisuH5NnNvw6/zZyr3V1y+8QNQfmq1f+KltiKb86Yq91dff4TI00OvveBlQBpVB54BzwDmgDL6zyyB9ITwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJLzrjwX5chdZ89/1r27IHwH0TJ0BVEp9AQAADLRK7ku0PAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkvOuPBflyJyP3HZEvAQAAAAC8Pa1/dUO+1FW34WkmC1B7WhmglDoDqJT6AgAAGGiV3Jfotg8AAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAgLeUrdFYd0KM3HdE4WdGrGjalj9fuW2NdXFYcf2aOLfh1/mzlXurr194gag/NFu/8FPbEE350xV7q6+/w2VooNff8TKgDCqDzgHngHNAGXxnl0H6QngKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASHjXHwvy5S6y5r/rX92QPwLomToDqJT6AgAAGGiV3JdoeQoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBhF4en26KpYUaM3HdE+8/YuatjS/7b3r0R65ZMLVn/hKhv3Jr/jh2zNRrrTmjdr7UN0ZQ/y47Y0X1aer7MiBVN2/LnAQAAANgVBrzlafPyH0Xjlpb8US9afhlP3PtM/gAAAAAAoP8MfLf95tXxSOPv8wc9a3nlJ9HwXHP+CAAAAACg/wxgeDo8Ro/Zu/D/jbFi5YsVdN1/I155fGW8ENWx35iRhf+ycw2Kmtk/iPWvboj1iyfH0PxZdoR9CgAAAPBWNoDh6f5x6hkTiiFoRV3327vsH1pY75jYs/VZAAAAAIB+MYDh6X+L9xx5XEwqpqe9d91v67JfPbU2Thk7KH8WAAAAAKB/DOyYp392UBw3ZXhhobeu+5vj2fvvixdieEwaf2AMzp/t0dZ1sbrhO1Ffe2Q+W3nbz6SYt6QhVq/reaCAlqbGuH/J3Dixfb0D4sS534j7G5uiZVtj1B/a+vxhdY3RMQd6yezoh9ZF47aWwmY8GisSr7Ni9brYmq+V9mY0NT4Y99adE2Pb1x0RY2vr4t77GqOpp4a6LU3ReF/X915ct+HRWLc1tXJ3M8NXOuP7r2NFbU3P6xf3Seu+XdHpfR0Z59Y1RGPTm/k62X5bHUvnTsp/n/1kx211N9teqfx4LK+Lc/dve9221+6mTGx9KuonHtD67ybeGI3Jv/9mbGqYnb+fI+PvGzYW/lKmktn2s+P8gx16r8WyWv6e9j8n6pc/WLJPAQAAAOirAZ4w6j1RM35c7133tzwb997aGFE9Lo6reU/+ZHfejKanvhbn/uWEqJ31xbhpZXlk9XzcOX921B7/2Zi/elMecpUqrL/6mjjpiFNi1vxvxdr82cIWxtplC2LWlJPjvNt/Gr/Ln+1ec/zqR/8cZxw/LeYkXmfO9MlxRt1T6QC1ZVOsvuK0OHrKF+LiRSsLa3RoXnlDXHzhKXH0iVfEimTY91IsPffkOP3Cru+9uO6saTHxL8+PpWt7H2V258v2Seu+ndPpfTXFqkWz4/Szr4vVTa/F2iXnx8eOPzsWLHs+/30mO25nx8TTbu4mwOzNlvx1C8fjohtiVad5x9rKxN/EuUte6nxMBn00aq85L0Zny2u+FvNu/VmXY9ay6Qdx9T82FN9P9cRLY+6nhld2YrUf5/O7ea/XxA83/CF/LqW1rH7qyEJZLX9PzSvjpou+EKcfcVrMa1ibLmcAAAAA9GiAw9OqGFzz8V667rfElsYfxYrmiOopH4+awT1vchZkXTXt2ljVXB2jp14Rix9+rnXCnuznX38Sdy34TGsQFs/Hsr//ejzaKbBtia1r74rL/35xMeysHj8jFi7/SfyiuP7aeGz5NXHmmC2x6ppr487XW9fo1uuLY845i+NX4y+KW9q34ZV49uG6wmsU33CsXfSlWNy4ufXft9scjYsujNqlWZg2Ns6cf3s88OIr+frZNtTFBeOHRqz5ZsyZdEWs2FTasrCw7q2Xx4IsNK0eHxfc9lA82/be27e/8LebH4wFlyyPdduTQe6I4j75dkSn4/JcPFB/Vh5Ofjuum3txXDT/2ThiZl3c9eTa1n9TOG7/66LxrZOErflaLLhnXSL07kkWnF4ap81/sLDXy8tFdkxuj3lTxxb+XVOsml8bF3UKUKtiUM1nY8HMmsJy4phtfSnuuPzaeKiYnE6OBfNOiGEVnVWlx3loHDvz6x3H+cWHYvH8QjktHOMFi1a3/vMuCmW18evxuemL4+d/7FrWf/Hkd2PhzGyfPR93zpoel7S3hgUAAACgUgMcnhYMPrCXrvu/j8aVq6O5oi77r8WjX6lrDbLGnBcLvnhWjBtVskbV0Kj57Nyon39U6+PywLbl1/FI/c2tLfjGXBRL6mfGpJqh+U7aM4bW/G1cefsNMbUYfvauemJdPHjLhXFs+zZUxaBRk+PK266JCcWX+Hn8+PnflIRaWSB2R8xb1FhYrokLli+NBdPHxahBbYcp24bJMeuW78TCiUML298Q877yRMc+2/av8eg3s3Wr46BL/iFmHDcqOkaHzdb9dFx86amtIeRzK+OJV94o/mZXqp54Tdx61fSS4zI4Rk2+MC6empWB5li78qcRM2+I62dPjpqh+bRgheN22AXzYkH2ngv/5oXH1sRvW39TkZZ1y+OLbcHptBvitk5/Pzsm42LaVV+NxdPaAtR/ju+uK903Q6LmnC/GBcXj3hg3XXZH3vq1JKyOsTH1KxfHScMqm8qsZdPqWJy1ps6C0/mLY+HsCR3HedCoGDf98ri1fnLrsUrZ+rNYfNnXYm32nmbeHt+5uvQ9ZbusJibNvjkeLL5GUzz0j7eVfVEAAAAAQG8GPjyNfeKYaWfHQYWlZNf9LS/GI8s3RkVd9tv+bVTHQWdMiEPaQ8dSe8WIsR+NIcXlP8RvNneEZC2vrIolD2RB2PA489IzoyaxftXQj8dFbQFkj4bHpDOOTrZCrBo6Jv5qVPYKzfHK+n8vaeX4+3h6+T2trV6nXhh/V9O6lV1UDY+TLvp89/usy+u2qYrB466M54utE5fFtFF75c/vKt3tk0HxgZEfzJcPjdM/eVBJ6Jurek988MN7ty7/bENs6m7o1S7eiFceXxkvZIvVp8bFcz4eQ1PFompYjJszO84sHthnouHxX3ZuqTno8JjRFnoXu+8/FU3tQXcWYM6Nfxg3rMITqrBND92Tt1adEH87ZUy8u/UXJfaMYZ86L+YcnCppLbHl6fvjG2uy5tinxj/83Ue77q+ikteoYFI2AAAAADqrLOvpZ1X7HRmTkwFP37rsx+BxseDlLBh8Ke6dPrrbN1f17r2jLarrsC1++1JjHrL1FNRWxeCPHBpH5I+6d3Ac9pHuws8/jSF//ifFxeamzZFlaEXbNsaz38/C395b2Va9f984MMvVmp+KZ9fnr7DH8DjkxKwFZ+HpZefHmdnEVN1OEDUQutsne8S7h+T7u3q/+ND7K2u9WZGWX8YT9z5TXOy1DLW3gm6OF+79SbxSttuqhp0Qc/8pa8mZdd//dBw95frWsWyzVs7ndBdgprwWLz/2cnGpx22q+lB87ORD8welmmP9M08Vy03r+v9X69MpVe+NDx20T2FhYzzwzMaSyc0AAAAA6M1uEZ52hETlXff70mW/e8XZyBsaYkX2s2RunHT8la0haSdvxKYN61sXR42IDyRbreb2GR77540gu1W9d/xZdR9372sb4+XiWKob487ph5fMvp74GXt23FnMTJvi5Y1tY3DuE8dccHk+rEA+MVU2QdSB++WzrzfE/Y1NnVtU7kqV7JM/GRKD+7rfetLyn/H6xtZwec/3Du6lxfBeMfi9f9q6uPH1+EOXHZW15JydDx/QpiYuuOazyVbK3Sps0+b/81/FxZ63ac94/777JX6/OX71UutkYM3Lzo6PjkiUj/afw6N2WRbIF9Z6aWO8VlwCAAAAoBI7MaXaEXvFfkeN79oNvS9d9tu1xNZ1j8a9defE2DxA+nA2c/6s2TEn++k08303/nxIvHtH98zODgErVDX0uJh/d0Msvn5GHFuauhVnX58ds6YcGR/OgtRH1u36GdgHaJ+02jtqRrwv9sgfpe0Vw0aMzJe7UTU0Dv+bIzoCzTHj4pgP9zHWbw90e9umqqgePCR2YjtcAAAAAPpgNwlPCxvSpet+H7vsF70ZTav/Oc44flpcvGhlsVtzq2zW+oWxsL4uFi55KBofvqIY1HarT2Nq9ocxccHyF9pnTu/5pzFumfwX+Xq5bMKhKbPjlpdbZ12vr1+Yzyafy4LUz531DpuB/fVo3PDbXrqtl7Q+7kbLph/E1f/Y0FG2iuOf/qxvQXTVn8bew7P4tZJt6tmQmd+NNclykfhZPDlK28wCAAAA0LPdJjzt2nW/7132s2Drqr9f3DoD+dRr4q4n1+bB0YpYMH1KTJo8OSaNGxXVf3g9fpWv06Gk1eF/bY4tzT3Eiu3d63ey6iHx/mKTxtKu+Dsmm3X9k5OnxLSrVxT2w3PxwJIr4sxit/6dPAN7SVf03Up7UBnx5u+2lATqKW/Elt/9Z+vi8L27tj5u2Rj3Lbg2n+hpfJx3/vhCScvGP/1SLG7sw/FqH4e0t23aVihqG6LrK+8Vfza0dYqpYlf8PxYXAQAAANjJdp/wtLzr/q+f62OX/W3x25+uyoOtU+PiSz4dNUNTHZ7fiA3P/ywRSO0R7zugprVFao8zk7fElp8/E0/mj3aq9gmLXo9Vt6+MdT3kmi3rlsTJxWEJpsbSdW8Un9vWWBeHlT3X2eAYNe6suPjSU1u7nTe/Hv/RU0jcF1v/Pdav6zmaHBAlky51GhIipW2YiMLeOejkI2O/TmfHm7Hpe3Ux74FsrNGxMfUrV8ZFc+bl4582xk2X3RE/6zpIajcGxQdGtk5Z1vM2bY6fP/1cvlzqPVEzflzrMVx5T/xw3f+/+GxSy9pYOumAQpk4IE5esvYd1NIYAAAAYMftRuFpYWPau+4/FN+cv7iPXfYr09L0eHzrO62zr5er2u/YmF4MwzbGndfeGY2pWeq3/iy+ce09vbRg3F4lodhzX4/rvvlSujt41gLy+q+3Tnp18Pj42H57FZ/eY+ShMbG48jNx1/0vdNOV/M34zauvtG7/3iPig/v0PApoFirvM3xEtM6R/1T88MlNiQBuczTedmM+gdXupiOUj+Z74rqFP4qmVILYsilWL6zL38OhMfmoD5WcHC2xtfHrcc6srLt+dYyeOTf+YdywqKoaHifNuzQmZPt8zfVx9iUrYlNF6eReMWpKbZyZrZdt020/iz+0/qJE9jfvjOvyyZ46q4rBNR+PScVj/Xhc/+V7Ym2qrBYD36/FwueyN1X+ngAAAADoze6VpbS3EmyKR1c+GX2bZb+05eg3Y8ZFt8TTTW8Wf1O0dV2sXl4X5x1bG8vWtKV8ZWNOloVh02fdHKvWtc39/2Y0NX475p02PW5qX39nq4rBx3w+bpiWjU/aFKvm18ZFdQ3R2P4+ssmwVsfSyy+MOcUWkDVxwRWTY1TbURz8sfjCP02O1q7kM8rWLcj2wZKrY9b8xwsPquOgmSfEIb1lpwV7fPjofAb/rKv/grihZLKplqbGWFF3cUxf9FqMHrN3/uzupWrUlPjS/E+07pelM+Jzly+J1e3HtW2ffiFqlz5feDw0jp3/P+OUUa2BdNHWn8Xiy77WOtHYmPNiwTkfjUHFXxRee9gJMbe4zwvF7oEvx9Xfq3Ac2U7Hanp8eu63Oo5VS1M03nF5nDHl+u4nNyusf/5XamN0YbF55eVx2qxFsaKxqeNvF4/1VSWB78zO74ndTkfL8Zo4t+HX+bN9sK0x6g9tnSRvZG1D4Wzto7L1/72vw0F0Wv/evv/9Qq3SWHdCjCrugxmxoqmvowFn65/Y+ve3e/0TBnB96IsdL287Wue81dfvXGfteJ35llt/wOs8ZXjAy4Ay6BxwDjgHlMF3eBmkL3azhmglrQQzB58dZx3TOjZkJTpCsixQujY+fcTo1oKU/Rw4IWovuiFWfegzMf/uxXFZ1sK1oHzMySwMu7w9lLo+zj3+4Pw1RsfRUy6LO9cMjmMvuzTOLOaElczg3kdVw2LcxV+OhcUJnppi1aLZcXr7+9gvDjn+7Fiw7PnIxtyceffNMaOmtU1oqz1j2Kcu7ghfO62b74P532odE3baDfHVs0ZXVgAGfTRqrzmvuE9aJ5uaEIfkr/nhI06JOYt+G5Pq/yUunrC7Tkc0OEZPvzbubgtQl10Zte3HtWSfFoPTxXH99APaw9Fiq9pbv5QH5jVxwTWfjZpBpXst2+ezi93331XY5w/9Y13ct6kksO5WYb3JV5Zs09yOY/X/OzJOn1c4TmPOinkzx+X/vtyeMXTchVFff1Z85F3ZYbkh5kw5Mj6cH5eOY114TxctjttmHl7yngAAAACoxG4WnhY2qK3rfqTGnexNFpItioeW39x5dvksLJw6Lxbe+N147PtXx9TD/0f8zdkTCs9GYszJLJS6LO7LZqmf/5nWwLAoe40rYvHDP4xbzv7LeG/+bL8YNDomXX13PLb8q3HdzGxSohLV4+OC678ad626OS48fGjXA5iFr1d2s26MjTPnL4z65Y/EfVceF0Mr3rdVMajmwsQ+GRrHzvxyYZ/cEQsmj6mwhfBAycrGzfHEw0tjYaf3UNC2T5/8cdzSKTjNus7fEfMWNRaWs9abX4zaTmF1rq3F8p9mKWZDzFvwgwq773dsU+djlR2n2+OBuy+LvxnROjFU2uAYNfnK+N5PCsfl+hlxbKeDnR2bLxWO9b3xtRlH9uFYAwAAANDmXX8syJe7yFqwZbPVU2bL6ph3xNlxZ/PecWz99+KWyX+R/wLe2dQZQKXUFwAAwECr5L5Ee7QSHWNmnBD1jenpljItv3k1Xiz29d8/jjqg8mEFAAAAAIC3DuFpiT2GjYia4tIv4+Efr4n0TPeb4tFl97bOdD/mr+Kg/75n8WkAAAAA4O1FeFpq6NHxt1OHFxbaZqt/ONZtbRu8suus7BM+PykO6TR5EAAAAADwdmHM03JbX4qls2pjwcqm/ImUsXFm/Zfj0smjzWAOJYxhCFRKfQEAAAw0Y55uj0EHxLTFP4wHltSVzdhf0D4r+92xQHAKAAAAAG9rWp4CO406A6iU+gIAABhoWp4CAAAAAGwn4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAPCWsjUa606IkfuOKPzMiBVN2/LnK7etsS4OK65fE+c2/Dp/tnJv9fULLxD1h2brF35qG6Ipf7pib/X1d7gMDfT6O14GlEFl0DngHHAOKIPv7DJIXwhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnv+mNBvtxF1vx3/asb8kcAPVNnAJVSXwAAAAOtkvsSLU8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAICEd/2xIF/uZOS+I/IlAAAAAIC3p/WvbsiXuuo2PAUAAAAAeCfTbR8AAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACALiL+P2FvnW+CrA6eAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" width="644" height="367"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>2 Mg(s) + O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 2 MgO(s) ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Do not accept equilibrium arrows. Ignore state symbols</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>s ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Do not allow group 2</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>aluminium/Al ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>53</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>726</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>47</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>372</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>244</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>31</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>6</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>354</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>24</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>31</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2614</mn><mo> </mo></math> «mol» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>mass of product <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>«</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>56</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>941</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>47</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>372</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>»</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>569</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mtext>⟨⟨100 × </mtext><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>001</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>9</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>569</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow></mfrac><mtext>=0.0209⟩⟩ = 0.02 «%»</mtext></math> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer </em></p>
<p><em>Accept 0.021%</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mo> </mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2614</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><mo>×</mo><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mn>24</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>31</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>+</mo><mn>16</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2614</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>×</mo><mn>40</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>31</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>10</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>536</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mn>100</mn><mo>×</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>9</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>569</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>10</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>536</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mo> </mo><mn>90</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>822</mn><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>91</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mo>%</mo><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award «0.2614 mol x 40.31 g mol<sup>–1</sup>»</em></p>
<p><em>Accept alternative methods to arrive at the correct answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept final answers in the range 91-92%</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>yes<br><em><strong>AND</strong></em><br>«each Mg combines with <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mfrac bevelled="true"><mn>2</mn><mn>3</mn></mfrac></mstyle></math> N, so» mass increase would be 14x<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mfrac bevelled="true"><mn>2</mn><mn>3</mn></mfrac></mstyle></math> which is less than expected increase of 16x<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>3 mol Mg would form 101g of Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> but would form 3 x MgO = 121 g of MgO<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>0.2614 mol forms 10.536 g of MgO, but would form 8.796 g of Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept Yes <strong>AND</strong> “the mass of N/N<sub>2</sub> that combines with each g/mole of Mg is lower than that of O/O<sub>2</sub>”</em></p>
<p><em>Accept YES<strong> AND</strong> “molar mass of nitrogen less than of oxygen”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>incomplete reaction<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Mg was partially oxidised already<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>impurity present that evaporated/did not react ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “crucible weighed before fully cooled”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept answers relating to a higher atomic mass impurity consuming less O/O<sub>2</sub>.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “non-stoichiometric compounds formed”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept "human error", "wrongly calibrated balance" or other non-chemical reasons.</em></p>
<p><em>If answer to (b)(iii) is >100%, accept appropriate reasons, such as product absorbed moisture before being weighed.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«1» Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2 </sub>(s) + <strong>6</strong> H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → <strong>3</strong> Mg(OH)<sub>2 </sub>(s) + <strong>2</strong> NH<sub>3 </sub>(aq)</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub>: -3</em><br><strong><em>AND</em></strong><br><em>NH<sub>3</sub>: -3 ✔</em></p>
<p><em><br>Do not accept 3 or 3-</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Acid–base:</em><br>yes <strong>AND</strong> N<sup>3-</sup> accepts H<sup>+</sup>/donates electron pair«s»<br><strong><em>OR</em></strong><br>yes <strong>AND</strong> H<sub>2</sub>O loses H<sup>+</sup> «to form OH<sup>-</sup>»/accepts electron pair«s» ✔</p>
<p><em>Redox:</em><br>no <strong>AND</strong> no oxidation states change ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “yes <strong>AND</strong> proton transfer takes place”</em></p>
<p><em>Accept reference to the oxidation state of specific elements not changing.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “not redox as no electrons gained/lost”.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for Acid–base: yes <strong>AND</strong> Redox: no without correct reasons, if no other mark has been awarded</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Protons</em>: 7 <em><strong>AND</strong> Neutrons</em>: 7 <em><strong>AND</strong> Electrons</em>: 10 ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">isotope</span>«s» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>nitride <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>smaller nuclear charge/number of protons/atomic number ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em><br><br>subatomic particles «discovered»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>particles smaller/with masses less than atoms «discovered»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«existence of» isotopes «same number of protons, different number of neutrons» ✔</p>
<p><br>charged particles obtained from «neutral» atoms<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>atoms can gain or lose electrons «and become charged» ✔</p>
<p><br>atom «discovered» to have structure ✔</p>
<p><br>fission<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>atoms can be split ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept atoms can undergo fusion «to produce heavier atoms»</em></p>
<p><em>Accept specific examples of particles.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for “atom shown to have a nucleus with electrons around it” as both M1 and M3.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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3TAmpchOZsVPxFIyjJL9fKGq07PIKc4z1W+Nmmb7KSUo5TN8nplrdQm2tUobeGVc6KtphQ53trBBU+zF1lJEXLem1H8zT/kOI6TVWO1R3uwUG+mIs/r6/K7DOS3HiIIKjwOCcJnINkmfJWeZbs7Z6sq539dnOz14ZzunHlyJ3vN/092QNgZ3p2DWcnZZncOY1l8skloEH329eSIU6m3uyNP9aczHw+81Mn16cZZrvgRnRRe6N7xo8upbw8OCflHdCLpzbEuO09xFnnRjnV7c/Q4OOF1V0MzKwRBEL6Ksw573zTDoVkONniy3r8DrVW5SNR8hOydB11P8W70eo4TLRWFyC5zgCkBYEoAhI56mJKnA2XvYqflZiR/UgqmsLDMHgNTJGDfOFv1RuXpSDbVo0O4gJrn7kFQy0HszP4I0CQiu9zOwgV02IuQqdPAkfMyXi07KZ8noUnMRVVrR2eZ2Icd++r5/AUabHXsOBLpJSf4SOf62I3xGN/jaDcdicZKtKrKFq+l4pQcL6Fcb0fNavyvoCZU7HwXZaIDxH2wi+3QgJJMpmI4tmHFq/tYW51F7d6/IIe7wFDqLTSjyqg4cuwHrnZSfpdzYMoJy0f+XQbyWw8hSFkhCILwUZy1X2IHN8ewwXPhhGvh5zcCgdOWIp8HFXwGi2jKcKf3c07CsrcIDu7Z+/GfSUoA94jMBntBsPTuJFMzD4/ffysbfEYiIGAUWiyfyf6skpASrREHJX/NT7E0IYZ9s+NQ/UmVGUODiPtmYQr3Oux/A4LHXiuHc8YgetHj0MGKTXPGsXpzk8zbMJvLUNObp31Wp6RHfyJ5O+627M7r9Q8IwOiWr7G3wCqdm3I3NGLFx0O3dLHo4dlxqB6Nzk4FKiHpIUwVvSUHYUrMvYhg3/oOUxBd7RSP+8dzD9jc6/9W2LkyxpTBgAH81kMJ3nIEQRAEMQTQYsaksd0MXP4IiPwdPm+1ocRkgsmYAGz6NRYujEX4vC2w9qawDAIkBYd/c6KtoRaVYijBIWWFIAjCR/EPmYQZ3N6gSYaxqlk0ibg+9pcx24tn7t7PGYuoOD00sKIg7yNUi0pAE6xZD4uzGXE51arZiN7wR1DU/Uhg5TkK8mCskBaDOh3/jdyCfezbTMy9M6R/A1XAFMyOj0d88kZ83lElmaO8mHTccOxB3u6/SQt1277GB2LZPSlGjKA7EJcQKZ1rPCAtBnYeR1nuDhSx1tHNnQ6tfwAmhE9mEaq2cjpg+egLlSLClKwJYdJMy/lmtJ6R03xmhUOM56jb6V3sruZGHabQWDdLi23jclA7rv+/9ZCCXYgLj0OC8BlItglfpWfZ7m7RpUbQGcqFVp6kzwtsVef0tMDWy6JUtwW24uJU9WrX7haOsvIyiwS7mFTJL1JILzkhntUZphH0xiqho6dFuK56edCvBbbqsjkd3S+w1b0glNilBbY9lqEsnu1LmgEvsFX9bkMIXnc1NLNCEAThs/B1DS+jrCgbifypW0SP9NxCbE+NFtdodKUP5wREI3V7IXLT+eoMjga6dCNK3kxBpLguYwyi//1p+XwNwscF9DA7EozIVdthKzEinS9sFZHLWz9XWgvSJ8Zi9nPbUWJMB1MgZHi98mHZvlyuVzdo0mEq3yWX38dz+IxI5ErssZXA6NYO/NxMzNbwdSWMIB2eK/sUhkS+GJihy8Qu0wZxXYuLoBg8U7jV1d6axK04ULLVPQ1vp9S3YclVXZ8uHcaSbCyLDGYHA/mthw5+XGORv4Pvy1YdEoTPQLJN+Cok2xcBf8/K1DnYhEyUVK8f+qYSH8JTrumXIQiCIAhiUEPKCkEQBEEQgxoyAxHDApJtwlch2SZ8ETIDEQRBEAQxpCBlhSAIgiCIQQ0pKwRBEMOKTi+/bh59BwUq78ql7j6Brhjca3Qc9768CDk1Z+VA4mpDygpBEIQv43TAat6M1Xn9ebMsQQwuSFkhCILwWc6iJnclohYaYO2QgwhiCELKCkEQhE/CFJWcRISn7GLfHShKmYYR2tUodfO+24HWGjMyYrnZg3spNrt7KG6rQXFWkmQyEuMLYHWclyP5pE0F8jLiWByPZx9tErLMVslPjoiTZbEXWUkRcpo4ZORVqOK7p71+f2fesRnIs0p+g1ywupXmZEi+cbyl4S980/I6ZcBc8XFnHWJXw1zDfevIqK+R17/4G3h6Eer9OonLjqDC45AgfAaSbcJX6V62fxRsxsfEeNdH9MtzQWguyZR8yNyjE3RuPmkUPzuMjnrBlDxdFSd/FJ85HVWCUe/FPxCmC8mmejGPjgaTkNzF501Pvmp68O/j8oHD6M43karsPvnb6e4axY/sK6kP10lcengbq6GZFYIgCJ/kOkxJzgdTWNh3DRufq9Dh6X3375ORUMo99J5Dg2k5S+VA0Y4vUesEnLUleDPnG2iSTWjo4N57m1FlTIZG8WDcZoet0sGyzkRJcwcfWeRPJYzxE+GPs6jd+xfkOKaDDepggzqEVhaX+C8oyy5EhdsMjyca6DKLYOfldjSgJJN7yfkI2TsPooUvEK4oRHaZQ/ShU24/J9bfXvICdPgGOSveRJlb3tORaKwEU47AlCcw5Qko+hT7as+6rrHTU3EHWqtyVb51GL1eJ3EloHYmCIIYrkTci5gpQezLKGimz0SEFMpgisa+T1HEvjlyFmLCCG7+uBHTUnKYOmNFwd6v0RI0E4tSH2IJNmDOjSNYfBwycnbDXFqDNp6Fsx77duxjX5gCsXASRnDzSWAEUvKZcuAowl6Lp7FFjRbR998lOTH0Hw/d0sWiUz/HoXo0Ok/BsreI1SMSCUmLES06DGT11y1Ggp5pGY5a1Dd2mqqAabgvJkx05OcfGIyxUiDDibaGWlSyb5qEx/HoVN4O/giYMgv3Rai0ld6uk7gikLJCEARBDADuLfkDtNo+h8m0C8Z0YFPKY1g4R4d5WRWDZyDXhGFSiOwBeUAMkev0cUhZIQiCIDwYhZBJYeDzC5rEXFS1qs0fAuwbZ4PPQ0gzETrExz+K5I170WEzQg+HZOZpG4NJM7QsTacZpjMPCzbO7pzj6IoVBXkfoZov9nUeR1nuDnGWRzNjEkL8xyAqTs/qxtPsQIW44Pc8HGU7UFDkAHR3405tX5QTVvcJYeJskqPgXeyu5otuWT6WEnzBzT5u9HCdPZqziEsFKSsEQRA+i6J0dLcbqDv8EaR7EluTp8ORvxTTArn5Q94J4/cwsqxNnbttXOF+GBGewpQKDXSpCxAddDN0v12NZM03yE+JQKAqnV/sZljVu4684Cp3xATM2cBVlcewPuUepiSxukUvQKqOXVX+CszSXsvyvBbaOS+gjKkQmc8twl0BfRva/KfMR0Z6JCssBynTbpTymbUC+WpdpdfrpGH0SkCtTBAE4bPwgX0J1idOlw7Dx+HGvvb6/hMRv8WEIkOiOMMioktHruVtpEYGg2kzeK6sBMZ0vppEQY/03EJsT42W1oiMX4AtZZ/CoJTPB/j0fFi2L0dkjwpFJFKNu5CtnCeWuwVLp1wnHQdEY9WeMpQY06GTQuQ0uVg/e3w/BraxmP3cdtU1svrv+gsMfO2LQh+uk7j8kNdlYlhAsk34KiTbhC/iKdc0s0IQBEEQxKCGlBWCIAiCIAY1XcxABEEQBEEQVxu1GYjWrBDDApJtwlch2SZ8EVqzQhAEQRDEkIKUFYIgCIIgBjX9VFbaYM2KFadn/OJyUNPlnT7cJfkiKT7JDM93AA5aHGYk+YUhyfydHEAQlwanw4oPPV3bd0s7E8Vl7P5ZBrOj3UMuv4M5KeyS3VfO42akyC+60maUQuUwX6LdiqwwHh+FjNKTciBHqaMfwrKs7IgHKWndP9qkzShWu+InBgn9laVLK3u9chnlvise99yAOA+HtRRW8U26jEE7nlyKa+0LHu1xiRj4zIrstdINl+OqIYYmHnlCLfLib5UDCOISwAbx7J9G4ZnP7X1UVnriVsTn1ULIi+98QdeAOYmyV19Gjtz7S87hpO8KzrrDKD7Cv8lO68RQzlnY62zsbyQWzpyIkTzoxFFUimndceSnQh++RHrbKUEMiEsp95eHduur+GnUOnxuv7SD81DlcrXHwJQVzT3Q3XMQO/bVu3XCztovsaPyf7C4wSpWBEE4az7Axk1WaJLXY8OSUKCyFg1urz7v9EbLcRR8BovrFe0/4Gglf2KcjPAJ0rs72+112M/+hhosuCDIvl867CjP5m8FVdz6EwRBDJyBKSuj9Vj+2wdQueNL1Lr6OMmleGVCApaEjZbDOHxKyIyspAjVFHEcMvIq4FDOdTpQsTkJWtf08Vq8wtOLU3/y1JU2CVlvZyBWySN2NcyqKWY+3W7O6szDLzYDeerp97YaFKvjeX7FsovvXqcd1WHe66NN2oa/Wkux2XWd7BrN1eSRc0gw0N/UU7a1iM0okKY/uWlkahTSjgBH0qJwTVgWrO1e5FR9To94yiVTKGr2qsqOQFLWXtT04m9FnFUx/glF3M9KRiKiJwQz+fd0qX8ejfW1rBwN9Bs2IJWldrnzb/kW5XzKxeXJth0njtbiCEJx7+SbpZkWjr8G0U//FqlMF3JXdogrjlvfx+UtH+XHzsiREr32n25wuS9ARqxWJXtmdxn26G/dTIKsv7eas5Ck9rfTbXlquZe/K+eoP8p90SVvj7GGqc01xZs741m575b/XY7rAedRmFOiEJtVgRbRhBqBFPNRnLdmYWpUGpP/MqRFBXaaRnEGx8rzVW2k7juk69A+noTHxXpoEZdTza69l3b1Zl7yDOtxLFX4O8rf7WksrUBeRpxcB55HFsyu38abKakzbIf5pW7a4+IZoBnoBvyPufFIqFSZgkQT0HEkxP0r/kUKEXHWvIOlUX9A5X3vSV43xSeuEBQsfQp/LOO28CZYs3+FWYaRWF/VLMYXzqjDq/nfSBkoOIrxUe0svMm9f7aWw4BcLHx6t7Rupq0C2UvmYUXlbJSK3kGbUZVwEplRv0K2OAV9EqXrlkD/0WS8Yz8nxa8fiWz9Guys8TBl9RVXfS6gtSoXc4tX4O6ojTiR9Ck6hB9gMVyDTQufH3j+xJWnX78pUxas27BELdutRUho3ISoJdtgPXsXVlVbYGCDtTjjULsKkf7VyF2qltNzsJc/i9sKEjHvj/v6NfvgPF6IlboHkD1yLRo6Olh9VwHZD0C3rqyHfHidC7COz6qkL8OjU8ZhQvhkFl4HW4NarW5Dg62O/dViRvR8PJQAlynI2ViPQ7zXiwjDBNG3i2IWmon7po9jf1WMvBmT7+Xayik0nfY+7BGXG9a/vpHK+r7x2Grj/asVG0NqUFDWOXT13n+qUeR+Exrn74K9Q0CH/Q3MqPyDJPeil2Q2sK9cCH12ILY2sP62tRLrkQO97hWUtpxBTe5KRK2own2lrD7svumw70P2bR9j6bzXUNajUiubhJTZO15PYzI0mmQYM+9nqrU0lnTmze+LJWjMXIAl2RVMqnndjXhS/ylCtlaxe5bdfxsno7KAO0nsifM4XmjAik/+F55eHIzPnv8DciJ+h4wFEzEqchWqLQamqutgsLSidlWkrLA7UFZQh/DXq+V6TkCBx3jg2P5P3LXnB3b9RXjlwUk401u79kofx1L28FFQeQdeF8fSShhv2+Mxli5AZuN8lPOxUsyjEiu8ykJXrrk7o5v2uHgGvmYl6A7EJRyXTUFMCL76hDXAfYiLcnf77T8lGXuFSuQlT5ccPrEnrqiH7kMEa9jGph+ZonsQO7MPQr8+DUunBklPZCszsV7tSEokBgkpP8cU3kEG3IH5CTGszSvwzffn0VJRiOyyGKx/djGmih1oEKYuTWN5HJSnoH9EUyNv6CDcGMibjsUnG2EXdiJZcYzVb5T6jETAlFm4L4LVN/FJPC060QrGnbE69oOdwKnWy7mQibi09Oc3PYWKne+iTP87PLtUlu2A6Vj67O+gL3sXOyvkmQg1/lORvNcOe16SLKejoImaI5bjYPJ5WkrVB86idu9fkOPgsyM/x3h/fwRMTUKeXe263wvO71D0pxz2zKN4r1U88tpxqP4ku4tlnCdRf8jOvnBTzyTRHT82vYHdNWdc5iHJVT9P24DDxUxZcc20qHCeZvcde4LXjEHwDQPvaoiLQOlfExKxYIrcv6YkIcHVvTr70H+qUcn9ynuhYcn9NfdipUrunbUleDPnn6xPX4EF45lMsPsiOa8Sgv1lzA4ajSnJO9l3I5J5f8/w10Tiofum9VOpZQqEeTVmpzRg6TsvSmOH51jC7tqAqYvx7PoYlGUXoqLlpFz3xUhZMJXds+z+i16MpIRIKctucB7/EM+v+AIPbv097v/HR3gtZyIML8djSo8irVHVg7Xngw9hLg7ii29OSNEcfTzm3xXMrn867tK09dquvdLnsZTd/8pvHTAVDz5yr5exNAXRGvbbufLwJgtXlh6bu2fGsE7sPtkUxAV4N9Cdu2w+Nfe+GWYz++RkYI7oXlui/duDMDnCMffOCZ2V8R+LSTO08oEC6/BERYMzEoHBY+TvypT1LqSEXw9l6spvxDSkFDnkQWA89JnPIdGWiqjAEeK01m7zxxe5WllVH/8bEBwyGqERE+HxbEkMKfrxmyoDelEKwkfIMsc+kut4WRH3Cp/q/Vi6F8xvI2PObFFO+0c7Wk/xTk99T/QGf6Aws472G3lWhSvp/hh94xiMZndPpc3ead76/m/4gtcpNBp3Th6NoKj72eC2jz2Y2GCXzUMR4VpJQWuzw1bJ0rpmWjoR17DxfLzEEVcGr/1r0O2YNTdUPuhL/6mi/SgOmqwInXsnJqt+Uv+QSZihkZTe9tZTOMKkKiT4hm4HGG52el+8B3YjJ+MRhKfskmP6gjS788TCLzDX+J9YLXtZlmb9HOyWnIYRynX4XS/lzRWh5jovdQ/GtFlR8ndvtOGr915jDwb34qG7gc9e3YayxGQ8zr1O90jP1y8SEoxAJUEf2rU3NW5gY6maM/j24AE4xPte9RAv5+FtIf6VpMe27Bl/qRPjpiDLX7G3YDwS5t/RxV2201GM1XMiEfXHctaFM4IfxOuWt6B2tn1J0GSipJlPYSpThPJHXEWuPHk2w1ZSiK3zgD0rHkKUdh5Wlx7vVQgIojs06SVo9pS57naWOY+jdPU8aKO2oLyJS93NiHvdDGOXJ5/LgGtWhfXbm+bgRrkzv0a0L7Mw1aCkLJjFvZOh5X2aOIuqRdGOPPy55CAL6OwQFbOQa6ZFgV1rWe4OprixJ8zF9yDsInoa4grQY//ZB04zBb1POjdT1kvXYg7re/9Y/k927I/guE2wGB+TovuAaAKdZwAys/GKMqvpIhLpJSe6XofwBuI118hp+kMA7vrl00jW7MdHB4D7f7scuvwcvHuldrj1uV0vJ4pl4upycV2IbAoyZmxAQcQDiAnzNKmcRe0nb2ODbSlK3t+A5Ph4xMf/DNrmv7t2Goy8fSYWamwoPtzQqTS4pqH7gjyV7VAtAuyWIEyZ/QjiH12FvIYqNkhUYkNeOb6XY7ul/R+o2+9lbyYxfFGeNvqxeNRZuxcbN/yTdabvYmPyo+xeeASztWekmYl+MRKBY/h8D3ta7JOZ0YmWsjexIsfTdq1ifx3sYlbKglmoZpXGQpfyFPRFW7BpO48Jx2Qtv9fZE65oFlLNtHD44srs1XhiQxEbBJci49EpF9nREAPFe/8qm+dE+tN/MkZOxMyFkThSfBh1KrF3trJBla9xmjQWIwPHIJQ9pTc2ne76IOiswycb34Qt/R28v/FX7B5gY8Ls8WgW10j1Ab6m4okV+GTuBry+eo5oLlGQZiE8t9qr8Fr3drQ29Xzd/uMfxotb78MnK/4Tn938EJ5OPoq01WYv7xm7CPrQrt7uIdeDBePix9LRuH3m3dAcqcDhOtVaS1leujyQuFDWrV1eLrIPkUxBfy/7OyK8Pj0pN4IVn1n4amLWudUU4qV1uXB1z0EzsSh1JorWGJBbzUWsBdW5Bqzp89S4P4KiFyBVZ8emddtQKpp2mPZesQ1JWnmVtbiSO0Lc3VEhxvN6lOMLpjHp7/sJbhHzUbgewSHBQPFH+ITXh6+ufu1VZJOuQrgxBtGLHofOkYt1r5RIuw1cK/EXIYcvpJMXmJ450cy6bqUztaPis6+k9G3VML+0EZv6/eR0HcLifsGe9nZhzcaPcZzlJc5g8l0E3l7W6KzB7o38nnsMRtuPHk+cx2BKDAWO1OLoCa6teHmPCsM/7B4sVmaAQsMwcRyPUUwIHlPvgeHQp+XDwRc+lv4HZnszDRNXBs/+lcvolg2q/rUP/aeUUEaW+6LNeGnLflGOnY792PLSZhTpHsei6DFMVubgyeR/YWVuReFxlp84o8h3l7D7ovYGScmv+G9YxLJaUGPOFhd994q4cDcFaXgS77zyS3l9jQrxWh+CY9NGvCLPmPO6ibv5xPtCVffcb9AmXqcRL63pzQQ1CuMXpGHrg3/FazuacP+La5FcuRkbC4+KZYzUTsa9aMWJ5ovZTNF7u+KGYIRojqD4/VJUt7HRlMW/9mqe+GAhcsnG0n1Y85JRGitd8jITqYtmssd9f1aNMezxZD/e/4TvbuJtmIdXs/mcrcSlaY+uXGQvIpuCNDFYHDPJS2YsXvc0CrNDkDtnAuvMRiDwyXKEL09FIm/08m9ZcwYjMvVtlKe1Y820G5lAT8VvbJORoOvH1HhANFK3FyI3+kvM0V7L8rgW2gUViNi6B7lLp8LffyIWrDdiQ8gHmCXGs3pM246QDewcHi9nI8GeIp/5E3ITGpDC6zNCj20dkf2rDzEM8EdA5HJst2xE9AGmoPB1KyO0WHAoAlstW7BUXBNyC+5OSkC4aHZZBvPp/4VnCp/Fbbl6KX3gSpSHPwFD4nSmHFtQ1Y/tvf7jF2BL2adIbf8DJrC8RmiTcCB6Iyy5T3gs/OOzKvlih9W5VkXNTZgYwU1WNtTZWeeiLJhVvUdFxH8SYhbHSN8V8xDrqqRdQ57okW7cA4v1ddciSuJqIfWvlg1jUSD2Z5HIaJzi3p/11n/KySQUuU9HyAePiXI8QrsMhyLWwrJ9OSK5AsH62/gtJhSltmLFBJbfiAmYc2AGcsX74lbWv25B9m275bKm4sny/4HlBv5OHgvKq7o3N7R/tQvpfHaw7AX5XFk55h/x1QDytebOwAFxvFHVTbwvVHUv0COQX2dGHSIS+rAogV+T0YLPV0UjaHw8jPZKGOMnSm1zyywkZf4LNs0Z57FFuD/0oV2DYvDMnnwkHMvEtMARGBH5Fjpifg6dnIPyW1+KsdQ1Vrr6tLeRKq7Tkcb0Pbk/x7GUCLENI7e1IkbdhpekPboyOL0uO6uR8+BsrJnxDqp72t1AEH1k0Mg2QVxiSLaJbhnCY6mnXLsrzVeDllJkaLWIXV0sv7inBTWF+ShwTTsRBEEQBNEjPj6WXn1lRZzaUk2l+92I8Nc6sNQ17UQQBEEQRI/4+Fg6OM1ABHGJIdkmfBWSbcIXGXxmIIIgCIIgiB4gZYUgCIIgiEENKSsEQRAEQQxqSFkhCIIgCGJQQ8oKQRAEQRCDGlJWCIIgfJbvYE4K69+bRLmX/A+t8rs6PI/b4TAvgx9/I7OjL36pCHeo/QYKKSsEQRCETBus2UsQ9cznsIvKiefxSGji34DkxVjxHHUlcaLNuhmx4uv15SBOWwWyYuOQZW2TAy4DV6IMzpUqZ4hBygpBEAQxRHCi9agNnW7zZFobUFnGHSNeRq5EGZwrVc5QQ1DhcUgQPgPJNuGr9CzbxwRTYqiARJNg54cddsFiMgiJGojniR9dupBrsQsdQqtgMeg6w7t8dILB8oNgNz3Jvj8pmOwXxBKEVptQZEgUNHI6TWK2UGRrluKEc4LdYhIMidPlPDSCLj1fsNjPyfGesFrYSgRjul5Or85PvhY5XPwk/kX4/8T6qMLEuv0gXYsmUdiwQapbqKFc+KHbvBW81NewT7B5LYNff7NgK8rubE9WnqHIxlpSwSNelyoYxPJV7efigty2clq3cni98oV0nUYO760dhz78OtXQzApBEMSw4CxqclciakUV7itt5iMBOuz7kH3bx1g67zWUtYxG5Ko9YIM8EGqA5YLA0rSqjj/HqkiVJ26O8yjMKxdCnx2IrQ3nILRWYj1yoNe9gtKWdrRZt2FJ1B9Qed97YAM4iy9CQuMmRC3ZBmubsihGjROt3/w3bD9ZB3sHTy/ll7TxMxx33or4vGqwAb2zfnmLEcXNUnYTEqGDwdLK6qwyUTmKsbflCVhZXrWrZuLHbvPmibmJidf3TZx4ZJdY3w77LsxHMwK9luHEcfNq6JIOYUahHR3COdjfmYyP9Kl4w8q9R5+X4vWfYvw7DSy+A62v34HKgiJemBdkE5vXclIRGfUO8HRpZ716bEffg5QVgiCIYcF1mJK8kw2GRiRPldza+Wsi8dB909igfgpNp/s/6DlrS/Bmzj+hX78CC8aPAgKmIzmvkpXxMmYHNaFi57so0/8Ozy6dDlHNYfFLn/0d9GXvYmfFKTEPd/iA/QdsTIqGho9OAVPx4CP3wvFFHRoHMiZrluK5/5gj5dVb3s4a7FxtgC09A8/GTxXr66+5F79b9XNo+OmeOOuw981PEbE+EyujNWwwHQXN7GQ8nViNNz4/gnYx3gyw/P5j9ngW78+KXIxn1z8mZ9BHVPmo67Wyx3b0PUhZIQiCGEY4HVa8bzbDbN6NnIxHEJ6yS47pP87WUziC0QgJvqHrYOI8ifpDdqAoBeGiYz3pMyI8BUVoQmPTj3JCD9pqUMrqtzsrCVq/a6Bd+KYcMQBGj8GNo1U16ynvNjtslaMxd9btffNQ/P3f8EXREXZ50zBCvjY/v9uwMP8Izpxoxhkx3jO/kQgMHiN/7yNe82GD9+Q7MTe0h3b0MUhZIQiCGBach6N0LeZo5+GP5f9kx/4IjtsEi7GfT/r9RJNegmZuAnL71CIv/lY5hQrZrPTE+3XA7b+FteOCZPa5FPSW92k28Pd5f7dCKBJNxzyuTYB94+y+KTxEnyFlhSAIYjjgrMMnG9+ELf0dvL/xV4iPj0f87PFotrHBe4D4B45hw/UZ9nR/Gl2sNP5jMWmGFo6Cz2Bp6aMN53sr3s+5FglJS/HoI5HQ+LejtekSmTl6y/uWn+A+PXCszoE+bRoW059Bcfm3aJGD3Bg3ERGhnm0zgOvpphxn3WEUHwlGSPD1cohvQ8oKQRDEcEBRHir+GxYH3xrbghpzNtZtskrxItdBOzkcOHMKzWf4EOt57I5/2Bw8mfwvKFqzFYXHWZ7O4yhdHQc/v0XIqRmN6EWPQ+fIxbpXSqSXyjkdqNjMTTA8/qyUiZob2OCrsaPiYB1TGJxoq96Bl9Z4MVOdqcfR7z23955E1dF/dlWaFHrL238y4p58ALa057DOXC0qLE7HfmzO+lj1Qj1VGWL6eGDTRrwkp2eZwpyxVnrh28j/ifmrY1jbbMCWCgc75zxre6P36+lCz+Xwem15aTMqk1fjt7qxPJXvI6jwOCQIn4Fkm/BVepZt963LHfZ9QrbbNuK3hF3ituNIIb3khHhGh71IyBS3yIYKiaZjHsd1vW5d7twKzfHccsu3CxsEkyveE5a+fKtrqy/fWrzLsERAqEGwKDt9WysFo3INypZsoVmoMibLdVBtXVaf15e8PbcaQy+km6rkrcieZbCT+Fbw3HRBJ4bJ6Y0lgq1VvjoWX57tvq1bLNPr1mUFL+V0qdd0IdHwaWc5Pgi/TjV+/D8WKMIXCKkOCcJnINkmfBWSbcIX8ZRrMgMRBEEQBDGoIWWFIAiCIIhBDSkrBEEQBEEMakhZIQiCIAhiUEPKCkEQBEEQgxpSVgiCIAiCGNSQskIQBEEQxKCGlBWCIAhi+CCcxclvv4bV+i1OttP7aYYKpKwQBEEQfaQN1qxY+IVlwdouBw0pzqBuZyrumXInon6zA1Wt3b6cnxhk0BtsiWEByTbhq1xW2W6rQNa854AsE1ZFBsiBQxUBF45sR9K/PoH3fojF8/+1Ay/8dBz85FhicEFvsCUIgiD6RmsDKss8HQYOUdrrYF6/nikqN+Ffn/8DnokhRWUoQcoKQRCET3MeDqsZWUkR4tOqn58WsVkVspfgGpTmZCBWDGcfbRKyimtYXDsc5mXseCHyUYa0qEAWvwxmR5NkBkoyd3oidjpgzVPl4ReHjLwKycsyp92KrDA/hGW8jR0Z3COznEbxVMxxeWOW84jdDGsby8BZjZy4MLG+LcfNSNFGIMV8tHvPyt3SgVP/lYsXcquBqcvxysoY3ESaypCClBWCIAifxYk26zYsiXoTJx7ZhVZBQId9F+bjJFp5dGsV9tqmI8t+DoLQjKr1I5Gd9CqKjjuhiX8Dgt2EROhgsLSy+DcQrxkp5urCeRTmX+kRlTsCT9uaWZpzsJfPR2PmAizJlhUimSObduNwXA46eDnGCShY+Dx21pxlMWdRk7sSsz6YjHd4PTrsKJ8/Ag18PYn/FCx6eTmQ9iLeaozBi1vvwycrDCg83s/Zngs2FL76DqoxFUtfWIqfjRkhRxBDBkGFxyFB+Awk24Sv0qNsd1QJRr1G0KSXCM1yUI/YTQJTTgSmnHg/FloFi0EnINEk2NlRh80o6BEppJeckKJFfhRsxscEaDKFkuYOQbhgEQyhcK9Dc4mQrtEIemOV0KHkqTcKNpa8KyeEkvRIAbpswWI/IBh07HqSTUKD17ScDuHHpmbhR6d8KLQL/yxZI0xl7RQw91Xh0GlXBDGI8ZRrmlkhCILwVdrssFWOxtxZtyNIDnKnBTWl78O8OwtJWj/Z7NNX2vH9NxUoQhRmTQuWwzjXYfKd0Qh1nELT6U6DzehxN2K0/B2jb8S40Q4cOXUaThYa/vBSJFamQPfvWdj9vrXThCQyFj9b9AuElm3DqwduweNPz4cj5zW895V63kahDTUFT+GO4On4+QvFcPCtycIxFP+f91CNu/C/f/8Y7hhN9p+hCCkrBEEQvsrpJjS6Fpd4ch7Hzauhe8KMOvwEv7Wek80+Vxp/BExNQl6NDe/MA/b8JgraOWtR6lBMPSfxXzv/giO65fjt3d/j3dc+gCb5afzyLm+7k66HdubduPf2H/D5ixlY/V4Vmr/+EK++dwS4+3E88dNbaFHtEIWUFYIgCF/llp/gPj1wrM7htn5E4nuUv/8pkJCEXz/6c0RqRsHZypQbObZ3RuKW6dHQw4LyqiY5jHMWdYcrcEQzBsE39GOICZiC2Y+uQl51CdJtBcg78D0L5GtuCrBuUwgMWY8j5MA7yLbFY+uLD2O816xHIOB//gIvv56B2ICvkPvUCvxq3Z/xJULxy5XxmEmzKkMWUlYIgiB8Ff/JiHvyAdjSnsM6efeN07Efm7M+hgPXIzgkGI6Kw/iW77xp+wa5L21GkXSmipOoOvpPrztw/MPm4Mnkc9i0LhvmmhYWcp7lZ8RLa6qQvPVJ6IL6MsS0wZqThTyrg5XBlBP7d0xhCkZI8PWssjXYuXobYHgevw7Zh+dXfIEHt6ZhwfhR8rneuBaa2U9h0x8eQUDb59hl+gq46WEsib2VZlWGMKSsEARB+CyjMD7+ZZQVPYDGFdMQ6OeHEdoX0Th5MgIxFrpntiD7thxEBY6A3xQDmuclYYl8pojmfmQao/HJwkkYIW5d9nhtrf9ExG8xoeih41gRfiP8/K6FdkEFIvJM2BI/sY8DzChoJ51GbpSWlTECgdO2I2TDn/CMbizLfyqS99bi81XRCBofD6O9Esa+5Os3BlFPPY+X5t7KDgIwdUU8fnazx04mYkhBb7AlhgUk24SvQrLdHQLaT9bi8NFzuDl8Gm4NoO3KQwlPuSZlhRgWkGwTvgrJNuGLeMo1mYEIgiAIghjUkLJCEARBEMSghpQVgiAIgiAGNaSsEARBEAQxqCFlhSAIgiCIQQ0pKwRBEMMGJ1pKV0Prx/0ArUZpi7dXvV1NnGirMSMj43106yVgQLSgOidFum6/MCSZv5PDfYC2apgz1nZ9B46PQcoKQRDEcMFZg90bcyVFwFGL+kbF/84gof0rvPHzhTCNm4BxctAlwfEZNqR8gghjFTpaS/Ds3bfIEUOdNljf+A0Wmm7AxHG+/dI7UlYIgiCGBedxvHAr1hTF4C3TFuhRB1uDN8/FV5ETR1F5JBILZ07EpRt6nWipsqAYMVgcMwn+ARMxRdPT6/qHEj/gaOV30Cycidt9/AW9pKwQBEEMB9oO4b3XzED6Miy+fzpmaOw4VH+SDeVqWlBTvBlJWm4u4aaiJGyu4D57ONxEsxdZSRFSnF8Ekjbvh8OVgce5fnHIyKvojHeYkcTPyXoVGbFaMY02aRsqZO/K7dYshGkXIh9WbJpzB+Jyqj3qxvDMQ7sC5uNnPeqlRWxGAaxividRmhGNG+dsgAO7kBI+Wc63n3XttRzOWdTkLGJpn0FOcZ7rGv1i1R6kL7IN1bRbkRV2GxbmH4Fj0xzcGJeDGpbO6bDCnJUkm7x4+Rmy36UhjqDC45AgfAaSbcJX6ZtsnxMaTMsFDR4TjLYfBeGCRTCEQtCklwjNcgqBfasyJgsaTaKQXW4XOpRj8ZzTQmtVrpComS4kZu8T7B0d8rFG0BurWNofBIvhIQGuc5X46UKyqV48bi7JZHmxMhO3CuX2c0KHvUjI1GkE6I2CrYOX/6NgMz4mINQgWC6IFerCBYtBCGV5QPeCUMLyEHg5lmxBB6VeLKi1UjAmThc0ySahQcz3mGBKDFVda291HWg5J4SS9Ejx91CukV20kK5R2rmznIG1YVc6bEZBD51gsLRKAa3lgoG1qav8jgahJFPP8lwumBr4dQwdPOWalBViWECyTfgqfZJtt0GTIw3gSDQJdvGYIaZRBk4Zu0lIRKiQaLJIA7FLseB05tEgDpqRQnrJCTmOoy5DVkQUZUnkAsv+SRb2pGCyc+3EU6nwRMnjITY4/yAFdVQJRj0bnN3O8cjX47qkAb4vde1nOXIa6LIFS6vcSLJSGGqwsNSyMjPgNvRELl+TKZQ08wzlensqJuL189/wmBwwNPCUazIDEQRB+DRNsL6VjU2Ox7A+5R4EiWE3YWLErcD+OtjFTSROtFg+Q4FDXtchpmFo4pEn1CLv/mbsLbBDv/gehLkib0V8Xi2EvJ/j9L5PUSSab8bJ5gv+kUwUEm1osNUB+gcQE3adHOZBy7coLz6DiHAtAuQgd5Q84jH/rmAxxFn7JXYUOSQziKvca6Bd+KYYz3E21uOQQ4sZk8ay6zqL2j7XtX/loM0OWyU7LeFB3BUgN5K4BkeD0DE3wL/l64tsQ0+aUFVuASLCMIGX56zHvh37oEmIx/3jPdfknEFj0+khbQpyNRlBEATheziPl+JP2R+xb3zNxvXyIBiIqLQy4Egtjp7g2soZfHvwAByh0bhzcldlov3bgzA5wjH3zgleBo12tJ46AYQaYLkgzta7f/LioWk/ioMmK0Ln3onJrgzOwl5nY+eFiTtZ3JUKLzhPov5Qk9tg72w9hSPQwWBp7Vqu8AbiNcD331QwJSAKs6ZxxaMPdR1QOSPlNlLXX1nYK7Wb82LbUE7pQqynHZoZkxDCM5SVJU9lr9d2HSIM5boTBEEQPdKEr97LQQ6Ww9RwTjUAdqC5JJMNgDbU2c+ydCMROKb7zcL+gWMQKn/vljOn0HzG+7O7s+4wij0nCFoqsDPbBt2ynyF8pBNtDbWodCkVXvj+b/iiKNjLoNuKE838GrwhK0T6aEy/RbVdpoe6Dqycdpw4WssUGnX9z6OxvhYOzd2Yefvoi27DLojKyWjMnXW7PFvmDfb7f2BGkUaPuKgxctjQhJQVgiAIH8VZY8bqtIPQpSZC72Ya8EfAhDBE4DtUHv2BHY+C9s67oTuShz99cBRONtA6rAXIiA1DbFYFzminY67Ohuw/FeE4G0udjgrkZcTBL3YzrG3XITx2PnSOPcjb/TfwzdDu8e2yIgIc+ehD/BffGcNfZPbSRmwKfxLPPT4DAa6ZHWmWxRvt9jrsx2SET+icNxgZ/jMs09lRkPcRqtvEisGal4FYv4eRZW1ixw04XGzrnH3A6F7q6hxYOR6zRBKyOUk20/hfVBt2VWCkmZxbETHxJikgaCYWpc5E0RoDcqtbWEALasybsCrtKJK3Pgld0BAf7pmW7cLjkCB8BpJtwlfpXrblBZ2uBZgeyItupcWfYoBgM2UKOpYfz5PvSjGYLNLOF74zxWYS0vnuHTF+upBoMAkWcacMh51blC0ksvykeL2QbiwRbOJCU2XhJ8vvrXQ5f42gS89Xna/stuFx6kW4CnIeXXYK8Xp9KhgSp8vl8nyNQolNXgbrbdFwX+ra33KUxbXqhbBdFuVeTBt6Qd75w+viur5Wm1BkSBR3XYl56NKFXAvfWTT04PVX48f/Y4Ei3JapOiQIn4Fkm/BVBr9sfwdzUiwWNq6G7ZNkTKH5fKIPeMo1iQ1BEARx+Wj/B+r2H/FYXEsQ/YNEhyAIgrhsSItrL/Ur9InhBpmBiGEByTbhq5BsE74ImYEIgiAIghhSkLJCEARBEMSghpQVgiAIX6ftG+QkxSGj+DAqNichIssK8S37lxNnNXLitNBmFOO70tXQ+i1CTo3yUrXzOG5eAa12NUpbfkB1TorsJTgMSbs+Fs8LuxJ19EqLe33M38nhfcdZk4M4v1hkWfkbUy4W/r6UtcgYQD18CVJWCIIgfJomWN94DgXjU/Hv2IEFH8xA7rK7Lv9iV/8peDTjf2Nm+K0Yr0vE+gV3d77Kv+0Q3nvtU0SsT4Tu9OfYkPIJIoxV6GgtwbP/owlfFI3GvZNvvjoLch2fudfn7lvkiL7SLr/iPxyTtd34QeoH7da38POFZRinvPxtmELKCkEQhC/TfgSfv3ENEpb+BPbPDmDu048iUnG0dzlxfofP3j2O+JjbcOarT7Bjyp24XdQ+zqJmZxbSbIuQ8WgY2kT/ObIDxYCJmOxnx37MxH3Tu3/9/+VD8efTWZ8pGk+ngL3RzSv+B4T8Gn/5lf3DGVJWCIIgfBnR8+8urHnzXVQcsiH/td3S69v5K+/569xFcwf7aJOQVVwjvupdpK0GxVlJsjmEfWIzkGd1dHruZfGlOfyV83K8XwSSsvaiRnw1PFNIcl/E+/f+DosCP8XyVS3IeCZG8mHT8iWMa6qQvPXf0PHS/8KNczbAITpZnIy4nK9Qe7iCDc5hmBTiD4d5Gct3GcwOxSDE8s1ZxOrKzUdOOI+bkaKNQkbpSSnaeRylq9k1aVOQI75y3hPuRsCMrKQIuc5axGYUwMpdAOAkSjOiPepT3Xm9LlpQU7wZSVrluuOQkVcBh5LQ8xX/vbUj+9ZWs1dVJ9aOm/ez/NpgzZoreXZ2bMCcG3+BnJo2qU34b/W21PbaFDOOO3u6Ll6EbJL7fQ6KRTcBcprVxZ317k0erjaCCo9DgvAZSLYJX2Vgsi2/il+XLVjE17k3C1XGZEGjvOpefpW7JnGrUC6+Dl6O1ywXTA3suKNeMCVPZ+e/IJSI8R1Ca1WukNjl1faeyK+zd5V7TDAlhqpeSS/XS3xtfatgMeg8Xn0vx+uNgk0s5AeW5iH5+JzQYFrOrkEvZJY0eKmD8kr/6UJi9j7RjUCHvUjI5NeZbBIaxBM86+OJXJ4mUcgu56+xV657upBsqpfKFF/xHyokmo713o6q86U6ebSj/Mr+TpcIcpvw1/1nFnW6QujtumTXCuIr/uVymksyWVtFCuklJ1iCXuThKuAp16SsEMMCkm3CV7koZQUPCQbLD3KYguLLx8OnkN0kJEIehL1xwSIYQtW+hrwgDpqeA7tKwVHn0cW3DkOOV4d1NJiEZD7Ypy+XBmxjJRvSvaDk51JMOMqg/aRgsrNae/Ul1EmHzSjoXQO8gqTgKH6BLlgMQih0rF1P9KEdPZUvjio/Ma2qPMUHkUup6Azr6bqkejMFx1DuapvOevKQnuTh6uAp12QGIgiCGHaMxezntqPE+D/xUdRiZOTshrlUnvJ31mPfjn2y6WGEyiywEPniuRxudvgYZrNZ/OzmZo5ropB2JLSHhbFNsL6VjU3hyXhKf6u4BsHZWI9DDi1mTBorrUkQTVby227b7LBVAhHhWrj8H4vxoZg763bJpMTwHz8bT6VORP6mbbAlr8XLS6d3plfhrP0SO4q0SHj8ZxjfZeQ7habW9q71ceMsavd9iiJYsWnOuM528bsNC/OPyGlUa0wm/6P3dmz5GnsL7NAvvgdhrgJvRXxeLYS8BbhBXD+j8gAtt4k+4UHcJa876v26zster2OQMP8OuW3kemIcxgTyX6sHeRgkdP09CIIgCN8nYApmJ2/E58Ie/Da4DCvm6LCQr9FwnsapIw6EGiy4IM2+qz61yIu/BcfNqYiM2oLyJicwYiLuTf0zqksyoWEDbUQ3u1acx0vxp+xGpD+XIC/wVXbNRGHWtGCeQl7cKg3OXRUHJd6jjLYGHK48yr5EdjNgc5zygK0a+EXOo7G+Fg55jYx7fTxpR+upE2ANA8sFz3Zhn7x4dv1NqCq3MA0rDBNu+LGXdrwV7d8ehMkRjrl3TvAyGKvrJi3yldpEXvwrhfThutrx7cEDbvlwxVGsZ2h05w6t7uRBir3qeP1ZCYIgCF+Fe0EOg1+SGQ7xeBTGL1iB9Xqg6Iu/4XsxDDhzohln5O/ufI/y9z+FI/FJPJP8KOIfiYTG/xQse4tYft1t123CV+/lICfiKaToxsphnrtmelEcxN1Fe1i8amcMX1D78u+RUhyGxCXnsGnjB6jpz+ja9jU+KNgHTcL9iAo637ddPGdOoflMN4U4T6L+kL1zcS2j+3ZkA3DgGITK37vShgZbHTA3CtOCeGaycuemdHSD23U142jld6p8GEo9F87E7SP7Jg9XG1JWCIIghhWBmBgxFSh+H3+p4LtS+G6UcnxR+S9IZorHLSNDEbvsITgK3sVucUcNN/kUICM2DLFZFWwIvR7BIUyBOFaJKr7bxOmANc+AdZus7Ek9DBPHdR3oXbMqGfMxRRl1PHfNdBmcOZJ5RtxRk/08VuR8I81aiDMzLajOfR5PbAAy39kK4x9+B33Rn2Ask3cGueGPoOgFSNXtw5qXdqBa2Q217jmk2eKx9bcxCOpSH09GIzx2PnSOPcjb/TfRROJ0VCCP76CJ3SzvsOJmmtGSmarXdmS10k7HXJ0N2X8qwnF2ult+TXU4aLIiNGIipE3csnLnun5OH65L8XrtyofhZmLrRR7kU646ggqPQ4LwGUi2CV9lQLLdahNKjOmCjp3Lzwf0Qnpuuby7RIovMiQKGiVely4YS2yuxZkd9n1CduJ0+VyNoEvfIhj4sdvOHQVvi0gZXhfXdh67laFJFAyf7hIMrgW35wR7yQseC2q7KcdFB7usT6V6uuqdL1jEXTqMXhbXSjQLtqJsIVHcWcM/rN2MJYJNXuwqLVpV7aDppR2lOpmEdJ1Gzo9dj8Ek10neecTD+TVd8NwZpNDzdUmLa90XRndZKNybPFwFeD3UkNdlYlhAsk34KiTbhC/iKddeJ7sIgiAIgiAGC6SsEARBEAQxqCFlhSAIgiCIQQ0pKwRBEARBDGpIWSEIgiAIYlBDygpBEARBEIMaUlYIgiAIghjUkLJCEARBEMSghpQVgiAIwofx9H0zRGi3IivMD2FZVrTLQcMZUlYIgiCIHmiCNethj0HTW9ilxok262bEhmXBellH6ytVTk94qcPISKyqFVC7KhI9uFUcNpCyQhAEQfRAK45WVsvfFbyFXWqcaD1qQ5l8dPm4UuX0xGCow+CGlBWCIAhfx3kU5pQo0dtvy3EzUrQRSDEfZUMkpwU1pTnIiNWK/lj8/CKQlLUXNdyDr8OMJL/bsDD/CI6kReEavzAkGdZ3DTN/5zJbaJPW4pWkCJZPLLKsx7vPW4F7bTZnIUnL4/nnYXbeYZiTpkK78E2wQhB1DQtXzDjcA3NWErRiWl7eZhTXcK/GMm7xWsRm5KP82Bk50hNuIuqmHNGbdAZi5XL8/OKQkVcBh6rqXfB6LU08glWrFDnco7KcX2e9u6mD2J5y28q4vDIrdYrNQJ6Ve0rmtMGaFQu/sN8jZ8dqud78+s2q9j4PR8U2L/U7i5qcRZK355a/M1mJgDbFLHqCHjQIKjwOCcJnINkmfJXeZfuc0GBaLmg0ywXTMZtgSp7u4Zn4mGBKf07ItdiFDu7BtypXSNRMF5JN9bL3YRafGOrh7ddLmOg1WfLYm1nS0Hluj3nLnoV1mYLJ1syOzwn28rcEQyH3EHxBsJuedPfk3FEv1l+TuFUo516FOxqEkkw9Oz9bsHDPx3I8dC8IJaLX4WahypgseT1ONAl2KRcPui/HvV5bWd01gs5QrvKarKa3a3mh05Nxa6VgTGTXkWwSGsSG8FIHsT07vSV3NJiEZF5+ukny8txhF8qzuUfnhwSD5QeWopWVr2Ptz9JkFrFylPZWebIWvS0rv4+6fvz0csGgCxWvr1ksS/07XXk85ZqUFWJYQLJN+Cq9ybY0yPGBp05otmQLOtfg1h2eikj/lBVNeglTEbrD/Txp8IwU0ktOSNFudB3ApfSPCUbbj1IAx24SEqFj19TqPb+OKsGo1/RLWfFerx8Fm/ExAZpMoaS56xDe87V44llmb8pKN2XL1ya1uaysuKU5IZSkR7qU0wsWgxDq2X4uOoTmkkxZ+amTFC+u4DZwpe/K4ynXZAYiCILwWdrw1XuvIcdxLx66G/js1W0oS0zG45HBcjyHmyjKYDZvR5ZovpFMPANl9LgbMVr+3nPeLK6hFpWIwqxp6vp0Rzu+/6YCRdiFlPDrZTMG+2gXIh+tONHcJsd75Od/A4JDOmvUO0o5nvW6DpPvjEao4xSaTnvaR/pwLW01KDWbsVs0UV0jmX36zAl888VBYG4UpgWphm3/CbhzbjgcjU04LQdh9BjcOFpJcx1uHBcIHDmFVlblkeEPYHViFVJ0TyJr98ewOs7L6Tj+CPrZQqSGfoS0V7+C9vFkJDq2If29ykGxG4mUFYIgCJ8lAHf98mkka/bjowPA/b9dDl1+Dt4V1ylIOI8XYqXuabxfB9z+2yJ0CMdgSgyVYy+OnvN24nTTqQFsJ34SJvsF/tit+liwcfZYOf5q0Mu18DVDKxfiCakhYO24ALvpSTnyChIwHcl5+2F75+fAngxEaedhdelxVnuOEy3/ZUL2kYdg+O1dsL+bg3zNcmz6ZcSg2I1EygpBEIQP4z/+Yby49T58suI/8dnND+Hp5KNIW21GjThCteP78iLkYB6Sfv0LPBKpgb/zNJoau1uQ2h96y3skbpkeDT0aUGdvk8N6QklvQXlVp7LVyUiMmxiGUJxCU6tqLqDf19NdOWdRd7gCRzRjEHyD59DZy7V8b8X7OdciIWkpHn0kEhr/drQy5abvjMP0+2YCxRZUtahmdZwNOFxsgyYkGDfIQb0ThCmzF2NV3ucoSf8nNuSV43se3GbBW+t2ItzwPH4d8hX+lH0UyVvTsGD8KPGsqw0pKwRBED7NKIxfkIatD/4Vr+1owv0vrkVy5WZsLOS7gfxxQ/AYaBxf4+C3fGdKC6pzDVhT1HWO4EzVUXzvYf3wFtZJ73n7h83Bk1x5WrUJZnFnDN+t8jay3u/cAYMz9Tj6vWSukNKfw6Z12XJ6bmYyIyPjfXFWY+RdD2O1fh/WvGREBTdxOB2o2LLB6/V0ocdyeL2MeGlNFRvAn4RObYqR6fFabghGiMaOioN1aON1rt7B8tolnahGVQd3rkNY3C+QjFyse6lQ2t2jXFtlPLb+NoapIL3Tbs3D88qOprZG1DeekxWds6jZmYU0LEfWr8fhs+f/gE8eXIsXF0wcPEoCX7ii4HFIED4DyTbhq1y0bLt2lfCdPNOFxOxcwbBEvXhW2VXC45UFn17C5AW2botue82b0WoTigxKGvZx7abhcdKuGTFcXiDbYS8XctP1UpiYPl0wlthcO3Q67PuEbOUcVZndL7BleCmnS700iYKhqLMcr3R7LcpuIilck5gt7DIscV9Q61kHj91AYpvbPhUMrmuT8ilS2kpZYKvO0yOsw14kZOo08vl8Z1G+YBF3TQ0+eB3V+PH/WKAIX6ykOiQIn4Fkm/BVSLYJX8RTrskMRBAEQRDEoIaUFYIgCIIgBjVdzEAEQRAEQRBXG7UZiNasEMMCkm3CVyHZJnwRWrNCEARBEMSQgpQVgiAIgiAGNQNUVs7DYTXLvh4U/wxJyNpd5u76myCIPtAOh3kZu4+Wwey4dF44nA4rPnS5jycILzjMSPILQ5JZ9RK2q8Z3MCeFwS/JPIBX8HMu0X3kdMD6oVV6cRoxaBiAstKC6pzfIHLe+8AjubB3cL8M52Df8wiw52mEz9sCKyksBHF1abci+6dReOZzOykrBNFn2mDNXoKoZz6HnW6cQUU/lRUn2qxG/Cble6Tu2YJV8dzHAQ8fBU1kPFZtM8KAbVj1hoX95ARBEARBEBdPP5WVU6jY+S7K9PGYf5cXN9gBd2B+wkyUZReiouUsjptXQOsXgRQz90HB4J4nUyLgF5uF4v+bzuIeRpbK+ydwEqUZUfCLy5GcbHHfB5u5O23J1KRNWotXuOnJNU3oaY7SIjajoNPttTjFGYGkrFeREauV08Qhw1xNyhThAfcxslclS1xu9naaNfnUcF4GYmVZFM2eZnmquKUUGVot4nKqVbMY7rLMTTJm0TW8fL6nrHrQJX1sBvJcJh15upvX4W1VnWJXSz5J2q3ImhqFtCPAkbQoXBOWBetg8PFOXAU85Zr3o5tRLPquUTiDY+X53faRvcqu3M8+nvRvcppFyKk524sMM9pqUOyK53nmo/xY7w4HncfNSNHyseMf0hijXQHzcfV99Hfs/6M6X/f7rPt6tcGaNQ9RaWX8xkHUNWGIjWX3sHY1ShXngV3u9bOoyVnUmYb3E+YsJGnlvHlbKr54RHoZs2RTmDbpFbydEadKY6YlFoIKj8OuePP94EGHzSjooRMMllZ2UC+YkqcL0CwXTA3fCxbDQ6yMh1jcD4LQXCKkayBo0ksExbOBFKYR9MYqoUP4QUqvSRaMVSyF2seE6LuhQ2i1ZAs67vvBWCn5a1B8K+iyBUtrhyDYTUIiT+/yzyDniccEo+1HfgYxTOhNtjsaTEIyl8dkk9DQ0en3RJJPRRYThexyLnmKnw+NoDOUM9k7IZSkRwrQGwUbEzsRtSx3VAlGvUbQJOYKVVwuVX5CpPwvMFF9ktXxScFkZ3dWa7lg0KnTNwtVxmQm+/K940rPfXuYBBtPI5/jqkMf7lXCN+hRtmU51GUWCXYuF0ofqciJ0kcq/axL1uQ+slfZVeUh9rs/CvaDlYK9uTcZlu8ppW/u0r93gzym8Pv02DF+zyrjBUe5L1jd5HJdfoKU6+313lL70ulgzZfZ2RasFOlYVUelfdz6CaUtlX5E6Sf6MGYJxwRTYii7Br2QbqpSnaO+zuGBp1wPQFnppdFEwe10viQNAuzHSlwiNrj0o3F+FGzGx9gPmymUNPPcPATDTXGRkQVDEhQvAwRDUpYihfSSE3Jd3POQ4tXOoYjhQM+yLctid0qsN1l0k98L3XRq3eTHcZNltbJyzvu5bp2ikl6dRrkGWeEhZWXY0KNsy31gZ7/rgZc+UgrroY90k11Glzy6kX+1DHu7p8SwnpSVc0KDabmgUT/8ugZ5jrf7ghXreoBu7sO95eEM0K2eUpxGpxPuUcYtMV4eb3rtJ77vfcxSlBV1Gs/2HiZ4yvUAFtg6cOTU6c6pPA+crU1oxK2ImHiTeOw//mG8uDUetvztKNOlIWtZFALEmOsQFvMA9I5cbNxdw/I7BcveIjj0DyAm7Dq0f3sQJkc45t45odNW5T8Wk2Zope/Ok6g/ZAeKUhA+Qply88OI8BQUgdWh6UcpHUYjJPgGVx7+gcEIkb8ThEQ7Wk+dYH/HIDhwpBSkwqssYhRCJoVB46hFfWM7gqLuR4JmH3bsq+8iyxJ8+vdjmM1m9nkbGXNmI8Wr2/rzaKyvZXfZLqSEX++Sa78R08T0jsYmnJZTutd3JAKDx8jfCUJGcz8yjQ/CljYLgaJpczvM73vudHHvI7vSF9lV59G7DDd7u6eCbsesuaHygRfaK/Fe+jY45s7G3f778GpaNRKffhSRAR41D43GnZOV+07p879D5dHGftxbMkF3IC5Bi6IdX6K2vQGHi88j4T9+j38bXYS9lpNosXyGAugRFzUGzsZ6HHI42JA0DSOUvP2uR3jKLjZsnkJT6z/6OGYxQoIRqFyW/w0IDhktHwxfupdPb4yciJkLI3Gk+DDqvGorZ1G771MUae7GzNuVxj2Dxrp6aY2J7QiONncaz/2nzEdGuiwITV9jb4Ed+sX3IKwftWLaMJqlGSLVpxZ58bfKKQjicuDE6aZTklxzgmZiUepM77LsPI7S1fOgjdqC8iZ+49yMuNfNYE9L4qle0WSCPbl5yDX75MWjh7MIwoMgTE02wt5qQ4lpLeZhL1YsiIJ2zlqUdrNeyo2ByK7CpZbhkRH45abl0BSX4oAzBr81TEX+a7v7v/u0X/Uag6g4PTSVtTh68L+xo/I+xN0dzcZBwHSwAgf4Q0lEGCa4FKZIpJec6Jq38AbiNdKDBY1ZA6N/ygr74aIXPQ5dkRkffKVeGCvT9jU+KNgHTcL9iAoSe2m0Wf+MVWlHkWzMx4ZwM1Y8/yGOu2RLFoSizVi78jUUOGKwOGaSWKmRt8/EQo0NxYcbOmdxlNkUjjzL4ij4DBZl8RNBDIiRCBwzjv3lTz9dV6J6lUU+G8OUFWjCMClkFDsOxl3z46Ev2gPz/zGzp614PBk3WZRlZ+1ebNzwT9aJvYuNyY8iPv4RzNaega3S28yKMmPDn9xY/gRxKQiYgtnx8Xh0VR4abEboywqQd+B7ObJ7+ie7Cr3LsPf+/TSaGntaYDsK4xekYeuDX7BxZB9uXpyMZJsBq3fymXkVRypwuO6sfMDGIPtRHBNn+0MGcG/5I2BCGCIcO/FyxpsoEhWTseK4deb//ideUT2U+IdMwgyNFQV7v4Z6+bILGrMuin4qK+yHi0zB68ZbkB21WLXKWV7hvDwFaezfnud0TJ9ntFnwxioDbMlr8eLSx7EiKw3hOX/A84Xy7iCWX1D0AqTq/ont+YXu0+bKk+oaA3Kr+U/fgupcA9a4ph9lxcmRi3WvlEj1cO0eklajE0TfuA5hcb9AsmYX1mz8WFSmnY5irOa7I/hungBFFjdgSwXfNcDkvcKIl9bsgy51AaJFxZxJc9g9WKwvR2baNiAhHveP50oMCxc7MTsqPvtKktO2aphf2ohNXvt75Z6wY9O6bfLTLy9vG5K67DjqgZE3Y/K9oThzohm9768gfBVp50wEkjbvl/vqFtTs249KzMR907mC3jP9k12FPsiwZ//O++4tG1T9ezf4T8SCF9fiwU9ysOMfMeISg8o1W1HothtoHwqMH4u7Z5yOA3j71Rw2Bj2NX94V1Id76zpoJ4cDZ06h+Yx0p0n39RmUlSmKCbu+aVGY+2UZylQP2NKY9RAcmzbildLj4n3qdOzHZr7zR9wVSGPWRSGo8DjsgXOC3WISDHwVMztH/GgSBcOuz6WdCSLKymi+GOpcD2HKwkDPhUkM9Qpxvkgsfb2Qznc8uBYa8XrkS2FyPTSJBsFk4Ts2GN4WivW2eIzwSXqX7Q6h1fapSqa5vOULFrssp0wWLbnpgk6WM1HeTRZph4ULRZaVxXIKnTsopLz1QroxXypLXHjH4l0LbKXlsB32ciE3XS+n9yxPvSBXWT7rGcbyLHlBrq86HeFrcPnonq59JHTpQm6f+8jeZJfl0k2f2rMMiwlU95S3/r2/yPcAK2fDBvW4Ie+Yk+mtXh32IiFTbC/lmpT7WrUwV1n06rFY1v2a+Ge6kGgwdfYjvY1ZygJbtzbwFub78LZRMwi8LjvRUroGU+fUYr0tH8lTOhdGdcFZjZwHZ2PNjHdQvXG2NHtDEH3g6sg2QVx+SLYJX8RTrvtpBroMtFnw1rpcIH0ZHlUrKvLLd2JXF3dOXxbmo6BoJlIXzSRFhSAIgiCGCVdRWZHfwhk4C9m3PYvCZ2LcFZCgGDyzZyOiDyRBK27zuhHhr3VgqeVtpEZ6eXsuQRAEQRA+ySAwAxHE5Ydkm/BVSLYJX2TwmYEIgiAIgiB6gJQVgiAIgiAGNaSsEARBEAQxqCFlhSC84TwKc4rsxl3tIt4FdycfK8ZrM0rd31gpusxn54VlwSq+ELczrdtHm4Ss4hqXK36CIAjCO6SsEEQXnGgpexMrcr6RDkVnhR5+VJzcqZlN/Or5+ux2ex32s7+ahTNxu+gO5AccrfyOf3HHkY80vQ7zsipIYSGIS4xw9gS+PWyFteYkujrRIIYapKwQhCfOGuzemAuHJhmGDUtYQB1sDR7qRJu90z+Km6+Rdpw4Wosj0CAiXCt5GG//B+r2HwFCDbBcUByXnYO9fCsSNQ6UZReignyFEFcRp8OKD63clYSPcOFb7HwqDlNmzMVv3v1/aKXNUkMeUlYIwg0+q5KPNUWAfv3v8b+jJzK1w45D9SfdOnLJHTz7on8OhlSonJc1oarcwv5qMWPSWOkGO3EUlUxXwb2ToZUcrzJGQROdhN+m6jyUHYK4wrRbkf3TKDzzud1HlJUzOPKXDfjNn78C/jUV//lMDG7yk6OIIQspKwShRn6jskOzFBmPTkUQ97gKByptdpWpxom2hlpUsm+aGT/F4of0TFuRTUEuz+CTET5BnFeRzUIa6O/7CW4RQxRkp2lMwWls+lEKIgjiIhDQfuxDrF/5Z/yAWDz/n08i5qYRchwxlCFlhSBcnMfxonxkl/FZlUTogvxlr7OA41A9Gl2PnefRWF/LVBhu6rkV46PuRwJysXF3DZyKeUgThkkh3OvyWdQdrsAR9UyLi3a0NvEZlWCEBF8vBRHEJYabeMxZ3LOvsrhbi9iMAli51+F2K7KmRiHtCHAkLQrXKIvCnQ5Y8zIQq14MbrbKrk/kt4/zsLc702iTtuGv1lLJy7AYFocMc7Ws5DMFv2YvslxxPP1mFNfIS9O537e4MMRmVaBF9hSdYla88/cD4QT+609bkPtDAKZmPIuVMeNAkyq+ASkrBKHQdgjvvWaWZ1WmSDfH6BsxbjT7W1mLhjal6zyBb744yP6GY+6dE+AfdAfiErQo2vElauyyeSgiDBMCeA5taLDVsb+dMy0unPXYt2Mf++IljiAuBUwJyF06DysqZ6O0tUNeK/UsbitIxLw/7kPLyEisqrbAEMqXVFlwoXYVIkc2wZr9K0RlNmJ+uR0d/JzCaFSumIcl2arF4I5ifFQ7C2+2XkBrVS7mFq/A3VEbcSLpU3bOD7AYrsGmhc9jZ81ZoKUM63T/jo/GZ8PeIUBorcR65ED/9G7U8NvKfwoWvbwcSHsRbzXG4MWt9+GTFQYUHvdY2N4jAi58+yFe3fYlcNPjeOGpezGGNBWfgZQVghBRZlWYpuHYgDk3jpCeAK+RnjrhOIWm07KyoiyYZcrKZC13vjkGUXF6aIrM+POfP0URCwmdeycm87tLMQu5ZloUzsNRtgMFRaw8/QOICevB2zhBDBT/qUjea4c9LwlTReV5FDRRc3BfhAaOxiacllK503IQO7MPQr8+EyujNWyQ4OurUvDs+hiPxeAxSEj5OaYEjETAlFlinkh8Ek/PHs/OCcadsTqEMsX+VGs7cLoJjVyJH3MjAnk1AqYjOa8Swt5kTBFHIX8ERCbgufRGpK16F413P4HUcDNWPP8hjnc3vSKcRXPzWaaiyAgn8N85RrzfdivmvvBrzLuN7ilfgpQVguC07MOrK7aB96fesaHOzp4QOcqC2dAwTBzHV8z6I0iXiPX6g9i0aRePwL2Tb4a4llYxC7lmWjgtqCnehv944gWUIRLpGfPlDpsgLgdMMbZ+DLPZzD5vI2PObKRwJbkb2r89CJNDnjWUw7iSEzIpDBq3bfxjEBworxj3vwHBIaMRGjER46QQdzT3I9P4IGxpsxDoF4GkrO0wv6+YlRTG4meLfoHQsm149cAtePzp+XDkvIb3vvKysf/s31CQfA+CJ8TjhZIGcWuy8N3n+D98VkXzC/z+iTvBJ0QJ34G6SILAWdTsfgObHBrojVXoELcWK58LsJueZGm+Q+XRH8TUXd+jwvCfhJjFMfLBrYiYeJP4zbVrqCgF4aL3cP65EeH6VOQ7piPRmIvnZo8V0xLEJcd5HKWr50EbtQXlTVwzuBlxr5th1Guk+D7jxOmmUz0o870RhKnJRthbbSgxrcU87MWKBVHQzlmLUr52RuQk/mvnX3BEtxy/vft7vPvaB9AkP41f3uXFRHrteMz8aRRub/sEL/5mPd6rceDrwgK813YT7k59DD8dQ4tqfQ1SVgii5UsY1+xi2odqrYqLkRg3MQyhOIL9df9gT3DKglnVe1RErkNYzAPQi98V81DnriF3NNClv4VCSxH+nDxdlQdBXFqctXuxccM/kV7yLjYmP4r4+EcwW3um8x1BXhh5+0ws1NhQfLhBtcBVXgzexZzZTwKmYHZ8PB5dlYcGmxH6sgLkHfieRbB7xVqAdZtCYMh6HCEH3kG2LR5bX3wY472NUkzh/5+Jz+P15x9EwLdv4qmVT2Pd61+w/P8NKxfRrIpPwp4eXXgcEoTPQLJN+Co9ynZziZCu0Qi6zCLB3sGOW6sEU7pePAeJJsEuJjommBJDBU16idAsHv8gWAwPCdAkCtnldqFDOCfYy7cKiTwfQ7nQKlwQ7KYnWR5PCib7BfEMJY9Qg4XFSlywGIRQ6ASDpVXoaDAJyZrpQmL2PqkerKQqY7KgwWOC0fajIHRUCUZ9qJh/s5w22VTPyu4ZZ/NfBcPcW6XrYZ+blu0RvnfKkcSQxlOuaWaFIAjCVwmKwTOFz+K2XD203AwZuBLl4U/AkDgdKLagSlwsewvuTkpA+KY5uNFvGcyOAESmvg3LhhB8MEuLEX7XQrugAhFb92B7avSAZgL9xz+M9XvSEfLBY1I9/G7EtIKx2GDZgqVTrmMJ+ELgWny+KhpB4+NhtFfCGD+x16l/v6BoPGVIw1yxUjFYseRu3Ew7gHwSP66xyN9Fe7rqkCB8BpJtwlch2T6HkzVVOHr2XxAecSsCSFnxCTzlmpQVYlhAsk34KiTbhC/iKddkBiIIgiAIYlDTZWaFIAiCIAjiaqOeWSEzEDEsINkmfBWSbcIXITMQQRAEQRBDClJWCIIgCIIY1PRTWWmDNStWnJ7xi8uRvGW6cRY1OYuk+CTzRbya+QrjMCPJLwxJ5u/kgMGO7KJdfCcC94rhhSF3TQRBXBacDlg/9PTDc6Vxoq06D0la/o4VP2gzStEix1wdvoM5Kezixqm2b5CTFCGNd9rVKHU5eCQuBwOfWSn6FPtqZcduCi6X90MMTTzyhFrkxd8qBwx2RrIqvwFBeAPxGsU5DUEQhCfsATN7CaKe+Rz2qzqWHkfRhnXIjzDC1iHAvnE2guSYoQl7YCzaipT8aTDafoRgfxmzg8hQcTkZWOtq7oHunoPYsa9e5TuC+6H4Ejsq/weL66+TLIIg+o4TZ08ewWHrIdScPCeHEcQQICQYgT41pqs8TxOXlYGJzWg9lv/2AVTu+BK1Lm3lLGr3fYrKhAQsCVO7keLuyc3IUqbLxE8cMvIqOqclnQ5UbE6CVo7XJq3FKzy9OEUnmzy0Sch6OwOxSh6xq2Gu6ZxIdDqsMGd15uEXm4E8q6NTmWqrQbE6nudXXMOeOxhuJhNv04PqMO/10SZtw1+tpdjsuk52jeZqKX+v8HYpQEasVk7P3aabYRU9kJ7HcfMKVtcIpJiPStfgPApzCss7djOsbexcNzOQk13eXlUbs7Lf3Y9j/DwFPhVsznJNw3b5DYY1fTCr9ZfLZoYTcKFuF566ZwZmRKXi3aoW0SkKQXSFm+3nISqtDDiShqhrYpFlbZL7r39D0uNyfyGa9Hvrp6U+UJv0Ct7OiJPjtYjNMKOmTe5Euutj263ICrsNC/OPAPkLWTyvB+sZe+yTlH5WXc83ULLLW9372//zeuej/NgZObJ7nMfNSNE+zOr7D6lP1q6A+fgp1q5zoV34JkvxJhZqr0FY1l/xXbft2l0/zxD7CR72amca1m6b/2rFX11jokc7D1cEFR6HXmgVLAadgFCDYPknd5AlO6HiiI6o7hHSSyyiQyvFSVaHzSjoMV1INFays3mAXSjPThQ0iGRpT7AAxWlWsmCsalbFK462FKdZGkGXbhJsrR2sGuWCQacRoDcKNtE5l3SsScwVqni8y0nWQ4LB8gM7PiGUpEcK0L0glNjPqeLl+ttNQiJChUTTMRYnOeTqdPLFUYd51ueC0FqVKyRq+JihFzJLGoQO5ZqU/LvQIbRasgUdbxfZsVeHfZ+QnTid1TFbsPBr6KgXTMnsWLNcMDV8L+enXI+HIzHx+kNd7ePKy3VNHm3MyxfrrDgm8316l+0hwnmbkP/L29n13CT86/Nlwily2jbs6Vm2VX226GFQ1X/xe5/1twcPsl6t135a7gNZH5duqmJplD5MI+iNVeyolz62S7/aW5/krZ7HhAYvde/otf+Xy9JlCiabtzGmG+Q+WJNsEo4d484VlWvlePTBXuvbIDT31s+LYw+rh1K31krBKPbdLB/R+aRnOw8fPOV64MrKBS6c98gNKDeoJlMoaWY/cJfB3h1JgZEHUtkrqNsPISo+TBlxUw7UA/+Pgs34GAvjgnKOZZGpuilk5DwkT6LyjaIIiCcDUlZU5bnVV0LtcbQr8o2tKFsyUrsonQM7Fr2PMqFNXCIKq3QTc9Q3irfr75DDemhjpQ3F38z3bwHfUFZ+FI7+5UnhJt65/es64b9OtcvhxHBmYMqKR3/pBbd+WukD1X2WW7/XSx/r2a/22ied81JPb3VX+jqP61H3/97KEsN6UlbOMcVouaBRPyy6XZu6D1YrK+p69KGfF8cedd3UY5v4g7GsLYIhFG4erYcDnnJ9EdbDMYiKu082BZ1Cxc7dQOoCRHtbZMSn+943w2xmn5wMzAlPQZEc1f7tQZgc4Zh754ROm5T/WEyaoZUPFNS2wZEIDB4jfz+PxvpaOLALKeHXy1Nt7DNiGlKKHHA0NuE0xkOf+RwSbamIChwBbVIWdps/7pyKGxCq+vjfgOCQ0QiNmIhxUkjPtB/FQZMVoXPvxGRVc/mHTMIMjR2H6k+K05fcU+mLW+Nhy9+OMl0aspZFefF4egbfHjwAR2g07px8nRzmj6BpUZgrHzkb63HI4UBRyjSMUNrH73qEp+wCHKfQdHqYTy96MQM5HRXIc013czNfFsyuaWXvpkA302QXM1ALaoo3d055q82QfUQ4tR9/euFd/IB7kPHKrxFz0wg5hiD6i5e1Fj300y7Ua07kfk+if31s3/skb2tC1GG99//N3saYoNsxa26ofOCF9kq8l74Njrmzcbf/PryaVo3Epx9FZICX8c0NVd362M8Do1mz3iDXTR7bQsMwcZzndQ9vemv5HmADYtT9SKj8FPssf8XegvFImH9Hl8HU6SjG6jmRiPpjOZp4QPCDeN3yFvRi7CVEk4mS5g6uirl/8uKhYXUNmJqEPHszbCWF2DoP2LPiIURp52F16fFOu+bV5nQTGt320Z1BY129tHbGdgRHmy9mPUUkmCbftX1oR1FX2iqQvWQBMhvno9x+DkKHHYUzKrEi6lfItopSLMFk+6PaWXizlcldazkMyMXCp3d72dLP1yCthk6fg5Fb68GeBVG1fiSy9UuwrvSknKY3mFJamINt1W24aelKPPWzcSDnGMSl4uL76YH0sZewT+qx/x8AIyPwy03LoSkuxQFnDH5rmIr813bDeinWjXTp54m+cBHKCiPoDsQlHIcxYwMKIh5ATJjyZK9wFrWfvI0NtqUoeX8DkuPjER//M2ib/45KOcXI22diocaG4sMNnQLtPIn6Q3b5oDdGIWRSGDSOIuy1nJLDuiMIU2Y/gvhHVyGvoQpGfSU25JXjezm2W9r/gbr9R+SDS8DIiZi5MBJHig+jTiX7zlYmxNBixqSx7Idxos36Z6xKO4pkYz42hJux4vkPcbzLvTIat8+8G5ojFThc17mVXMpLQtLkrSjY+/VVfrfBUMCJlopCZJfFYP2zKYjWjGINqEH0ykys1x9E9s6DqjaMQULKzzGFP20F3IH5CTFAUQW++d5DqXTWYe+bZjj0v0PGgolczcfUZCPsggUbZ4+VE7kjnG1B89nOH1s4dQA5hg/QFrAALzzzAG4bSaoKcanovZ/uO33rYy9dn9R7/+99jDmNpsaeFtiOwvgFadj64Bes392HmxcnI9lmwOqdNd0oXl7oUz9P9JWLbCvJFPT3sr8jYvE9COuSmyJIVnxm4VPofNdKIV5al9u50yZoJhalzkTRGvZcWs3FtgXVuQasKeqr6sm6/ugFSNXZsWndNpTKu2kcFduQpNUiLqcaTnknDd+xUyHG83qU4wt2J+rv+wluEfNRuB7BIcFA8Uf4hNeH71R67VVkX0Jdhbdb9KLHoSvajJe27BdXvzsd+7Hlpc0o0j2ORdFj2NO9BW+sMsCWvBYvLn0cK7LSEJ7zBzxfKO8OcqFc/z6seWkHqpnm78pLTiG18UNwbNqIV+SnHJ5G3Lnk9eV+wxlvZjWGbJp0HKpHo6u91NPRatOkB6xjPHWEyXOftm0KOFvzLpLvGI8JP38ZJQ6+Nfk8viveLs6qaP73Mjxxx9B+QwVxJbkO2snhTKxPoflMdzd6H/rp3uhXH8u4ZH1SH/p/zzGG9+lbNvQ+xvhPxIIX1+LBT3Kw4x8xokm+cs1WFB73btrqSh/6eaLPXKSyIpuCNDFYHDPJS2YsXvc0CrNDkDtnAkb4jUDgk+UIX56KRM0RFJd/y1STYESmvo3ytHasmXYj/Pym4je2yUjQ9WPyLiAaqdsLkRv9JeZor2V5XAvtggpEbN2D3KVT4c+Fbr0RG0I+wCwxntVj2naEbGDn8Hg5G4mx0D3zJ+QmNCCF12eEHts6IvtXn17xR0Dkcmy3pCPkg8egHeGHEdplOBSxFpbtyxEZ0ALrGy8izRaPrS8+jPH+PP2/I8swETkrDF1vFvn6N4Rsx7TAESyvF9EYoYdOjobcxpbcGTgg/g6q8nKfwJSLlILhwY/sSUxlArps+OFabQR+eu/taPt8I36zejdqmr9B4av/F214AKlP/C+MoUkVos+MxC13L0RmeC7m3Dilm630femne6FffSznEvZJvfX/SlkbxqJA7NMjkdE4pU99uv/4eBjtH2JV5M0YH78VdvtWxI8fJcf2Rm/9PHW8/UJQ4XF49XDbyUMQF0/Pst3b7iqGm0x67gTgeISpd5gpuyY8dgV0j1O4YC8Sno+9leU3SXjgsfnCVFb/gF/+RThKW5UJDwZNv00QlxBPub76ql1LKTK0WsSuLpZfBtSCmsJ8FBTNROqimUP8lczE0ENtVjNKU9quaeMByqT/ZMQ9GQ9N0WZsFM145+EoXYtYP3maWk7WiR9Gambj95tSMTegHp/u+gDVmI4nlsTgVppVIQhiGHL1lZWgGDyzZyOiDySJ02R+fjci/LUOLLW8jdTIYDkRQVxBXGY1eUp7hBYLDkVg64BlchTGx7+MsqJktK+YhBF8mnrOl4jO7W6KnDMCQVHJMLy0QNphN/VRLPmZhnYAEQQxLPHj0yvyd6Yo+PF5F/mIIHyHISvb7SdRc/gozt4cjohbA0hZIbpA/Tbhi3jKNSkrxLCAZJvwVUi2CV/EU65pOTJBEARBEIMaUlYIgiAIghjUkLJCEARBDDG+gzkpDH5J5r6/uO4S4HRY8aHLRxhxJaE1K8SwgGSb8FVItq8Q7VZkTY3CG8ssqF4VCfKodnmhNSsEQRAEQQwpSFkhCILwWSRziTbpFbydESc+rfr5RSBpcymsf+X+c/gx+8Suhrmm86X63NxhzkqCVkzPP1rEZhTAKvre4Sj+d+R4bRJeeYWnXwazox1wmJHEy8l6FRmxWjmPOGSYq9Em58Bftmg1Z3XmwePzKuSXgzLaalCsrgMrI6u4Rj5fbQZqZ8UtY2nkskU8wrzVh+W3+a9W/HWzUga/RjNqvHlWlmdV0o4AR9KicE1YFqy8KH4NeRmIVdfRbO28hi6wdrMWqNqE18nsalfncTNSWHtoU8yy01rusX0Fq58ev894nP19GFlqz+84idKMqE5/SvwFlq7rYfkkrcUr3N+Sy1zGyzcji4eJaTx/V2/y4t4uzpocxIn1+IdUN+0KmPvsL+kiEFR4HBKEz0CyTfgqPcv2McGUGMrS6IV0U5XQKjQLVcZkQcPOge4FocR+ThBaywWDTuUOQnEtkZgrVLXygHOCvXyrkKiB7G6iQ2i1ZAs6TBcSjZUsz854d3cTvIxMwWTjTlN+ECyGh1i84sZCPtYkC8YqHs/yrMpleWgEnaGc5XlCKEmP7Kyjq97K+fJ1JZoEe5/dX6jq01opGBOns3hWXmaRYO9Qrkkj6I1VrDZeuGARDKEQQg0WljtHuYZEIbvczs5R2kG5Bk9U7Za9j5XJQuz7hGxeD122YJHbusG0nF3ndCHZVCc0y3US82suEdJdv4GMGKbU2aNNO+xCeXai9FuL7eT5uzGUdnCV7ykv3tpFLoef01wnmJKnC5pkk9DgtdEGjqdck7JCDAtItglfpU/KisovVYfNKOgVv1UirWzw0QkINQgWZaz3RPFvJQ56siLh5uvqR8FmfIzVRa0cuA/8buW6DbIKch6aTKGk+e9SvV2DqCcDUVbU5XnUl9NFGfHAM77Xa/Cst7d2U9olUkgvOSEH1IsKAHRLhESuRLrawDPvDnc/Zt7q0+vv5ll+V3lxz0NGLktnOCDYZQUo2VSvaoeLx1OuyQxEEATh64QEI1Du7f0DgxGCWxEx8SYpwCvcXPAxzGYz+7yNjDmzkVIk77tpP4qDJitC596Jya4RZBRCJoXB3Y/xaFbsDa61BlK5Es7GehxyOFCUMk30uCyZG65HeMouwHEKTae10Gc+h0RbKqICR0CblIXd5o9V5oqBoK7PSAQGjwFCwzBx3MCWyrZ/exAmRzjm3jlBtZ5CbgdHLeobPerqtd1Yu4RMwgyNHYfqT0q7jLgH6xfXItm2HfllM2HI+nfZQ/N1CIt5AHpHLjburmFpT8GytwgO/QOICbvOe338x2LSDK303XkS9YfsYI2OcNG1jfQZEZ6CIjShselHKR1HJS/wvwHBIaPlA5mgaCxKDUdZWi4OaBfg6cQfkZO+C18pVrjLgKrJCIIgiGGP8zhKV8+DNmoLypv48Hkz4l43gz1dS/GXjEiwp3n++OzxeQPxmlEImJqEPHszbCWF2DoP2LPiIURp52F16fFBvHXYidNNp/q3nfo0UxTcTnDiTONR1IlhR1F1tNl1vf5T5iMjXYuiHV+itulr7C2wQ7/4HoT1YyTXpJeguUub1yIv/lY5RR9oqcDObBt0hqW4216I1/KvR/Kmx3DXZdwiRcoKQRAE4cJZuxcbN/yTKRLvYmPyo4iPfwSztWdgq5RH1JETMXNhJI4UH0adS2s4j8b62j4P0tJsghUFe79G57JebwRhyuxHEP/oKuQ1VDGFqRIb8srxvRzbPWdhr7PJ3y8PI2+fiYUaG4oPN6iUp3a0MmUFmjBMChklh8l4bTfW3q1MWYEWMyaNlQbkNgveWGWALfl17NowETkrDCh0LWAdg6g4vejBfe3K11DgiMHimEnieV7ro8ymcORZFkfBZ7C0qCrQb5pgfSsbm8LTkPXrW3DgTzmsrmvx4oKJl1WhIGWFIAiCcKGYJSo++0ra1dJWDfNLG7HJpYmMQfSix6FjA+ZLud+gjQ2NbdU78NKaXXJ8HwiaiUWpD8GxaSNekWdKnI792Mx3qfCdLe1HYU6JgDZpGypE0w8ro6YcX1QC+vt+glvETBT8cUPwGGiwH+9/wncb8Z1KeXg1u0yOv0SMvBmT7w3FmRPNOMOPxWuYiaI1G7Clgr8ojpdrZO2wD7rUBYgO8hxeVe22Zb/Ytvyat7y0GUW6x7EoegxLwxSBN15Emi0eW19MxqMrnoch3IwVz38o7w7yR1D0AqTq/ont+YUuE5CIqz4G5FZzFbAF1bkGrFHMd0r5jlyse6VE+m1du4cWIafmrJSsF5w1ZqxOAwxZjyPks//Eik/uY3V9GOMvszZBygpBEATRSVAMnil8Frfl6qHlaxsCV6I8/AkYEqcDxRZUsXEwIHI5tpcvA9ZEINBvBAJ/8zUiEvRyBn0hGJGpb8OSOwMH5kwQ162M0C7DoYi1LOwJTBk5EQvWG7Eh5APM0l4LP17GtO0I2VCI3KVTPQYuNoDrnsae3J/jGFNwAv2uReS2VsT0qz594RbcnZSA8E1zcKO4JTpAuoYNIfhglpZdw7XQLqhAxNY92J4ajQD5rE78pXazpCPkg8fEtnVd8/bliGQntFn/jFVpR5G8NQ0Lxo9iDR2FZVlpCM/5A54vPCrNmATcgfkJMeyLxsMEJLVpeVo71ky7kbXZVPzGNhkJOsV8p5S/EdEHmILCf9sRWiw4FIGtli1YOkVWenrBf0oy9gofYlXkzRgfvxV2+1bE87peZugNtsSwgGSb8FUGh2yfRU1OIsLXhKGkej1md5lVIC4dTrSUrsHUObVYb8tHck9KhrMaOQ/OxpoZ76B642wEycFDAU+5JokiCIIg+oH8IrLYtSh1mWg+hrHgYDfmD+KS0mbBW+tygfRleFStqLSUIkOrRezqYvmldC2oKcxHQdFMpC6aOaQUFW+QVBEEQRD9YCx0z/wJudFfYo5iogl/E1i6vRvzB3FpkN/KGzgL2bc9i8JnYtwVEG6+26My8fjdiPDXOrDU8jZSI4PlREMXMgMRwwKSbcJXIdkmfBEyAxEEQRAEMaQgZYUgCIIgiEENKSsEQRDDBO5N+f0clZdgD6+/LvgukjjFM7DHx8NDM0FcCWjNCjEsINkmfJW+yTZ/cVsBls9einxvr5nVvYCS7ZmYrZHfl8F3lkydo3oRnAeaTNAWZeJy4inXJGkEQRA+jvN4IVaKisp0JBo+ha21QxwIOuz7kM1f9lb2Jta9ewhtSnrR0SAQarDgAkvH04qfjnqYkll6xwEc/FZ8jytBXBFIWSEIgvBpmvDVeznIcWigMxixbVUcpohefNkAoLkXK5/9HfRwoKz4G9jF93M40dZQi0qE4t7JN8PNNx33wDv2WvmAIK4cpKwQBEH4Mu1H8PkbHwGaeDz9yxld3oPiP/lOzA1lX46cQquorChOCW9FxMSbeIBMC2rM2Vi3yQro5iM2fLQcThCXH1JWCIIgfBhn3WEUH2Ff5s7G3d58uJxpxgk3i04bGmx17G8Z0qICxbUD0udGhC/cgDJNMoyvpyBSnp0hiCsBSRtBEIQP42w9Ba6rhEZMxDgpSIUTLZbPUOAANAtn4nZu83GeRP0huxTtgbiGxW5E8tSh/vJ2YqhBygpBEIQP4x84BqKVp/gw6kQzjwrZz4wDD3X6j2mzw1bJtJdEE+ziwtpmVBmTwX33Hvnov3C4zTMTgrj8kLJCEAThw/iH3YPFeqZqFG3GS1v2y07uuPPBvchanoK0Mgc0ycn45V2S/xjXTiDXTEwQpi59Hlv5LqAyA1bvrGFnE8SVhZQVgiAIX8Z/Mh7MeBI6fIP81BjZyR13PvgA0vK/gSYxF6VbFmC8OBq04/tvKlDkuRPIfyIWZEi7hooKPsFXNLtCXGFIWSEIgvBpRkEzOxPbLSYY+DtVFHTpMBZaYP1zEqa6Fsuehb3Oxv567gRig8WU+chIjwTK3sXOilNyKEFcGegNtsSwgGSb8FVItglfxFOuaWaFIAiCIIhBDSkrBEEQBEEMakhZIQiCIAhiUEPKCkEQBEEQgxpSVgiCIAiCGNSQskIQBEEQxKCGlBWCIAif5TuYk8Lgl2SGQw65OM7DYS2F1XFePvbkUpfnqwyGdjqP4+YV0IpOKqOQUXpSDu+k3ZqFMB6vXY3SFvWLAOX6+8Uiy9rGjttgzYoVtxu7fbRJyCquYbEXDykrBEEQRJ9ot76Kn0atw+f27pQVom/civi8Wgh58aLPpatCyz68umKbrCzZcaj+pIcbhbOoO1whOsGEowh7LaoXAbb/A3X7WYzmbsy8fTQL+AFHK7+T4tQ48pGm12FeVsVFKyykrBAEQRDEsOIsana/gU2O6Ug2vIAlTGWptNk9FIo2NNjq5O9WFOz9Gi3yEU4cRSXXYiLCMIG//VhRXkINsFzgzi/55xzs5VuRqHGgLLsQFW4zM/2HlBWCIIhhAzfjFCAjVitP1UcgKcusMuvIDg6TIlxT+dqkzSiuaRFNAlOj0tiTdhnSogIRlmVFu3xWF46V4o+uPOKQkVcBh9OJltLV0Po9jCxrk5yQcxKlGVHwi8tBTZfxTDI3aJNewdsZcXJ+rM6bS2H96zYkaaU6+sWuhpnVUcHpsMKclSSbOPhHi9iMAtV1snaoUJ2vTcIrr/D0y2B2sKtymJEkts2rqrZi12Gu7hzQnQ5YzVmdebiuU45nQ3tN8WZVPM9vL2pEv0pqM1A7K24Zi5fLFvEI81YfVufNf7Xir5uV6+TXaJbz74WWL2FcswvQ/w4Z//unmKBhRRyqR6P6VOdJ1B+ysy8LsMGwHCj4DBZR4WC/Y5UFxeybZsYkhHAtQlFe7p0Mrcuh1ChoopPw21Rd15mZAUDKCkEQxLCAKSLWbVgStQmN83fB3iGgw/4GZlT+AVFLtsHKB7mWMqzT/Ts+Gp8txgutlViPHOif3o26u1ah2mJAKHQwWFpRuyqy09GhJ2VfoPG+99AqPl3PR2PmAizNrUFA1P1I0HyE7J0HO5/SW77G3gI79IvvQVg3I5Ij/3PUztrC8mtGlTEaxalzEJV5EknWc6yO5TAgFwtZHUVlx1mN3KXzsKJyNkpbO+Qn/GdxW0Ei5v1xHytXbodZbwDrK6U6Fkaj6tV8j/Uj3yD/o0bMerOa5fEDLIZrsGnh89hZc5bFNcGa/StErajCfaXNLL4DrVVLxOtcks1NHlwxewU6/acY/04DOsT4VUD2v+PpAXutVtWH/S7GuQeRevc8ZJ54AtYOlr8lDdi0og/5s7q/lY1NjkikZ8zHlCAtwiOYtlJZiwa1otNmh62StYhmGqIXP4IEKArHeTTW17K20iAiXIsAFtJur8N+dqy/7ye4RTxZ4TpoJ4ezv01obPpRChogpKwQBEEMC06hYue7KGNP08+uvBca1vv7a+7Fymd/B73inPA0G1T4iD3mRgTy0SFgOpLzKiHsTcaU/owWvIyl09lAxp+uU/Ds+hgUvfwhvhp9D1LWPwaH+ind8hkKHDFYHDOp+wFJvxgpC6ay/IIwJeZeRDCVKfHpZMzWjGJ1/AliH2ID4pFTaOVZ+k9F8l477HmKg0ZWh6g5uI8NyI7GJpxWt4NbHR8Ti+qEDb4JiVgwJYh9D8Zd8+Ohx0F88c0JpmAdxM7sg9CvT8PSqTzeHwFTF4vXKZk82llTnmID+jWsKW9gsTw+CXl2O/YmTx3gwKuqT0AYYu6bxsLm4+mnY9lvyfK/82d4KNTBmuF0j8qK83gp/pT9EWvTp5CiG8uqPhaTZmiZRliL+sbOtUjOxnoc4rLATT3j70JcAtOFNn7AFELFPKTFjElj2bUoa1uUYzXtaGXtwNsvJPh6KWiADKzNCIIgiKFF+1EcNFkROvdOTFb1/P4hkzBDIy+w1NyPTOODsKXNQqBodtgO8/tWlWmjb7iXMRKBwWOYMlGLoydGIizmAegdudi4m88AnIJlbxEc+gcQE3adnN4LIcGS8sTwD2QDnxev0O5wc9fHMJvN7PM2MubMRkqRPG/itR1GIWRSmMdi19GsWK5oSEjlSkgDuQNFKdMwQjTB8M/1CE/ZxQb9U2g67Q+NfgWMiUeRFnWTtCtmtxnvWx0DnFXhqOsjt2loGCaO63Z+ywtN+Oq9HOQosypiZtfhxnGB7G8dbA2Kkasd339TgSL2TWqnMYiK00NT9Cn21Xwnm4cmI3wCn1dRlBflWIWzHvt27GNfvMT1E9dPRRAEQQxDlNkUkSBMTTbC3mpDiWkt5mEvViyIgnbOWpR2u125f/hPmY+MdC2KdnyJ2qbeTUD9xnkcpavnQRu1BeVNXDW4GXGvm2HUX+p9N2zALzkhLyZVf95AvIYpEOKs1GG02j6HaWscsOcPWBAViTmri/ut/F0qXLMqsGLTnHGykhWIqLQyFqY21ZyFvc7G/obi3sk3M9XIH0GiCW8fdvz5HZRwxS80GndOZgqmsrZFE4ZJIaOk00WYwli2AwU8bW/KaB8gZYUgCGI4MHIiZi6MxJHiw6hTDZbOVjZIeU7hB0zB7Ph4PLoqjz01G6EvK0Dege/lyN5xL6ONDXwNqlkA5Sl9M9aufK13E1A/cdbuxcYN/2SKxLvYmPwo4uMfwWztGWn9BcdrOyjrMPqGNBvlsUPGK/6sKXWsDkuwKu//g80Yg7INJhz4vtulyTKKsnApOYmyV19GTrcXeQT76/4hL5pWtiKrZrCCuAkvBkWbsrGdHyuLaZW1LcrOIBG+uHgb/uOJF1DGlTrXLM7AIWWFIAhiWDAG0Yseh44pCS9t2S8+3Tsd+7Hlpc0o0j2ORdFj2JO3GSlavttGihcHnX37UYmZuG/6OIzUTsa9aMWJZr7ItAeKdsBYyHfO8F037+LV7KNI3vQY7hItFuwpPXoBUnX/xPb8wt5NQP1EMWtVfPaVdA1t1TC/tBGbXIO0qh1yvxEXw7ZV78BLfHdMXwmaiUWpD8GxaSNeKT0umnZ4W27mO6DEXU3yC9f4jp0K2fTTVot9X1QB+mhMv0VtuvHHDcFjoMF+vP+J0mZ5rM34bMelw1nzATZusrLyjbDxxdPq2SC7CYkszZHKozjBE3d5jwrnOsmEJx+FRkzEOPbXtbalKAXhIxST2I0I16ci3zEdicZcPDd7rHjOxUDKCkEQxLCAPeVHLsd2SzpCPngMWjawjNAuw6GItbBsX45I9lTsP/5hrN/TGc8HnWkFY7HBsgVLpzCF4pZZSMr8F8mE0MPbVzWJ9+Cm9x9DoN+10M76ACFbd2FL/MTOASfgDsxPiGFfNJfWBMQJisEzhc/itly9dA2BK1Ee/gQMidOBYguqWljxvB3KlwFrIlgdRyDwN18jIkEZhvtCMCJT34YldwYOzJkgrltxtWXuE5jiPwrjFzyLPRtC8MEsrbSuJVCPgpB0OV7ORoQpb7qnsSf35ziWwutzLSK3tSKmX/XpjZMoM/4JRd3NcoybiIhQ9nd/HeztTAGpO4xi9XtUZPzD7sFi0ZymmIeYotdQy5RZTzTQpb+FQksR/pzMFzFfPH5MqxLk76JGpDokCJ+BZJvwVYambPOtvWswdU4t1tvykcwVoavKWdTkJCJ8TRhKqtdjdtCl1J6IgeAp1/SLEARBEFeWNgveWpcLpC/Do1dcUZFfQherLBrmL8L7GMaCg9ClLkA0KSqDEvpVCIIgiCuE/GbWwFnIvu1ZFD4TA/6WkivLWOie+RNyo7/EHO217Al+BALD3wSWbsf21OhLYrIgLj1kBiKGBSTbhK9Csk34ImQGIgiCIAhiSEHKCkEQBEEQgxpSVgiCIAiCGNSQskIQBEEQwwDh7Al8e9gKa81J+U21QwdSVgiCIIge+A7mpLAeXwJ38fRShsOMJL8wJJn5K+CJAXHhW+x8Kg5TZszFb979f2gdYmuySVkhCIIgeuBWxOfVQsiL9/BKTAwdzuDIXzbgN3/+CvjXVPznMzG4yU+OGiKQskIQBEEQPouA9mMfYv3KP+MHxOL5/3wSMTeNkOOGDqSsEARB+DJOByo2J0HrJzmZ0yatxSvc4Z7L5HIeDqsZWTxMTuPnF4eMvArZmaHaRCO/1E2bhKy3MxCrpI9dDXNNp/9hp8MKc1ZnmX6xGcizyg79OG01KHbFaxGbkY/yY2fkyO44g2P7/4gkrWee/NX9q1leDyPL2iSn5chvqhUdC8pBali7WPNU18CvyWyVrtl5FOYU1h7aFTAf52+5ZUGik0dW16z38X/FN+BuhrVNlXFLKTJYfFxOtXidLseGYv4RSHplLau7ypTFyzdndV6PW5v3rZ37hHAC//WnLcj9IQBTM57FyphxGGKTKiKkrBAEQfgsTbBm/wqzDCOxvqoZQocdhTPq8Gr+N3I8GzNr3sHSqD+g8r730CoIYpry7BAULH0Kfyw7KafywFGMj2pn4c3WDgit5TAgFwuf3i0pBW0VyF4yDysqZ6OUxwvNqEo4icyoXyFbVCZYnd5Ihf6j8dhq43WyYmNIDQrKelsR40DZe024r1S6jvL5jSzPlcitOY+gqPuRoPkI2TsPwjWUt3yNvQX2bhwlSu0SldmI+eV2dAjnYC+MRuWKeViSXYE2/4lY8OJaJGMbVjz/IY63sGt6YgVywtOQtewhzInTQ1P2LnZWnJLzYwqT5TMUOGKwOGYS/MU2eIy1yypUsTbosL+BGVW7ke+6RLn8FVXS9QgdaK1agsbMBVL5cqoe27lPCLjw7Yd4dduXwE2P44Wn7sWYoaipcAQVHocE4TOQbBO+So+y3VwipGs0gt5YJXTIQUJHlWDUawQkmgS7HORJh80o6BEqJJqOsaNjgikxVE5/QbCbnmRlPiYYbT9KiYUfBZvxMRb2pGCyn2NFZgoat3iGXKYmvURo9lYnMYyNrN3VyW4SEuH9OkINFlYruQ6aTKGkmafo8F4PBW916JLHOaHBtJzloRMSE3Xs+h4SDJYfpKTq6xEDTggl6ZEC9EbB1uG9bLc27bX8c7208wU5zAPnj0JT04+CUz4UnN8LJRn3sHNuFeZusQqn5eChgKdc08wKQRCEj9L+7UGYHOGYe+eEzml0/7GYNEMrH8hwk8T7ZpjN7JOTgTnhKSiSo7wzBsGBI+XvIxEYPEb+fh6N9bVwYBdSwq+XzRvsM2IaUooccDQ2odlbnYJux6y5ofJBd3hexw0IDhmNI5VHcQLXISzmAegdudi4uwZOnIJlbxEc+gcQE9bVUaLXdsEohEwKg8ZRi/pGbvoZhfEL0rA1+STy823QGZ7HsshgKan/JMQsjoFj0xvYXXPWYxbnDL49eACO0GjcObmzbP+QSZghr1B2NtbjkMOBopRpGKG0kd/1CE/ZBThOoem0MnXSXTt74ezfUJB8D4InxOOFkgZxa7Lw3ef4P3xWRfML/P6JOzFaSjkkIWWFIAhiGON0FGP1nEhE/bEc4oqP4AfxuuUt6MXYAaLJREkzNwEJ7p/LuKPIf8p8ZKRrUbTjS9Q29WQC6g4nTjedct86feZ71NX9k31xwFbVgGaX+eU6THl0GdI1+7BjXx2a1CYgOUXvRCK95ETXNhLeQLxGUVD6wbXjMfOnUbi97RO8+Jv1eK/Gga8LC/Be2024O/Ux/HTM0FtUq4aUFYIgCB9l5O0zsVBjQ/HhBnHRp4jzJOoP2eWDs6j95G1ssC1FyfsbkBwfj/j4n0Hb/HdUyin6hzI7UYS9FmU9hzve63QaTY29LbD1OKfNgbpjZxAaMRHjxIAxiOJrSYo2Y+3K13pUHrzWAe1oZcoKNGGYFDKKHfO1NS8izTYfxl3rEZ7zBzxfeLQzfdAdiEtgytGaZ7HSuEc1izMat8+8G5ojFThcd1ZKy5BmU6Tv0iyLFQV7v+5cY3Ox+N2I/5n4PF5//kEEfPsmnlr5NNa9/gUQ8G9YuWhoz6pwSFkhCILwVYJmYlHqTDagGpBbzYfFFlTnGrCmSJk/UJQLKz6zSDtr2moK8dK6XPcZhj7jj6DoBUjV2bFp3TaUOrg55TwcFduQpOyU8awT3620ZYOqTt3hQFFBPgr5bhh+ztvbkG2Lx6ZfRkCah1DK/ie25xd2awIScdVhA7ZU8OvmdTTipTX7oEtdgOggpgtZ/4xVaUeRvDUTSx9djizDROSsMKBQ3h3ElaPoRY9D5yhE/vZ/qmZxlHrsw5qXdqCa7xhq+wa5L23uNK2J5T8Ex6aNeKX0uKgAuXYPdbd7qS+MnIDZv/8D/jD3VrR9aoKpug03PfFviL2VK19DG1JWCIIgfJZgRKa+jfK0dqyZdiP8/KbiN7bJSNApxhg2sOqeRmF2CHLnTMAIvxEIfLIc4ctTkag5guLyb/v/5B8QjdTthciN/hJztNeyMq+FdkEFIrbuQe7SqaxEqU6WDWNRwOs0IhIZjVNUdeqO6UiMuxbv6/g5Wsz6YDy2lr2M+PGqgTjgDsxPiGFfNL2YgJQ6hOCDWVp23Z113J4ajYA2C95YZYAteS1eXDBRqvOy52EIN0u7g0Rlwh8Bdz2IBD2vt8csjtgGu5CGLEwLHAG/wN/DFqGHTo52lZ87AwfEdvfDCO0yHIpYy8KewJSLGJn9gqLxlCENcwP4UQxWLLkbNw/VHUAq/ARuJJPhi3xUhwThM5BsE75Kv2XbWY2cB2djzYx3UL1xNoLkYN+Av3NlDabOqcV6Wz6Sp3Qzs3LJ4O9yeQBzDj0F2yfJPSoZzpocPBj+J8wo+RQbZ4+VQy8X53CypgpHz/4LwiNuRcAQVFY85ZpmVgiCIHwV+UVlsauL5ZeNtaCmMB8FRTORumimjykqjDYL3lqXC6Qvw6OXXVFxos1agHWbWHEZ81WKivKSujislk08aKtGoXEHinSPY1F0Dzt6LhnXYuyUGYi8Y2gqKt4gZYUgCMJXCYrBM3s2IvpAErQj+PbYGxH+WgeWWt5GqrIN1yeQ3/gaOAvZtz2LwmdiLrMixt/qOwWBUTm4LXsLntGpZ0ok09oelYnHL3A2XsMTsGxfjsgAGnYHApmBiGEByTbhq5BsE76Ip1x3UVYIgiAIgiCuNt0qKwRBEARBEIMNMp4RBEEQBDGoIWWFIAiCIIhBDSkrBEEQBEEMYoD/H+VX+8Ow/HCxAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC"></p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[1]</strong> for all bonding types correct.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1]</strong> for <strong>each</strong> correct description.</em></p>
<p><em>Apply ECF for M2 only once.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was not as well done as one might have expected with the most common errors being O instead of O<sub>2</sub> oxygen and MgO rather than MgO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students did not know what "block" meant, and often guessed group 2 etc.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students confused "period" and "group" and also many did not read metal, so aluminium was not chosen by the majority.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A number of students were not able to interpret the results and hence find the gain in mass and calculate the moles correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Only a handful could work out the correct answer. Most had no real idea and quite a lot of blank responses. There also seems to be significant confusion between "percent uncertainty" and "percent error".</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was not well answered, but definitely better than the previous question with quite a few gaining some credit for correctly determining the theoretical yield.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This proved to be a very difficult question to answer in the quantitative manner required, with hardly any correct responses.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Quite a few students realised that incomplete reaction would lead to this, but only 30% of students gave a correct answer rather than a non-specific guess, such as "misread balance" or "impurities".</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was generally very well done with almost all candidates being able to determine the correct coefficients.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>About 40% of students managed to correctly determine both the oxidation states, as -3, with errors being about equally divided between the two compounds.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Probably only about 10% could explain why this was an acid-base reaction. Rather more made valid deductions about redox, based on their answer to the previous question.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates could answer the question about subatomic particles correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Identification of isotopes was answered correctly by most students.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>In spite of being given the meaning of "isoelectronic", many candidates talked about the differing number of electrons and only about 30% could correctly analyse the situation in terms of nuclear charge.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The question was marked quite leniently so that the majority of candidates gained at least one of the marks by mentioning a subatomic particle. A significant number read "indivisible" as "invisible" however.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>About a quarter of the students gained full marks and probably a similar number gained no marks. Metallic bonding was the type that seemed least easily recognised and least easily described. Another common error was to explain ionic bonding in terms of attraction of ions rather than describing electron transfer.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>PCl<sub>5</sub>(g) and Cl<sub>2</sub>(g) were placed in a sealed flask and allowed to reach equilibrium at 200 °C. The enthalpy change, Δ<em>H</em>, for the decomposition of PCl<sub>5</sub>(g) is positive.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-21_om_08.14.28.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/03"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, for the decomposition of PCl<sub>5</sub>(g).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce, giving a reason, the factor responsible for establishing the new equilibrium after 14 minutes.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure and molecular geometry of PCl<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«<em>K</em><sub>c</sub>» = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{\left[ {{\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_3}} \right]\left[ {{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2}} \right]}}{{\left[ {{\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_5}} \right]}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>PC</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>C</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>PC</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>decrease in temperature</p>
<p>endothermic «reaction» <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>«equilibrium» shifts to the left/reactants<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>endothermic «reaction» <em><strong>AND</strong> </em><em>K</em><sub>c</sub> decreases<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>endothermic «reaction» <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>concentration of PCl<sub>5</sub> increased/concentration of PCl<sub>3</sub> and Cl<sub>2</sub> decreased<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«equilibrium» shifts in exothermic direction</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “temperature change”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “ΔH positive” in place of “endothermic”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “products” instead of “PCl<sub>3</sub> and Cl<sub>2</sub>”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Lewis structure:</em></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p><em>Molecular geometry:</em></p>
<p>trigonal/triangular pyramidal</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Penalize missing lone pairs once only between this question and 4(b).</em></p>
<p><em>Accept any combination of lines, dots or crosses to represent electrons.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not apply ECF.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Butanoic acid, CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH, is a weak acid and ethylamine, CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>2</sub>, is a weak base.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equation for the reaction of each substance with water.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why butanoic acid is a liquid at room temperature while ethylamine is a gas at room temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the formula of the salt formed when butanoic acid reacts with ethylamine.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Butanoic acid:</em><br>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COO<sup>−</sup> (aq) + H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> (aq) ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Ethylamine:</em><br>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>2</sub> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>3</sub><sup>+ </sup>(aq) + OH<sup>−</sup> (aq) ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em><br>butanoic acid forms more/stronger hydrogen bonds ✔<br>butanoic acid forms stronger London/dispersion forces ✔<br>butanoic acid forms stronger dipole–dipole interaction/force ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “butanoic acid forms dimers”</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “butanoic acid has larger M<sub>r</sub>/hydrocarbon chain/number of electrons” for M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “butanoic acid has larger «permanent» dipole/more polar” for M3.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>+ CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COO<sup>−</sup><br><strong><em>OR</em></strong><br>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COO<sup>−</sup> CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COO<sup>−</sup> H<sub>3</sub>N<sup>+</sup>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>The charges are not necessary for the mark.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Magnetite, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, is another ore of iron that contains both Fe<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>3+</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Iron exists as several isotopes.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>In acidic solution, hydrogen peroxide, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, will oxidize Fe<sup>2+</sup>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Fe<sup>2+</sup> (aq) → Fe<sup>3+</sup> (aq) + e<sup>−</sup></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the ratio of Fe<sup>2+</sup>:Fe<sup>3+</sup> in Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of spectroscopy that could be used to determine their relative abundances.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each species.</p>
<p><img 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" width="502" height="151"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Iron has a relatively small specific heat capacity; the temperature of a 50 g sample rises by 44.4°C when it absorbs 1 kJ of heat energy.</p>
<p>Determine the specific heat capacity of iron, in J g<sup>−1 </sup>K<sup>−1</sup>. Use section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write the half-equation for the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to water in acidic solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce a balanced equation for the oxidation of Fe2+ by acidified hydrogen peroxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>1:2 ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept 2 Fe<sup>3+</sup>: 1 Fe<sup>2+</sup></em><br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept 2:1 only</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>mass «spectroscopy»/MS ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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" width="515" height="88"></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for 4 correct values.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>specific heat capacity « = <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mfrac><mi>q</mi><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>×</mo><mo>∆</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>/</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>1000</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">J</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>50</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>×</mo><mn>44</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi></mrow></mfrac></math>» = 0.45 «J g<sup>−1 </sup>K<sup>−1</sup>» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>(aq) + 2H<sup>+</sup>(aq) + 2e<sup>−</sup>→ 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l) ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>(aq) + 2H<sup>+</sup>(aq) + 2Fe<sup>2+</sup>(aq) → 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l) + 2Fe<sup>3+</sup>(aq) ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Bonds can be formed in many ways.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The landing module for the Apollo mission used rocket fuel made from a mixture of hydrazine, N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>, and dinitrogen tetraoxide, N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(l) + N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(l) → 3N<sub>2</sub>(g) + 4H<sub>2</sub>O(g)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State and explain the difference in bond strength between the nitrogen atoms in a hydrazine and nitrogen molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State why hydrazine has a higher boiling point than dinitrogen tetraoxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the oxidation state of nitrogen in the two reactants.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce, giving a reason, which species is the reducing agent.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structures of ozone.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>triple bond in nitrogen «molecule» <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>single bond in hydrazine</p>
<p>triple bond stronger than single bond<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>more shared «pairs of» electrons make bond stronger/attract nuclei more</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept bond enthalpy values from data booklet (158 and 945 kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>–1</sup>).</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>hydrogen bonding «between molecules, dinitrogen tetraoxide does not»</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>:</em> –2 <em><strong>AND</strong> N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>:</em> +4</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>oxidized/oxidation state increases<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>loses hydrogen<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>reduces/removes oxygen from N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> <strong>AND</strong> gives electrons «to N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>»”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p><em>Accept any combination of lines, dots or crosses to represent electrons.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not penalize missing lone pairs if already done in 3b.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept structure that represents 1.5 bonds.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>White phosphorus is an allotrope of phosphorus and exists as P<sub>4</sub>.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>An equilibrium exists between PCl<sub>3</sub> and PCl<sub>5</sub>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">PCl<sub>3 </sub>(g) + Cl<sub>2 </sub>(g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> PCl<sub>5 </sub>(g)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the P<sub>4</sub> molecule, containing only single bonds.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write an equation for the reaction of white phosphorus (P<sub>4</sub>) with chlorine gas to form phosphorus trichloride (PCl<sub>3</sub>).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the electron domain and molecular geometry using VSEPR theory, and estimate the Cl–P–Cl bond angle in PCl<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the polarity of PCl<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the standard enthalpy change (<em>ΔH</em><sup>⦵</sup>) for the forward reaction in kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><em>ΔH</em><sup>⦵</sup><sub>f</sub> PCl<sub>3 </sub>(g) = −306.4 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><em>ΔH</em><sup>⦵</sup><sub>f</sub> PCl<sub>5 </sub>(g) = −398.9 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equilibrium constant expression,<em> K</em><sub>c</sub>, for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State, with a reason, the effect of an increase in temperature on the position of this equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="282" height="109"></p>
<p><em><br>Accept any diagram with each P joined to the other three. <br></em></p>
<p><em>Accept any combination of dots, crosses and lines.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>P<sub>4 </sub>(s) + 6Cl<sub>2</sub> (g) → 4PCl<sub>3</sub> (l) ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Electron domain geometry</em>: tetrahedral ✔</p>
<p><em>Molecular geometry</em>: trigonal pyramidal ✔</p>
<p><em>Bond angle</em>: 100«°» ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept any value or range within the range 91−108«°» for <strong>M3</strong>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>polar <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>unsymmetrical distribution of charge<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>polar <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>dipoles do not cancel<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«polar as» dipoles «add to» give a «partial» positive «charge» at P and a «partial» negative «charge» at the opposite/Cl side of the molecule ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept “polar <strong>AND</strong> unsymmetrical molecule”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«−398.9 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> − (−306.4 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>) =» −92.5 «kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«<em>K</em><sub>c</sub> =» <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mfrac><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi>PCl</mi><mn>5</mn></msub></mfenced><mrow><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi>PCl</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mfenced><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi>Cl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mfenced></mrow></mfrac></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«shifts» left/towards reactants <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>«forward reaction is» exothermic/ΔH is negative ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Ethane-1,2-diol, HOCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH, has a wide variety of uses including the removal of ice from aircraft and heat transfer in a solar cell.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ethane-1,2-diol can be formed according to the following reaction.</p>
<p>2CO (g) + 3H<sub>2 </sub>(g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> HOCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH (g)</p>
<p>(i) Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, for this reaction.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) State how increasing the pressure of the reaction mixture at constant temperature will affect the position of equilibrium and the value of <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>.</p>
<p>Position of equilibrium:</p>
<p><em>K</em><sub>c</sub>:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change, Δ<em>H</em><sup>θ</sup>, in kJ, for this reaction using section 11 of the data booklet. The bond enthalpy of the carbon–oxygen bond in CO (g) is 1077kJmol<sup>-1</sup>.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) The enthalpy change, ΔH<sup>θ</sup>, for the following similar reaction is –233.8 kJ.</p>
<p>2CO(g) + 3H<sub>2</sub>(g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> HOCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH (l)</p>
<p>Deduce why this value differs from your answer to (a)(iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[7]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the average oxidation state of carbon in ethene and in ethane-1,2-diol.</p>
<p>Ethene:</p>
<p>Ethane-1,2-diol:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the boiling point of ethane-1,2-diol is significantly greater than that of ethene.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ethane-1,2-diol can be oxidized first to ethanedioic acid, (COOH)<sub>2</sub>, and then to carbon dioxide and water. Suggest the reagents to oxidize ethane-1,2-diol.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i)<br><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\ll {K_{\text{C}}} = \gg \frac{{\left[ {{\text{HOC}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{OH}}} \right]}}{{{{\left[ {{\text{CO}}} \right]}^{\text{2}}} \times {{\left[ {{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}} \right]}^{\text{3}}}}}">
<mo>≪</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow>
<mtext>C</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>=≫</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>HOC</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>C</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>OH</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>CO</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>3</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii)<br><em>Position of equilibrium:</em> moves to right <em><strong>OR</strong></em> favours product<br><em>K</em><sub>c</sub>: no change <em><strong>OR</strong></em> is a constant at constant temperature</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii)<br><em>Bonds broken:</em> 2C≡O + 3(H-H) / 2(1077kJmol<sup>-1</sup>) + 3(436kJmol<sup>-1</sup>) / 3462 «kJ»</p>
<p><em>Bonds formed:</em> 2(C-O) + 2(O-H) + 4(C-H) + (C-C) / 2(358kJmol<sup>-1</sup>) + 2(463kJmol<sup>-1</sup>) + 4(414kJmol<sup>-1</sup>) + 346kJmol<sup>-1</sup> / 3644 «kJ»</p>
<p>«Enthalpy change = bonds broken - bonds formed = 3462 kJ - 3644 kJ =» -182 «kJ»</p>
<p><em>Award<strong> [3]</strong> for correct final answer.</em><br><em>Award <strong>[2 max]</strong> for «+»182 «kJ».</em></p>
<p><br>(iv)<br>in (a)(iii) gas is formed and in (a)(iv) liquid is formed<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>products are in different states<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>conversion of gas to liquid is exothermic<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>conversion of liquid to gas is endothermic<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>enthalpy of vapourisation needs to be taken into account</p>
<p><em>Accept product is «now» a liquid.</em><br><em>Accept answers referring to bond enthalpies being means/averages.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Ethene:</em> –2</p>
<p><em>Ethane-1,2-diol:</em> –1</p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept 2–, 1– respectively.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>ethane-1,2-diol can hydrogen bond to other molecules «and ethene cannot»</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>ethane-1,2-diol has «significantly» greater van der Waals forces</p>
<p><em>Accept converse arguments.<br>Award <strong>[0]</strong> if answer implies covalent bonds are broken</em></p>
<p>hydrogen bonding is «significantly» stronger than other intermolecular forces</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>acidified «potassium» dichromate«(VI)»/H<sup>+</sup> <strong><em>AND</em> </strong>K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>/H<sup>+</sup> <em><strong>AND </strong></em>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>2- </sup></p>
<p><em><strong>OR </strong></em></p>
<p>«acidified potassium» manganate(VII)/ «H<sup>+</sup>» KMnO<sub>4</sub> /«H<sup>+</sup>» MnO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup></p>
<p><em>Accept Accept H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> or H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> for H<sup>+</sup>.</em><br><em>Accept “permanganate” for “manganate(VII)”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">This question is about compounds of sodium.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Sodium peroxide is used in diving apparatus to produce oxygen from carbon dioxide.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">2Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (s) + 2CO<sub>2</sub> (g) → 2Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (s) + O<sub>2</sub> (g)</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Describe the structure and bonding in solid sodium oxide.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Write equations for the separate reactions of solid sodium oxide and solid phosphorus(V) oxide with excess water and differentiate between the solutions formed. </span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Sodium oxide, Na<sub>2</sub>O:<br><br>Phosphorus(V) oxide, P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>:<br><br>Differentiation:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Sodium peroxide, Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, is formed by the reaction of sodium oxide with oxygen.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">2Na<sub>2</sub>O (s) + O<sub>2</sub> (g) → 2Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (s)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the percentage yield of sodium peroxide if 5.00 g of sodium oxide produces 5.50 g of sodium peroxide.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine the enthalpy change, <em>ΔH</em>, in kJ, for this reaction using data from the table and section 12 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="219" height="96"></span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline why bond enthalpy values are not valid in calculations such as that in (c)(i).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The reaction of sodium peroxide with excess water produces hydrogen peroxide and one other sodium compound. </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest the formula of this compound.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the oxidation number of carbon in sodium carbonate, Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«3-D/giant» regularly repeating arrangement «of ions»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>lattice «of ions» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>electrostatic attraction between Na<sup>+</sup> and O<sup>2−</sup> ions <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong> Note:</strong> Do <strong>not</strong> accept “ionic” without description.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Sodium oxide:</em><br>Na<sub>2</sub>O(s) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → 2NaOH (aq) <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Phosphorus(V) oxide</em>:<br>P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> (s) + 6H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → 4H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> (aq) <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Differentiation</em>:<br>NaOH / product of Na<sub>2</sub>O is alkaline/basic/pH > 7 <em><strong>AND</strong></em> H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> / product of P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> is acidic/pH < 7 <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">n(Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) theoretical yield «= <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{5.00{\text{ g}}}}{{61.98{\text{ mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>5.00</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>61.98</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>» = 0.0807/8.07 × 10<sup>−2</sup> «mol»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>mass Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> theoretical yield «= <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{5.00{\text{ g}}}}{{61.98{\text{ mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>5.00</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>61.98</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> </span>× 77.98 gmol<sup>−1</sup>» = 6.291 «g» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">% yield «= <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{5.50{\text{ g}}}}{{6.291{\text{ g}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>5.50</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>6.291</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> × 100» <em><strong>OR</strong></em> «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{0.0705}}{{0.0807}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0.0705</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>0.0807</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> x 100» = 87.4 «%» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong> Note:</strong> Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>ΣΔ<span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>H<sub>f</sub></em> products = 2 × (−1130.7) / −2261.4 «kJ» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">Σ</span><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">Δ</span><em>H<sub>f</sub></em> reactants = 2 × (−510.9) + 2 × (−393.5) / −1808.8 «kJ» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p>Δ<span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>H</em> = «<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">Σ</span><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">Δ</span><em>H<sub>f</sub></em> products − <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">Σ</span><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">Δ</span><em>H<sub>f</sub></em> reactants = −2261.4 −(−1808.8) =» −452.6 «kJ» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong> Note:</strong> Award <strong>[3]</strong> for correct final answer.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Award <strong>[2 max]</strong> for “+452.6 «kJ»”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">only valid for covalent bonds<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>only valid in gaseous state <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NaOH <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note:</strong> Accept correct equation showing NaOH as a product.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">IV <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Disappointingly many students did not realise that sodium oxide was held by ionic bonds, many said it was covalent or metallic bonding. The ones that knew it was ionic failed to describe it adequately to earn the 2 marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Very few students could correctly write out the two equations and so often were unable to realise it was acid/base behaviour that would differentiate the oxides.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates were able to correctly calculate the % yield but some weaker candidates just used 5.0/5.5 to find %.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The calculation of the enthalpy change using enthalpies of formation was generally answered well but common mistakes were students forgetting to multiply by 2 or adding extra terms for oxygen.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most students didn’t gain a mark and “values are average” was the most common incorrect answer. The fact this was an ionic compound did not register with them. Some students did gain a mark for stating that the substances were not in a gaseous state.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Some students correctly identified sodium hydroxide as the correct product, but hydrogen, oxygen and sodium oxide were common answers.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Oxidation number of +4 was often correctly identified.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Ethyne, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>, reacts with oxygen in welding torches.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Ethyne reacts with steam.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub> (g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (g) → C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O (g)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Two possible products are:</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; display: block;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="317" height="189"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Product <strong>B</strong>, CH<sub>3</sub>CHO, can also be synthesized from ethanol.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Write an equation for the complete combustion of ethyne.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of ethyne.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Compare, giving a reason, the length of the bond between the carbon atoms in ethyne with that in ethane, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Identify the type of interaction that must be overcome when liquid ethyne vaporizes.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Product<strong> A</strong> contains a carbon–carbon double bond. State the type of reactions that compounds containing this bond are likely to undergo.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the name of product <strong>B</strong>, applying IUPAC rules.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine the enthalpy change for the reaction, in kJ, to produce<strong> A</strong> using section 11 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The enthalpy change for the reaction to produce <strong>B</strong> is −213 kJ. Predict, giving a reason, which product is the most stable.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The IR spectrum and low resolution <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of the actual product formed are shown.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="639" height="621"></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce whether the product is <strong>A</strong> or <strong>B</strong>, using evidence from these spectra together with sections 26 and 27 of the data booklet. </span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Identity of product:</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">One piece of evidence from IR:</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">One piece of evidence from <sup>1</sup>H NMR:</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest the reagents and conditions required to ensure a good yield of product <strong>B</strong>.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Reagents:</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Conditions:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce the average oxidation state of carbon in product <strong>B</strong>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain why product <strong>B</strong> is water soluble.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub> (g) + 2.5O<sub>2</sub> (g) → 2CO<sub>2</sub> (g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>2C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub> (g) + 5O<sub>2</sub> (g) → 4CO<sub>2</sub> (g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="282" height="30"> <strong>[<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">✔]</span></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Note:</span></strong><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"> Accept any valid combination of lines, dots and crosses.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«ethyne» shorter <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>a greater number of shared/bonding electrons<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«ethyne» shorter <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>stronger bond <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">London/dispersion/instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note:</strong> Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “intermolecular forces” or “van der Waals’ forces”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«electrophilic» addition/A<sub>«E»</sub> <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note:</strong> Accept “polymerization”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">ethanal <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«sum of bond enthalpies of reactants =» 2(C–H) + C≡C + 2(O–H)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>2 × 414 «kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>» + 839 «kJ <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">mol</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">–1</sup>» + 2 × 463 «kJ <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">mol</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">–1</sup>»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>2593 «kJ» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«sum of bond enthalpies of A =» 3(C–H) + C=C + C–O + O–H<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>3 × 414 «kJ <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">mol</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">–1</sup>» + 614 «kJ <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">mol</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">–1</sup>» + 358 «kJ <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">mol</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">–1</sup>» + 463 «kJ <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">mol</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">–1</sup>»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>2677 «kJ» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«enthalpy of reaction = 2593 kJ – 2677 kJ» = –84 «kJ» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong> Note:</strong> Award <strong>[3]</strong> for correct final answer.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>it has a more negative/lower enthalpy/«potential» energy<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>B <em><strong>AND</strong></em> more exothermic «enthalpy of reaction from same starting point» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Identity of product</em>: <strong>«B»</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>IR spectrum</em>:<br>1700–1750 «cm<sup>–1</sup> band» <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>carbonyl/CO group present<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>no «band at» 1620–1680 «cm<sup>–1</sup>» <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>absence of double bond/C=C<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>no «broad band at» 3200–3600 «cm<sup>–1</sup>» <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>absence of hydroxyl/OH group <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note:</strong> Accept a specific value or range of wavenumbers and chemical shifts.</span></em></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em><sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum</em>:<br>«only» two signals <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>A would have three<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«signal at» 9.4–10.0 «ppm» <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>«H atom/proton of» aldehyde/<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">–</span>CHO present<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«signal at» 2.2<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">–</span>2.7 «ppm» <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>«H atom/proton of alkyl/CH next to» aldehyde/CHO present<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«signal at» 2.2<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">–</span>2.7 «ppm» <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>«H atom/proton of» RCOCH<sub>2-</sub> present<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>no «signal at» 4.5<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">–</span>6.0 «ppm» AND absence of «H-atom/proton next to» double bond/C=C <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note:</strong> Accept “two signals with areas 1:3”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Reagents</em>:<br>acidified/H<sup>+</sup> <em><strong>AND</strong></em> «potassium» dichromate«(VI)»/K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>/Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>2–</sup> <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Conditions:<br>distil «the product before further oxidation» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note:</strong> Accept “«acidified potassium» manganate(VII)/KMnO<sub>4</sub>/MnO<sub>4</sub><sup>–</sup>/permanganate”.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept “H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>” or “H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>” for “H<sup>+</sup>”.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept “more dilute dichromate(VI)/manganate(VII)” or “excess ethanol”.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Award M1 if correct reagents given under “Conditions”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>–<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">1 <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Any three of:</em><br>has an oxygen/O atom with a lone pair <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">that can form hydrogen bonds/H-bonds «with water molecules» <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">hydrocarbon chain is short «so does not disrupt many H-bonds with water molecules» <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«large permanent» dipole-dipole interactions with water <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</span></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Almost all candidates recognized the products of the complete combustion of ethyne, and over two thirds managed to balance the equation. It was good to see candidates using integers for the balancing.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The majority of candidates drew the Lewis structure of ethyne. A few teachers commented that they did not cover alkynes assuming they are not included in the syllabus. Please check the current syllabus carefully when preparing students.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A very well answered question. The vast majority of candidates understood that triple bonds are stronger than single bonds and result in a shorter bond length. It was disappointing, however, to see a considerable number of candidates stating that ethane has a double bond.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Some candidates could not relate evaporation of a liquid to the breaking of its intermolecular forces and gave irrelevant answers such as “evaporation”. Other candidates gave general answers such as “the intermolecular forces” or used the term “van der Waals’ forces” which did not gain credit as too vague. The current guide is clear that “London/dispersion forces” is the appropriate term to use for instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces. Less than 40 % of the candidates scored the mark. It was disappointing to see some candidates state “covalent bonding” as the type of interaction that must be overcome when liquid ethyne vaporizes. Some teachers thought the wording of the question may have been vague and candidates may have been confused about what was meant by the “type of interaction”.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>About 60 % of the candidates stated “addition” as the type of reactions that compounds containing carbon-carbon double bonds underwent. It was disappointing to see a variety of answers including substitution, condensation and combustion showing a total lack of understanding. Some candidates gave specific types such as "bromination" or “hydration” which did not receive the mark.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>60 % of the candidates were able to name compound B as ethanal. Some candidates did not recognize it as an aldehyde and gave names related to carboxylic acids or other homologous series. Other candidates called it methanal.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Candidates were confident in using average bond enthalpies for calculating the enthalpy change for the reaction. Mistakes included forgetting to include the breaking of the O-H bonds in water and reversing the signs.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Reasonably well answered. About half of the candidates showed understanding of the relation between stability and the enthalpy change from the same starting materials. ECF was applied in this question based on the answer in part (iii).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The majority of candidates handled this question competently and nearly half of the candidates obtained both marks. They obtained the value of the absorption from the spectra provided and compared it to the values in the data booklet to deduce the identity of the product. Common mistakes included not identifying the peaks and signals precisely (for example C=O instead of CHO for <sup>1</sup>H NMR signal at 9.4-10.0 ppm). Some teachers commented that the TMS signal should not have been included as the SL do not know about it. Other teachers commented that using the 'actual' rather than an ‘idealized’ IR spectrum may have caused confusion due to the peak at around 3400 cm<sup>-1</sup> which could be confused for O-H in alcohols. Thankfully both of these answers were hardly seen in the scripts. The peak at 3400 cm<sup>-1</sup> was not at all broad and did not confuse the majority of students. Please note that real spectra are usually used in examination papers, and it is worth encouraging students to check more than one peak to confirm their deductions.<br><br></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Surprisingly, this question was not answered well by the majority of the candidates. However, it did discriminate well between high-scoring and low-scoring candidates. Common mistakes included incorrect formulas (such as K<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>7</sub>), missing the acidic conditions and stating “reflux” instead of “distillation”. Many candidates gave completely irrelevant reagents and conditions such as “oxygen, pressure and a nickel catalyst”. It is possible that some candidates did not think of “distillation” as a “condition”.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>About 60 % of the candidates determined the average oxidation state of carbon in ethanal. A couple of teachers commented that asking SL students to determine an “average oxidation state” seems a little difficult. Please note that this term has been used in recent papers whenever there are two or more atoms of the element in different parts of the compound. There was no evidence of confusion on the part of the candidates and most answered the question well.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was a challenging question with a demanding markscheme. Most students missed the fact that ethanal can form hydrogen bonds with water. And students who did state this often achieved only 1 out of the 3 marks because they did not offer a full explanation. Some candidates stating "hydrogen bonding" showed confusion by mentioning the hydrogen of the aldehyde group. Few identified the lone pairs on oxygen as the reason for the ability to hydrogen bond. Most candidates just stated that ethanal is polar and dissolves in polar water achieving no marks. However, one mark was awarded for “dipole-dipole interactions with water”.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Sulfur trioxide is produced from sulfur dioxide.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2SO<sub>2 </sub>(g) + O<sub>2 </sub>(g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> 2SO<sub>3 </sub>(g) Δ<em>H</em> = −196 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The reaction between sulfur dioxide and oxygen can be carried out at different temperatures.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Nitric acid, HNO<sub>3</sub>, is another strong Brønsted–Lowry acid. Its conjugate base is the nitrate ion, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, giving a reason, the effect of a catalyst on a reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>On the axes, sketch Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curves for the reacting species at two temperatures T<sub>1</sub> <strong>and</strong> T<sub>2</sub>, where T<sub>2</sub> > T<sub>1</sub>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the effect of increasing temperature on the yield of SO<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the product formed from the reaction of SO<sub>3</sub> with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the meaning of a strong Brønsted–Lowry acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis structure of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the electron domain geometry of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>increases rate <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>lower <em>E</em><sub>a</sub> ✔</p>
<p>provides alternative pathway «with lower <em>E</em><sub>a</sub>»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>more/larger fraction of molecules have the «lower» <em>E</em><sub>a</sub> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept description of how catalyst lowers E<sub>a</sub> for M2 (e.g. “reactants adsorb on surface «of catalyst»”, “reactant bonds weaken «when adsorbed»”, “helps favorable orientation of molecules”).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>both axes correctly labelled ✔</p>
<p>peak of T<sub>2</sub> curve lower <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>to the right of T<sub>1</sub> curve ✔</p>
<p>lines begin at origin <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>correct shape of curves <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>T<sub>2</sub> must finish above T<sub>1</sub> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “probability «density» / number of particles / N / fraction” on y-axis.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “kinetic E/KE/E<sub>k</sub>” but not just “Energy/E” on x-axis.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>decrease <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>equilibrium shifts left / favours reverse reaction ✔</p>
<p>«forward reaction is» exothermic / ΔH is negative ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>sulfuric acid/H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “disulfuric acid/H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>fully ionizes/dissociates ✔</p>
<p>proton/H<sup>+</sup> «donor » ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept the delocalised structure.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept any combination of dots, crosses and lines.</em></p>
<p><em>Coordinate/dative bond may be represented by an arrow.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>three electron domains repel</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>three electron domains as far away as possible ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p>trigonal planar</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>«all» angles are 120° ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A generally well-answered question. Most candidates explained the effect of a catalyst on a reaction correctly. A small proportion of candidates thought the catalyst increased the frequency of collisions. Some candidates focussed on the effect of the catalyst on an equilibrium since the equation above the question was that of a reversible reaction. These candidates usually still managed to gain at least the first marking point by stating that both forward and reverse reaction rates were increased due to the lower activation energy. Most candidates mentioned the alternative pathway for the second mark, and some gave a good discussion about the increase in the number of molecules or collisions with E≥E<sub>a</sub>. A few candidates lost one of the marks for not explicitly stating the effect of a catalyst (that it increases the rate of the reaction).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The average mark scored for the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curves sketch was 1.5 out of 3 marks and the question had a strong correlation with the candidates who did well overall. The majority of candidates were familiar with the shapes of the curves. The most commonly lost mark was missing or incorrect labels on the axes. Sometimes candidates added the labels but did not specify “kinetic” energy for the x-axis. As for the curves, some candidates reversed the labels T<sub>1</sub> and T<sub>2</sub>, some made the two curves meet at high energy or even cross, and some did not have the correct relationship between the peaks of T<sub>1</sub> and T<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Another question that showed a strong correlation with the candidates who did well overall. The average mark was 1 out of 2 marks. Many candidates explained the effect of an increase in temperature on the yield of SO<sub>3</sub> correctly and thoroughly. One of the common mistakes was to miss the fact that it was an equilibrium and reason that yield would not change due to an increase in the rate of reaction. Unfortunately, a number of candidates also deduced that yield would increase due to the increase in rate. Other candidates recognized that it was an exothermic reaction but deduced the equilibrium would shift to the right giving a higher yield of SO<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A very well answered question. 70% of the candidates stated H2SO4 as the product from the reaction of SO<sub>3</sub> with water.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>While a straightforward question, many candidates only answered part of the question - either focussing on the “strong” or on the “Brønsted-Lowry acid”. The average mark on this question was 1.2 out of 2 marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Only 20% of the candidates scored the mark for the Lewis structure of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>. Mistakes included: missing charge, missing lone pairs, 3 single bonds, 2 double bonds.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The majority of candidates deduced the correct electron domain geometry scoring the first mark including cases of ECF. Only a small number of candidates satisfied the requirements of the markscheme for the explanation.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Automobile air bags inflate by a rapid decomposition reaction. One typical compound used is guanidinium nitrate, C(NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>, which decomposes very rapidly to form nitrogen, water vapour and carbon.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce the equation for the decomposition of guanidinium nitrate.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the total number of moles of gas produced from the decomposition of 10.0 g of guanidinium nitrate.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the pressure, in kPa, of this gas in a 10.0 dm<sup>3</sup> air bag at 127°C, assuming no gas escapes.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest why water vapour deviates significantly from ideal behaviour when the gases are cooled, while nitrogen does not.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Another airbag reactant produces nitrogen gas and sodium.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest, including an equation, why the products of this reactant present a safety hazard.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C(NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>NO<sub>3 </sub>(s) → 2N<sub>2 </sub>(g) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O (g) + C (s) ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">moles of gas = « <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{10.0{\text{g}}}}{{122.11{\text{g mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}"><mn>5</mn><mo>×</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>10.0</mn><mo> </mo><mtext>g</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>122.11</mn><mo> </mo><mtext>g mo</mtext><msup><mtext>l</mtext><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo></math></span>» 0.409 «mol» ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="p = \frac{{0.409{\text{mol}} \times {\text{8}}{\text{.31 J }}{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}} \times \left( {127 + 273} \right){\text{K}}}}{{{\text{10}}{\text{.0 d}}{{\text{m}}^3}}}"><mi>p</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>0.409</mn><mo> </mo><mtext>mol</mtext><mo>×</mo><mtext>8</mtext><msup><mtext>.31 J K</mtext><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mtext>mo</mtext><msup><mtext>l</mtext><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>×</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>127</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>273</mn><mo>)</mo><mo> </mo></mrow><mtext>K</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>10</mtext><mtext>.0 d</mtext><msup><mtext>m</mtext><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac></math></span>» = 136 «kPa» ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Any <strong>two</strong> of:</em><br>nitrogen non-polar/London/dispersion forces <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>water polar/H-bonding ✔<br>water has «much» stronger intermolecular forces ✔<br>water molecules attract/condense/occupy smaller volume «and therefore deviate from ideal behaviour» ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">2Na (s) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → 2NaOH (aq) + H<sub>2 </sub>(g) ✔</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">hydrogen explosive<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>highly exothermic reaction<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>sodium reacts violently with water<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>forms strong alkali ✔</span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NOTE: Accept the equation of combustion of hydrogen.<br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “sodium is reactive/dangerous”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Calcium carbide, CaC<sub>2</sub>, is an ionic solid.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the nature of ionic bonding.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the electron configuration of the Ca<sup>2+</sup> ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>When calcium compounds are introduced into a gas flame a red colour is seen; sodium compounds give a yellow flame. Outline the source of the colours and why they are different.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two </strong>reasons why solid calcium has a greater density than solid potassium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why solid calcium is a good conductor of electricity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calcium carbide reacts with water to form ethyne and calcium hydroxide.</p>
<p>CaC<sub>2</sub>(s) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>(g) + Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>(aq)</p>
<p>Estimate the pH of the resultant solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrostatic attraction <strong><em>AND </em></strong>oppositely charged ions</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>[Ar]</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>promoted<strong>» </strong>electrons fall back to lower energy level</p>
<p>energy difference between levels is different</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “Na and Ca have different </em><em>nuclear charge” for M2.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>stronger metallic bonding</p>
<p>smaller ionic/atomic radius</p>
<p> </p>
<p>two electrons per atom are delocalized</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>greater ionic charge</p>
<p> </p>
<p>greater atomic mass</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept just “heavier” or “more </em><em>massive” without reference to atomic </em><em>mass</em><em>.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>delocalized/mobile electrons <strong>«</strong>free to move<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>pH > 7</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept any specific pH value or range </em><em>of values above 7 and below 14.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Urea, (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO, is excreted by mammals and can be used as a fertilizer.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in urea to two decimal places using section 6 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest how the percentage of nitrogen affects the cost of transport of fertilizers giving a reason.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The structural formula of urea is shown.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-09_om_13.51.02.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01.b_01"></p>
<p>Predict the electron domain and molecular geometries at the nitrogen and carbon atoms, applying the VSEPR theory.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-09_om_13.52.37.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01.b_02"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Urea can be made by reacting potassium cyanate, KNCO, with ammonium chloride, NH<sub>4</sub>Cl.</p>
<p> KNCO(aq) + NH<sub>4</sub>Cl(aq) → (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO(aq) + KCl(aq)</p>
<p>Determine the maximum mass of urea that could be formed from 50.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> potassium cyanate solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Urea can also be made by the direct combination of ammonia and carbon dioxide gases.</p>
<p> 2NH<sub>3</sub>(g) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(g) Δ<em>H </em>< 0</p>
<p>Predict, with a reason, the effect on the equilibrium constant, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, when the temperature is increased.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest one reason why urea is a solid and ammonia a gas at room temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch <strong>two </strong>different hydrogen bonding interactions between ammonia and water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The combustion of urea produces water, carbon dioxide and nitrogen.</p>
<p>Formulate a balanced equation for the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The mass spectrum of urea is shown below.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-09_om_14.15.23.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01.g_01"></p>
<p>Identify the species responsible for the peaks at <em>m</em>/<em>z </em>= 60 and 44.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAxYAAADECAYAAAACoLceAAATMklEQVR4Ae3dUYxcVRkH8O+WhkhSKzF9KFMNTSVsfUBr2sTEBCMb7FIJkSAhCoLYxkQISDTIatOgIVUsKqYIBDWskNYHJRJIQaiRDTH6QmjSUB7ajWlKwnZ56EOz9qGSdMbMdrcdbucuc0uH0z3z68vce+bce+b7fdPp/Dt3dotWq9UKfwgQIECAAAECBAgQIPABBBZ9gGMdSoAAAQIECBAgQIAAgRmBxZ0ORVF07tomQIAAAQIECBAgQIDAGQLdLnp6T7BoT2iHi24TzzibAQIECBAgQIAAAQIEBkpgvqzgUqiBeioolgABAgQIECBAgEB/BASL/rg6KwECBAgQIECAAIGBEhAsBqrdiiVAgAABAgQIECDQHwHBoj+uzkqAAAECBAgQIEBgoAQEi4Fqt2IJECBAgAABAgQI9EdAsOiPq7MSIECAAAECBAgQGCgBwWKg2q1YAgQIECBAgAABAv0RECz64+qsBAgQIECAAAECBAZKQLAYqHYrlgABAgQIECBAgEB/BASL/rg6KwECBAgQIECAAIGBEhAsBqrdiiVAgAABAgQIECDQHwHBoj+uzkqAAAECBAgQIEBgoAQEi4Fqt2IJECBAgAABAgQI9EdAsOiPq7MSIECAAAECBAgQGCgBwWKg2q1YAgQIECBAgAABAv0RECz64+qsBAgQIECAAAECBAZKQLAYqHYrlgABAgQIECBAgEB/BASL/rg6KwECBAgQIECAAIGBEhAsBqrdiiVAgAABAgQIECDQH4FsgkVz6rV4enQkiqKIomjEVaM7Ys/Uux1q78bUnh0xelWjY84f4vk9U9HsmGWTAAECBAgQIECAAIH6AlkEi+bks/GdK38XJ779TLRarWj9dzzujp2x7vadMTGbGpqTL8SW63ZG3P5cHD7RitaJPbFt+b/ijut+G69Oixb1nzqOIECAAAECBAgQIHBaoGi134l3/Gn/j39pqOPe83HzSIyPXhPfjIdi/7bhWDr3EKfHY3T1fRE7X45tw0tiYuy2GPrzNXHgpY1x+Vycau6PsQ2b4sDo87FteNnckW4JECBAgAABAgQIEOgiMF9WmHuL3eWwBTI0/Ubs3hFx68hnToeK9kNfOhzbDr8+GxiOxdsHDsYla1bG8s6KFy2LlWv+Fzt2vxHT7WPaQWOkEcXI2KlPOhaIgodJgAABAgQIECBAIKlA59vspA/kbBdvvnMo9k6tiqGPTcb42GhcNfMdiyviW7/aHRPH5q6DOhKH9h6uXGJq76F4pz110erYuPtwtHZ3fKpReZQ7CBAgQIAAAQIECBCYE1jgwaIZx97+T+yLg7Hj3p/GP1Z+L15pf8ei9e/48cf/El+557mYbAeGY4fjwL6puZrdEiBAgAABAgQIECBwjgUWeLCY0zgcF976YGwdXhEnC1oaq2+8Jb720s/jkVePzE1yS4AAAQIECBAgQIBAnwQyCRaNWLNy2WyomJVa0oihK47G3kNHojmzfUmfCJ2WAAECBAgQIECAAIEFHiwWxdJ1V8et75cZZr6k3ajs9hlf6q6c6Q4CBAgQIECAAAECBLoJLPBgERFLPhWf39Dxk53mqpz5XsXq+PJnl8eiWBKfGFoVp76kPTen2f5S99G4YqgRS+bG3BIgQIAAAQIECBAgUFtg4QeLRZ+M9XdujKGHHo7f7zl6EqA5Fa89+XT8dcPG+MbnLo6Ij8RlI1+Pjft+Ez976s041p7VnrP9wdiy76YYvfHy915GVZvRAQQIECBAgAABAgQGW2DhB4v25xFr74ldB+6OeOTKaP/SjuKC9fHYiZvjb9uvjxWzFS5acXWM7vx+LN+xPj46M6cR1++9Ih7ddXd8aensJL/HYrD/NqieAAECBAgQIEDgrAUy+M3bZ127AwkQIECAAAECBAgQqCGQ92/ergFhKgECBAgQIECAAAEC/RHI4FKo/sA4KwECBAgQIECAAAECvQsIFr1bmUmAAAECBAgQIECAQIWAYFEBY5gAAQIECBAgQIAAgd4FBIvercwkQIAAAQIECBAgQKBCQLCogDFMgAABAgQIECBAgEDvAoJF71ZmEiBAgAABAgQIECBQISBYVMAYJkCAAAECBAgQIECgdwHBoncrMwkQIECAAAECBAgQqBAQLCpgDBMgQIAAAQIECBAg0LuAYNG7lZkECBAgQIAAAQIECFQICBYVMIYJECBAgAABAgQIEOhdQLDo3cpMAgQIECBAgAABAgQqBASLChjDBAgQIECAAAECBAj0LiBY9G5lJgECBAgQIECAAAECFQKCRQWMYQIECBAgQIAAAQIEehcQLHq3MpMAAQIECBAgQIAAgQoBwaICxjABAgQIECBAgAABAr0LCBa9W5lJgAABAgQIECBAgECFgGBRAWOYAAECBAgQIECAAIHeBQSL3q3MJECAAAECBAgQIECgQkCwqIAxTIAAAQIECBAgQIBA7wKCRe9WZhIgQIAAAQIECBAgUCEgWFTAGCZAgAABAgQIECBAoHcBwaJ3KzMJECBAgAABAgQIEKgQECwqYAwTIECAAAECBAgQINC7gGDRu5WZBAgQIECAAAECBAhUCAgWFTCGCRAgQIAAAQIECBDoXUCw6N3KTAIECBAgQIAAAQIEKgSyCxbNibEYKYpojI7HdEXR0dwfYyONKBqbY3y6WTHreEyM3RRFsS5Gx49UzInIfT1W7dZ7LrQVcn+uq6/d5PPxtdFzb+YfoPOyN14bvTbOPDvP09eOD/v5eS5fq2ZdF+BN0Wq1Wp2PuyiKKA113m2bAAECBAgQIECAAIEBFZgvK2T3icWA9ljZBAgQIECAAAECBJIKCBZJ+S1OgAABAgQIECBAIA8BwSKPPqqCAAECBAgQIECAQFIBwSIpv8UJECBAgAABAgQI5CEgWOTRR1UQIECAAAECBAgQSCogWCTltzgBAgQIECBAgACBPAQEizz6qAoCBAgQIECAAAECSQUEi6T8FidAgAABAgQIECCQh4BgkUcfVUGAAAECBAgQIEAgqYBgkZTf4gQIECBAgAABAgTyEBAs8uijKggQIECAAAECBAgkFRAskvJbnAABAgQIECBAgEAeAoJFHn1UBQECBAgQIECAAIGkAoJFUn6LEyBAgAABAgQIEMhDQLDIo4+qIECAAAECBAgQIJBUQLBIym9xAgQIECBAgAABAnkICBZ59FEVBAgQIECAAAECBJIKCBZJ+S1OgAABAgQIECBAIA8BwSKPPqqCAAECBAgQIECAQFIBwSIpv8UJECBAgAABAgQI5CEgWOTRR1UQIECAAAECBAgQSCogWCTltzgBAgQIECBAgACBPAQEizz6qAoCBAgQIECAAAECSQUEi6T8FidAgAABAgQIECCQh4BgkUcfVUGAAAECBAgQIEAgqYBgkZTf4gQIECBAgAABAgTyEBAs8uijKggQIECAAAECBAgkFRAskvJbnAABAgQIECBAgEAeAoJFHn1UBQECBAgQIECAAIGkAoJFUn6LEyBAgAABAgQIEMhDQLDIo4+qIECAAAECBAgQIJBUQLBIym9xAgQIECBAgAABAnkICBZ59FEVBAgQIECAAAECBJIKCBZJ+S1OgAABAgQIECBAIA8BwSKPPqqCAAECBAgQIECAQFIBwSIpv8UJECBAgAABAgQI5CEgWOTRR1UQIECAAAECBAgQSCogWCTltzgBAgQIECBAgACBPAQEizz6qAoCBAgQIECAAAECSQUEi6T8FidAgAABAgQIECCQh4BgkUcfVUGAAAECBAgQIEAgqYBgkZTf4gQIECBAgAABAgTyEBAs8uijKggQIECAAAECBAgkFRAskvJbnAABAgQIECBAgEAeAoJFHn1UBQECBAgQIECAAIGkAoJFUn6LEyBAgAABAgQIEMhDQLDIo4+qIECAAAECBAgQIJBUQLBIym9xAgQIECBAgAABAnkICBZ59FEVBAgQIECAAAECBJIKZBgs3o3JZ++KRmNzjE83K3Gbk8/Gpsa6GB0/UjnHHQQIECBAgAABAgQI9CaQXbBoTr4Q99/1WEzNV3/zrXju/p/E2LyT5juB+wgQIECAAAECBAgQ6BTIK1gcezOe2vzrODi0trPG0vZ07H/qgbjv4LL4QukeuwQIECBAgAABAgQInJ1ARsHiaOx54kexZfF3Y/PNqyo0mnFsz5Nxx5aL4hebb4wl5VnN/TE20ohiZCwmqq+iKh9lnwABAgQIECBAgMDAC2QSLNqB4Y9x78Mr49EHvhqXXlDR12OvxxP3/ilWPfrDuP7Si86ctGh1bNx9OFq7N8blmcicWaQRAgQIECBAgAABAudeII+3zzOB4Z9x7a6tccOKCyuU2p9oPBgvXvt4bL/h0sij8IpSDRMgQIAAAQIECBD4kAUWf8jrnfvlmm/Fs/fcORMYdq29OCKOd1mj/ZOitsR1L34xdu1aN3MJlCudujAZIkCAAAECBAgQIHCWAgs8WLwbk8/9Mu46eEvs2n4yMHRzOPmTog7FD3ZtjbVLfFbRzcgYAQIECBAgQIAAgQ8iULRarVbnCYqiiNJQ593n13b7y9YbhmPT36t+buwlsf7JF2N7PBif3vRM9WNf/2QceMn3KqqB3EOAAAECBAgQIEAgYr6ssLCDRdfuHo+JsdtiaMtl8cr+rTG8tPsnFM2Jsdgw9HiseeXl2Da8rOuZDBIgQIAAAQIECBAgcFpgvmDR/V336WNtESBAgAABAgQIECBA4H0FBItOIr/HolPDNgECBAgQIECAAIGeBTK8FKrn2k0kQIAAAQIECBAgQKCGgEuhamCZSoAAAQIECBAgQIBAfQGXQtU3cwQBAgQIECBAgAABAiUBwaIEYpcAAQIECBAgQIAAgfoCgkV9M0cQIECAAAECBAgQIFASECxKIHYJECBAgAABAgQIEKgvIFjUN3MEAQIECBAgQIAAAQIlAcGiBGKXAAECBAgQIECAAIH6AoJFfTNHECBAgAABAgQIECBQEhAsSiB2CRAgQIAAAQIECBCoLyBY1DdzBAECBAgQIECAAAECJQHBogRilwABAgQIECBAgACB+gKCRX0zRxAgQIAAAQIECBAgUBIQLEogdgkQIECAAAECBAgQqC8gWNQ3cwQBAgQIECBAgAABAiUBwaIEYpcAAQIECBAgQIAAgfoCgkV9M0cQIECAAAECBAgQIFASECxKIHYJECBAgAABAgQIEKgvIFjUN3MEAQIECBAgQIAAAQIlAcGiBGKXAAECBAgQIECAAIH6AoJFfTNHECBAgAABAgQIECBQEhAsSiB2CRAgQIAAAQIECBCoLyBY1DdzBAECBAgQIECAAAECJQHBogRilwABAgQIECBAgACB+gKCRX0zRxAgQIAAAQIECBAgUBIQLEogdgkQIECAAAECBAgQqC8gWNQ3cwQBAgQIECBAgAABAiUBwaIEYpcAAQIECBAgQIAAgfoCgkV9M0cQIECAAAECBAgQIFASECxKIHYJECBAgAABAgQIEKgvkF2waE6MxUhRRGN0PKarPJr7Y2ykEUVjc4xPNytmHY+JsZuiKNbF6PiRijkRua8XrCLCc6H9FyD357r62k0+H18bPfdm/gE6L3vjtdFr4+zbI8/Pk39Nz9l70FnXBXhTtFqtVufjLooiSkOdd9smQIAAAQIECBAgQGBABebLCtl9YjGgPVY2AQIECBAgQIAAgaQCgkVSfosTIECAAAECBAgQyENAsMijj6ogQIAAAQIECBAgkFRAsEjKb3ECBAgQIECAAAECeQgIFnn0URUECBAgQIAAAQIEkgoIFkn5LU6AAAECBAgQIEAgDwHBIo8+qoIAAQIECBAgQIBAUgHBIim/xQkQIECAAAECBAjkISBY5NFHVRAgQIAAAQIECBBIKiBYJOW3OAECBAgQIECAAIE8BASLPPqoCgIECBAgQIAAAQJJBQSLpPwWJ0CAAAECBAgQIJCHgGCRRx9VQYAAAQIECBAgQCCpgGCRlN/iBAgQIECAAAECBPIQECzy6KMqCBAgQIAAAQIECCQVECyS8lucAAECBAgQIECAQB4CgkUefVQFAQIECBAgQIAAgaQCgkVSfosTIECAAAECBAgQyENAsMijj6ogQIAAAQIECBAgkFRAsEjKb3ECBAgQIECAAAECeQgIFnn0URUECBAgQIAAAQIEkgoIFkn5LU6AAAECBAgQIEAgDwHBIo8+qoIAAQIECBAgQIBAUgHBIim/xQkQIECAAAECBAjkISBY5NFHVRAgQIAAAQIECBBIKiBYJOW3OAECBAgQIECAAIE8BASLPPqoCgIECBAgQIAAAQJJBQSLpPwWJ0CAAAECBAgQIJCHgGCRRx9VQYAAAQIECBAgQCCpgGCRlN/iBAgQIECAAAECBPIQKFqtVmuulKIo5jbdEiBAgAABAgQIECBAoKtAR4Q4df/iU1sR0W1C5/22CRAgQIAAAQIECBAg0E3ApVDdVIwRIECAAAECBAgQIFBLQLCoxWUyAQIECBAgQIAAAQLdBASLbirGCBAgQIAAAQIECBCoJSBY1OIymQABAgQIECBAgACBbgL/B4L83W7vLKCoAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The IR spectrum of urea is shown below.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-09_om_14.21.30.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01.h_01"></p>
<p>Identify the bonds causing the absorptions at 3450 cm<sup>−1</sup> and 1700 cm<sup>−1</sup> using section 26 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAw8AAADGCAYAAACU07w3AAAZuUlEQVR4Ae3df4yU930n8Pcslu1I1PU17okdO1cLrTD+g8rNcvRyti6247K5NG5S5HOl5hA2uZ7du6RJEGYPTFy1Nv4RUJy0cWVkeQ9ErqqriHNrR8niZuVIbntBS886rBZWCGHVsNEFRQ5BloPCzGn2B+yzZMLyaPDtzvNaabXP95nn+32ez+s7LM9753lmas1msxlfBAgQIECAAAECBAgQuIhAz0Ue9zABAgQIECBAgAABAgQmBIQHTwQCBAgQIECAAAECBOYkcEVrq1qtNqeNbUSAAAECBAgQIECAQHUFJsJD67aHVoBw+0N1nwgqJ0CAAAECBAgQINBOYDoruGypnZD1BAgQIECAAAECBAgUBISHAocGAQIECBAgQIAAAQLtBISHdjLWEyBAgAABAgQIECBQEBAeChwaBAgQIECAAAECBAi0ExAe2slYT4AAAQIECBAgQIBAQUB4KHBoECBAgAABAgQIECDQTkB4aCdjPQECBAgQIECAAAECBQHhocChQYAAAQIECBAgQIBAOwHhoZ2M9QQIECBAgAABAgQIFASEhwKHBgECBAgQIECAAAEC7QSEh3Yy1hMgQIAAAQIECBAgUBAQHgocGgQIECBAgAABAgQItBMQHtrJWE+AAAECBAgQIECAQEFAeChwaBAgQIAAAQIECBAg0E5AeGgnYz0BAgQIECBAgAABAgUB4aHAoUGAAAECBAgQIECAQDsB4aGdjPUECBAgQIAAAQIECBQEhIcChwYBAgQIECBAgAABAu0EhId2MgtxfeN4Rrb8dtbt/eeFePSOmQABAgQIECBAYJ4LCA/zfILmeniN8f3ZvXl9PvLEwbl2sR0BAgQIECBAgACBSxIQHi6Jaz5vvCjvv/dP873ty+fzQTo2AgQIECBAgACBBSywwMPDqYy98nTW1Wup1Wqp1ddlxytjOf1zJqRxfG8+XV+ZwZGTha0aY0MZaI0x+3tgKGONqU0b4zmwezB3nNtmIINDL+fA+JnCWJet8dMD2dH3M46xb0f+9y/35+P99Sy6bDs3MAECBAgQIECAQNUFFnB4OJPje7fk9sd/kE+8+qM0m2fz41c/kR88/rHcvWP/zw4QjTfz4iN/mKHx2dPeyOm3juTg6udz+GwzzeaM7+H1WTahdCbHX9yWu3cl942eyNlmM2dPPJIl392cu7/yWk7NHvJytK/oz8YjM45t+jiPbEz/FZdjh8YkQIAAAQIECBAgcF5g4YaHU6/lTz7zv7L2ixuyZtk1SXqyeNnH8um1H8yrX34x+09Nv1wwXeypHNr1x9l09Lr82+lV537+MKPD+5JbbsySdiKNoxne+e2sWHt/1vb3prVZT++t+dzDX8iKPX+T0Qv2d25wCwQIECBAgAABAgS6QqDdqfL8L+6aO/PUidE8ded1czjWRk4feD6/v/V9eXLLPVk8u0fjZI69/nZW3FS/8LHpbU+fyOGD1+aWG6+bCA7Tq3uW3Jhbsi/Doz+cXnX+56zLnOrrns4rY1OvUZwayWC9noEd38jwjnWpT1wKVc8dg3tyYPxk4XKs+rpnsr/kpVGTl2PVMzB0KLPj1PkDtUSAAAECBAgQIEDg4gILNzxcUNuZjO9/Ptu2/lPWf+2B3H7NjNJOj+bZjf8jS7/2UD75K++7oGcmgsH7suT/vpD7Z94/sfdAxqfOuBvfP5bXL7jcaXqoE3n92MniyXnjzez9vdVZuWtRPnu4dVnVjzLy4Tey7vYt2Xt8+h6J8ex76LmMLN2csYnLoHbnQ/sHs7J+R7a9sSpPvtVM88cH81iezSe3vpzjFz37X5z+jS9n95oPTB9Yepatz3DzRIbXLy+EnnMbWCBAgAABAgQIECAwR4EZZ9hz7DEPN5v86/pVqf/6Z/LKbzyYBz40eVnR5KG+nQPPPpFv/uaf5atrfuVnnkBPBoN6rl/1n/LfT0zdUzC2OUu/94f53S+37p+YuifiEmpvHPlOdg5dlU3nLqu6Jsvv+VTWZm92Dh89FzR6Nw3m4TXLJ17x6On9tdy1qp6s/kIe/tyt6W3NzuK+3PbhmzP+rdEcPn3R9HAJR2hTAgQIECBAgAABApcm0BXhYfKv6800z76Vr1//1/n1/g1Tf91v3VS9NXd/899lx4Mr216SNNl/OI/fef35cLF4We4a+NUcfmhH/nLs3UtTzbs58tq3sy9Lc9MNMy6SmrjUyqsAl4hpcwIECBAgQIAAgXki0BXh4Zxlz/W5878NZtPUX/d/evzlPPKZY9mw4/70L77UUnuy+Ia+rMjRHH7rnanlc3vq0ELvz7/PokN7MQwBAgQIECBAgACBTgh06Rt8jufg4SP5h/xFhsa/maz8F3lolta+j/xyvtR6a9ZvTb8V66wNZjUnbozunbXyXLN+wY3U5x6yQIAAAQIECBAgQKBLBC71z/HzpuzJ+xwu/LC3yQPsz9qBf5NV6/+y+JkNrZuSDz+f1enPpu/8IM2Jz3B4N2ND96ZW35KRwtutTt3n0Ls6Ayt/KVlcz00r3r7gxujJ+yVmXZ6Uq9N320ezeuJVixkfWdc4lKGBemqtD547O28oHQgBAgQIECBAgACBOQks2PDQs2xNHt++JHt2fzOHpm8kbhzPyJNPZc9vfDb3r/qlOQEkV2fZvRuz/aZ92f2Nfzz/4XKn/zHf2P33+ffT79zUszQDD3w0B7duz65Dk2+32hj/23x129M5uOnB3LPs6sL+evoGMrj5/fnSo89kZOJtVs9k/NUXsmffB7P98TVZ5qOgC14aBAgQIECAAAEC819gwYaH5Nr0b3guL33iB3li2aLUWp+TsGh9hvsG8+oza7P8Uu5xWLwqG/58Zz7xw+1ZNvF5C7XU7t6TrNs54x2arsz1q/8gX3/suuy5+Rcn9reo/mBeX/FHeenzt6X1MXWFr9b9F4/tyuh97+TR+lWp1a5K/dF3ct/oc9nQf21h08vZ8DkPl1PX2AQIECBAgACBagnUms1ms1Vy6+R7arFaAqolQIAAAQIECBAgQODnCkxnhQX8ysPPrc+DBAgQIECAAAECBAh0WEB46DCo4QgQIECAAAECBAh0q4Dw0K0zqy4CBAgQIECAAAECHRYQHjoMajgCBAgQIECAAAEC3SogPHTrzKqLAAECBAgQIECAQIcFhIcOgxqOAAECBAgQIECAQLcKCA/dOrPqIkCAAAECBAgQINBhAeGhw6CGI0CAAAECBAgQINCtAsJDt86suggQIECAAAECBAh0WEB46DCo4QgQIECAAAECBAh0q4Dw0K0zqy4CBAgQIECAAAECHRYQHjoMajgCBAgQIECAAAEC3SogPHTrzKqLAAECBAgQIECAQIcFhIcOgxqOAAECBAgQIECAQLcKCA/dOrPqIkCAAAECBAgQINBhAeGhw6CGI0CAAAECBAgQINCtAsJDt86suggQIECAAAECBAh0WEB46DCo4QgQIECAAAECBAh0q4Dw0K0zqy4CBAgQIECAAAECHRYQHjoMajgCBAgQIECAAAEC3SogPHTrzKqLAAECBAgQIECAQIcFhIcOgxqOAAECBAgQIECAQLcKCA/dOrPqIkCAAAECBAgQINBhAeGhw6CGI0CAAAECBAgQINCtAsJDt86suggQIECAAAECBAh0WEB46DCo4QgQIECAAAECBAh0q4Dw0K0zqy4CBAgQIECAAAECHRYQHjoMajgCBAgQIECAAAEC3SogPHTrzKqLAAECBAgQIECAQIcFuiY8NMaGMlCrpT44klPtkBqHMjRQT62+JSOnGm22ejdjQ/emVluZwZGTbbZJun1/YZXEc6H1D6Dbn+vqa03yfPzd6Lk38R/QvJwbvxv9bpw6PfL8nPxn2rFz0CnXef6j1mw2m61jrNVqmVqc54fs8AgQIECAAAECBAgQeC8FprNC17zy8F7i2RcBAgQIECBAgACBKgoID1WcdTUTIECAAAECBAgQKCEgPJRA04UAAQIECBAgQIBAFQWEhyrOupoJECBAgAABAgQIlBAQHkqg6UKAAAECBAgQIECgigLCQxVnXc0ECBAgQIAAAQIESggIDyXQdCFAgAABAgQIECBQRQHhoYqzrmYCBAgQIECAAAECJQSEhxJouhAgQIAAAQIECBCoooDwUMVZVzMBAgQIECBAgACBEgLCQwk0XQgQIECAAAECBAhUUUB4qOKsq5kAAQIECBAgQIBACQHhoQSaLgQIECBAgAABAgSqKCA8VHHW1UyAAAECBAgQIECghIDwUAJNFwIECBAgQIAAAQJVFBAeqjjraiZAgAABAgQIECBQQkB4KIGmCwECBAgQIECAAIEqCggPVZx1NRMgQIAAAQIECBAoISA8lEDThQABAgQIECBAgEAVBYSHKs66mgkQIECAAAECBAiUEBAeSqDpQoAAAQIECBAgQKCKAsJDFWddzQQIECBAgAABAgRKCAgPJdB0IUCAAAECBAgQIFBFAeGhirOuZgIECBAgQIAAAQIlBISHEmi6ECBAgAABAgQIEKiigPBQxVlXMwECBAgQIECAAIESAsJDCTRdCBAgQIAAAQIECFRRQHio4qyrmQABAgQIECBAgEAJAeGhBJouBAgQIECAAAECBKooIDxUcdbVTIAAAQIECBAgQKCEgPBQAk0XAgQIECBAgAABAlUUEB6qOOtqJkCAAAECBAgQIFBCQHgogaYLAQIECBAgQIAAgSoKCA9VnHU1EyBAgAABAgQIECghIDyUQNOFAAECBAgQIECAQBUFhIcqzrqaCRAgQIAAAQIECJQQEB5KoOlCgAABAgQIECBAoIoCwkMVZ13NBAgQIECAAAECBEoICA8l0HQhQIAAAQIECBAgUEUB4aGKs65mAgQIECBAgAABAiUEhIcSaLoQIECAAAECBAgQqKKA8FDFWVczAQIECBAgQIAAgRICwkMJNF0IECBAgAABAgQIVFFAeKjirKuZAAECBAgQIECAQAkB4aEEmi4ECBAgQIAAAQIEqiggPFRx1tVMgAABAgQIECBAoISA8FACTRcCBAgQIECAAAECVRQQHqo462omQIAAAQIECBAgUEJAeCiBNm+7NI5nZMtvZ93ef563h+jACBAgQIAAAQIEFq6A8LBw565w5I3x/dm9eX0+8sTBwnoNAgQIECBAgAABAp0SEB46JflejPPTA9nRV0utNuu7b0cOnF2U99/7p/ne9uXvxZHYBwECBAgQIECAQAUFuic8nN6fHXfcmsGRk+en8dRIBuuzTrRnnnjXt2TkVGNi+4m/3A8OnD8xv2MwQ391IOOTD0+O2RjPgd2DuePcGAMZHHo5B8bPnN/n5Vy6oj8bjzTTbM76PrIx//qG/ny8v55Fl3P/xiZAgAABAgQIEKi0QHeEh9NvZPejT+R/vvqT4mRec2eeOjHrRLt5Nj8e/XJuz29m+0ubcuc1PUnjzby49b9kV/5jRk/8JM3mT3LiqX+V7/7+A/nKq9Nh5EyOv7gtd+9K7hs9kbPNZs6eeCRLvrs5d3/ltZwq7lmLAAECBAgQIECAQNcJLPDwcCbjB/Zk8L+O5OZ7P5bFc5me06N5duMzyfZH8mD/tRM9Gke+k51DS7P20/8h/b1XJrkyvas+nYcfW5o9w/9nMhg0jmZ457ezYu39WdvfmxZcT++t+dzDX8iKPX+T0alXMOZyCLYhQIAAAQIECBAgsBAFFnR4aIx9PfdtPJqBJx/Myl+YywU7b+fAs3+chw7fmy/+55VTYaOR028dycHevty4pBUcpr+uzJIb+5LpYHD6RA4fvDa33HjdRHCY3qpnyY25JfsyPPrD6VXnf866zKm+7um8Mjb1GsXEJVX1DOz4RoZ3rEt94lKoeu4Y3JMD4ycz9srTWTd1yVV93TPZX/LSqMbYUAZq9QwMHcrMK7DOH6QlAgQIECBAgAABAnMTWNDhoaf+8ex66Yu5c+LVgosX3Dg+kj/78ptZ/7UHcnvrcqWJrzP5/rEjGW/XffxIjn3/TBrfP5bX2250Iq8fO1k8OW+8mb2/tzordy3KZw//KM3mjzLy4Tey7vYt2Xt8+h6J8ex76LmMLN2csYnLoHbnQ/sHs7J+R7a9sSpPvtVM88cH81iezSe3vpzjFz37X5z+jS9n95oPnKumZ9n6DDdPZHj98kLoObeBBQIECBAgQIAAAQJzFJg+g57j5vNss8X/Mr2L51rCuzky/BcZyt351F0fmHEifTpvHT56kcKmXp24yFYzH568FOqqbPrihqxZdk2Sa7L8nk9lbfZm5/DRc0Gjd9NgHl6zfOJVkJ7eX8tdq+rJ6i/k4c/dmt5WaYv7ctuHb874t0Zz+PRF08PMQ7BMgAABAgQIECBAoKMCV3R0tPk8WONYXnvhH3L7ho1Zde5Vh8t1wO/myGvfzr4sze/cMONOjIkbuE9M7vTU1M/LdQjGJUCAAAECBAgQINBhgbn+2b7Du33vh2sc+bu8sO+DWftbvzrrxurFueGmpRc5oJ4svqEvKy6y1aU/3JsVN9VnHc+lj6IHAQIECBAgQIAAgfdCoCLhYeqVgAtuim4RT94Y3dtOe6rPxI3RbTeqX3AjdbvhrCdAgAABAgQIECCwUAWqER4mLll6Lb1r78rKCy5ZmnpVYerG6PMTOXUj9Yq+3NC6r2JxPTetePuCG6Mnb6RemptmXp6Uq9N320ezOkdz+K3T54dsHMrQQD21gaGMnT2/2hIBAgQIECBAgACBhSBQjfAw8TaraXuJUE/fR/LA+n/K1m0v5NDETclnMr7/+WzbejSbBn8ry1pKPUsz8MBHc3Dr9uw6NPl2q43xv81Xtz2dg5sezD3Lri7Md0/fQAY3vz9fevSZjEy8zeqZjL/6Qvbs+2C2P74my+byzrKFETUIECBAgAABAgQI/P8VqEZ4uJhxzweyevCreWzJn+fmX1iUWu2q1D+5Pyu+tjOfv/26qd5X5vrVf5CvP3Zd9tz8i6nVallUfzCvr/ijvPT529J6P6XCV8/1ufOxXRm97508Wr9qcsxH38l9o89lw9SH0xW2v0wNn/NwmWANS4AAAQIECBCooECt2Ww2W3W3ToanFivIoGQCBAgQIECAAAECBNoJTGcFrzy0E7KeAAECBAgQIECAAIGCgPBQ4NAgQIAAAQIECBAgQKCdgPDQTsZ6AgQIECBAgAABAgQKAsJDgUODAAECBAgQIECAAIF2AsJDOxnrCRAgQIAAAQIECBAoCAgPBQ4NAgQIECBAgAABAgTaCQgP7WSsJ0CAAAECBAgQIECgICA8FDg0CBAgQIAAAQIECBBoJyA8tJOxngABAgQIECBAgACBgoDwUODQIECAAAECBAgQIECgnYDw0E7GegIECBAgQIAAAQIECgLCQ4FDgwABAgQIECBAgACBdgLCQzsZ6wkQIECAAAECBAgQKAgIDwUODQIECBAgQIAAAQIE2gkID+1krCdAgAABAgQIECBAoCAgPBQ4NAgQIECAAAECBAgQaCcgPLSTsZ4AAQIECBAgQIAAgYKA8FDg0CBAgAABAgQIECBAoJ2A8NBOxnoCBAgQIECAAAECBAoCwkOBQ4MAAQIECBAgQIAAgXYCwkM7GesJECBAgAABAgQIECgICA8FDg0CBAgQIECAAAECBNoJCA/tZKwnQIAAAQIECBAgQKAgIDwUODQIECBAgAABAgQIEGgnIDy0k7GeAAECBAgQIECAAIGCgPBQ4NAgQIAAAQIECBAgQKCdgPDQTsZ6AgQIECBAgAABAgQKAsJDgUODAAECBAgQIECAAIF2AsJDOxnrCRAgQIAAAQIECBAoCHRNeGiMDWWgVkt9cCSnCiXOaDQOZWignlp9S0ZONWY8MHPx3YwN3ZtabWUGR07OfKCw3O37C6skngutJ323P9fV15rk+fi70XNv4j+deTk3fjf63Th1SuT5OfnPtGPnoFOu8/xHrdlsNlvHWKvVMrU4zw/Z4REgQIAAAQIECBAg8F4KTGeFrnnl4b3Esy8CBAgQIECAAAECVRQQHqo462omQIAAAQIECBAgUEJAeCiBpgsBAgQIECBAgACBKgoID1WcdTUTIECAAAECBAgQKCEgPJRA04UAAQIECBAgQIBAFQWEhyrOupoJECBAgAABAgQIlBAQHkqg6UKAAAECBAgQIECgigLCQxVnXc0ECBAgQIAAAQIESggIDyXQdCFAgAABAgQIECBQRQHhoYqzrmYCBAgQIECAAAECJQSEhxJouhAgQIAAAQIECBCoooDwUMVZVzMBAgQIECBAgACBEgLCQwk0XQgQIECAAAECBAhUUUB4qOKsq5kAAQIECBAgQIBACQHhoQSaLgQIECBAgAABAgSqKCA8VHHW1UyAAAECBAgQIECghIDwUAJNFwIECBAgQIAAAQJVFBAeqjjraiZAgAABAgQIECBQQkB4KIGmCwECBAgQIECAAIEqCggPVZx1NRMgQIAAAQIECBAoISA8lEDThQABAgQIECBAgEAVBYSHKs66mgkQIECAAAECBAiUEBAeSqDpQoAAAQIECBAgQKCKAsJDFWddzQQIECBAgAABAgRKCAgPJdB0IUCAAAECBAgQIFBFAeGhirOuZgIECBAgQIAAAQIlBISHEmi6ECBAgAABAgQIEKiigPBQxVlXMwECBAgQIECAAIESAsJDCTRdCBAgQIAAAQIECFRRoNZsNpu1Wq2KtauZAAECBAgQIECAAIFLELiitW2z2byELjYlQIAAAQIECBAgQKCKAi5bquKsq5kAAQIECBAgQIBACQHhoQSaLgQIECBAgAABAgSqKPD/AJlyNK0+ipaNAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the number of signals in the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of urea.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>molar mass of urea <strong>«</strong>= 4 × 1.01 + 2 × 14.01 + 12.01 + 16.00<strong>» =</strong> 60.07 <strong>«</strong>g mol<sup>–1</sup><strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>% nitrogen = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{2 \times 14.01}}{{60.07}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>14.01</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>60.07</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> × 100 =<strong>» </strong>46.65 <strong>«</strong>%<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Award <strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for final answer not to </em><em>two decimal places.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>cost<strong>» </strong>increases <strong><em>AND </em></strong>lower N% <strong>«</strong>means higher cost of transportation per unit of nitrogen<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>cost<strong>» </strong>increases <strong><em>AND </em></strong>inefficient/too much/about half mass not nitrogen</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept other reasonable explanations.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept answers referring to </em><em>safety/explosions.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-09_om_13.53.16.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01.b/M"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Note: Urea’s structure is more complex </em><em>than that predicted from VSEPR theory.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>n</em>(KNCO) <strong>«</strong>= 0.0500 dm<sup>3</sup> × 0.100 mol dm<sup>–3</sup><strong>» =</strong> 5.00 × 10<sup>–3</sup> <strong>«</strong>mol<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>mass of urea = 5.00 × 10<sup>–3</sup> mol × 60.07 g mol<sup>–1</sup><strong>» =</strong> 0.300 <strong>«</strong>g<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong><em>K</em><sub>c</sub><strong>» </strong>decreases <strong><em>AND </em></strong>reaction is exothermic</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong><em>K</em>c<strong>» </strong>decreases <strong><em>AND</em></strong> Δ<em>H </em>is negative</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong><em>K</em><sub>c</sub><strong>» </strong>decreases <strong><em>AND </em></strong>reverse/endothermic reaction is favoured</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any one of:</em></p>
<p>urea has greater molar mass</p>
<p>urea has greater electron density/greater London/dispersion</p>
<p>urea has more hydrogen bonding</p>
<p>urea is more polar/has greater dipole moment</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “urea has larger size/greater </em><em>van der Waals forces”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “urea has greater </em><em>intermolecular forces/IMF”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-09_om_14.09.21.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01.e.ii/M"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for each correct interaction.</em></p>
<p><em>If lone pairs are shown on N or O, then </em><em>the lone pair on N or one of the lone </em><em>pairs on O </em><strong><em>MUST </em></strong><em>be involved in the </em><em>H-bond.</em></p>
<p><em>Penalize solid line to represent </em><em>H-bonding only once.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>2(H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO(s) + 3O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 4H<sub>2</sub>O(l) + 2CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2N<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<p>correct coefficients on LHS</p>
<p>correct coefficients on RHS</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept (H</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>N)</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>CO(s) +</em> <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{3}{2}">
<mfrac>
<mn>3</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span><em>O</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>(g) → </em><em>2H</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>O(l) +</em><em> </em><em>CO</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>(g) +</em><em> </em><em>N</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>(g).</em></p>
<p><em>Accept any correct ratio.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>60:</em> CON<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></p>
<p><em>44:</em> CONH<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “molecular ion”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>3450 cm</em><sup><em>–</em><em>1</em></sup><em>:</em> N–H</p>
<p><em>1700 cm<sup>–1</sup>:</em> C=O</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “O</em><em>–</em><em>H” for 3450 cm<sup>–1</sup></em><em>.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">h.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>1</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">h.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Benzoic acid, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>COOH, is another derivative of benzene.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Draw the structure of the conjugate base of benzoic acid showing <strong>all</strong> the atoms and <strong>all</strong> the bonds.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The pH of an aqueous solution of benzoic acid at 298 K is 2.95. Determine the concentration of hydroxide ions in the solution, using section 2 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Formulate the equation for the complete combustion of benzoic acid in oxygen using only integer coefficients.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest how benzoic acid, <em>M<sub>r</sub></em> = 122.13, forms an apparent dimer, <em>M<sub>r</sub></em> = 244.26, when dissolved in a non-polar solvent such as hexane.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"> <strong>[<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">✔</span>]</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>Note:</strong> <span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept Kekulé structures.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Negative sign must be shown in correct position- on the O or delocalised over the carboxylate.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 1:</strong></em><br>[H<sup>+</sup>] «= 10<sup>−2.95</sup>» = 1.122 × 10<sup>−3</sup> «mol dm<sup>−3</sup>» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«[OH<sup>−</sup>] = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{1.00 \times {{10}^{ - 14}}{\text{ mo}}{{\text{l}}^2}{\text{ d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 6}}}}{{1.22 \times {{10}^{ - 3}}{\text{ mol d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1.00</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>14</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext> mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext> d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>m</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1.22</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext> mol d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>m</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> =» 8.91 × 10<sup>−12</sup> «mol dm<sup>−3</sup>» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 2:</strong></em><br>pOH = «14 − 2.95 =» 11.05 <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«[OH<sup>−</sup>] = 10<sup>−11.05</sup> =» 8.91 × 10<sup>−12</sup> «moldm<sup>−3</sup>» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong> Note:</strong> Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept other methods.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">2C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>COOH(s) + 15O<sub>2</sub> (g) → 14CO<sub>2</sub> (g) + 6H<sub>2</sub>O(l)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">correct products <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">correct balancing <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«intermolecular» hydrogen bonding <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note:</strong> Accept diagram showing hydrogen bonding.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most failed to score a mark for the conjugate base of benzoic acid as either they didn’t show all bonds and atoms in the ring and/or they did not put the minus sign in the correct place. Some didn't read the question carefully so gave the structure of the acid form.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students could correctly calculate the hydroxide concentration, but some weaker students calculated hydrogen ion concentration only.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most students earned at least one mark for writing the correct products of the combustion of benzoic acid but the balancing appeared to be difficult for some.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Very few students answered this question correctly, thinking benzoic would bond with the hexane even though it was a non-polar solvent. It was very rare for a student to realize there was intermolecular hydrogen bonding.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The concentration of a solution of a weak acid, such as ethanedioic acid, can be determined<br>by titration with a standard solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Distinguish between a weak acid and a strong acid.</p>
<p>Weak acid:</p>
<p>Strong acid:</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why it is more convenient to express acidity using the pH scale instead of using the concentration of hydrogen ions.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>5.00 g of an impure sample of hydrated ethanedioic acid, (COOH)<sub>2</sub>•2H<sub>2</sub>O, was dissolved in water to make 1.00 dm<sup>3</sup> of solution. 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> samples of this solution were titrated against a 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution of sodium hydroxide using a suitable indicator.</p>
<p>(COOH)<sub>2</sub> (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) → (COONa)<sub>2</sub> (aq) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
<p>The mean value of the titre was 14.0 cm<sup>3</sup>.</p>
<p>(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of NaOH in 14.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution.</p>
<p>(ii) Calculate the amount, in mol, of ethanedioic acid in each 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> sample.</p>
<p>(iii) Determine the percentage purity of the hydrated ethanedioic acid sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The Lewis (electron dot) structure of the ethanedioate ion is shown below.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>Outline why all the C–O bond lengths in the ethanedioate ion are the same length and suggest a value for them. Use section 10 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Weak acid:</em> partially dissociated/ionized «in solution/water»<br><em><strong>AND<br></strong>Strong acid:</em> «assumed to be almost» completely/100% dissociated/ionized «in solution/water»</p>
<p><em>Accept answers relating to pH, conductivity, reactivity if solutions of equal concentrations stated.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«log scale» reduces a wide range of numbers to a small range<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>simple/easy to use<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>converts exponential expressions into linear scale/simple numbers</p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “easy for calculations”</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>i</p>
<p>«n(NaOH) = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\left( {\frac{{14.0}}{{1000}}} \right)">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>14.0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1000</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</math></span> dm<sup>-3</sup> x 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> =» 1.40 x 10<sup>-3</sup> «mol»</p>
<p> </p>
<p>ii</p>
<p>«<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{2} \times 1.40 \times {10^{ - 3}} = ">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>1.40</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
</math></span> <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="7.00 \times {10^{ - 4}}">
<mn>7.00</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span> «mol»</p>
<p> </p>
<p>iii<br><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 1:</strong></em><br>«mass of pure hydrated ethanedioic acid in each titration = 7.00 × 10<sup>-4</sup> mol × 126.08 g mol<sup>-1</sup> =» 0.0883 / 8.83 × 10<sup>-2</sup> «g»</p>
<p>mass of sample in each titration = «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{25}}{{1000}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>25</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1000</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>×5.00g=»0.125«g»</p>
<p>«% purity = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{0.0883{\rm{g}}}}{{0.125{\rm{g}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0.0883</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>0.125</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> × 100 =» 70.6 «%»</p>
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 2:</strong></em><br>«mol of pure hydrated ethanedioic acid in 1 dm<sup>3</sup> solution = 7.00 × 10<sup>-4</sup> × <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{1000}}{{25}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1000</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>25</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> =» 2.80×10<sup>-2</sup> «mol» <br>«mass of pure hydrated ethanedioic acid in sample = 2.80 × 10<sup>-2</sup> mol × 126.08 g mol<sup>-1</sup> =» 3.53 «g»<br>«% purity = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{3.53{\rm{g}}}}{{5.00{\rm{g}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3.53</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>5.00</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> × 100 =» 70.6 «%»</p>
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 3:</strong></em><br>mol of hydrated ethanedioic acid (assuming sample to be pure) = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{5.00{\rm{g}}}}{{126.08{\rm{gmo}}{{\rm{l}}^{ - 1}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>5.00</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>126.08</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> = 0.03966 «mol»<br>actual amount of hydrated ethanedioic acid = «7.00 × 10<sup>-4</sup> × <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{1000}}{{25}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1000</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>25</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> =» 2.80 × 10<sup>-2</sup> «mol»</p>
<p>«% purity = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{2.80 \times {{10}^{ - 2}}}}{{0.03966}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2.80</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>0.03966</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> × 100 =» 70.6 «%»</p>
<p><em>Award suitable part marks for alternative methods.</em><br><em>Award <strong>[3]</strong> for correct final answer.</em><br><em>Award <strong>[2 max]</strong> for 50.4 % if anhydrous ethanedioic acid assumed.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrons delocalized «across the O–C–O system»<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>resonance occurs<br><em>Accept delocalized π-bond(s).</em></p>
<p>122 «pm» < C–O < 143 «pm»</p>
<p><em>Accept any answer in the range 123 «pm» to 142 «pm». Accept “bond intermediate between single and double bond” or “bond order 1.5”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Trends in physical and chemical properties are useful to chemists.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The Activity series lists the metal in order of reactivity.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the general increasing trend in the first ionization energies of the period 3 elements, Na to Ar.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State an equation for the reaction of phosphorus (V) oxide, P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> (s), with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the emission spectrum of hydrogen.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the strongest reducing agent in the given list.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A voltaic cell is made up of a Mn<sup>2+</sup>/Mn half-cell and a Ni<sup>2+</sup>/Ni half-cell.</p>
<p>Deduce the equation for the cell reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The voltaic cell stated in part (ii) is partially shown below.</p>
<p>Draw and label the connections needed to show the direction of electron movement and ion flow between the two half-cells.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>increasing number of protons</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>increasing nuclear charge</p>
<p>«atomic» radius/size decreases</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>same number of shells</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>similar shielding «by inner electrons»</p>
<p>«greater energy needed to overcome increased attraction between nucleus and electrons»</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>atomic/ionic radius increases</p>
<p>smaller charge density</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>force of attraction between metal ions and delocalised electrons decreases</p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept discussion of attraction between valence electrons and</em><br><em>nucleus for M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “weaker metallic bonds” for M2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> (s) + 6H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → 4H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> (aq)</p>
<p><em>Accept “P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> (s) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → 4HPO<sub>3 </sub>(aq)” (initial reaction).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«series of» lines</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>only certain frequencies/wavelengths</p>
<p>convergence at high«er» frequency/energy/short«er» wavelength</p>
<p><em>M1 and/or M2 may be shown on a diagram.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Mn</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Mn (s) + Ni<sup>2+ </sup>(aq) → Ni (s) + Mn<sup>2+ </sup>(aq)</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>wire between electrodes AND labelled salt bridge in contact with both electrolytes</p>
<p>anions to right (salt bridge)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>cations to left (salt bridge)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>arrow from Mn to Ni (on wire or next to it)</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p><em>Electrodes can be connected directly or through voltmeter/ammeter/light bulb, but <strong>not</strong> a battery/power supply.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept ions or a specific salt as the label of the salt bridge.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Ammonia, NH<sub>3</sub>, is industrially important for the manufacture of fertilizers, explosives and plastics.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Ammonia is produced by the Haber–Bosch process which involves the equilibrium:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">N<sub>2 </sub>(g) + 3 H<sub>2 </sub>(g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> 2 NH<sub>3 </sub>(g)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The effect of temperature on the position of equilibrium depends on the enthalpy change of the reaction.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Ammonia is soluble in water and forms an alkaline solution:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">NH<sub>3 </sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+ </sup>(aq) + HO<sup>– </sup>(aq)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw arrows in the boxes to represent the electron configuration of a nitrogen atom.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the ammonia molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the expression for the equilibrium constant, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, for this equation.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why an increase in pressure shifts the position of equilibrium towards the products and how this affects the value of the equilibrium constant, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State how the use of a catalyst affects the position of the equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the enthalpy change, Δ<em>H</em>, for the Haber–Bosch process, in kJ. Use Section 11 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the enthalpy change, Δ<em>H</em><sup>⦵</sup>, for the Haber–Bosch process, in kJ, using the following data.</p>
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>∆</mo><msubsup><mi>H</mi><mrow><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi></mrow><mo>⦵</mo></msubsup><mfenced><msub><mi>NH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>46</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2</mn><mo> </mo><mi>kJ</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the values obtained in (d)(i) and (d)(ii) differ.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the relationship between NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> and NH<sub>3</sub> in terms of the Brønsted–Lowry theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the concentration, in mol dm<sup>–3</sup>, of the solution formed when 900.0 dm<sup>3</sup> of NH<sub>3 </sub>(g) at 300.0 K and 100.0 kPa, is dissolved in water to form 2.00 dm<sup>3</sup> of solution. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions in an ammonia solution with pH = 9.3. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="444" height="226"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept <strong>all</strong> 2p electrons pointing downwards.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept half arrows instead of full arrows.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept lines or dots or crosses for electrons, or a mixture of these</em></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>K</mi><mi>c</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msup><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mrow><mi>N</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mrow></mfenced><mn>2</mn></msup><mrow><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi>N</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mfenced><msup><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi>H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mfenced><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>shifts to the side with fewer moles «of gas»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>shifts to right as there is a reduction in volume✔</p>
<p>«value of » <em>K</em><sub>c</sub> unchanged ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “K<sub>c</sub> only affected by changes in temperature”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>same/unaffected/unchanged ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>bonds broken</em>: N≡N + 3(H–H) / «1 mol×»945 «kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>» + 3«mol»×436 «kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>» / 945 «kJ» + 1308 «kJ» / 2253 «kJ» ✔</p>
<p><em>bonds formed</em>: 6(N–H) / 6«mol»×391 «kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>» / 2346 «kJ» ✔</p>
<p>Δ<em>H</em> = «2253 kJ – 2346 kJ = » –93 «kJ» ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2 max]</strong> for (+)93 «kJ»</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>–92.4 «kJ» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«N-H» bond enthalpy is an average «and may not be the precise value in NH<sub>3</sub>» ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept it relies on average values not specific to NH<sub>3</sub></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">conjugate</span> «acid and base» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>amount of ammonia <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo>.</mo><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi><mo>.</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>100</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><mi>k</mi><mi>P</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>×</mo><mn>900</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><mi>d</mi><msup><mi>m</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>8</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>31</mn><mo> </mo><mi>J</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>K</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><msup><mi>l</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>×</mo><mn>300</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><mi>K</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo> </mo><mo>=</mo><mo> </mo><mn>36</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p>concentration <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mi>n</mi><mi>V</mi></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>36</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn></mrow></mfrac><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>18</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>[OH<sup>−</sup>] <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">W</mi></msub><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></mfenced></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>14</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mfrac><mo>=</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>7</mn></mrow></msup><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><mo>×</mo><mo> </mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most students realised that the three p-orbitals were all singly filled.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Even more candidates could draw the correct Lewis structure of ammonia, with omission of the lone pair being the most common error.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most students could deduce the equilibrium constant expression from the equilibrium equation.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students realised that increasing pressure shifts an equilibrium to the side with the most moles of gas (though the "of gas" was frequently omitted!) but probably less than half realised that, even though the equilibrium position changes, the value of the equilibrium constant remains constant.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>It was pleasing to see that about a third of students gaining full marks and an equal number only lost a single mark because they failed to locate the correct bond enthalpy for molecular nitrogen.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Very few students could determine the enthalpy change from enthalpy of formation data, with many being baffled by the absence of values for the elemental reactants and more than half who overcame this obstacle failed to note that 2 moles of ammonia are produced.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>About half the candidates recognised the species as a conjugate acid-base pair, though some lost the mark by confusing the acid and base, even though this information was not asked for.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>About 40% of candidates gained full marks for the calculation and a significant number of others gained the second mark to calculate the concentration as an ECF.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question was very poorly answered with many candidates calculating the [H<sup>+</sup>] instead of [OH<sup>-</sup>].</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Two hydrides of nitrogen are ammonia and hydrazine, N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>. One derivative of ammonia is methanamine whose molecular structure is shown below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-22_om_18.03.06.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/04"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Hydrazine is used to remove oxygen from water used to generate steam or hot water.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(aq) + O<sub>2</sub>(aq) → N<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l)</p>
<p>The concentration of dissolved oxygen in a sample of water is 8.0 × 10<sup>−3</sup> g<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>dm<sup>−3</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Estimate the H−N−H bond angle in methanamine using VSEPR theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ammonia reacts reversibly with water.</p>
<p>NH<sub>3</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>(aq) + OH<sup>−</sup>(aq)</p>
<p>Explain the effect of adding H<sup>+</sup>(aq) ions on the position of the equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Hydrazine reacts with water in a similar way to ammonia. Deduce an equation for the reaction of hydrazine with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, using an ionic equation, what is observed when magnesium powder is added to a solution of ammonium chloride.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Hydrazine has been used as a rocket fuel. The propulsion reaction occurs in several stages but the overall reaction is:</p>
<p>N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(l) → N<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<p>Suggest why this fuel is suitable for use at high altitudes.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the enthalpy change of reaction, Δ<em>H</em>, in kJ, when 1.00 mol of gaseous hydrazine decomposes to its elements. Use bond enthalpy values in section 11 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(g) → N<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The standard enthalpy of formation of N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(l) is +50.6 kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>−1</sup>. Calculate the enthalpy of vaporization, Δ<em>H</em><sub>vap</sub>, of hydrazine in kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
<p>N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(l) → N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(g)</p>
<p>(If you did not get an answer to (f), use −85 kJ but this is not the correct answer.)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate, showing your working, the mass of hydrazine needed to remove all the dissolved oxygen from 1000 dm<sup>3</sup> of the sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the volume, in dm<sup>3</sup>, of nitrogen formed under SATP conditions. (The volume of 1 mol of gas = 24.8 dm<sup>3</sup> at SATP.)</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>107<sup>°</sup></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept 100° to < 109.5°.</em></p>
<p><em>Literature value = 105.8°</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>removes/reacts with OH<sup>−</sup></p>
<p>moves to the right/products «to replace OH<sup>−</sup> ions»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept ionic equation for M1.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub><sup>+</sup>(aq) + OH<sup>–</sup>(aq)</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(aq) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub><sup>2+</sup>(aq) + 2OH<sup>–</sup>(aq).</em></p>
<p><em>Equilibrium sign must be present.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>bubbles<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>gas<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>magnesium disappears</p>
<p>2NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>(aq) + Mg(s) → Mg<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + 2NH<sub>3</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “hydrogen” without reference to observed changes.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept "smell of ammonia".</em></p>
<p><em>Accept 2H<sup>+</sup>(aq) + Mg(s) → Mg<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>(g)</em></p>
<p><em>Equation must be ionic.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>no oxygen required</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>bonds broken:</em><br>E(N–N) + 4E(N–H)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>158 «kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>–1</sup>» + 4 x 391 «kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>–1</sup>» / 1722 «kJ»</p>
<p><em>bonds formed:</em><br>E(N≡N) + 2E(H–H)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>945 «kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>–1</sup>» + 2 x 436 «kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>–1</sup>» / 1817 «kJ»</p>
<p>«ΔH = bonds broken – bonds formed = 1722 – 1817 =» –95 «kJ»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award [3] for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award [2 max] for +95 «kJ».</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Δ<em>H</em><sub>vap</sub>= −50.6 kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>−1</sup> − (−95 kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>−1</sup>)</p>
<p>«Δ<em>H</em><sub>vap</sub> =» +44 «kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>−1</sup>»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award [2] for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award [1 max] for −44 «kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>−1</sup>».</em></p>
<p><em>Award [2] for:</em><br><em>ΔH<sub>vap</sub> − = 50.6 kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>−1 </sup>−<sup> </sup>(−85 kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>−1</sup>) + = 34 «kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>−1</sup>».</em></p>
<p><em>A</em><em>ward [1 max] for −34 «kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>−1</sup>».</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>total mass of oxygen «= 8.0 x 10<sup>–3</sup> g<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>dm<sup>–3</sup> x 1000 dm<sup>3</sup>» = 8.0 «g»</p>
<p>n(O<sub>2</sub>) «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" = \frac{{8.0{\text{ g}}}}{{32.00{\text{ g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}} = ">
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>8.0</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>32.00</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
</math></span>» 0.25 «mol»</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>n(N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>) = n(O<sub>2</sub>)<br>«mass of hydrazine = 0.25 mol x 32.06 g<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>–1</sup> =» 8.0 «g»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award [3] for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«n(N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>) = n(O<sub>2</sub>) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" = \frac{{8.0{\text{ g}}}}{{32.00{\text{ g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}} = ">
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>8.0</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>32.00</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
</math></span>» 0.25 «mol»</p>
<p>«volume of nitrogen = 0.25 mol x 24.8 dm<sup>3</sup><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>–1</sup>» = 6.2 «dm<sup>3</sup>»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award [1] for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Iron (II) sulfide reacts with hydrochloric acid to form hydrogen sulfide, H<sub>2</sub>S.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>In aqueous solution, hydrogen sulfide acts as an acid.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of hydrogen sulfide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the shape of the hydrogen sulfide molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the formula of its conjugate base.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Saturated aqueous hydrogen sulfide has a concentration of 0.10 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> and a pH of 4.0. Demonstrate whether it is a strong or weak acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the hydroxide ion concentration in saturated aqueous hydrogen sulfide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A gaseous sample of nitrogen, contaminated only with hydrogen sulfide, was reacted with excess sodium hydroxide solution at constant temperature. The volume of the gas changed from 550 cm<sup>3</sup> to 525 cm<sup>3</sup>.</p>
<p>Determine the mole percentage of hydrogen sulfide in the sample, stating one assumption you made.</p>
<p><img 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" width="705" height="303"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="83" height="55"> <em><strong>OR <img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="125" height="50">✔</strong></em></p>
<p><em>Accept any combination of lines, dots or crosses to represent electrons.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>bent/non-linear/angular/v-shaped✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>HS<sup>−</sup> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>weak <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>strong acid of this concentration/[H<sup>+</sup>] = 0.1 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> would have pH = 1<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>weak <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>[H<sup>+</sup>] = 10<sup>−4</sup> < 0.1 «therefore only fraction of acid dissociated» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>10<sup>−10</sup> «mol dm<sup>−3</sup>» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Mole percentage H<sub>2</sub>S:</em><br>volume of H<sub>2</sub>S = «550 − 525 = » 25 «cm<sup>3</sup>» ✔<br>mol % H<sub>2</sub>S = «<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mfrac><mrow><mn>25</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>cm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>550</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>cm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>×</mo><mn>100</mn></math> = » 4.5 «%» ✔</p>
<p><em>Award [2] for correct final answer of 4.5 «%»</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Assumption:</em><br>«both» gases behave as ideal gases ✔<br><br><em>Accept “volume of gas <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi mathvariant="normal">α</mi></math> mol of gas”.</em><br><em>Accept “reaction goes to completion”.</em><br><em>Accept “nitrogen is insoluble/does not </em><em>react with NaOH/only H<sub>2</sub>S reacts with </em><em>NaOH”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Magnesium is a group 2 metal which exists as a number of isotopes and forms many compounds.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the nuclear symbol notation, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_Z^AX">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mi>A</mi>
</msubsup>
<mi>X</mi>
</math></span>, for magnesium-26.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Mass spectroscopic analysis of a sample of magnesium gave the following results:</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>Calculate the relative atomic mass, <em>A</em><sub>r</sub>, of this sample of magnesium to two decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium burns in air to form a white compound, magnesium oxide. Formulate an equation for the reaction of magnesium oxide with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the trend in acid-base properties of the oxides of period 3, sodium to chlorine.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>In addition to magnesium oxide, magnesium forms another compound when burned in air. Suggest the formula of this compound</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the structure and bonding in solid magnesium oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium chloride can be electrolysed.</p>
<p>Deduce the half-equations for the reactions at each electrode when <strong>molten</strong> magnesium chloride is electrolysed, showing the state symbols of the products. The melting points of magnesium and magnesium chloride are 922 K and 987 K respectively.</p>
<p>Anode (positive electrode):</p>
<p>Cathode (negative electrode):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{12}^{26}{\rm{Mg}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>12</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>26</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«Ar =»<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{24 \times 78.60 + 25 \times 10.11 + 26 \times 11.29}}{{100}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>24</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>78.60</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>25</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>10.11</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>26</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>11.29</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>100</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p>«= 24.3269 =» 24.33</p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em><br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept data booklet value (24.31).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>MgO(s) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub>(s)</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>MgO(s) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → Mg<sup><sub>2</sub>+</sup>(aq) + 2OH<sup>–</sup>(aq)</p>
<p><em>Accept</em> <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>from basic to acidic</p>
<p>through amphoteric</p>
<p><em>Accept “alkali/alkaline” for “basic”. <br>Accept “oxides of Na and Mg: basic <strong>AND</strong> oxide of Al: amphoteric” for M1. <br>Accept “oxides of non-metals/Si to Cl acidic” for M2. <br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “become more acidic”</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub></p>
<p><em>Accept MgO<sub>2</sub>, Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub>, Mg(NOx)<sub>2</sub>, MgCO<sub>3</sub>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«3-D/giant» regularly repeating arrangement «of ions»<br><em><strong>OR <br></strong></em>lattice «of ions»<br><em>Accept “giant” for M1, unless “giant covalent” stated.</em></p>
<p>electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>electrostatic attraction between Mg<sup>2+</sup> and O<sup>2–</sup> ions<br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “ionic” without description.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Anode (positive electrode):<br></em>2Cl<sup>–</sup> → Cl<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2e<sup>–</sup></p>
<p><em>Cathode (negative electrode):<br></em>Mg<sup>2+</sup> + 2e<sup>–</sup> → Mg(l)</p>
<p><em>Penalize missing/incorrect state symbols at Cl<sub>2</sub> and Mg once only.<br>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> if equations are at wrong electrodes.<br>Accept Mg (g).</em></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Nickel catalyses the conversion of propanone to propan-2-ol.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Outline how a catalyst increases the rate of reaction.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Explain why an increase in temperature increases the rate of reaction.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Discuss, referring to intermolecular forces present, the relative volatility of propanone and propan-2-ol.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The diagram shows an unlabelled voltaic cell for the reaction</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi>Pb</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>Ni</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><msup><mi>Ni</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>Pb</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>)</mo></math></p>
<p>Label the diagram with the species in the equation.</p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Suggest a metal that could replace nickel in a new half-cell and reverse the electron flow. Use section 25 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Describe the bonding in metals.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Nickel alloys are used in aircraft gas turbines. Suggest a physical property altered by the addition of another metal to nickel.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>provides an alternative pathway/mechanism <em><strong>AND</strong></em> lower <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>E</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi></msub></math> ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept description of how catalyst lowers <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>E</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi></msub></math> (e.g. “reactants adsorb on surface «of catalyst»”, “reactant bonds weaken «when adsorbed»”).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>more/greater proportion of molecules with <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mo>≥</mo><msub><mi>E</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi></msub></math> ✔</p>
<p>greater frequency/probability/chance of collisions «between the molecules»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>more collision per unit of time/second ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>hydrogen bonding/bonds «and dipole–dipole and London/dispersion forces are present in» propan-2-ol ✔</p>
<p>dipole–dipole «and London/dispersion are present in» propanone ✔</p>
<p>propan-2-ol less volatile <em><strong>AND</strong></em> hydrogen bonding/bonds stronger «than dipole–dipole »<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>propan-2-ol less volatile <em><strong>AND</strong></em> «sum of all» intermolecular forces stronger ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>Bi</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>Cu</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>Ag</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>Pd</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>Hg</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>Pt</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>Au</mi><mo> </mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>S</mi><mi>b</mi></math> <strong>OR</strong> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>A</mi><mi>s</mi></math>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrostatic attraction ✔</p>
<p>between «a lattice of» metal/positive ions/cations <em><strong>AND</strong></em> «a sea of» delocalized electrons ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept “mobile/free electrons”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any of:</em></p>
<p>malleability/hardness<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«tensile» strength/ductility<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>density<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>thermal/electrical conductivity<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>melting point<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>thermal expansion ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Do not accept corrosion/reactivity or any chemical property.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept other specific physical properties.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A straight-forward question, however, half of the candidates only mentioned the lower activation energy and did not mention that this is through an alternative mechanism, so did not score the mark.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Half of the candidates gained the mark about the increased frequency of collision. Fewer candidates also clarified that a larger proportion of molecules have the activation energy.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates had the correct structure in their answers identifying the type of intermolecular forces in each compound and then comparing the strength of the two and reaching a conclusion. Some candidates did not know what was meant by volatile. Some candidates stated London dispersion forces in propanone instead of dipole-dipole.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>60% of the candidates obtained the mark. Some candidates labelled the electrodes as ions indicating they do not understand the structure of a voltaic cell.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>70% of the candidates answered correctly. The common mistake was to select a more reactive metal instead.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The mean mark on the question was 1.0 out of 2 marks. Mistakes included not mentioning the 'electrostatic attraction' and talking about 'nuclei attracting the delocalised electrons'. The weakest candidates discussed aspects of ionic and/or covalent bonding.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>80% obtained the mark. Many candidates wrote more than one property, which should be discouraged. Incorrect answers included chemical properties such as reactivity.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The properties of elements can be predicted from their position in the periodic table.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why Si has a smaller atomic radius than Al.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the decrease in radius from Na to Na<sup>+</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the condensed electron configurations for Cr and Cr3<sup>+</sup>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="768" height="190"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe metallic bonding and how it contributes to electrical conductivity.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure and molecular geometry of sulfur dichloride, SCl<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<p><img 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CBAgAABAgQeE+hqJE3bY5auIkDgSYEuIT05pMsJECBAgAABAocX6GokTdvht9UCCBxToEtIx1yJqAkQIECAAAEC2wl0NZKmbTtfIxEg8A2BLiF943KnEiBAgAABAgROKdDVSJq2U261RRGYX6BLSPNHLUICBAgQIECAwGsFuhpJ0/Zac6MTILAg0CWkhVO9TIAAAQIECBC4jEBXI2naLrP9FkpgLoEuIc0VoWgIECBAgAABAu8X6GokTdv798GMBAh8fHx0CQkMAQIECBAgQODqAl2NpGm7+l1h/QR2EugS0k6hmJYAAQIECBAgMI1AVyNp2qbZHoEQuJZAl5CuJWC1BAgQIECAAIGvAl2NpGn76uQVAgTeINAlpDdMawoCBAgQIECAwNQCXY2kaZt6ywRH4LwCXUI672qtjAABAgQIECCwTqCrkTRt6+ycRYDAxgJdQtp4CsMRIECAAAECBA4n0NVImrbDbaOACZxDoEtI51iZVRAgQIAAAQIEHhfoaiRN2+OeriRA4AmBLiE9MZxLCRAgQIAAAQKnEOhqJE3bKbbWIggcT6BLSMdbhYgJECBAgAABAtsKdDWSpm1bY6MRILBSoEtIKy91GgECBAgQIEDgtAJdjaRpO+12WxiBuQW6hDR3xKIjQIAAAQIECLxeoKuRNG2vdzcDAQKNQJeQmtO8RIAAAQIECBC4lEBXI2naLnULWCyBeQS6hDRPdCIhQIAAAQIECOwj0NVImrZ99sKsBC4v0CWky6MAIECAAAECBC4v0NVImrbL3xYACOwj0CWkfSIxKwECBAgQIEBgHoGuRtK0zbM/IiFwKYEuIV0KwGIJECBAgAABAo1AVyNp2hooLxEg8HqBLiG9flYzECBAgAABAgTmFuhqJE3b3HsmOgKnFegS0mkXa2EECBAgQIAAgZUCXY2kaVuJ5zQCBLYV6BLStjMYjQABAgQIECBwPIGuRtK0HW8fRUzgFAJdQjrFwiyCAAECBAgQIPCEQFcjadqeAHUpAQKPC3QJ6fHRXEmAAAECBAgQOIdAVyNp2s6xt1ZB4HACXUI63CIETIAAAQIECBDYWKCrkTRtGyMbjgCBdQJdQlp3pbMIECBAgAABAucV6Gqkp5u2X/zi5x8x8O9//7tDy/3www//Wkes5c9//t/p1/LXv/7lkOY//vjjv+L++9//Nr2xAF8r0CWk185odAIECBAgQIDA/AJdjaRp+799O1LTFg1ybOavf/2r+e+6EmE11rQVmIs+7RLSRSksmwABAgQIECDwk0BXI2nafuI5zpNo1o7YtEWjFnHHl6btOPfbqyLtEtKr5jIuAQIECBAgQOAoAl2NpGk7yu6VODVtBcPTwwp0CemwixE4AQIECBAgQGAjga5G0rRthPvOYTRt79Q216sEuoT0qrmMS4AAAQIECBA4ikBXI03TtP3pT//z8ctf/vdPvz4Xwcbf3Rp/jS7+IYt4L77imqXjj3/8w8dvf/ubpbc//vnPf/w0Tvxdq/r3rbp/iCTej/ly7nyMGOMfBXn0iLmyCcsx4x93iblirfXo5s9r0inHinPjtWoaz+OI18fr6jz5fM0/MhPz5Hk5ZtiHVz3yvfEx4s0jY6+v5Xv5GF45Rp2jrinOjRjyvHgc9yjOH89J95zL42sFYl8cBAgQIECAAAECnwW6Gmn3pi0K77Hor8V2PI/iuh7RjMXrt5qyGPNnP/uvL41PjpMFezYIEUfOOzZttSHIc8bHR/71zGxSxrHy+4g/mss8vtO0pVGOFY+51rqeeL505L50a4u4Ir46/vi8jj2+l99nTBFDetTXxtjWNG3d2msstxwjrlh3dR9j8P02AmHtIECAAAECBAgQ+CzQ1Ui7Nm3xSVI2BvFYm6X8p+GzuI9CO4/41CRfHz+NinPqp2jjJyw5Rs6bc95q2vLceKzFf1xTG4QcK+e49Vibj7EpiveyIYo5x+NWc5PvhU+MkfGGST6Px/TL18Y54vtc9xhfrDvji3HGvcn34jHOzePevBn7s01bxFQb+hpfbdhiXTW+uFdyzfHY3Vu5Fo/PC8Q+OQgQIECAAAECBD4LdDXSrk1bFM0RVBTItXiuYdciu56TjUHXKOWnaHFOLd5z3Gwe4v0szGPsiCW+6ph5brx+rwHs5so5x8dsUPJXFsf3a1M3fuqT13bNTb43rqOOX9cUz5eObGDGpi33bcmkjl8/Ja2vd/Nm7N26MsbqUu+HOnbE3R11j2sjV8+N+2Fp3fU8z58XiPvHQYAAAQIECBAg8Fmgq5F2bdpuNV419DyvFtrZmHWNUhTd8Xp81cYsx8xrazNSC/qlpq2+nmM9+pgNylKDcWvcvLZrbvK92OxsSMexaoPTNU95/lLzkvux1HDG9fl36er67s2bsXfrypjWNG21Uczr4jH/AKDGVN/P53lerNPxOoEuIb1uNiMTIECAAAECBI4h0NVIuzVt9VcY6ycmHWU0XxF8bdDy+rEpy9ej8M7ie/yELJuO+gnWUtMWjU+eHzFEo7dF85axxZjRRMT39xzS5lZzk+/dajjuNU85T9e0pW/EHTF/57g3b8b+bNO2FFfeR7VZ7+Kva6z3SHeu1x4XiHvIQYAAAQIECBAg8Fmgq5F2a9rqJyYR2Jqv8ZOd/DSnNmX5KVo0QNkk1GYvXxvHWmragnAp1mguokFY+kTrM//n7+KajH9ce4xZ1/T5ytv/YEc2Prc+TUqDmDeeLx1d0xZxZbzfbV7vzZuxP9u0LcWV68n41zze2oclN6+vEwh/BwECBAgQIECAwGeBrkY6VNM2NiLR3MSi6icncU5tyOITp/jKxirOjWvGT2NuNW3BGA1HXhvXj1/RaKz9pKxuS8Rxq5noGpBbzU2+N1rVOe81T3luxlV9awPbxZbXdo/35s3Y43HpqPNX7zr2Uly5nnHvbn2/NNZSfF5fLxDuDgIECBAgQIAAgc8CXY00RdOWDdXncO9/F9fFovJXAfPX2urfacpGKz8xiXPjmnHOe01bjSYK+Wi2cqwYL76iKRjHrdfdeh7zx5j5K3w5ZjyODeat5ibfe1XTdoZP2ur9cWtPvPdagbi3HQQIECBAgAABAp8Fuhppt6atfjLyzN8byiYnxshfjYyx88gmI86rz/P9fPxO05bXxGNclzF0DVY99zvPozHMpjCb0rw+G7PuE6l8b23Tls1sjl0fc/76SVs2xvfWGo1mnBNfuR91z/O1Ol/GXj8pre/H8zpu2OdRx176dCzHj/1y7C8Q94aDAAECBAgQIEDgs0BXI+3WtOWnZBFUbQo+h3z/u2zEomGLYn9scGKeeC2+sqnrGpWlpi2viTiXPkWraxk/FetWUM+P8ZeOOnc9J5uPeByPfO9W01Ybr6UGp54z7k82c938GU82snFuutXGqmva8ppbsec5sR/fbdqqZ702Y/b4XoEuIb03ArMRIECAAAECBOYT6Gqk3Zq24MlfXYzAoknojij4o4iPc5YanGgM8pzuU5Qs9OO8+OqOpaatNhpLDVltcJbOGeeszVU2NeM5Ne76Xl7bNU353q3GpzaNY0OW8+Tc4T6eU/eta4CrR722WnZN272mqo4bcdXGq4691IjWPe7uk1x7/TRvaW/yXI+PC8QeOggQIECAAAECBD4LdDXSrk1bFNHRREVg8TU2PFF8ZzMW59UivS6tFvtdE5GfxsUcS41fLejHoj8boe76GLvGuLbIr01GfEJYm5gYozZGo0u+V03SJmO91bSFXZ4Xa6qNVTRGtWEb349rx32rXqNHxpXXxXjVsb5fTSL+ahIG9V6JMZaurfHU+ySe13slDOocMV7a1hjHMXy/jUAYOwgQIECAAAECBD4LdDXSZk1bDL7mqzYIEV40Cdn0LF0fxXqct3TUT2C6piley7FroV/Hi9fznLHoj/eejbHOlc/rJzo59/g4esW1Ed94Xjar2Yzda9rCbGyC6pgRW665i+HevsXYtSHKNeeYOdf499dq05Tn5GNcW83qXtaGb9y/nDsfa+OWY4+P3Zrzeo/bCIS5gwABAgQIECBA4LNAVyPt3rRliFGMRwFfi+f4Pl5fc8S5YwNQr4tPj6KhWTpuNW15TRdjNhJds5jX3XqMZqNrIqJpyEasu742L2GWTmubthgz1jyOE07ZbGWDdauBievzvNy7eG3JI5q9jDHPH9cXTVc9JxrAXF9tWB9t2mK+JffYi1z/GJfvtxWI/XcQIECAAAECBAh8FuhqpKebts9T+I4AAQLrBLqEtO5KZxEgQIAAAQIEzivQ1UiatvPut5URmFqgS0hTByw4AgQIECBAgMAbBLoaSdP2BnhTECDwVaBLSF/P8goBAgQIECBA4FoCXY2kabvWPWC1BKYR6BLSNMEJhAABAgQIECCwk0BXI2nadtoM0xK4ukCXkK5uYv0ECBAgQIAAga5G0rS5LwgQ2EWgS0i7BGJSAgQIECBAgMBEAl2NpGmbaIOEQuBKAl1CutL6rZUAAQIECBAg0Al0NZKmrZPyGgECLxfoEtLLJzUBAQIECBAgQGByga5G0rRNvmnCI3BWgS4hnXWt1kWAAAECBAgQWCvQ1UiatrV6ziNAYFOBLiFtOoHBCBAgQIAAAQIHFOhqJE3bATdSyATOINAlpDOsyxoIECBAgAABAs8IdDWSpu0ZUdcSIPCwQJeQHh7MhQQIECBAgACBkwh0NZKm7SSbaxkEjibQJaSjrUG8BAgQIECAAIGtBboaSdO2tbLxCBBYJdAlpFUXOokAAQIECBAgcGKBrkbStJ14wy2NwMwCXUKaOV6xESBAgAABAgTeIdDVSJq2d8ibgwCBLwJdQvpykhcIECBAgAABAhcT6GokTdvFbgLLJTCLQJeQZolNHAQIECBAgACBvQS6GknTttdumJfAxQW6hHRxEssnQIAAAQIECHx0NZKmzY1BgMAuAl1C2iUQkxIgQIAAAQIEJhLoaiRN20QbJBQCVxLoEtKV1m+tBAgQIECAAIFOoKuRNG2dlNcIEHi5QJeQXj6pCQgQIECAAAECkwt0NZKmbfJNEx6Bswp0Cemsa7UuAgQIECBAgMBaga5G0rSt1XMeAQKbCnQJadMJDEaAAAECBAgQOKBAVyNp2g64kUImcAaBLiGdYV3WQIAAAQIECBB4RqCrkTRtz4i6lgCBhwW6hPTwYC4kQIAAAQIECJxEoKuRNG0n2VzLIHA0gS4hHW0N4iVAgAABAgQIbC3Q1Uiatq2VjUeAwCqBLiGtutBJBAgQIECAAIETC3Q1kqbtxBtuaQRmFugS0szxio0AAQIECBAg8A6BrkbStL1D3hwECHwR6BLSl5O8QIAAAQIECBC4mEBXI2naLnYTWC6BWQS6hDRLbOIgQIAAAQIECOwl0NVImra9dsO8BC4u0CWki5NYPgECBAgQIEDgo6uRNG1uDAIEdhHoEtIugZiUAAECBAgQIDCRQFcjadom2iChELiSQJeQrrR+ayVAgAABAgQIdAJdjaRp66S8RoDAywW6hPTySU1AgAABAgQIEJhcoKuRNG2Tb5rwCJxVoEtIZ12rdREgQIAAAQIE1gp0NZKmba2e8wgQ2FSgS0ibTmAwAgQIECBAgMABBboaSdN2wI0UMoEzCHQJ6QzrsgYCBAgQIECAwDMCXY2kaXtG1LUECDws0CWkhwdzIQECBAgQIEDgJAJdjaRpO8nmWgaBowl0CeloaxAvAQIECBAgQGBrga5G0rRtrWw8AgRWCXQJadWFTiJAgAABAgQInFigq5E0bSfecEsjMLNAl5BmjldsBAgQIECAAIF3CHQ1kqbtHfLmIEDgi0CXkL6c5AUCBAgQIECAwMUEuhpJ03axm8ByCcwi0CWkWWITBwECBAgQIEBgL4GuRtK07bUb5iVwcYEuIV2cxPIJECBAgAABAh9djaRpc2MQILCLQJeQdgnEpAQIECBAgACBiQS6GknTNtEGCYXAlQS6hHSl9VsrAQIECBAgQKAT6GokTVsn5TUCBF4u0CWkl09qAgIECHRmdKsAACAASURBVBAgQIDA5AJdjaRpm3zThEfgrAJdQjrrWq2LAAECBAgQILBWoKuRNG1r9ZxHgMCmAl1C2nQCgxEgQIAAAQIEDijQ1UiatgNupJAJnEGgS0hnWJc1ECBAgAABAgSeEehqJE3bM6KuJUDgYYEuIT08mAsJECBAgAABAicR6GokTdtJNtcyCBxNoEtIR1uDeAkQIECAAAECWwt0NZKmbWtl4xEgsEqgS0irLnQSAQIECBAgQODEAl2NpGk78YZbGoGZBbqENHO8YiNAgAABAgQIvEOgq5E0be+QNwcBAl8EuoT05SQvECBAgAABAgQuJtDVSJq2i90ElktgFoEuIc0SmzgIECBAgAABAnsJdDWSpm2v3TAvgYsLdAnp4iSWT4AAAQIECBD46GokTZsbgwCBXQS6hLRLICYlQIAAAQIECEwk0NVImraJNkgoBK4k0CWkK63fWgkQIECAAAECnUBXI2naOimvESDwcoEuIb18UhMQIECAAAECBCYX6GokTdvkmyY8AmcV6BLSWddqXQQIECBAgACBtQJdjaRpW6vnPAIENhXoEtKmExiMAAECBAgQIHBAga5G0rQdcCOFTOAMAl1COsO6rIEAAQIECBAg8IxAVyNp2p4RdS0BAg8LdAnp4cFcSIAAAQIECBA4iUBXI2naTrK5lkHgaAJdQjraGsRLgAABAgQIENhaoKuRNG1bKxuPAIFVAl1CWnWhkwgQIECAAAECJxboaiRN24k33NIIzCzQJaSZ4xUbAQIECBAgQOAdAl2NpGl7h7w5CBD4ItAlpC8neYEAAQIECBAgcDGBrkbStF3sJrBcArMIdAlpltjEQYAAAQIECBDYS6CrkTRte+2GeQlcXKBLSBcnsXwCBAgQIECAwEdXI2na3BgECOwi0CWkXQIxKQECBAgQIEBgIoGuRtK0TbRBQiFwJYEuIV1p/dZKgAABAgQIEOgEuhpJ09ZJeY0AgZcLdAnp5ZOagAABAgQIECAwuUBXI2naJt804RE4q0CXkM66VusiQIAAAQIECKwV6GokTdtaPecRILCpQJeQNp3AYAQIECBAgACBAwp0NZKm7YAbKWQCZxDoEtIZ1mUNBAgQIECAAIFnBLoaSdP2jKhrCRB4WKBLSA8P5kICBAgQIECAwEkEuhpJ03aSzbUMAkcT6BLS0dYgXgIECBAgQIDA1gJdjaRp21rZeAQIrBLoEtKqC51EgAABAgQIEDixQFcjadpOvOGWRmBmgS4hzRyv2AgQIECAAAEC7xDoaiRN2zvkzUGAwBeBLiF9OckLBAgQIECAAIGLCXQ1kqbtYjeB5RKYRaBLSLPEJg4CBAgQIECAwF4CXY2kadtrN8xL4OICXUK6OInlEyBAgAABAgQ+uhpJ0+bGIEBgF4EuIe0SiEkJECBAgAABAhMJdDWSpm2iDRIKgSsJdAnpSuu3VgIECBAgQIBAJ9DVSJq2TsprBAi8XKBLSC+f1AQECBAgQIAAgckFuhpJ0zb5pgmPwFkFuoR01rVaFwECBAgQIEBgrUBXI2na1uo5jwCBTQW6hLTpBAYjQIAAAQIECBxQoKuRNG0H3EghEziDQJeQzrAuayBAgAABAgQIPCPQ1UiatmdEXUuAwMMCXUJ6eDAXEiBAgAABAgROItDVSJq2k2yuZRA4mkCXkI62BvESIECAAAECBLYW6GokTdvWysYjQGCVQJeQVl3oJAIECBAgQIDAiQW6GknTduINtzQCMwt0CWnmeMVGgAABAgQIEHiHQFcjadreIW8OAgS+CHQJ6ctJXiBAgAABAgQIXEygq5E0bRe7CSyXwCwCXUKaJTZxECBAgAABAgT2EuhqJE3bXrthXgIXF+gS0sVJLJ8AAQIECBAg8NHVSJo2NwYBArsIdAlpl0BMSoAAAQIECBCYSKCrkTRtE22QUAhcSaBLSFdav7USIECAAAECBDqBrkbStHVSXiNA4OUCXUJ6+aQmIECAAAECBAhMLtDVSJq2yTdNeATOKtAlpLOu1boIECBAgAABAmsFuhpJ07ZWz3kECGwq0CWkTScwGAECBAgQIEDggAJdjaRpO+BGCpnAGQS6hHSGdVkDAQIECBAgQOAZga5G0rQ9I+paAgQeFugS0sODuZAAAQIECBAgcBKBrkbStJ1kcy2DwNEEuoR0tDWIlwABAgQIECCwtUBXI2natlY2HgECqwS6hLTqQicRIECAAAECBE4s0NVImrYTb7ilEZhZoEtIM8crNgIECBAgQIDAOwS6GknT9g55cxAg8EWgS0hfTvICAQIECBAgQOBiAl2NpGm72E1guQRmEegS0iyxiYMAAQIECBAgsJdAVyNp2vbaDfMSuLhAl5AuTmL5BAgQIECAAIGPrkbStLkxCBDYRaBLSLsEYlICBAgQIECAwEQCXY2kaZtog4RC4EoCXUK60vqtlQABAgQIECDQCXQ1kqatk/IaAQIvF+gS0ssnNQEBAgQIECBAYHKBrkbStE2+acIjcFaBLiGdda3WRYAAAQIECBBYK9DVSJq2tXrOI0BgU4EuIW06gcEIECBAgAABAgcU6GokTdsBN1LIBM4g0CWkM6zLGggQIECAAAECzwh0NZKm7RlR1xIg8LBAl5AeHsyFBAgQIECAAIGTCHQ1kqbtJJtrGQSOJtAlpKOtQbwECBAgQIAAga0FuhpJ07a1svEIEFgl0CWkVRc6iQABAgQIECBwYoGuRtK0nXjDLY3AzAJdQpo5XrERIECAAAECBN4h0NVImrZ3yJuDAIEvAl1C+nKSFwgQIECAAAECFxPoaiRN28VuAsslMItAl5BmiU0cBAgQIECAAIG9BLoaSdO2126Yl8DFBbqEdHESyydAgAABAgQIfHQ1kqbNjUGAwC4CXULaJRCTEiBAgAABAgQmEuhqJE3bRBskFAJXEugS0pXWb60ECBAgQIAAgU6gq5E0bZ2U1wgQeLlAl5BePqkJCBAgQIAAAQKTC3Q1kqZt8k0THoGzCnQJ6axrtS4CBAgQIECAwFqBrkbStK3Vcx4BApsKdAlp0wkMRoAAAQIECBA4oEBXI2naDriRQiZwBoEuIZ1hXdZAgAABAgQIEHhGoKuRNG3PiLqWAIGHBbqE9PBgLiRAgAABAgQInESgq5E0bSfZXMsgcDSBLiEdbQ3iJUCAAAECBAhsLdDVSJq2rZWNR4DAKoEuIa260EkECBAgQIAAgRMLdDWSpu3EG25pBGYW6BLSzPGKjQABAgQIECDwDoGuRtK0vUPeHAQIfBHoEtKXk7xAgAABAgQIELiYQFcjadoudhNYLoFZBLqENEts4iBAgAABAgQI7CXQ1Uiatr12w7wELi7QJaSLk1g+AQIECBAgQOCjq5E0bW4MAgR2EegS0i6BmJQAAQIECBAgMJFAVyNp2ibaIKEQuJJAl5CutH5rJUCAAAECBAh0Al2NpGnrpLxGgMDLBbqE9PJJTUCAAAECBAgQmFygq5E0bZNvmvAInFWgS0hnXat1ESBAgAABAgTWCnQ1kqZtrZ7zCBDYVKBLSJtOYDACBAgQIECAwAEFuhpJ03bAjRQygTMIdAnpDOuyBgIECBAgQIDAMwJdjaRpe0bUtQQIPCzQJaSHB3MhAQIECBAgQOAkAl2NpGk7yeZaBoGjCXQJ6WhrEC8BAgQIECBAYGuBrkbStG2tbDwCBFYJdAlp1YVOIkCAAAECBAicWKCrkTRtJ95wSyMws0CXkGaOV2wECBAgQIAAgXcIdDWSpu0d8uYgQOCLQJeQvpzkBQIECBAgQIDAxQS6GknTdrGbwHIJzCLQJaRZYhMHAQIECBAgQGAvga5G0rTttRvmJXBxgS4hXZzE8gkQIECAAAECH12NpGlzYxAgsItAl5B2CcSkBAgQIECAAIGJBLoaSdM20QYJhcCVBLqEdKX1WysBAgQIECBAoBPoaiRNWyflNQIEXi7QJaSXT2oCAgQIECBAgMDkAl2NpGmbfNOER+CsAl1COutarYsAAQIECBAgsFagq5E0bWv1nEeAwKYCXULadAKDESBAgAABAgQOKNDVSJq2A26kkAmcQaBLSGdYlzUQIECAAAECBJ4R6GokTdszoq4lQOBhgS4hPTyYCwkQIECAAAECJxHoaiRN20k21zIIHE2gS0hHW4N4CRAgQIAAAQJbC3Q1kqZta2XjESCwSqBLSKsudBIBAgQIECBA4MQCXY2kaTvxhlsagZkFuoQ0c7xiI0CAAAECBAi8Q6CrkTRt75A3BwECXwS6hPTlJC8QIECAAAECBC4m0NVImraL3QSWS2AWgS4hzRKbOAgQIECAAAECewl0NZKmba/dMC+Biwt0CeniJJZPgAABAgQIEPjoaiRNmxuDAIFdBLqEtEsgJiVAgAABAgQITCTQ1Uiatok2SCgEriTQJaQrrd9aCRAgQIAAAQKdQFcjado6Ka8RIPBygS4hvXxSExAgQIAAAQIEJhfoaiRN2+SbJjwCZxXoEtJZ12pdBAgQIECAAIG1Al2NpGlbq+c8AgQ2FegS0qYTGIwAAQIECBAgcECBrkbStB1wI4VM4AwCXUI6w7qsgQABAgQIECDwjEBXI2nanhF1LQECDwt0CenhwVxIgAABAgQIEDiJQFcjadpOsrmWQeBoAl1COtoaxEuAAAECBAgQ2Fqgq5E0bVsrG48AgVUCXUJadaGTCBAgQIAAAQInFuhqJE3biTfc0gjMLNAlpJnjFRsBAgQIECBA4B0CXY2kaXuHvDkIEPgi0CWkLyd5gQABAgQIECBwMYGuRtK0XewmsFwCswh0CWmW2MRBgAABAgQIENhLoKuRNG177YZ5CVxcoEtIFyexfAIECBAgQIDAR1cjadrcGAQI7CLQJaRdAjEpAQIECBAgQGAiga5G0rRNtEFCIXAlgS4hXWn91kqAAAECBAgQ6AS6GknT1kl5jQCBlwt0Cenlk5qAAAECBAgQIDC5QFcjadom3zThETirQJeQzrpW6yJAgAABAgQIrBXoaiRN21o95xEgsKlAl5A2ncBgBAgQIECAAIEDCnQ1kqbtgBspZAJnEOgS0hnWZQ0ECBAgQIAAgWcEuhpJ0/aMqGsJEHhYoEtIDw/mQgIECBAgQIDASQS6GknTdpLNtQwCRxPoEtLR1iBeAgQIECBAgMDWAl2NpGnbWtl4BAisEugS0qoLnUSAAAECBAgQOLFAVyNp2k684ZZGYGaBLiHNHK/YCBAgQIAAAQLvEOhqJE3bO+TNQYDAF4EuIX05yQsECBAgQIAAgYsJdDWSpu1iN4HlEphFoEtIs8QmDgIECBAgQIDAXgJdjaRp22s3zEvg4gJdQro4ieUTIECAAAECBD66GknT5sYgQGAXgS4h7RKISQkQIECAAAECEwl0NZKmbaINEgqBKwl0CelK67dWAgQIECBAgEAn0NVImrZOymsECLxcoEtIL5/UBAQIECBAgACByQW6GknTNvmmCY/AWQW6hHTWtVoXAQIECBAgQGCtQFcjadrW6jmPAIFNBbqEtOkEBiNAgAABAgQIHFCgq5E0bQfcSCETOINAl5DOsC5rIECAAAECBAg8I9DVSJq2Z0RdS4DAwwJdQnp4MBcSIECAAAECBE4i0NVImraTbK5lEDiaQJeQjrYG8RIgQIAAAQIEthboaiRN29bKxiNAYJVAl5BWXegkAgQIECBAgMCJBboaSdN24g23NAIzC3QJaeZ4xUaAAAECBAgQeIdAVyNp2t4hbw4CBL4IdAnpy0leIECAAAECBAhcTKCrkTRtF7sJLJfALAJdQpolNnEQIECAAAECBPYS6GokTdteu2FeAhcX6BLSxUksnwABAgQIECDw0dVImjY3BgECuwh0CWmXQExKgAABAgQIEJhIoKuRNG0TbZBQCFxJoEtIV1q/tRIgQIAAAQIEOoGuRtK0dVJeI0Dg5QJdQnr5pCYgQIAAAQIECEwu0NVImrbJN014BM4q0CWks67VuggQIECAAAECawW6GknTtlbPeQQIbCrQJaRNJzAYAQIECBAgQOCAAl2NpGk74EYKmcAZBLqEdIZ1WQMBAgQIECBA4BmBrkb60rTFSb4YuAfcA+4B94B7wD3gHnAPuAfcA+6B/e6B2vh9adrqm54TIEDgVQLxQ8BBgAABAgQIECDwWaCrkTRtn418R4DAmwS6hPSmqU1DgAABAgQIEJhWoKuRNG3TbpfACJxboEtI516x1REgQIAAAQIE7gt0NZKm7b6bMwgQeIFAl5BeMI0hCRAgQIAAAQKHEuhqJE3bobZQsATOI9AlpPOszkoIECBAgAABAo8JdDWSpu0xS1cRIPCkQJeQnhzS5QQIECBAgACBwwt0NZKm7fDbagEEjinQJaRjrkTUBAgQIECAAIHtBLoaSdO2na+RCBD4hkCXkL5xuVMJECBAgAABAqcU6GokTdspt9qiCMwv0CWk+aMWIQECBAgQIEDgtQJdjaRpe6250QkQWBDoEtLCqV4mQIAAAQIECFxGoKuRNG2X2X4LJTCXQJeQ5opQNAQIECBAgACB9wt0NZKm7f37YEYCBD4+PrqEBIYAAQIECBAgcHWBrkbStF39rrB+AjsJdAlpp1BMS4AAAQIECBCYRqCrkTRt02yPQAhcS6BLSNcSsFoCBAgQIECAwFeBrkbStH118goBAm8Q6BLSG6Y1BQECBAgQIEBgaoGuRtK0Tb1lgiNwXoEuIZ13tVZGgAABAgQIEFgn0NVImrZ1ds4iQGBjgS4hbTyF4QgQIECAAAEChxPoaiRN2+G2UcAEziHQJaRzrMwqCBAgQIAAAQKPC3Q1kqbtcU9XEiDwhECXkJ4YzqUECBAgQIAAgVMIdDWSpu0UW2sRBI4n0CWk461CxAQIECBAgACBbQW6GknTtq2x0QgQWCnQJaSVlzqNAAECBAgQIHBaga5G0rSddrstjMDcAl1Cmjti0REgQIAAAQIEXi/Q1Uiatte7m4EAgUagS0jNaV4iQIAAAQIECFxKoKuRNG2XugUslsA8Al1Cmic6kRAgQIAAAQIE9hHoaiRN2z57YVYClxfoEtLlUQAQIECAAAEClxfoaiRN2+VvCwAE9hHoEtI+kZiVAAECBAgQIDCPQFcjadrm2R+RELiUQJeQLgVgsQQIECBAgACBRqCrkTRtDZSXCBB4vUCXkF4/qxkIECBAgAABAnMLdDWSpm3uPRMdgdMKdAnptIu1MAIECBAgQIDASoGuRtK0rcRzGgEC2wp0CWnbGYxGgAABAgQIEDieQFcjadqOt48iJnAKgS4hnWJhFkGAAAECBAgQeEKgq5E0bU+AupQAgccFuoT0+GiuJECAAAECBAicQ6CrkTRt59hbqyBwOIEuIR1uEQImQIAAAQIECGws0NVImraNkQ1HgMA6gS4hrbvSWQQIECBAgACB8wp0NdLTTdsvfvHzjxg4v/70p/9ZLfizn/3XT9fF9X/+8/+uvvbeib/+9a/+NXY8Hv34+9//9pNTPHdcQ+Cvf/3Lx+9//7vTLrZLSKddrIURIECAAAECBFYKdDXS5k3bb3/7m1Xh/POf//ipEcmGT9PW02naepczvxrNWvx3cYY/dFjapy4hLZ3rdQIECBAgQIDAVQS6Gmmzpu2Xv/zvn5qwH3/88a7pH//4h3+dX6/TtPVsmrbe5cyvnumT4qV96hLS0rleJ0CAAAECBAhcRaCrkTZr2uKTgfxVyfi1rntHnhu/ThmBxZemrVfTtPUuZ35V03bm3bU2AgQIECBAgMCywMubtvz07N6vSOavRsbfaasNiaat37xqFM8d5xfQtJ1/j62QAAECBAgQINAJvLxpq83YrV+RzOYuHmtDstS05T/IkJ/IxWN8UnfrHz1ZU/TG3BlLjn1v3Aob8+cnhnl9jPfDDz/U0/71fE08sf4cp45RjZaatogl58gx4jF+/XTJKc+P92Pc+quq8fw7R+z9aBnNe7y+Jv44Z7x+7V7EvdbtRXz6u+Q1xhTe4/xxfd2H2J9qtDa+iK1eF/uyFFucW/evPs+11Nhjj8a447+XvG7pv6nc2/zHgGKMdx8Ro4MAAQIECBAgQOCzQFcjbfrrkTFdNjG3fkUyz4nisxagXYEZhX8WoN1jflr3eakfPzUw0Zh0x63iOOaJGKPh6I54PYvdLqZ4LQvsvD4bpKV44rxHmraY514sEU80DWMjnTF1xrfizDXlY20SOo9oUPL10SXGeGYv1qy/++Q3rsuYYv4lw3g9Gre6hrwuH5canrgu7/U8d3wcr71lkXY19m7vqsmtfaz7tnSv5x6/4jEsHAQIECBAgAABAp8Fuhpp86Yt/9Q/itzuiOIwAoliOI5agI5NWy1I43n91KMW2llY1/myIemK1loYR5x13Chks9COx7HRiXNrgR9j5RHX5ntjTLfiyeu/27RFbDlfNGVZ1Od48X39hKfGGudkTLkfeX3sUT7PsZYecz9jjPCq11XneD++6vsxZj3nu3tR5w6Hev/Ee/X+GZujiCNjisfRL+/jeC+NI768H2L8ahvf1yPOq/dRjS3ei7Fy/nFfYpzcm+7+HWOPdeaRY9X4M+Y8Jx/TJ9axxxHrdxAgQIAAAQIECHwW6GqkzZu2LKSj0O2OLNKziK4FaC1s6+t57jhezhULG4vbpaI3mq5bxXLMUQvuKK7rUYvtaNLGYynupXjq9d9t2tIy1lMbzzpmXe+4lowprq/29fp7z3OM2O8uhvppTswTPnnU2LLZyPfy8dZe3Js7xsjGZJy77lPE3jU22XTFtd09WO+/Mf68T2KMziViu7V/ubZ4HI8ae4zfHfWcMbY4P9abzWj3fjfm1q+Fq4MAAQIECBAgQOCzQFcjbd60xZT5CUTX1OR7WbzX4rI2DllsLxXUubSlwnep6M3zl4rdcdyYvx5Z6N76dCLXWOdYiqeO/d2mrV5763lsfHyNDUDGFO91TcutMeO9uCbHvlX4517Gubnvcf0ze3GrYapx1+akNq31vusashgjG6+IO+brjqX1531S7+nu+jxv9Mu9GfcsxlgTe5wX91/E142xdK91Mb7qtYjNQYAAAQIECBAg8Fmgq5Fe0rRlMT4Ww1lo12amFqC1wM1iNgr+W0eOGYur1y8VvdlA1AK+G7+OmwV7fW0ssrsx6mtL8dRzlgrpahTP7x3xyU7EF19ZuHfFe8YU1o8c9VO0NOrGyfshYqjxP7MXdcxbc0c8Oc+a+67Gn03bLZ9YU3zV+6neJ0ufsuU8GVs81iP3Jh7Ho94P4bB0VKMxjpy3G39pvK1fDzcHAQIECBAgQIDAZ4GuRnpJ05ZF61jsZhFZm7lagNamK4vhW0VpLG/p056lorc2MTnHvcf8xLA2KTXWz8z9d0vx1LMfbdoirizCb61lLNAzptrM1HjuPc/9jDlvHXWPa9P2zF6snTviivstXTLOpZjy/XjMpu2WT45bm7a6j/n+vcfxk9vcm3HPIq4a+637MP87jLnrf0dL/83Utb/jecTlIECAAAECBAgQ+CzQ1Ugvadpi2vwVwVqk52v1k5GuAI1PBbLIrcXm5+X8+7vu3KWi95FGIQvjWozna/+O4vazpXjqVXX8+slINaqecW02FmmQj9HEhV0t3McGIGO61ZTU+Mbnaxunpfif2Yu67jGu8fsuzqWY6rU5xy2f9H62aRvnyL0Z9yziq7Hfuw/zv7naFFaPaOD2OsLOQYAAAQIECBAg8Fmgq5Fe1rRlYZifqmXzMBanSwVoFsMxzq1j6VODpaI3G4WM69bY43uzfdJWm7xYb34iOMadlmMDkEbjnozXL32fe9zdWPWausfxPI9n9mLt3DHXnp+0PdoU5d6MexbrqZ73mrbqlH8QkGOPv5KZ+/Kux3v3zbviMA8BAgQIECBAYCaBrkZ6WdM2NmlZPI7N0lIB+qq/0/ZMwZprCshYz9KRa43zsknJeesnHuP19bossOOcapTjxev5Kcqtpqs2tWMDkDHdun6MsX5fm8awWTrqeTX+nP+R5qFa3Zo7YspfHa3rXDKta3j0k7Y69r3Y6nz1edqMexbn1PHvNW3jp9b1+6Umv8bxyuddQnrlfMYmQIAAAQIECBxBoKuRXta0BUg2FVG41ucVa6kAzUI7mrdbn1bUT1FqgbxU9Nbza2NUY7r1PJvJrpjO67rY87XaOOT5+ZjnxEbV2KpRPM8jxopz66/m5Xv5WBumMeY0uhVTjtM91gbgVhNb11Xjf2YvYq9j7fF1a+7atEYceSyZ5vvx+GjTVue8tTd1rvF57s24Z3Fejf1e0xbn51jx32A2u/f+uxrjecX3sXcOAgQIECBAgACBzwJdjfTSpi0LxFvF71IBWl8fP53LZdXCfSxus1AdX6+NRi3ic8x8zNgDrTaNuZZ4vfukosZUC/Z7DUq9LsZe07RlIzyuMdcQY2RjF2OO56XRo01bzFPHqE4Zw7iu2Nc8nt2LnDsakOqV48fjUsNY768aU7029/qWT7jGV93rGCOvjffCoDvCK/dnvMdzbfE4HjX2NU3b2Lh38Y5zvOP7iMNBgAABAgQIECDwWaCrkV7atI0F+1iYRni3CtBacMfzWphHU5WfenWF8a2itzZQcV4t2mOOWnCPMcf7dd5aNEcTl0X42EjUdcY5dc5xLbGeutZ67XhdnBtfY9PQjRlNXj3S6FZTUs/vnkecGcO4rrCpVnFejT/Ge2Yv6v0V89S9iPfG+6fGv2Raz8n74JZPrn30H++T2I96RKwxblw/3itxXs5d38t7osZe11zHr8/rJ38Zb/cHDvWadzyPWBwECBAgQIAAAQKfBboa6aVNW0yfnwbF5N0nDvcK0Fp4Z8FZH6OoHRuBmDcbknjsjtos1PHq87EQz3FiHVlw1/Pz+VJMWYjnefUxxovCPl/LAj3mrEZ1rVGMV9+8tj7GmGkYcdUjjW41JfX8pec1vjp3Pq/rqvHneM/sRYwX68q5usdYL8hevQAACANJREFU/3jUmLuY4vzcr1s+OV93r9y7T+LaiL377yKasRw7H7PRqrGvadpiLXkP5Jyjxx7fRyxHOnIfbt0PS+up/w2s3bM61lHnjjUcNfar7pl1f/5/vtb/Dm89d5///BZP+5577Vr3WtwER/3vpL2BX/xiWI3Hy5u2/I9yqdBZU4BGsZoFdG54NCsx9tKRDclS0xbXxdxdwxCvLRXydb6YP9aVMcVjvNb9mmBeFwVbxhbnR9Ge66iF+pqmLceM68fGJV7LMapxXVfGsbQ3Of6ax2g8RstoFOL1pfnruHHOeH34rNmL8I71jntx69o1MeU9d8sn975r2nJ9EdvYXN+7f+PauC7Hj8f4Po4a+9oGIP4byrHCZYYj4jnSkX637oel9dS9XLtndayjzh1rOGrsV90z675WIW2/7Xf9WXPv+TP5/Mg/D+65vOL9sB6Pp5u2cUDfExgFasOQjeR4ju9fKxDumWyj6Zvh6BLSDHGJgQABAgQIECCwp0BXI2na9tyRg8+99hOf+id5B1/yYcPPPYhP+GY5uoQ0S2ziIECAAAECBAjsJdDVSJq2vXbjBPPWf+Bi6ddQ45z8tcWlc05AMf0S8tczo3mb5egS0iyxiYMAAQIECBAgsJdAVyNp2vbajZPMm38vLm6u+Htd9e/zxa9FZrMQ73f/4MZJGKZeRv5dwfh7j3V/9g66S0h7x2R+AgQIECBAgMDeAl2NpGnbe1cOPn/8XanamMVN1n1FA+d4n0A2anUvZtuDLiG9T8hMBAgQIECAAIE5BboaSdM2514dLqr4tbv6qVvcbPkvY8706c7hYB8MuP5LpPHrqbM1bLGsLiE9uFyXESBAgAABAgROI9DVSJq202yvhRA4lkCXkI61AtESIECAAAECBLYX6GokTdv2zkYkQGCFQJeQVlzmFAIECBAgQIDAqQW6GknTduottzgC8wp0CWneaEVGgAABAgQIEHiPQFcjadreY28WAgQGgS4hDaf4lgABAgQIECBwOYGuRtK0Xe42sGACcwh0CWmOyERBgAABAgQIENhPoKuRNG377YeZCVxaoEtIlwaxeAIECBAgQIDAwr+wrWlzaxAgsIuApm0XdpMSIECAAAECkwt0NZKmbfJNEx6Bswp0Cemsa7UuAgQIECBAgMBaga5G0rSt1XMeAQKbCnQJadMJDEaAAAECBAgQOKBAVyNp2g64kUImcAaBLiGdYV3WQIAAAQIECBB4RqCrkTRtz4i6lgCBhwW6hPTwYC4kQIAAAQIECJxEoKuRNG0n2VzLIHA0gS4hHW0N4iVAgAABAgQIbC3Q1Uiatq2VjUeAwCqBLiGtutBJBAgQIECAAIETC3Q1kqbtxBtuaQRmFugS0szxio0AAQIECBAg8A6BrkbStL1D3hwECHwR6BLSl5O8QIAAAQIECBC4mEBXI2naLnYTWC6BWQS6hDRLbOIgQIAAAQIECOwl0NVImra9dsO8BC4u0CWki5NYPgECBAgQIEDgo6uRNG1uDAIEdhHoEtIugZiUAAECBAgQIDCRQFcjadom2iChELiSQJeQrrR+ayVAgAABAgQIdAJdjaRp66S8RoDAywW6hPTySU1AgAABAgQIEJhcoKuRNG2Tb5rwCJxVoEtIZ12rdREgQIAAAQIE1gp0NZKmba2e8wgQ2FSgS0ibTmAwAgQIECBAgMABBboaSdN2wI0UMoEzCHQJ6QzrsgYCBAgQIECAwDMCXY2kaXtG1LUECDws0CWkhwdzIQECBAgQIEDgJAJdjaRpO8nmWgaBowl0CeloaxAvAQIECBAgQGBrga5G0rRtrWw8AgRWCXQJadWFTiJAgAABAgQInFigq5E0bSfecEsjMLNAl5BmjldsBAgQIECAAIF3CHQ1kqbtHfLmIEDgi0CXkL6c5AUCBAgQIECAwMUEuhpJ03axm8ByCcwi0CWkWWITBwECBAgQIEBgL4GuRtK07bUb5iVwcYEuIV2cxPIJECBAgAABAh9djaRpc2MQILCLQJeQdgnEpAQIECBAgACBiQS6GknTNtEGCYXAlQS6hHSl9VsrAQIECBAgQKAT6GokTVsn5TUCBF4u0CWkl09qAgIECBAgQIDA5AJdjaRpm3zThEfgrAJdQjrrWq2LAAECBAgQILBWoKuRNG1r9ZxHgMCmAl1C2nQCgxEgQIAAAQIEDijQ1UiatgNupJAJnEGgS0hnWJc1ECBAgAABAgSeEehqJE3bM6KuJUDgYYEuIT08mAsJECBAgAABAicR6GokTdtJNtcyCBxNoEtIR1uDeAkQIECAAAECWwt0NZKmbWtl4xEgsEqgS0irLnQSAQIECBAgQODEAl2NpGk78YZbGoGZBbqENHO8YiNAgAABAgQIvEOgq5E0be+QNwcBAl8EuoT05SQvECBAgAABAgQuJtDVSJq2i90ElktgFoEuIc0SmzgIECBAgAABAnsJdDWSpm2v3TAvgYsLdAnp4iSWT4AAAQIECBD46GokTZsbgwCBXQS6hLRLICYlQIAAAQIECEwk0NVImraJNkgoBK4k0CWkK63fWgkQIECAAAECnUBXI2naOimvESDwcoEuIb18UhMQIECAAAECBCYX6GqkL01bnOSLgXvAPeAecA+4B9wD7gH3gHvAPeAe2O8eqL3lp6atvuE5AQIECBAgQIAAAQIECOwvoGnbfw9EQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAgUUBTdsijTcIECBAgAABAgQIECCwv8D/BzXmpZQqpcr+AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" width="433" height="216"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest, giving reasons, the relative volatilities of SCl<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Consider the following equilibrium reaction:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">2SO<sub>2 </sub>(g) + O<sub>2 </sub>(g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> 2SO<sub>3 </sub>(g)</p>
<p>State and explain how the equilibrium would be affected by increasing the volume of the reaction container at a constant temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>nuclear charge/number of protons/Z/Z<sub>eff</sub> increases «causing a stronger pull on the outer electrons» ✓</p>
<p>same number of shells/«outer» energy level/shielding ✓</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Na<sup>+</sup> has one less energy level/shell<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Na<sup>+</sup> has 2 energy levels/shells <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>Na has 3 ✓</p>
<p>less shielding «in Na<sup>+</sup> so valence electrons attracted more strongly to nucleus»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>effective nuclear charge/Z<sub>eff</sub> greater «in Na<sup>+</sup> so valence electrons attracted more strongly to nucleus» ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Accept “more protons than electrons «in Na<sup>+</sup>»” <strong>OR</strong> “less electron-electron repulsion «in Na<sup>+</sup>»” for M2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Cr:</em><br>[Ar] 4s<sup>1</sup>3d<sup>5</sup> ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Cr<sup>3+</sup>:</em><br>[Ar] 3d<sup>3</sup> ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Accept “[Ar] 3d<sup>5</sup>4s<sup>1</sup>”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “[Ar] 3d<sup>3</sup>4s<sup>0</sup>”.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for two correct full electron configurations “1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>4s<sup>1</sup>3d<sup>5</sup> <strong>AND</strong> 1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>3d<sup>3</sup>”.</em></p>
<p><em>Award<strong> [1 max]</strong> for 4s<sup>1</sup>3d<sup>5</sup> <strong>AND</strong> 3d<sup>3</sup>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrostatic attraction ✓</p>
<p>between «a lattice of» cations/positive «metal» ions <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>«a sea of» delocalized electrons ✓</p>
<p><br>mobile electrons responsible for conductivity<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>electrons move when a voltage/potential difference/electric field is applied ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “nuclei” for “cations/positive ions” in M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “mobile/free” for “delocalized” electrons in M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “electrons move when connected to a cell/battery/power supply” <strong>OR</strong> “electrons move when connected in a circuit” for M3.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>H<sub>2</sub>O forms hydrogen bonding «while SCl<sub>2</sub> does not» ✓</p>
<p>SCl<sub>2</sub> «much» stronger London/dispersion/«instantaneous» induced dipole-induced dipole forces ✓</p>
<p><em><strong><br>Alternative 1:</strong></em><br>H<sub>2</sub>O less volatile <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>hydrogen bonding stronger «than dipole–dipole and dispersion forces» ✓</p>
<p><em><strong><br>Alternative 2:</strong></em><br>SCl<sub>2</sub> less volatile <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>effect of dispersion forces «could be» greater than hydrogen bonding ✓\</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Ignore reference to Van der Waals.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “SCl<sub>2</sub> has «much» larger molar mass/electron density” for M2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>pressure decrease «due to larger volume» ✓</p>
<p>reactant side has more moles/molecules «of gas» ✓</p>
<p>reaction shifts left/towards reactants ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Award M3 only if M1 <strong>OR</strong> M2 is awarded.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>There are many oxides of silver with the formula Ag<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub>. All of them decompose into their elements when heated strongly.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>After heating 3.760 g of a silver oxide 3.275 g of silver remained. Determine the empirical formula of Ag<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the final mass of solid obtained by heating 3.760 g of Ag<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub> may be greater than 3.275 g giving one design improvement for your proposed suggestion. Ignore any possible errors in the weighing procedure.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Naturally occurring silver is composed of two stable isotopes, <sup>107</sup>Ag and <sup>109</sup>Ag.</p>
<p>The relative atomic mass of silver is 107.87. Show that isotope <sup>107</sup>Ag is more abundant.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Some oxides of period 3, such as Na<sub>2</sub>O and P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>, react with water. A spatula measure of each oxide was added to a separate 100 cm<sup>3</sup> flask containing distilled water and a few drops of bromothymol blue indicator.</p>
<p>The indicator is listed in section 22 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>Deduce the colour of the resulting solution and the chemical formula of the product formed after reaction with water for each oxide.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the electrical conductivity of molten Na<sub>2</sub>O and P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the model of electron configuration deduced from the hydrogen line emission spectrum (Bohr’s model).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>n(Ag) = «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{3.275{\text{ g}}}}{{107.87{\text{ g}}\,{\text{mol}}}} = ">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3.275</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>107.87</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>mol</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
</math></span>» 0.03036 «mol»</p>
<p><em><strong>AND</strong></em></p>
<p>n(O) = «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{3.760{\text{ g}} - 3.275{\text{ g}}}}{{16.00{\text{ g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}} = \frac{{0.485}}{{16.00}} = ">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3.760</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>3.275</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>16.00</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0.485</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>16.00</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
</math></span>» 0.03031 «mol»</p>
<p>«<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{0.03036}}{{0.03031}} \approx 1">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0.03036</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>0.03031</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>≈</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</math></span> / ratio of Ag to O approximately 1 : 1, so»</p>
<p>AgO</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept other valid methods for M1.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for correct empirical formula if method not shown.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>temperature too low<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>heating time too short<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>oxide not decomposed completely</p>
<p>heat sample to constant mass «for three or more trials»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “not heated strongly enough”.</em></p>
<p><em>If M1 as per markscheme, M2 can only be awarded for constant mass technique.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept "soot deposition" (M1) and any suitable way to reduce it (for M2).</em></p>
<p><em>Accept "absorbs moisture from atmosphere" (M1) and "cool in dessicator" (M2).</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for reference to impurity <strong>AND</strong> design improvement.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A<sub>r</sub> closer to 107/less than 108 «so more <sup>107</sup>Ag»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>A<sub>r</sub> less than the average of (107 + 109) «so more <sup>107</sup>Ag»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept calculations that gives greater than 50% <sup>107</sup>Ag.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do not accept name for the products.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “Na<sup>+</sup> + OH<sup>–</sup>” for NaOH.</em></p>
<p><em>Ignore coefficients in front of formula.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«molten» Na<sub>2</sub>O has mobile ions/charged particles <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>conducts electricity</p>
<p>«molten» P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> does not have mobile ions/charged particles <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>does not conduct electricity/is poor conductor of electricity</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> award marks without concept of mobile charges being present.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> if type of bonding or electrical conductivity correctly identified in each compound.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept answers based on electrons.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> if reference made to solution.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrons in discrete/specific/certain/different shells/energy levels</p>
<p>energy levels converge/get closer together at higher energies<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>energy levels converge with distance from the nucleus</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept appropriate diagram for M1, M2 or both.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not give marks for answers that refer to the lines in the spectrum.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Some physical properties of molecular substances result from the different types of forces between their molecules.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the hydrides of group 16 elements (H<sub>2</sub>O, H<sub>2</sub>S, H<sub>2</sub>Se and H<sub>2</sub>Te) are polar molecules.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The graph shows the boiling points of the hydrides of group 16 elements.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-10_om_10.27.26.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/06.a.ii"></p>
<p>Explain the increase in the boiling point from H<sub>2</sub>S to H<sub>2</sub>Te.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Lewis structures show electron domains and are used to predict molecular geometry.</p>
<p>Deduce the electron domain geometry and the molecular geometry for the NH<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> ion.</p>
<p><img 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CCAAAIIIIBAOgUIEenU5lwIIIAAAggggAACCGSAACEiAyaRISCAAAIIIIAAAgggkE4BQkQ6tTkXAggggAACCCCAAAIZIECIyIBJZAgIIIAAAggggAACCKRTgBCRTm3OhQACCCCAAAIIIIBABggQIjJgEhkCAggggAACCCCAAALpFCBEpFObcyGAAAIIIIAAAgggkAEChIgMmESGgAACCCCAAAIIIIBAOgUIEenU5lwIIIAAAggggAACCGSAACEiAyaRISCAAAIIIIAAAgggkE6BjAkRQZ9H1YYhl9ur4WSCwX55ql0yXE3yDgeTlLoqn6dWhlEmt/dSkjJSpp9PWEliLVg/AJm+1hmfNclT8d9G1l7of0BTcm74t5F/G+3LI9Zn+Mc0Zdegtus0+WKYpmlafTUMQ/bDadJ1uokAAggggAACCCCAAALpEIjPChnzSkQ68DgHAggggAACCCCAAAIISIQIVgECCCCAAAIIIIAAAgg4EiBEOOKiMAIIIIAAAggggAACCBAiWAMIIIAAAggggAACCCDgSIAQ4YiLwggggAACCCCAAAIIIECIYA0ggAACCCCAAAIIIICAIwFChCMuCiOAAAIIIIAAAggggAAhgjWAAAIIIIAAAggggAACjgQIEY64KIwAAggggAACCCCAAAKECNYAAggggAACCCCAAAIIOBIgRDjiojACCCCAAAIIIIAAAggQIlgDCCCAAAIIIIAAAggg4EiAEOGIi8IIIIAAAggggAACCCBAiGANIIAAAggggAACCCCAgCMBQoQjLgojgAACCCCAAAIIIIAAIYI1gAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAo4ECBGOuCiMAAIIIIAAAggggAAChAjWAAIIIIAAAggggAACCDgSIEQ44qIwAggggAACCCCAAAIIECJYAwgggAACCCCAAAIIIOBIgBDhiIvCCCCAAAIIIIAAAgggQIhgDSCAAAIIIIAAAggggIAjAUKEIy4KI4AAAggggAACCCCAACGCNYAAAggggAACCCCAAAKOBAgRjrgojAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAoQI1gACCCCAAAIIIIAAAgg4EiBEOOKiMAIIIIAAAggggAACCBAiWAMIIIAAAggggAACCCDgSIAQ4YiLwggggAACCCCAAAIIIECIYA0ggAACCCCAAAIIIICAIwFChCMuCiOAAAIIIIAAAggggAAhgjWAAAIIIIAAAggggAACjgQIEY64KIwAAggggAACCCCAAAKECNYAAggggAACCCCAAAIIOBIgRDjiojACCCCAAAIIIIAAAggQIlgDCCCAAAIIIIAAAggg4EiAEOGIi8IIIIAAAggggAACCCBAiGANIIAAAggggAACCCCAgCMBQoQjLgojgAACCCCAAAIIIIAAIYI1gAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAo4ECBGOuCiMAAIIIIAAAggggAAChAjWAAIIIIAAAggggAACCDgSIEQ44qIwAggggAACCCCAAAIIECJYAwgggAACCCCAAAIIIOBIgBDhiIvCCCCAAAIIIIAAAgggQIhgDSCAAAIIIIAAAggggIAjAUKEIy4KI4AAAggggAACCCCAACGCNYAAAggggAACCCCAAAKOBAgRjrgojAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAtM3RAT75al2yTAMGa4meYeDCWbzqnye2huUSVBNdr1qj3yJmk1UJWXHPspzp2wQaWooqBFfu1qaDn8E85SmIXIaBBBAAAEEEEBgCgpM3xARwfx8pSrVofaedyJHxr4Gz+n0kQuqrPzM2DEeZZDAO+o+8JQ29l7NoDExFAQQQAABBBBAYOoLTP8QkfdH+uMvS63tv9BwnHdw8Kdqu+8bWlN+W9wzfIsAAggggAACCCCAAAI3KzD9Q4Q+pYceqZJaX1dPzJamqxo83a3PVpdq1nU6w/J5PXIvtrdDGdVye7zyjYy3d+ma/L2tN6wT9HfrRXd1eAuVUaL6lvaxdoe9crsMudzeqMAT1LC3SS6jTG7vpet6GjoQ9Ku3rUX1LsNu16XFbo+8vkhsuiSvu0zGYrf2t9TLNe4WL0kjPr0WKRfqY6s8Vp9jtoVNZLzWdiJvuK51TiO+X5Gx/Xe1tLWppb7E7n+13C92yz8c14/nzsgfPQXWuF90a3GobSM0Po/Xp5EQijXmR7R0Z6/UsUrFuZbff9qW1XLvf9b2+qQWLl4oV8zYbObQfNjuke1xH8kWtsTTzlEEEEAAAQQQQGCqCmRAiMjVbQ8+rDoN6tzFa2PO1lamtj9QddntY8dCj4bV7/mWKld2qaC5VwHTVGDoGRV0Nap4+R71JgwS13Shbb1Kl78+Wse88h0VdzWqsvG4LtgXvsELbXqydIUOarUGrgRkXvlHVfRtiCkT15kJfPuuenc/qeWvfkJret+XaZoyAz/X07lHtHT1gdj+dv6zTs/aKJ/5voY6V6s8P8H0Bn+jtsZHVd+3RF6rj+YZbZ7VqS07O6L6MpHxBjXS36o1lY3qKnhGQwGrX71qLujSyuKvqKX33aj2jmvj3h7Ne+qMTKtvpz6v7ic+J9eC7Tr70LM6bwZ05e0N0q5vaMvx3yjEafXzySot935azUPWuAO68r271bXyUTW2WWVu15LmH+vUplKp6oAGAj1qXhKZ6w61ni7UZl9AgaGf6geH/qfqdEIvvf5/wm2HehbUcM/ralWVqstmSTkL1NA+JLO9QfMTsEUNhocIIIAAAggggEDWC2TG5VL+vaquu6Ajp8+NXiSGtjJ9tlJl8RfSwz36hy3dWvb8t9VYXigLIKdwob61d482DexS01HfaBujq2P4tL67tk0l2zaP1lHePWrYu0d1J3fou53WKwhXNdj+Q3n0hJ5+aoXm5+VIeXfrT+qXS54fqn3wJvftD7+po7svqq7+cZUXzgh3KWe2Kp94XFWdP9P/HooKToXLVf8ndytPM1Q4/07ljQ4g8iCo4c4XtPZkhZ7f8WUtsPqofC1oaNYh62I88jGh8b6j7n/Yq9eW/Y12NC5UYRhS5d/6jg5tuqiNTW1RNzuXatPT61UzP1+y+lb2RyovLFTVqGeO8uZ/ThUl/1cn3/iVRmT303OXtj21yh53jvIW1GnvoeU6ufYFdca86hTpeORrqerq/zg0vpzCz+gzsx9U7fo75XnhlAZHX+l4Rz3tHVLdw9evkUgzfEUAAQQQQAABBBBIKJAZIUKzVFZdob4jP7UvEiNbme6Vddk69mH/9tl/lxbe88lQgBh9Ls+l4hKpb2DI3i4TeSZSx6X75t6eoM5Q+H6M0E3cp6WSIs0JXZxb9XOUv2SHhsyjaph/S6RBZ1/zl6h5qEfN5e/I29amNuvT49bS4lWKfu1gYo2GL5z9JQ/onkggCVXM05zieXYTExzv8C/U3jqkkoV3hwPEaAfstvoGdT7hqzqjBcd5YPezsEhzC+zgFCqdo7w5RSrxJ7mRPmmLt+n+L9aoquPHOh0Jc6H+S3XV8WskaSM8gQACCCCAAAIIIGALZEiIyFF+2cOq67MvEq0L+jN3q7Y8/m6Ia7p4blD+cabf/9Y5XRz9bXV0wV7tXHqHvaffvjch9y6t6hivtej6N/vY2n61Sq6ZxVq69w2FNgndtkzf6/m+qvRrDZwP3yFws60nrzf+eAMXz+mt8Ybuj95eNk/Fc65/XST5ue1n/H+rpbfmxpjn3lR4knKKlmp1w9vacuCnGrZe6bC2MhV/NcEauWGvKIAAAggggAACCGS9QIaECGtXztiWpg8G31D3wirdP/qKQGSeZ6hgbpEKI98m+Fp431wVJFR5TAcG3gvfk2DdlxD1OdS8JO4VjwQN3+ShoO8VNa7q1rJj5xT4l2Y11NSopuYhuS7/m/puss2JVRt/vL9fMFf3jQsZ/yrCxM4aUyp0r0Osddg9+v6HmBrJv8n5lB7+6nL7BvxL6mnvUkndsgRrJHkTPIMAAggggAACCCAQFkh4uTw9cSJbmjr0T12/UvmiubFbj0KDsl+xKHxbZ87+R+y9DyNDGuiTSopdcfcSjFenWy2Li1Tt6VcwZ64WPb5IitvGE/R5VG24wmVCW6bGu/KOlw9q5Pyg+hS//eoDXXk38s5M8XXG+94yqlJhXB+lEZ0f+LVdcYLjDYU2l/rO/DL2HZUibcVs6xqvT4mei/TzTZ31R93zoaBGep/TYqNWHp/Te0xylF++QuuLO/TSkZf1o9bZejzhGknUH44hgAACCCCAAAIIRAtkUIiwL35/dUR7T39Gi4qS3IOQX6avbSvXybXPaE+3PxwkRs7Ks65RO4s3akft/OvDR/4iffP5irg6/Wrb+rQ2ao1d5xYVLXtSm4uPauuzp8IX1sEL6jx4RB2Vdrt20PC3vqRX+q0QYL1F6nFt33owyRaryAX9abUe/Ff7Yv2a/N371bR2X5I60dMb/zhH+ZWr9fyyDm3dftx+69lh+dp2a6v1VqmRjwmNd5bKv7ZOXzj512raE3lrVmvrlVsrdxZo146aD/EuR5F+dmlt0351h4JE2Grrhn3Srg2qDd1jEn0vx1WNjHwQGUHir3n36ot18+T5+lrtLnkk+RpJXJujCCCAAAIIIIAAArZABoUIe0vTo9KMis+pKOnIrHcjek6dhyp00V2qXOtvEMz8Sw1U7NHAiUaVXrcFypKaodk1O+LqPKZX71itnsNrRuvkFH5B2w4f1hOBFrlyDRm5D2prYGVUmVs0v3abOtZ/oC133SrDmKPlB/6fHn36KVUlW5L5i/QXJ5pV/rP6cJtGqf7qJ7er/vjL2uTkRY1I+zl3qmbPYTXd8aoqZ1r3GyzU9l+Xad2uFZESExxv+N2S9nXuUcXFb9t9W6A/H1ioQwOHtaH0Q/6Bv1A/j+lQxb/L7fq4DCNXMytf1R3rjujw+nL71SI7uF3bouLceXr06KACUaO4/uEtKqr+UzVY7wz1+Odj1wh/J+J6Lo4ggAACCCCAAAJJBAzT2mQuhW5etR8mKcrhzBW4Kp/nz1Q58A31T+L9HVPBz9petqzyTa3++W7VzI5+56ep0Dv6gAACCCCAAAIITE0BwzBC9wRHepf09/WRAnzNJAH7L0i7VskT2k5ljc3aHnVA27f8TutrH5i0G8SnhGJoe1mbrq3/M1URIKbElNAJBBBAAAEEEJieAoSI6TlvN9lr616DdTrx/F3qWmJtp7LeqvbjKt33nr50Yr/Wf9gtSDfZq8mvZr3SUmtvL2vQC98oi7t5fvJ7wBkQQAABBBBAAIFMEmA7UybNJmNBAAEEEEAAAQQQQGASBNjONAmoNIkAAggggAACCCCAQDYJsJ0pm2absSKAAAIIIIAAAgggkAIBQkQKEGkCAQQQQAABBBBAAIFsEiBEZNNsM1YEEEAAAQQQQAABBFIgQIhIASJNIIAAAggggAACCCCQTQKEiGyabcaKAAIIIIAAAggggEAKBAgRKUCkCQQQQAABBBBAAAEEskmAEJFNs81YEUAAAQQQQAABBBBIgQAhIgWINIEAAggggAACCCCAQDYJECKyabYZKwIIIIAAAggggAACKRAgRKQAkSYQQAABBBBAAAEEEMgmAUJENs02Y0UAAQQQQAABBBBAIAUChIgUINIEAggggAACCCCAAALZJECIyKbZZqwIIIAAAggggAACCKRAgBCRAkSaQAABBBBAAAEEEEAgmwQIEdk024wVAQQQQAABBBBAAIEUCBAiUoBIEwgggAACCCCAAAIIZJMAISKbZpuxIoAAAggggAACCCCQAgFCRAoQaQIBBBBAAAEEEEAAgWwSIERk02wzVgQQQAABBBBAAAEEUiBAiEgBIk0ggAACCCCAAAIIIJBNAoSIbJptxooAAggggAACCCCAQAoECBEpQKQJBBBAAAEEEEAAAQSySYAQkU2zzVgRQAABBBBAAAEEEEiBACEiBYg0gQACCCCAAAIIIIBANgkQIrJpthkrAggggAACCCCAAAIpEMiYEBH0eVRtGHK5vRpOBhPsl6faJcPVJO9wMEmpq/J5amUYZXJ7LyUpI4EU5QYAAALZSURBVGX6+YSVJNaC9QOQ6Wud8VmTPBX/bWTthf4HNCXnhn8b+bfRvjxifYZ/TFN2DWq7TpMvhmmaptVXwzBkP5wmXaebCCCAAAIIIIAAAgggkA6B+KyQMa9EpAOPcyCAAAIIIIAAAggggIBEiGAVIIAAAggggAACCCCAgCMBQoQjLgojgAACCCCAAAIIIIAAIYI1gAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAo4ECBGOuCiMAAIIIIAAAggggAAChAjWAAIIIIAAAggggAACCDgSIEQ44qIwAggggAACCCCAAAIIECJYAwgggAACCCCAAAIIIOBIgBDhiIvCCCCAAAIIIIAAAgggQIhgDSCAAAIIIIAAAggggIAjAUKEIy4KI4AAAggggAACCCCAACGCNYAAAggggAACCCCAAAKOBAgRjrgojAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAoQI1gACCCCAAAIIIIAAAgg4EiBEOOKiMAIIIIAAAggggAACCBAiWAMIIIAAAggggAACCCDgSIAQ4YiLwggggAACCCCAAAIIIECIYA0ggAACCCCAAAIIIICAIwFChCMuCiOAAAIIIIAAAggggAAhgjWAAAIIIIAAAggggAACjgQIEY64KIwAAggggAACCCCAAAKECNYAAggggAACCCCAAAIIOBIgRDjiojACCCCAAAIIIIAAAggQIlgDCCCAAAIIIIAAAggg4EiAEOGIi8IIIIAAAggggAACCCBAiGANIIAAAggggAACCCCAgCMBQoQjLgojgAACCCCAAAIIIIAAIYI1gAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAo4ECBGOuCiMAAIIIIAAAggggAAChAjWAAIIIIAAAggggAACCDgSMEzTNA3DcFSJwggggAACCCCAAAIIIJB9AqZphgb9Meu/kW+yj4ERI4AAAggggAACCCCAgFMBtjM5FaM8AggggAACCCCAAAJZLkCIyPIFwPARQAABBBBAAAEEEHAq8P8Bf5fcUmZuFjQAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>polar bonds <strong>«</strong>between H and group 16 element<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>difference in electronegativities «between H and group 16 element»</p>
<p> </p>
<p>uneven distribution of charge/electron cloud</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>non-linear/bent/V-shaped/angular shape «due to lone pairs»</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>polar bonds/dipoles do not cancel out</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>M2:</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “net/overall dipole </em><em>moment” without further explanation.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “non-symmetrical </em><strong><em>«</em></strong><em>shape/distribution of charge</em><strong><em>»</em></strong><em>”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>number of electrons increases</p>
<p>London/dispersion/instantaneous induced dipole-induced dipole forces increase</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>M1: Accept “M</em><sub><em>r</em></sub><em>/A</em><sub><em>r </em></sub><em>increases” or </em><em>“molecules become larger in </em><em>size/mass/surface area”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Electron domain geometry:</em></p>
<p>tetrahedral</p>
<p><em>Molecular geometry:</em></p>
<p>bent/V-shaped/angular</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Both marks can be awarded for clear </em><em>diagrams. Electron domain geometry </em><em>requires a 3-D diagram showing the </em><em>tetrahedral arrangement.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Lewis (electron dot) structures are useful models.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structures of PF<sub>3</sub> and PF<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> and use the VSEPR theory to deduce the molecular geometry of each species.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict with a reason, whether the molecule PF<sub>3</sub> is polar or non-polar.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<p><em>Accept any combination of dots, crosses and lines.</em></p>
<p><em>Ignore missing brackets and positive charge.</em></p>
<p><em>Penalize missing lone pairs once only.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> apply ECF for molecular geometry.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>polar <em><strong>AND</strong></em> bond polarities/dipoles do not cancel out</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>polar <em><strong>AND</strong></em> unsymmetrical distribution of charge</p>
<p><em>Apply ECF from part (a) molecular geometry.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Bromine can form the bromate(V) ion, BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the electron configuration of a bromine atom.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the orbital diagram of the <strong>valence shell</strong> of a bromine atom (ground state) on the energy axis provided. Use boxes to represent orbitals and arrows to represent electrons.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure for BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> that obeys the octet rule.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, using the VSEPR theory, the geometry of the BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> ion and the O−Br−O bond angles.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Bromate(V) ions act as oxidizing agents in acidic conditions to form bromide ions.</p>
<p>Deduce the half-equation for this reduction reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Bromate(V) ions oxidize iron(II) ions, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, to iron(III) ions, Fe<sup>3+</sup>.</p>
<p>Deduce the equation for this redox reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup> 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>6</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup> 3d<sup>10</sup> 4p<sup>5</sup></p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>[Ar] 4s<sup>2</sup> 3d<sup>10</sup> 4p<sup>5</sup> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept 3d before 4s.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<p><em>Accept double-headed arrows.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p><em>Accept dots, crosses or lines to represent electron pairs.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Geometry:</em><br>trigonal/pyramidal ✔</p>
<p><em>Reason:</em><br>three bonds <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>one lone pair<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>four electron domains ✔</p>
<p><em>O−Br−O angle:</em><br>107° ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “charge centres” for “electron domains”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept answers in the range 104–109°.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq) + 6e<sup>−</sup> + 6H<sup>+</sup> (aq) → Br<sup>−</sup> (aq) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
<p>correct reactants and products ✔</p>
<p>balanced equation ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept reversible arrows.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq) + 6Fe<sup>2+</sup> (aq) + 6H<sup>+</sup> (aq) → Br<sup>−</sup> (aq) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O (l) + 6Fe<sup>3+</sup> (aq) ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Compound </span><strong><span class="fontstyle2">A </span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">is in equilibrium with compound </span><span class="fontstyle2"><strong>B</strong>.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle2"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="247" height="82"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Predict the electron domain and molecular geometries around the </span><span class="fontstyle2"><strong>oxygen</strong> </span><span class="fontstyle0">atom of molecule </span><strong><span class="fontstyle2">A </span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">using VSEPR.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="734" height="185"></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The IR spectrum of one of the compounds is shown:</span></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="687" height="247"></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><span class="fontstyle0">COBLENTZ SOCIETY. Collection © 2018 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.</span></em></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><br>Deduce, giving a reason, the compound producing this spectrum.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Compound </span><strong><span class="fontstyle2">A </span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">and </span><strong><span class="fontstyle2">B </span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">are isomers. Draw two other structural isomers with the formula <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>6</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi></math></span><span class="fontstyle0">.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The equilibrium constant, </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>K</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi></msub></math><span class="fontstyle0">, for the conversion of </span><strong><span class="fontstyle3">A </span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">to </span><strong><span class="fontstyle3">B </span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">is </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>8</mn></msup></math> <span class="fontstyle0">in water at <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>298</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi></math>.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce, giving a reason, which compound, </span><strong><span class="fontstyle3">A </span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">or </span><strong><span class="fontstyle3">B</span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">, is present in greater concentration when equilibrium is reached.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Electron domain geometry: </em>tetrahedral<em> ✔</em></p>
<p><em>Molecular geometry: </em>bent/V-shaped<em> ✔</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>B <em><strong>AND</strong> </em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi></math> absorption/<math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>1750</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><msup><mi>cm</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>»</mo></math> <br><em><strong>OR</strong></em> <br>B <em><strong>AND</strong></em> absence of <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo>–</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mo> </mo><mo>/</mo><mn>3200</mn><mo>−</mo><mn>3600</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><msup><mi>cm</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mi>absorption</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept any value between <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn mathvariant="italic">1700</mn><mo mathvariant="italic">−</mo><mn mathvariant="italic">1750</mn><mo mathvariant="italic"> </mo><mi>c</mi><msup><mi>m</mi><mrow><mo mathvariant="italic">−</mo><mn mathvariant="italic">1</mn></mrow></msup></math></em>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Accept any two <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>C</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>H</mi><mn>6</mn></msub><mi>O</mi></math> isomers except for propanone and propen-2-ol:</em></p>
<p><img 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">✔✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Penalize missing hydrogens in displayed structural formulas once only.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi></math> <em><strong>AND</strong> </em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>K</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi></msub></math> is greater than <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>1</mn></math>/large ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Half of the candidates answered correctly. The rest of the candidates often answered the question in terms of the carbon atom indicating that they did not read the question carefully.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>About 50% of the candidates answered correctly. Quite a few, however, gave compounds other than A or B, indicating not reading the question properly or being confused by the skeletal formulas given in the question.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Nearly half of the candidates gave two correct isomers. Propanal was often given as one of the isomers. Some candidates repeated the compounds given in the question and a few gave structures with 5 bonds on a carbon atom.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Half of the candidates answered correctly. A common mistake was K > 0 instead of K > 1.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Magnesium is a reactive metal often found in alloys.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Organomagnesium compounds can react with carbonyl compounds. One overall equation is:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Compound B can also be prepared by reacting an alkene with water.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Iodomethane is used to prepare CH<sub>3</sub>Mg<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>I</mtext></math>. It can also be converted into methanol:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">CH<sub>3</sub><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>I</mtext></math> + HO<sup>–</sup> → CH<sub>3</sub>OH + <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>I</mtext></math><sup>–</sup></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium can be produced by the electrolysis of molten magnesium chloride.</p>
<p>Write the half-equation for the formation of magnesium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest an experiment that shows that magnesium is more reactive than zinc, giving the observation that would confirm this.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the name of Compound A, applying International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) rules.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the strongest force between the molecules of Compound B.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the structural formula of the alkene required.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the structural formula of the repeating unit of the polymer formed from this alkene.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce what would be observed when Compound B is warmed with acidified aqueous potassium dichromate (VI).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the type of reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the requirements for a collision between reactants to yield products.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The polarity of the carbon–halogen bond, C–X, facilitates attack by HO<sup>–</sup>.</p>
<p>Outline, giving a reason, how the bond polarity changes going down group 17.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Mg<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>-</sup> → Mg ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> penalize missing charge on electron.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept equation with equilibrium arrows.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em><strong>Alternative 1</strong></em></p>
<p>put Mg in Zn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) ✔</p>
<p>Zn/«black» layer forms «on surface of Mg» ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for “no reaction when Zn placed in Mg<sup>2+</sup>(aq)”.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>Alternative 2</strong></em></p>
<p>place both metals in acid ✔</p>
<p>bubbles evolve more rapidly from Mg<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Mg dissolves faster ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>Alternative 3</strong></em></p>
<p>construct a cell with Mg and Zn electrodes ✔</p>
<p>bulb lights up<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>shows (+) voltage<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>size/mass of Mg(s) decreases «over time»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>size/mass of Zn increases «over time»</p>
<p><em><br></em><em>Accept “electrons flow from Mg to Zn”. </em></p>
<p><em>Accept Mg is negative electrode/anode </em><br><em><strong>OR</strong> </em><br><em>Zn is positive electrode/cathode</em></p>
<p><em><br>Accept other correct methods.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>propanone ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept 2-propanone and propan-2-one.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>hydrogen bonds ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAJ8AAABbCAYAAABtYldCAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAABJpSURBVHhe7Z0JVFRHvsY/mrbZVNQgcYlbeGhQlqDhKbggIIt7Yow6ZqIOxoWoeTGGN4lmhsk4mpnkmaMGCRJU4iAhSiSOIiJGUA4xhCgSEkVsQEUIoiAiSwNN17t1u5Cl2Yy9pfv+zrn2ra8KvVIfVfWvulWYEA4ICOgAEfsUENA6gvkEdIZgPgGdIZhPQGcI5hPQGYL5BHSG6d842H0bFAo5PvhgOxTc/aiRI5QiIzf/GkJ3h8PJZRwsLSyZKqBLamrqcPxkIg7HHsH582dw6/YtPDvKDmZmZnx+fX0Dtm//AISYYmS7+qQcOLAPtbJ6DB82jClagM7zdYSssZHO/5H3grcwpYWEhDg+74o0iykCuiQtJY3YjbLn62TkyOFkxDDl/fBRdiQ3N5svU1FRwWshISF8uj1e3gFkV+gultIOnXa7tOXjkYha7hniOnP+U6RQfgrojuLSEsxePB/m5iJcyLyA6z/n4ar0J+RcyYF1X0v4zVyAhw8fstJdUQ/S1Ivda4dOzScSiZU3DYqWe0aduBYiiRiWoramFNA+SQnHIK+WISU5BZNemASxlRksJOZwdHDEkS/j0UDqkZ11gZXuGhPTRnanHbpt+WTyKtwsuvnoKuSusopKKBrkqOVaRQHdknQ6FWvWrMLAoYOZ0oL9mBH4tbAIU6b5MQWorq7GzeLiNnVKr+qaSlZCi7DuV4Xa+jp+jNDZJRZLuPFEDistoCv8AgLI7t07Wapzmsd8XV07d4Wx0tqh86ZLocxauXoNcrKycfmHi/xn9qVLCN2zA3J5A2DetjsW0D7mvcyhIJ2P6RpoPbUi6PUgXM7+sU2d0mv8+PGPut2qqirEx8Viz6d7kXY+HY1NTbyubjo3n4hOsgA2Tw3CWOexcHEbD8fnneHs6oqRT9tz40DuS2XCmE/XOI4fhyNxp1iqLXT6xcNjEj76+06mALZDbeHiPIGvy+Y6pZd1P2s66AO4Kp01bx7i4uMhMW/AujeDEL0/in21eul20CYWyVQCDrlYxo0JFTAXAg6dM8dvBtLT0vHXD7czRQkds4eH7sLFzCw4TnqOqV1DuIaPGvbVxXMRERGFVas2YMmrL6LoTjEroV46NZ9IoTScBKqTyGIzCXUlZBCmWnTNCxOnYsmSRdi6eQv8/b3xz4938Nds3wC88+57WLLidczyC2Clu8ZE3AQrawsEBW3iApNK+M6ejR3bP8drK5ezEuql85aP856NjQ11nwpmCjMMsrHl8tqOJwS0R12DjP/sZWqKL//9FXbu3IGiotvY8dE/+au4qAy7Q3fi359/ypcTiUz5+rS07HhFysqyP6wsrFiKQyFBSEgI17L64e9vv81ENcMCjw6pLKvkVzraQ7WKyirS1KSaJ6B5ykorScAsH5KRoVy9aA2tF3q1r7emJjmvV1fXMqUtlTUPSc2DGpZqgQs+yKBBg0hZWQVT1EeXYz7rgdYwE6tGtFTrb93n0Vgw96frcH7eEampP/BpAc1x9+5d+Ph74XzqBdwsusbUFmi90Kt9vdGWj+pWVhZMaYu1ZW9Y9rXEr7/+imk+Ux6tily/fpXrHs25FlMDQyxmwieioOQGGT7qGdKvry1JSclgqoC6KSsrI04uLoTrOsn+6Gimqp9FS5bw9blo4QIyoN8QEha1m+WoF7WYj3At/K0btx8ZMC39IssQUBelJfeI0wQXfnI/OlZzxqPQ4VRGxkUSHRNBcq9I+frVBOoxH6NAKuXfrqAGvHrlOlMFnhTa4k10dSOWYnNyNE6zxtMm3c7zPQ6j7OzwXcZ5+AVMx7wF8yHNvc5yBH4rpxNPY7L7FFTIHiA59RReevlVlmMAMBOqnQUvv8y3gMlJ6UwReFwOHtxPIBYRH6+p5F7FPaYaDhozX9mdspYxYJpgwMclNTGFX+yfPJUzXmUlUw0LjZ5YUJRfDC9fL9ytKUfiV0nwmP4CyxHoivIHD/C8izOGDhmMhIQEPNX/KZZjWGj8uIz8wmvw95mL8vIH+PrYEXhPn8ZyBDqi/H45Zvr4orZejgvfp6NPnz4sxwCh5tM00rxcYR6wB5SWlhC3CZP5ebyz51KZarhoxXyU5nlAW1sbkpYijAHbQwOKcQ6ufIARHX2QqYaN1sxHuSrN5ecB+9oOIJlpws63Zug8npubGz+BbEjzeN2hVfNRmg1Iu+BvU84x1XihxvN0n8p3tcbS4jWjdfNR6EpI8xgw92oBU42Pe2X3+BaPGi8iaj9TjQedmI8ilSpfRvCc7tnha1uGDm3xxjm58XN5B6PjmGpcqHV57XGwsxuBjPQMNNQ3wHfKTOReK2Q5hg0hCiQnp8B9ymTI66pw/rt0vPbqyyzXyGAm1Bl3in/lWkA70rdvX5KZmclUwyUp+TTfzfIrFwa4ZPY46MWZzPTgIX/fGagqb8Cx419j2rQpLMewuHvnATynTEC/wUNw/Fi8wa5c9BS9ORA8P/8mvH2noLK8GlJpHgYOHMhyuoe+3Xs0Ng41TTKYyBshsbBCY2MNevWyQt3D+7Do018l3dRUj15yBej7un0sRKirM4UFGlXSdSJTiLjP9n/X7NlzYG8/lv/3ewLdTbbnsz3YtWsvMjLSjN54FL0xH6XoZjFOnjyFNUEr+TStMPo693/OnEB+Tj78/Lzh4aG6PHftehHGOj7LH+GhLSIjI7FypfI5m5HLZbh06TJSU8+jtlaGgDl++G/nF/hzbZQFgJK7xRgyeKgybeTolflaUy+XY8vfNuPzT/fyO+ibGefkgPivj3Otjh1TlGVvFRdx5msARJbUBdwnd6+QcJ9cxdNzZ7i0SCziyiiNQEgTTC1MoVBuAmspz+75snJzEK6FNDHhWj+JXPm1rJyNbd82rdeVK7lYsWwpMi9mMUWJy0RXHOOed8RQwXAqUPPpI8F/3shPQwSuCeRf5aa7r47GxfHTM24TXPVqeoa+dj5v/mw+cIqJOczvEKNX3OFY/nnd3d2FnX4doJfmo2ajEWHwX4JV9g/QiLh3bwlJT/uWKbonK+si6d/fmtwovc2UFs6dO8dF8v1IRmYKUwSa0UvzRUaGca2eiFwpkDKlLZrYQ/okhG3bQfz9A1hKldLSMnYn0Bq9HPO9u3kz9n62CzfySvi9w91ReL0QHtM8IJPRsaEZJJImLliRcEO/WojF3BhQzdCTnyLCw7B4sXI/xfq33sbDu2X44lA0nxboGXppvn9s/Qf+9dE2FBSUYODA/kztnAcPqvBF1CFw40Luf9Qq4iVcgNA6rUZ8fH3g7OjM32/Z8j4KC6SIPnSI35wt0EOo+fSNxIQEPthIv5DMlBbowN3L24eEhmpmI/NvIeZIDBnv7tZhUEEDI38/LxIVEcEUgWb00nx0wwwdpLu6TSRl7Zagtn34L96YSUmJTNE99HkteluRqINRKgbctu0D/nmTz+nP8+oLejvPl3r2FHz952PIsGGYPdsfz422Q9rZNJw8cQp+C2fh60NfqZwbqEu2vLsFu/d8hOkB8+Dj5sbFS0ByOve835zE0qVLcOjQl6ykwCN4C+op3yYmk1n+PmTAABu+9XBwsCchIVtIY2MdK6E/1NdWkXUb1hEneyf+jWSRSMQ/7wdcy2eMr4z1BL0xHz2Ka+GcheSqVPXlUtqV1dbVa+zMEHUjq2vkDdfRGHBfZFSnx5QZGzp7n681dP3Wx98XcSfikPOj6jFrtHu1MKenoTJBzzEzF/NHlLUfFtD/5zvBb+F/39nKFCOHmVBn1NbWEk9PT65bFZGIiEimGi5fHDzADyFef2Mtaao37u5Y5+bb9OdN/BgpPCKcKQaOnJD1a9fyBly7fpNRd8E6NV9sbCyByIREhBnf5pn3NgbzBty4/i9GG5DozHzRMTFE3FtCVq9azxTjghoueJPyzZ21azcx1bjQuvmqqqvIW2+9RSQSCQkKWktqalQPoTYWGuRyErUvkthY2xAu4CLSghKWYxxo1Xx0w4zXrBlsjCcsNzVzMSuTDBliSwbYDifZHZwwb6hozXx0n6qXl9J4YbuNJLh4DHKuZPPn2FADXszJ4QMTQ0cr5iu7V0qmTqXTKSBhYUKL1xnSnDzegPQqvGX4XbDGzUe7Wm+/GbzxIvcbX1T7uPySnUOGc63fDK95TDFcNGq+5jEePUVd6Gp7TlZ2FrG27kNWb9hIauuZaIBozHw0qp3sM10Y4/1GIiP3PZqINtR5QI2Zb+OmTfw3zxgnkNUCF3AEb1zPfw/fXPs/TDQsNGK+mG8OEwsLKxIWHsoUgd8E1+C9sWE1b8DVgcFMNBzUbr64o0e5b5bIaFcu1E4rA9Iu2JDGgGozX1V1NXn33c1EYmFOVq+mKxfVLEfgSaEb5r/Ye4APQnwD5pBb0iKW8/tGLeajL4JOnOrO/3SGC12txqDTMM0T0ZnZeUz9/aIW83248/944wnBheah0zB0KY7OBdL73zNq2UBUU1OH5ORkvPjiPKYIaJJLl37C3Lm+MLN6GlcvZ8LM0ozl/L7o1Hz0eLIzx5MwZPQwODooN0c3Q8/Dy8w8j4nu04Vz5nTE5UuXUdtQC49JHnyantR1Iz8X0sLb6FXfBNsRw2Bvb//oN4s31TfixLkU2D8zBGPHOvJaa35I/Q7Wg/thzJienzn4xFDzdURtfR3flQZveo8pLRyNpREtSG7eVaYI6JKCG1Li5aXcikDrRXmJ+NOxbpco14grKip4PSQkhE+3Z6q3J9m5K4yltEO3G4joHhj6U9UacR8FuxPQNRX378PXayZ++eUXhO0Oxc/SXOTdKEBsVAxu3szHH156hR8WdQ/tuhuUt1qiB7vX5PxOrNYo6pTmU0i0+7ACqiQmxiO/KB/HkpMQtCEI4+zGwH7EKCxevhhHvkpE1rVMXMhMYaU7R4xG7k92OKaW6IH5JHgok7W5ZNxXicXcg8qEFlDXJJ5MRdDKdZjkPJ4pLUzycEZBXimmTvFjCj1hS65Sn/UyOdfEyGBiSg2oPbo132effYoJzo4Y5zwWzg5j4PycI95cvx5yeQNEInNWSkAX0OFQeXkFxjk8w5S20H3D9JSv1j3Xvs/3Ytzo0Xyd0vp0Gu2MkaOG4eL32SBy9Z6wRcpiEL5mKP7L5Hl4JNxhagvdms/JxQVLlvwRgUsDsXz5KixfsQIzPGZwLZ8YCnEtKyWgC5pNpRD1fKrFwcEJgYGr+Tql9bkicBnWrFkHm6cHwETcxEopN7gXFhaqjPd7DMlB0tb1CIooQcHcIPzV25ZltIIFHirUyJTR7vubNzOlhYSEOGJiYkJyr+cyRUBXBK4MJIF/WsZSbaEblMI/20POnzvfbbQ7nYt2d4V+Suob68nWbduIh9sUsvjlReQF1/Hk7LdnWameUkfunPAiz3H/HnovJit/qmJ6Wzpt+UxMlJ+NpJfyphVNNSJqWpiTnkRRAppk8aJXsP/AQRyJj2eKEtpiHY2Lw9qgdbhdVMrUzjHhOkEiN0FdTQ0q7t3DqW9PIjbuKyxd/goufHeOleoZpOowIreeQy5GYvj297DDqePflt5tt2vJDUXphHNrTK24QEMs4oaowphP13h6esNtgisWLViIVatX4sQ3Z3DmZDzeWBXEda+BmDjZFQsWv8RKdw3tdq2t++OTTz5BZVUV5r70Eg4cOIzXXlvFSvSECuR9uR0fZnAecQ/CtuWO6Oxg427NV6uggUXbqRba8kGuEKZa9AAzMwmOH09G0KYNiDkUyxnGF76zFyD2cAyCgtYggctrP1XWKSYtAYelxBzLFi2Ek5MDNr//DlN7QMWXOPBJHqrhjslbXsXSvl0EMcret2Nycws6/OV09HyRvII80lgtY4qAPkBft6f1cuVnqcoZMPS1LKrTLawdcUtawOXdZakWKiqryKBBg0hlZfvfAKAgjeXfk7NHfiLSBgXTqkj+fgfSm7OVyfx95OwjvWPU8laLgOFwq6SULPvj0kf7RrJ/zuKPKKavzbWhPp7scqfLecOI7ebTJIcarSaWfDyRah7E6/Qdzp5dI5hPoA302DZvb2/i6jKBLF2xjH9/8OPdO1hua6pI8am5xKs3XUe2J/bh2aQ0ZZYywvUNJ6e6afUoensms4DuoHN8J5JO4F7RPTi4OGCG9wyW0577yI/2w8zXfsT13m7wcMzGd98/C6fDSbj8yvBuAwrBfAJPBsnBqTc9MTP0vjI9OBif5GzHxqe6D3K6jXYFBLrExAn+72/BxtF0Yrg3LALn4A89MB5FaPkE1EAjHuafwalL/WEX4IbxfXq2RiyYT0BnCN2ugM4QzCegMwTzCegI4P8Bh99HOSFPYCEAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> penalize missing brackets or n.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> award mark if continuation bonds are not shown.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>no change «in colour/appearance/solution» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«nucleophilic» substitution<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>SN2 ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept “hydrolysis”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept SN1</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>energy/E ≥ activation energy/E<sub>a</sub> ✔</p>
<p>correct orientation «of reacting particles»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>correct geometry «of reacting particles» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>decreases/less polar <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>electronegativity «of the halogen» decreases ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “decreases” <strong>AND</strong> a correct comparison of the electronegativity of two halogens.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “decreases” <strong>AND</strong> “attraction for valence electrons decreases”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Unfortunately, only 40% of the students could write this quite straightforward half equation.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates gained some credit by suggesting voltaic cell or a displacement reaction, but most could not gain the second mark and the reason was often a failure to be able to differentiate between "what occurs" and "what is observed".</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Even though superfluous numbers (2-propanone, propan-2-one) were overlooked, only about half of the students could correctly name this simple molecule.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Probably just over half the students correctly identified hydrogen bonding, with dipole-dipole being the most common wrong answer, though a significant number identified an intramolecular bond.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Few candidates could correctly eliminate water to deduce the identity of the required reactant.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Correct answers to this were very scarce and even when candidates had an incorrect alkene for the previous part, they were unable to score an ECF mark, by deducing the formula of the polymer it would produce.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Some students deduced that, as it was a tertiary alcohol, there would be no reaction, but almost all were lucky that this was accepted as well as the correct <em>observation</em> - "it would remain orange".</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>About a quarter of the students identified this as a substitution reaction, though quite a number then lost the mark by incorrectly stating it was either "free radical" or "electrophilic". A very common wrong answer was "displacement" or "single displacement" and this makes one wonder whether this terminology is being taught instead of substitution</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Generally well done with the vast majority of students correctly citing "correct orientation" and many only failed to gain the second mark through failing to equate the energy required to the activation energy.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Another question that was not well answered with probably only a quarter of candidates stating that the polarity would decrease because of decreasing electronegativity down the group.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Iron may be extracted from iron (II) sulfide, FeS.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Iron (II) sulfide, FeS, is ionically bonded.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The first step in the extraction of iron from iron (II) sulfide is to roast it in air to form iron (III) oxide and sulfur dioxide.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why metals, like iron, can conduct electricity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Justify why sulfur is classified as a non-metal by giving <strong>two</strong> of its chemical properties.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in this type of solid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electron configuration of the sulfide ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, in terms of their electronic structures, why the ionic radius of the sulfide ion is greater than that of the oxide ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why chemists find it convenient to classify bonding into ionic, covalent and metallic.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write the equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the change in the oxidation state of sulfur.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why this process might raise environmental concerns.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the addition of small amounts of carbon to iron makes the metal harder.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>mobile/delocalized «sea of» electrons</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>forms acidic oxides «rather than basic oxides» ✔</p>
<p>forms covalent/bonds compounds «with other non-metals» ✔</p>
<p>forms anions «rather than cations» ✔</p>
<p>behaves as an oxidizing agent «rather than a reducing agent» ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for 2 correct non-chemical properties such as non-conductor, high ionisation energy, high electronegativity, low electron affinity if no marks for chemical properties are awarded.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrostatic attraction ✔</p>
<p>between oppositely charged ions/between Fe<sup>2+</sup> and S<sup>2−</sup> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup> 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>6</sup> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “[Ne] 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>6</sup>”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«valence» electrons further from nucleus/extra electron shell/ electrons in third/3s/3p level «not second/2s/2p»✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept 2,8 (for O<sup>2–</sup>) and 2,8,8 (for S<sup>2–</sup>)</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>allows them to explain the properties of different compounds/substances<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>enables them to generalise about substances<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>enables them to make predictions ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept other valid answers.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>4FeS(s) + 7O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 2Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(s) + 4SO<sub>2</sub>(g) ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept any correct ratio.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>+6<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>−2 to +4 ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept “6/VI”.</em><br><em>Accept “−II, 4//IV”.</em><br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept 2− to 4+.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>sulfur dioxide/SO<sub>2</sub> causes acid rain ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept sulfur dioxide/SO<sub>2</sub>/dust causes respiratory problems</em><br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “causes respiratory problems” or “causes acid rain”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>disrupts the regular arrangement «of iron atoms/ions»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>carbon different size «to iron atoms/ions» ✔</p>
<p>prevents layers/atoms sliding over each other ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Properties of elements and their compounds can be related to the position of the elements in the periodic table.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the decrease in atomic radius from Na to Cl.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the radius of the sodium ion, Na<sup>+</sup>, is smaller than the radius of the oxide ion, O<sup>2−</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State a physical property of sodium oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>nuclear charge/number of protons/Z<sub>eff</sub> increases «causing a stronger pull on the outer electrons» ✔</p>
<p>same number of shells/«outer» energy level/shielding ✔</p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p><em>Accept “atomic number” for “number of protons”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>isoelectronic/same electronic configuration/«both» have 2.8 ✔</p>
<p>more protons in Na<sup>+</sup> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any one of:</em><br>brittle ✔<br>high melting point/crystalline/solid «at room temperature» ✔<br>low volatility ✔<br>conducts electricity when molten ✔<br>does not conduct electricity at room temperature ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept soluble in water.</em></p>
<p><em>Ignore any chemical properties.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Both vinegar (a dilute aqueous solution of ethanoic acid) and bleach are used as cleaning agents.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Bleach reacts with ammonia, also used as a cleaning agent, to produce the poisonous compound chloramine, NH<sub>2</sub>Cl.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline why ethanoic acid is classified as a weak acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A solution of bleach can be made by reacting chlorine gas with a sodium hydroxide solution.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Cl2 (g) + 2NaOH (aq) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> NaOCl (aq) + NaCl (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest, with reference to Le Châtelier’s principle, why it is dangerous to mix vinegar and bleach together as cleaners.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of chloramine.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce the molecular geometry of chloramine and estimate its H–N–H bond angle. </span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Molecular geometry:</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">H–N–H bond angle:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">partial dissociation «in aqueous solution» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">ethanoic acid/vinegar reacts with NaOH <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">moves equilibrium to left/reactant side <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">releases Cl<sub>2</sub> (g)/chlorine gas<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Cl<sub>2</sub> (g)/chlorine <span style="text-decoration: underline;">gas</span> is toxic <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note:</strong> Accept “ethanoic acid produces H<sup>+</sup> ions”.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept “ethanoic acid/vinegar reacts with NaOCl”.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Do <strong>not</strong> accept “2CH<sub>3</sub>COOH + NaOCl + NaCl → 2CH<sub>3</sub>COONa + Cl<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O” as it </span></em><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">does not refer to equilibrium.<br></span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept suitable molecular or ionic equations for M1 and M3.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"> <strong>[<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">✔</span>]</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>Note:</strong> <span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept any combination of dots/crosses or lines to represent electron pairs.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Molecular geometry:</em><br>«trigonal» pyramidal <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>H–N–H bond angle:</em><br>107° <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong> Note:</strong> Accept angles in the range of 100–109.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The definition of a weak acid was generally correct.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Explaining why it was dangerous to mix chlorine with vinegar was not well answered but most students gained at least one mark for stating that “chlorine gas will be produced”, but couldn’t link it to equilibrium ideas.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The Lewis structure of chloramine was correct for strong candidates, but many made the mistake of omitting electron pairs on N and Cl.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The molecular geometry and bond angles often did not correspond to each other with quite a few candidates stating trigonal planar and then 107 for the angle.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The following shows some compounds which can be made from ethene, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">ethene (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>) → C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>Cl → C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O → C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the type of reaction which converts ethene into C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>Cl.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Write an equation for the reaction of C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>Cl with aqueous sodium hydroxide to produce a C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O compound, showing structural formulas.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Write an equation for the complete combustion of the organic product in (b).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine the enthalpy of combustion of the organic product in (b), in kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, using data from section 11 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the reagents and conditions for the conversion of the compound C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O, produced in (b), into C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain why the compound C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O, produced in (b), has a higher boiling point than compound C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O, produced in d(i).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Ethene is often polymerized. Draw a section of the resulting polymer, showing two repeating units.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«electrophilic» addition ✔ </span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"> NOTE: Do <strong>not</strong> accept “nucleophilic addition” or “free radical addition”.<br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “halogenation”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>Cl (g) + OH<sup>−</sup> (aq) → CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH (aq) + Cl<sup>−</sup> (aq)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>Cl (g) + NaOH (aq) → CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH (aq) + NaCl (aq) ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O (g) + 3O<sub>2</sub> (g) → 2CO<sub>2</sub> (g) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O (g)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH (g) + 3O<sub>2</sub> (g) → 2CO<sub>2</sub> (g) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O (g) ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>bonds broken:</em><br>5(C–H) + C–C + C–O + O–H + 3(O=O)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>5(414«kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>») + 346«kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>» + 358«kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>» + 463«kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>» + 3(498«kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>») / 4731 «kJ» ✔</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><br><em>bonds formed:</em><br>4(C=O) + 6(O–H)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>4(804«kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>») + 6(463«kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>») / 5994 «kJ» ✔<br>«<em>ΔH</em> = bonds broken − bonds formed = 4731 − 5994 =» −1263 «kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>» ✔</span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NOTE: Award <strong>[3]</strong> for correct final answer.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>/Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>2−</sup>/«potassium» dichromate «(VI)» <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>acidified/H<sup>+</sup><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«acidified potassium» manganate(VII) / «H<sup>+</sup>» KMnO<sub>4</sub> / «H<sup>+</sup>» MnO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> ✔<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>NOTE: Accept “H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>” or “H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>” for “H<sup>+</sup>”.<br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “HCl”.<br>Accept “permanganate” for “manganate(VII)”.</em><br></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">distil ✔</span></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O/ethanol: hydrogen-bonding <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O/ethanal: no hydrogen-bonding/«only» dipole–dipole forces ✔<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">hydrogen bonding stronger «than dipole–dipole» ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAASAAAACoCAYAAABAFzOBAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAABCvSURBVHhe7d0NdFNVggfwf8rHwNgqcpaRlHXw0Aq4tsMcmyM76mqAoYyDDCxdjh+zphBGYYYVz3hoazkwi+KoS3JgFV0H2HSAMnvUIZUPmYGyqWUXnQMn4bjCLqa0DiAkuswWSzt8Nrl7X95raWgK1NLcl/T/O+fS9L7XcG968+99eS+5FiGBiEiBDOMrEVHSMYCISBkGEBEpwwAiImUYQESkDAOIiJRhABGRMiYLoFaEq+bDYpkAd6DFqOugNQB3rgW57oDcszexHfHM0g5KN5wBEZEyDCAiUoYBRETKMICISBmTBlAtSmxZsFgs8WWADSUNxi5JwXbEM0s7KF2YNIDscPmbob1RP65c8sOVY+ySFGxHPLO0g9IFD8GISBkGEBEpwwAiImUYQESkDAOIiJThZ0ITkTKcARGRMgwgIlKGAUREyjCAiEiZlAgg7f1GZsB2xDNLOyh1cQZERMowgIhIGQYQESnDACIiZRhARKQMA4iIlGEAEZEyDCAiUoYBRETKMICISBkGEBEpwwAiImUYQESkDAOIiJRhABGRMgwgIlKGAUREypg0gKJoqavFZncxso1P3bNY8lHsfgc1dWdi3ycH2xHPLO2gdGHCALqIcM1yTBvzDLbjCdQ2R6AtXRYJ/QrfPfgSJtl/jopPkzHY2Y54ZmkHpRU5iEwlcsIrnFarsLv2iWajrl2TT5RaIVDoEcGIUddL2I54ZmkHpReTBdA5EfTMEsAs4QmeM+o6uiBC/h3Cu8UvQr060NmOeGZpB6UbcwVQ5LDwFFrV/yVlO+KZpR2Udsz1GlD0z2hsCAPDhyBLZcvYjnhmaQelHQ4nIlLmqgGkLTyXrBLT/1sYdX8O8MVXaI7qVdcj0f193RLDdrSXGBO041qFUtNVA0geoiWt6IYh76F7gOqd2Ft/3qi7Qksdaqp+h0D4olFxY9upYzvaik59O65VKDWZ7BBsEHKnPAandS8qt32CFqO2XcshVCwowqTVQSCrv1HZG9iOeGZpB6Ud+dfDZC6IkG+ZsCNPOFw7RbBZO+0SEc3BncLlyBOwOoXncJO+a69iO+KZpR2UTkwYQBrtupLtwlNaqM2tjaIN/LeFL5jMQc52xDNLOyhdWLR/5EAiIko6noYnImUYQESkDAOIiJRhABGRMikRQGa50pXtiMcrkKmnOAMiImUYQESkDAOIiJRhABGRMgwgIlKGAUREyjCAiEgZBhARKcMAIiJlGEBEpAwDiIiUYQARkTIMICJShgFERMowgIhIGQYQESljsgBqRbhqPiyWCXAHOi1/JzcH4M61INcdkHv2JrYjnlnaQekmJWZAZlk5iO2IxxWdqKd4CEZEyjCAiEgZBhARKWPSAKpFiS0rtupCXBlgQ0mDsUtSsB3xzNIOShcmDSA7XP7m2IucceWSH64cY5ekYDvimaUdlC54CEZEyjCAiEgZBhARKcMAIiJlGEBEpIxFaKcxiIgU4AyIiJRhABGRMgwgIlKGAUREyjCAiEgZBhARKcMAIiJlGEBEpAwDiIiUYQARkTIMICJShgFERMowgIhIGQYQESnDACIiZRhARKQMA4iIlGEAEZEyDCAiUoYBRETKMICISJlrB1A0jMDWdSibkA2LxWKUKSireB+B8EVjJ0NrAO7ctn0SFflzG/YjHDX2J6I+7SrL8kTRUrcFy+f9A1bUho26K1id8NSsgnPszfr34SoUZxdho/5dF6wo9NTg986xnH4R9XFdZkD05BY8ay/Sw8fqgKs6iGaZVUI0Iegth13bKVyBuc9uRp0xo2kNfYYPY7cKUOo7JffV9jdK80F4HHlyWxjV73yEes6CiPq8LgLoT6h9/WVUxCY+U+Ha/hoWTR6NzNi2mzF65i+wxjMr9h2qd2Jv/Xl5oxWnjtWjIVY5CmP+Ut+7XeZw3DH8G/rthkY0M4CI+ryEARQ9+R/4TWVA3rLC7voF5hcM0Te0G4RR4+5FTuz2Aew5dEp+bUXzV42xGmAohmT1N25L2utIG1xYvkK7T3mvRffgzg6biahvShBAUbQE/fh9bPbzAJ780XeMmU9XhmD4kMHyawtOBD/Tq7AGRdkDLr/43C8bttkrUKttsjrx0hybnEcRUV+XIIDO4siBPyCWP9Zcedg0MFYb7zw++6/98Ydb0T/h6MehWE1ieXC43oavtsOL1kTUp3X5IvRVRY9i7zt79duFP8ADuYPkBCiE4EEttrSzXIcRiXvhWbI7sXD+LEwczfAhIl2CABqE7FFj9JvhT3DgyBn9drsz+HS9C0uqtbDJg3PeJOTKe4l+cRQfx6ZN35SHZDfpd5yZh9kvvwCnVd6udWHxu3XyAI+ISJcggPrjtvGFemhgB0oWvYINgbAeHC112O1+BhPnVsQO0azOF/DijJHyTqJoOVGPg9o+uB35I2+N3dJkjHgQP36yQN4Ko3rJRtSeYQQRkUG7ELGzCyLkWybscrO2S6JidawXh5vlgVbMORH0zDK2zRPe0CWjXhcJekRhbJtVyMMz0fZTRNS3dfEa0EBYJ5bj3/zb4SmV0dHOCnvpWnh9QdRtKMbYzLYf73AGLCcXI4fFn2PPyL0PjxZqUypehEhEl13lrRhERL2rixkQEVHvYwARkTIMICJShgFERMowgIhIGQYQESnDACIiZRhARKQMA4iIlGEAEZEyDCAiUoYBRETKMICISBkGEBEpwwAiImVMHEAXEQ68j4qyKZeX97FkY0LZOmxt+4jYmM9RVZwrt81HVbjVqOvI2J7rRiDR5iSLhgPYWlGGCe19kmVCGSq2Bjqsmd+KcNV8uS0XxVWfG3UdtW2fAHegxahTSFv3bes6lE3IvtwnyxSUVbyPQPiisZOkLd2tbSuu0ldduZKxPdcdkD1U7TrHX0r1yXzMGUByQO9f9RQKbOXYM+w5BJsjseWdI6EtmI3NmGErxFNVx1LsA+7lgN7/JuYU2PDTPcOxONikL1kdCcE/G6icYUPBU1U4mWKfFhkNf4hVcwph++leDFtcayzffQEh/9/LTj0NW8FzqDrZIYRSQVqOP5PSPhHRXC6IE94FwgqrsLv2CTmg40WOCq8zTwCzhCd4TlYcF15HTsLPotYZ23Ncwp9oc5JETniF0woB+0rhb/8s7TaX+6x/ZvYlEfLOk33KEQ7vcWOfjtq224XL3+kRSp7238VU2Y7TRuVl7X0u9Iig1uWQVzi0zwZ3eEVI3yWesT3H5Zc9VKWb4y8l+mRe5psBRT/DrjVyOmudjaVP2zqvyppxOwrLVsPrnY1xWanyEtZ51O96GxXhApQufRIF7Z+l3WYgRhQuxCbvG/jZuFuMOvOL1vuwpuIQrKXP4elOy3fLX9WI76Ns0xZ4fzYOWUad6aXl+DMv0z2C0fqP8I625thkG+66OVHzMpA52o6ZM3+IAmuiVVtNqH0hRxvG39X5iRqTORoTZ87E9AJripwZkKG6dyeqkYPJ4+/sYqntmzF64nTMnF4Aa4o8V9Ny/JmY+QKouTG25HNO/kgM06uu0xXr0beXb6Noo76ItDLRP6OxQQ7qBCuGXF0DNhZ9O0GfBiC7aI2xjyqtaG48Jb/GrwN3XTYWIbtTn2TJLsJGYxdVvvb4M3GfzOyqAdTpwezF0nPz4A1d0l/YjSvH4XXkGPtIscUVi9sHS3bxm9jf8UyNdGXbelJ6JgcO7/EEfbqEkHeesY/mDOp2r0JxtvH/Zhdj1f6OZwrN1CfJ4UWoU59kCXnhMHZJzz5F5fDbBXdxvvH/5qN41Ycdzn4m9zmnFdW6DKBkN67t/+ufPQr3y68NB49B+/t6Y51H3btLULjju9iundmInMCmEdswfvYm1BmDoFf63f9bGHW/DMGGehw7deNPxkbrNuOZQh/yt5+Wg/4CQptGYdv4Z7G+7nxs+43uk35/bUt4f46Dx07H6m+ka/XpRkvK+IvW4d1nFmBHvid2tjASWokR24oxe/2nffaMmvmOzG/7KzykLWK424/DXS7jLP861my94nqg6zEIo53vQnzwc/2F4IwReLBoMnKq9+PQl715lcYw5D10j/zqx77DX+lVnWh/HWtRFXc90PXJGO3ELvE+FsVeCB4I64OPYGrOAew5pD+FtL/EN5J+f/1xW969KJQHLLv3HZG/kS7IGWdN1e/irwe6DtfqU6/pzfGXMRbOXfX4YNG9sRe3M6zfQ9HU21G953/wpb5H2hAtDfigcjXcbjferDne5ePUZQDFTSOTVGIyRmHKvJmwhtdj+Vo/Ol1mFz2JmsWzMGbSOhzB4B4maBRnmxpx1joUQ27S7ylRu3pSdIOQO+UxOK0BrFheiUDLlb+OiwjXLMe0MU9g9ZEIenxy5WwTTp0dguFDBhsVN7ZfbTJyJ2GeMw/hFSuxNtA5WKPh3Vg8zY5Jq4NAVnde+0qgl/uklZikjr/zaDrVDOvwIbjJqEnUrt4svaL1j3iv5FFMdCxEyQt+9LttaJePU0+Hei8YiBEzyrGpPB+1JXOxwL0LdcYTNhrejw3lTkx6JQSH51XMT3Dqt3sa4d9VDTz5fdgSnvG4cTJGPIKXNi2DvfY5TFvwGnbXGXMG7SriDUvxxKRlCDpewVvzE5z67ZYozvj/HZVybjLFNtSo6yUZIzHjpZUotx9AybRn4d5dZzxhtauIK1H+RDFeCT4Mz1tzE1x60B1J7FMyx9+ZT7CrUg6/Kd/p4ixiKrqE8M7VeP5XAXn7Tjz+Ly9i7t1dj2gTBpAkD40mvvxbBH1LkH9wEcZk9Ysdo/fLnoH1+Dts8Vfj1/Ivb8+eqNqs400sr/xrvLHwgSQMAG29/aXYHvwAr+d/jOIxt8T6ZOmXDdt6OQi3+BH4dcf19r+eaNiHV5dX4+E35sHey6GqybBOxsvba+F7PR8Hi8cgS+uT5RvItm2SnVoLf+AtOMf27NFNdp+SMv60mdSr/4TKhxdjof0vjMrUJ/7XB1eJNjsEMqc/j2WP3YkB+qbE5DSsT9Kv0k18BW/Kil2lW5D4Ct5UlY59arvaOuFV8Sks+n/iD78s1I7rBDIfFW8duvZvrA8G0AUR2veGcFgLRbnvhEiXX38ktFesdMgnanm1CKVJp9KxT7JTYt9KhwyfZcIXumBUpoOouBj0iOmZMnxwq/jeLz8STVFj01X0sQCKiGb/SmFHnnB6j6ZN+IjmfcJltwqr0ytOpEun0rFP4rTwu6YKWBcI74l0Ch8p+qXwld2nz37GlomdX17fO9/6WACdEr7SAv1BiiuK39TZIxHR5CsX1k59SuU3QKZjn6QmnyjV3px7Zb8Uv1G6u6LnTosvTp+Tc57LIg0bxYzY7OcOMd3z3+KiUX8tFu0f+SAQEV1DK0795z/jJ3NewLaMx+F5z4U5d98CC5oQcD8GW8lOYOwS+D5cholD+xk/c3XmPAtGRCZkweChwzBUS40j6zD3b/8R7x0/D9Hox2892put78D0ksfxN9cZPhoGEBFdp37IvPvHWPGv5ZigXYNw5DX85PnfYM+uzVj7aQtw68Nw/OAap92vwEMwIuqmFtRVLsIjjjWx6310mRi7dAf2vfhgt66p4wyIiLopE6MfL8Or8wuM7zUPYO70cd2+oJcBRETd1/8O/Ki8FLPbPgrqvh9icn73r3jnIRgRfU2X8NUfD6OhMYLB2WNwl/Wb6O4HvzCAiEgZHoIRkTIMICJShgFERMowgIhIGQYQESkC/D9P831owoDWvwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" width="238" height="139"></p>
<p><em>NOTE: <em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Continuation bonds must be shown.<br>Ignore square brackets and “n”.</span></em></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Carbonated water is produced when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water under pressure.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The following equilibria are established.</span></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="517" height="87"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Carbon dioxide acts as a weak acid.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Soda water has sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, dissolved in the carbonated water.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Distinguish between a weak and strong acid.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Weak acid: </span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Strong acid:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The hydrogencarbonate ion, produced in Equilibrium (2), can also act as an acid.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the formula of its conjugate base.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">When a bottle of carbonated water is opened, these equilibria are disturbed.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State, giving a reason, how a decrease in pressure affects the position of Equilibrium (1).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Predict, referring to Equilibrium (2), how the added sodium hydrogencarbonate affects the pH.(Assume pressure and temperature remain constant.)</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">100.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of soda water contains 3.0 × 10<sup>−2</sup> g NaHCO<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the concentration of NaHCO<sub>3</sub> in mol dm<sup>−3</sup>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Identify the type of bonding in sodium hydrogencarbonate.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Between sodium and hydrogencarbonate:</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Between hydrogen and oxygen in hydrogencarbonate:</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Weak acid</em>: partially dissociated/ionized «in solution/water»<br><em><strong>AND</strong></em><br><em>Strong acid</em>: «assumed to be almost» completely/100 % dissociated/ionized «in solution/water» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup> <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">shifts to left/reactants <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>to increase amount/number of moles/molecules of gas/CO<sub>2</sub> (g) <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«additional HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>» shifts position of equilibrium to left <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">pH increases <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong> Note:</strong></span></em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong> <em> </em></strong><em>Do <strong>not</strong> award M2 without any justification in terms of equilibrium shift in M1.</em></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«molar mass of NaHCO<sub>3</sub> =» 84.01 «g mol<sup>–1</sup>» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«concentration = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{3.0 \times {{10}^{ - 2}}{\text{ g}}}}{{84.01{\text{ g mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}} \times \frac{1}{{0.100{\text{ d}}{{\text{m}}^3}}} = ">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3.0</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>84.01</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>×</mo>
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>0.100</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>m</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
</math></span>» 3.6 × 10<sup>–3</sup> «mol dm<sup>–3</sup>» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong> Note:</strong> Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Between sodium and hydrogencarbonate:</em><br>ionic <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Between hydrogen and oxygen in hydrogencarbonate:</em><br>«polar» covalent <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>It was rather disappointing that less than 70 % of the candidates could distinguish between weak and strong acids. Many candidates referred to pH differences.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A poorly answered question, though it discriminated very well between high-scoring and low-scoring candidates. Less than 40 % of the candidates were able to deduce the formula of the conjugate base of HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>. Wrong answers included water, the hydroxide ion and carbon dioxide.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was a relatively challenging question. Only about a quarter of the candidates explained how a decrease in pressure affected the equilibrium. Some candidates stated there was no shift in the equilibrium as the number of moles is the same on both sides of the equation, not acknowledging that only gaseous substances need to be considered when deciding the direction of shift in equilibrium due to a change in pressure. Some candidates wrote that the equilibrium shifts right because the gas escapes.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was one of the most challenging questions on the paper that required application of Le Chatelier’s Principle in an unfamiliar situation. Most candidates did not refer to equilibrium (2), as directed by the question, and hence could not gain any marks. Some candidates stated that NaHCO<sub>3</sub> was an acid and decreased pH. Some answers had contradictions that showed poor understanding of the pH concept.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Very well answered. Most candidates calculated the molar concentration correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates identified the bonding between sodium and hydrogencarbonate as ionic. A much smaller proportion of candidates identified the bonding between hydrogen and oxygen in hydrogencarbonate as covalent. The most common mistake was “hydrogen bonding”.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Carbon forms many compounds.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>C<sub>60</sub> and diamond are allotropes of carbon.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>But-2-ene reacts with hydrogen bromide.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Chlorine reacts with methane.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">CH<sub>4</sub> (g) + Cl<sub>2 </sub>(g) → CH<sub>3</sub>Cl (g) + HCl (g)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline <strong>one</strong> difference between the bonding of carbon atoms in C<sub>60</sub> and diamond.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State two features showing that propane and butane are members of the same homologous series.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe a test and the expected result to indicate the presence of carbon–carbon double bonds.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the full structural formula of but-2-ene.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write the equation for the reaction between but-2-ene and hydrogen bromide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two</strong> differences in the <sup>1</sup>H NMR of but-2-ene and the organic product from (d)(ii).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction, Δ<em>H</em>, using section 11 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw and label an enthalpy level diagram for this reaction.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>C<sub>60</sub> fullerene: «each carbon is» bonded to 3 C <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>diamond: bonded to 4 C<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>C<sub>60</sub> fullerene: delocalized/resonance <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>diamond: not delocalized/no resonance<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>C<sub>60</sub> fullerene: single and double bonds <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>diamond: single bonds ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “C<sub>60</sub> fullerene: sp<sup>2</sup> <strong>AND</strong> diamond: sp<sup>3</sup>”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “C<sub>60</sub> fullerene: trigonal planar geometry / bond angles between 109.5°/109°/108°–120° <strong>AND</strong> diamond: tetrahedral geometry / bond angle 109.5°/109°”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept "bonds in fullerene are shorter/stronger/have higher bond order".</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>same general formula / C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+2</sub> ✔</p>
<p>differ by CH<sub>2</sub>/common structural unit ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept "similar chemical properties".</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “gradation/gradual change in physical properties”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>ALTERNATIVE 1:</strong></p>
<p><em>Test:</em></p>
<p>add bromine «water»/Br<sub>2</sub> (aq) ✔</p>
<p><em>Result:</em></p>
<p>«orange/brown/yellow» to colourless/decolourised ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “clear” for M2.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>ALTERNATIVE 2:</strong></p>
<p><em>Test:</em></p>
<p>add «acidified» KMnO<sub>4</sub> ✔</p>
<p><em>Result:</em></p>
<p>«purple» to colourless/decolourised/brown ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “colour change” for M2.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>ALTERNATIVE 3:</strong></p>
<p><em>Test:</em></p>
<p>add iodine /<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mtext>I</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub></math> ✔</p>
<p><em>Result:</em></p>
<p>«brown» to colourless/decolourised ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept</em></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAIEAAABXCAYAAAAjxyZiAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAAAhfSURBVHhe7Z1NqE1dGMef+85I8pkJkgEpRaIUxUCk1BWZSEwMUQY+imKAxEBhIB8DEgOuGIkMqKvEgIEJA+GaiMuMoXf/lvW87z777PN1797nPOvs9avdPvvj3nPO2v/1rPU861nrDPxJkEil+cfvIxUmiiAiuc3Bly9f5NevX7JgwQJ/5n9+//4tIyMjMnHiRJk9e7Y/2x4/fvyQ79+/y8ePH2XevHkyZ84cmTBhgr8a6RmIIMuBAwcQhj+q5d27d+4a93TChQsX3N+ltxUrVvwZHh72d0R6RVeag4sXL8revXtl9+7d8ujRI3n9+rVcv37dXVu9erW8efPGvY70CC+GGoq0BENDQw3vxwpwbXBw0J+pLknF+K/ctUywnkmz7O/4S1J5GpZ90ky7a51a19JFgMnn/tHRUX+mlsQyVL5J0MrAllhLV7ZabhynhdDOs6HidULT5uDevXt12+PHj/3V1tARfPXqlWsGpk2b5s/Wsn79elm1apU/qh7Pnz93TWJS8yWpKHLlyhU5c+aMvHz5UpIHLlevXpVr1675u8uhqQi2bt1at9G2twueAEydOtXtI/Xs37/f7ek3ZSvK4cOHJbEI8vnzZ3+mHJqKIDEvdRsduyy4jSj61KlTHVmKqoMrjqWkxue524gCi4BlKJOmIiBOkN3w77McO3ZMzp49677I0aNHnRiA+4FrjUA8CAchVQ1iMTB37ly374SBgYG6beHChf5qZ4zbRaTd5yGj1p07d8qJEyfkyJEj/qrIyZMn3Z6HnYW/pT3csGFDJUUwHpLOX92WeBP+ai2U7fv37xuW8bhFgMlKOpiu1vNQnzx54jo5CsKgXaPt44Mo3Hvp0iX3GnPYqONYBZq1+TQZeWzZsqVuo5Odhc480V2sxJo1a/JjMn+dhFracUO4J42eZ8PtS4MPrNfwf3F79DjrAlUNdQXzyoBz2evtPJvEKtQcU/6QWGVX3llyLcHixYtd7cwDVXGNe9IwDkDHkUgg5j2t4KVLl7oooTYNuD38D0zY+fPnKz1+sGfPHrenX5Xl4cOH/3Ucx1JGM2bMkOHhYVf+MHnyZPn27Zt7XYMXw5ghCITiFBTLv1U1RlqjtZtaSrlhSdPWkkigovfmkbUECn+v/y8vMDduEegbqxD0OP3Bm4GIqh4xpOLow01vNJ3pCgZjEQHnCTfTtOQ1B+MWAdDW8OaqNo7bBRHw4doVTT+jVpWtjPJQkbBPU4gIgA+NGeOLdArKReFVg7KihpYFFpYKpp3KRiIYt4uoECjCRRmLq7dx40bnPlZtSPn06dMyadIkf1Q8y5Ytc/tz5865gNzBgwfdOI4G8RQziaYEkwg63b59uxLeAqLfsWOHPHv2rNTvy/sgAGIR69atk+XLl9dXVGcPjECTUBWvgk6flQ5xYc1BEezbt8+ZSKKJ/QxRvJkzZ5oZQjc374AhVdAgSr9B/J7w7c2bN+va5l5hTgQWC6lILIrcVHMAdJJIpiC03G8QSr9x44Zs377dn7GBOREAI2L0avOGn0OGcRIEbm3E1KQI4Pjx485l7Jc8A2IgCJuYiDXMioCRL/oEjKT1A4g6cYFNxkDMigD6xWXEJUTQVrOqzU9ND91lDMHbMS+C0F3GEERsujmAkF1Gqy5hFvMigFBdRqsuYZYgRAD0rh88eOCPwmDKlCkmXcIs5vsEkfIJTgR0FIkdvHjxQp4+fSpLlixx2+bNmzteOaUIcF9v3brlxuv5PGvXrpWVK1c6CxBMXgQiCAXSpNJZuLzWvHy2bo/Pk1Kn788+nSxKvsBYUu16QTAiSAuAxBPNmwNyG/VB6HkegD6Qorb0pJq0AHRyB/D+mngbSt5kMCLQB92oYLUWZpMoy0IfdFoYCkJAIGwhEEyfgCRJBpSSh2wiaMQsYAik+JoSjIuoMN2t1+gUOwaE+oHgRGChx52Ye/+qPwhOBEQO8+hm3oE2R7iEjQgpDyKYPgEx+F27drlZtnlDsgzXsqaSXtd4QpEwE1sFQFyCCCZWIc860YdBJHyuXsQvOiEYS7Bp0ya3Z7GL7MINPHDyDoBUbiij2WBavsLiG0DOQxadSAPTp093e9NgCUKBYBAfmUAMsQLcQebyccz5bvvl6XgAriLxAhag1PhBnvtokaBEADx0Cji78UA0UNQteD+NT6Q3RBDSTKogB5CI1xOr//Dhg8yaNUsWLVrU0+FamqdPnz7J169fZf78+W59oGDGDRKCEQHtLLNsQypcPBmWjIn5BAVAYerKnyHB+kCHDh3yR3YJQgSklpGhE5IVAFxVhGA+I4rmwDJ4BPT+QwUPho5itzutnWDaEuD/42+TWhYqBJdINLlz544/Yw/THUOibWQQlb3Ac9ngzRA0Gh0dNdlJNCsCLbiRkRHzYdd2sCxos80B6x6zOmo/CADIOWQsodEAWE/BElgjhM7UWLDayTVpCegMsmR+aC5hK3AZGeCy9sMg5kSAT41vnbdsez9ANhI/DGIp38CUCCgYIoOhewPNwGUkF8GSy2jKO+gXl7AV1lxGMyKw7ksXjSXBm2kO1CWsggDAkstoRgT379+Xbdu2+aP+B8/n8uXLcvfuXX+mdwSTTxApD5Nxgkh3KV0EdPjoBDVq+4gLcL2qNPv+rcquKEoXAb+XzHyAt2/f+jO1kLvP9arS7Pu3KruiiM1BJIogEkUQSSjdRaRTQx7+4OBg7roCBEz4FdCqeqq67kLeNPefP3+6JNuhoSG3jF9ZREsQKT+phAQR3qbRtCydxlVVmn3/VmVXFNESRGJzEIkiiCREEUTKdxFJGWPuQKPZuUzrZsmXPPexCjT7/q3KrijiUHIkNgeRKIJIQhRBJIogEkUQEZF/ATmAZHsrHMTjAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC"></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>CH<sub>3</sub>CH=CHCH<sub>3</sub> (g) + HBr (g) → CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CHBrCH<sub>3</sub> (l)</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>8</sub> (g) + HBr (g) → C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>9</sub>Br (l) ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«electrophilic» addition/E<sub>A</sub> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept nucleophilic or free radical addition.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 1:</strong> Any two of:</em></p>
<p>but-2-ene: 2 signals <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>product: 4 signals ✔</p>
<p>but-2-ene: «area ratio» 3:1/6:2 <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>product: «area ratio» 3:3:2:1 ✔</p>
<p>product: «has signal at» 3.5-4.4 ppm «and but-2-ene: does not» ✔</p>
<p>but-2-ene: «has signal at» 4.5-6.0 ppm «and product: does not» ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>ALTERNATIVE 2:</strong></p>
<p>but-2-ene: doublet <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>quartet/multiplet/4 ✔</p>
<p>product: doublet <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>triplet <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>quintet/5/multiplet <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>sextet/6/multiplet ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “product «has signal at» 1.3–1.4 ppm «and but-2-ene: does not»”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>bond breaking: C–H + Cl–Cl / 414 «kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>» + 242 «kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>»/656 «kJ»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>bond breaking: 4C–H + Cl–Cl / 4 × 414 «kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>» + 242 «kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>» / 1898 «kJ» ✔</p>
<p><br>bond forming: «C–Cl + H–Cl / 324 kJ mol<sup>–1</sup> + 431 kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>» / 755 «kJ»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>bond forming: «3C–H + C–Cl + H–Cl / 3 × 414 «kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>» + 324 «kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>» + 431 kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>» / 1997 «kJ» ✔</p>
<p><br>«ΔH = bond breaking – bond forming = 656 kJ – 755 kJ» = –99 «kJ» ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[3]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2 max]</strong> for 99 «kJ».</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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Shb04si5q0PBZx0H4w2L14P+cGWDGb0bZpnGHPD7I488si6GR9/6qmnlvvvv78aXWjTFx0Io9vOsLqypgOe6IEx++6jEqJCkUZ+6EkjnyQ9DiVL0VPc888/f1WsaeS7l1tvvbU8/vjjNQTemo/N70svvXRti2fgDznkkIHtsMMOK3vuuWcdVmccu3NWXHHF+nm66aar57a7g5wyx5vXo98MeK4fTQvJ0JJGPkl6HArVvPX2prSlWNutxJOhQ17ZGErerw5sOrMx4hMykipzjrWuO++Zx7/aaqvV9ntt81aJY+C1lQv3WwPeojYm0zGPQlyjnXgez2IYnXH7DLzoQTL0pJFPkh6GcoU2+Zlnnrn2xpaWHlT3EHkl3x555JHaq37ttdeuRjrytxXn2MJYx/cmvpsJz1S4PHiGV9u89MGuO6V4DuXPLHj6Bxifj9ZnStpPGvkk6WFCiepprT1eZydpQ6HIk6Eh8pA3b4paFTVGXtv21BjJKAexDTUqEhtuuGFdDtfQvYwmdYY08knSw1DejLnJUAyhCijYTij2pD3IQ00uvGCT3/CKuyX/PGc0N2hiMIzTCnhp5DtDGvkk6WHC29Mj2/C5UKxCs+nJdwfySbib9ysvtafLR3nYDYbSM3tW26hRo2onvzvvvLMO2UtDP/SkkU+SHoZiBS/QYiTWGg/Fmka+O2AkNbPoVf/Od76zzDHHHON++b+27m5CebQwjjHzf/zjH7vu+buRfMNJ0uMwEmPHjh1YnIZiZehTwXYHKmM2vdL1jtcmL++6sZKm3Bnbryz+4Q9/yIpmB0gpT5IehhJl2HW8szhNGHdpSXcgDy00Y4SE3unyUP51o4H03EYFaHIwEc+LL7447pdkqEgjnyQ9DKVquJLJcHS8C+89jfzIhfFubhDannvuuev4eCFv+deNlbV4XiF7Y+YtiqPSElvSftLIJ0kPw0jofMdjYiCS7kOnSQvI6Jne7U0syiNDv+SSS9aohEVrpPlfaeSHhjTySdLDUKiPPfbYeJ21kpFPGDwG0PBHq8WZFrbbPPdWwqDb60Son4H/5P92ewVmpJJvNUl6HPOczzbbbF1vIPqFZj6Jwtx99911ulmLzTCO3UwYcv9Du7xmJFP1MvLd/t9GKmnkk6THseSo8clp5LsHecXo6U9xww031HXgGfpu93YjQqFfQfQvMP7f/0pPfmjIt5okPQxD8cADD9T5yZPuoOnRamqxJOz6669f55XvdiI0DwvUGE5nbXv/2VwASftJI58kPY723DTy3QNDaOPF63BnEqMFFligJyIxzbC8/7PCCiuU22+/vXYujImbkvYyqJFv1iabn5Mk6R4oUm3ywvWdgr6IjVKPLb4nE6epb2+77bba4U7HSena6LsZhjyGANrrZ2D8vw54ydAwqJGXCSGUzUKXJEl3IeTLk++kHIf+sG+GYbPd9fXxzuhdlTMzFWqPtySs99lr3i4jrwJqLvtkaBhU4qLGrcAlSdK9MBazzDJLx2Q5DHx8jrZkaZ2saHQz3hMvXqVo/vnnr/rY517TxzPNNFNtitDvQC/7pP0MauQtIHDLLbfUhS3S0CdJd2JWsRdeeKEOoeuUgW0aeEOktLnySH3PcP2k4R16b2YpNB2x753Kv05jkp9HHnmkbkn7meY/Bec1JYcgPvjgg+Ub3/hGef7558uyyy5bxzTazzrrrHXx/6hVOt3xF1xwQV10wHSFkC5Mp5LQb70m/V/hNd6TVb+8C5WmWPbTAhMRfqOAX3311XqedD1OoVYb8zobOmO+Z1DaMa7UsWrCrukalm70WXrkkWdxb3vfPRPc+5lnnqnXlua735PeQkWdTP7+978vK6200rjUoSUMubKoZ/8xxxxTh/HpZLX88svXPT0y/fTTD+iQKMOXXHJJ/W3NNdes15EeeqTb26MnB+3UBx10UFlvvfXK1ltvXaMh3of34H3ZrCkv3Tsi+y+99FL9TlfQAY6XZnOMNDpGuvNDJ8kH+gI6+9FJwucnnXRSfQaVDHlD9ziXnnBve989K30WC+dMjh7xHCJNe+21V9lqq63KJptsUp81aH7udbzLwP9u13+foJGXZFNwhFGuvfbacvHFF9fMWGKJJcoOO+xQPvjBD1YD4UEUAL+HkVdwFDbHH3rooXVxjCa9nHHazBhhgrHLLruUpZZaqgrBd77znfou9ZRVmClcQnbWWWfVISTe184771xXmYpetT/72c+qgttggw3K5ptvXq9/4YUX1nftncuDD33oQ1XA7rnnnvKDH/ygPPXUU2WRRRYpe+65Z53rmgd11FFHVSUr73bbbbcy++yzD1Ti3G+bbbap1+gngeoXzj777Fp29LAXFu0EYQiUXWVKZVXZv/zyy8uVV15Zy6J25u23374aMUaGvnnllVfKpZdeOmDkpbkW/XH44YfXRVr6Ae+O7iXLhpgdcsghZeGFF6565Igjjqh9LIwxp0foW0b8hz/8YV3VzbukR1ZZZZX67rzPM888s173Ix/5SNl4442rrhEl+N73vld1Ff3CuNIBFo059dRTq5Gn348++uiy4IIL1ogMHTZ69Oj6TPKObhszZkw9RsRh1113rfrP9ScVzyifv/71r9fvX/rSlwYqHJicCkO30zEj72tcnNApUNdff305//zzaxvRvPPOW3/fbLPNamFSO3RO05Nvnq9Q2PcDkTEMsNo04bD3nVFVQyYAlK3OJow5hUd4QXgirEqoVJJkvE5TsUwohffEE0/UipR0lQnpIi7y6pe//GVdd/qwww6rgkcBuLc9BfCOd7yjRhfkiR6tvHjXIEyRb0nvQAHvs88+1QPkaXUCZVZ5UkbtfVfJuOmmm6oeEV1Q5vyukqoyrGy2GnnnhTz1mx5hLL07e7IvYuc9kFmGmR6hX3jU8H7pBscvvvjiVe+EPHvP0ukV+/ge0T3HRZ45Jt572ILYpDvP3m821/jFL35RrrnmmrLvvvvW/gNx3qTiGuecc04tGxwP+jGeZ3Ku0+34z0G883YwnpGPjy6uwJx++unVa1RgzDO87rrrlmWWWaYakuOOO66cdtpptaA5vjVcLy0yqknjdj1NFHRb8z/7jvg9PrcSaXGMvfcZ3wPHhXBC3vD2v/rVr1ZF2ry2c5v3bD239dpJ97P33nuX73//+wNNOZ3I4yinypUmoTPOOKN68dLpD16jyqYmBB6c3y1Wwog1w/WUfxinfsT/jvfYlNNWQs9G3sb7b+b1hHRHEPdxTBh/310zrh3nx7PEd47KT3/60/Lb3/62HHjggWWuueYauN6kEBUNlZf99tuvltdoVnKNSb1OL+CdBu387xOMhXjxPEnTDW677bbVoP/P//xPWW211WrNcZ111imf/exnqzcaNbsm8XAyr5V4+F7f/Hf71v8ctH5u3Zwf17Ch+T22eMfxPRRBCFpcJ84NJnRu0nuI7kT0rVM0yxVnQURKSPjEE0+sbbwrrrhibbZaY401yhe/+MXafDQhWstnv20hs6/3Huhg+yDOaxJpE9riN9eBfdyzuY9j4TMi3cZuTCmikqKYd9xxR63sxTWTqef/cqwFL1dNWy1bu+7JJ59c23vVttTcZMgWW2wxMMFGZHySJCMLTTsibJ0kKpj29Ih2Vv1EtBsff/zxdcEVekTzwZZbblmNfHiGSX8R5US0WD8NTTn6cEizJVPPoNbZNIO8d6E0AqjNRw9InTLUtFIok2TkIxqn01ZrtG0oCQVNP+gLoLPYKaecUp0Bw6SEdb/73e9WQx9K3m+p1PsP+W+T/6uvvnrtXNkvHSw7xXhGPoQTOlJ42Ya/MPbf/OY3616bb3TwQArmyCLysJmXSf8gzxl0m45qQuXRq75TlfIw3J7ByBE96xl6/UTstbtKp18cF5HALK/9C3uinOqPcfPNN9ey0Kny2uu8xpOPmpWQvB6dPHo1bgpD5x0her2zo90kSZKRR3jN0AGz04Th1twnFGv0B8VNj+gdrm+PkTnQlqtCEOck/UVUCpUJzTqG9/XLSIpOMEGp8tIpBjXwT3/609Wb1z6/xx571OFYQm96cMdkLVkDT5KRA2PJcPKUGU/zg0vrlJyG0rbXVCDyp6Ouse4HHHBA/XzffffVpj89syl0x3rWpD9RXozLN/b+ySefrE5k0h4maOS9cOETvel1jjHJgrY9w18I7Y033lg7z0Rti4AmSTL8kF0bo65nPYbDk/cMoEf0pjcfg3k2GHfDcY3lNuzKJE7RNp+efP8R5VX+23jynEeju5L2MN44ebV/IT4TtBA4AmpziFq2zyatMOGBWpewvYxxHs++dTKcpPOYmOKiiy4q+++/f23jyrzoL5pKUwe3mJqavKIT5YE+4I2J+tEj7hl6xGe/C82aY8OkLjbHCeO3zniX5XdkIm8gL82op8Kmz5ao0dTkG+Mu2mMmxI022qiv8r8ZyfK/2/XfxzPyPPMf//jHdTpVuEncmBCqcZvD/mtf+9p4s2c5ZkIz3iWdJ418f0OcKV4V8B133LF2oNXshk55yu4vDP+jH/2ofg8DL90zCMWaw14ToH4/fgv9YvKtNPIjnzAb7TbyrscG6f+lWaef6IiR91Gt3wsGwaMs4AF8txnXGoJr81t68iODNPL9DVmU55QlT0jok6EH2e0EdIJ1GaKznY23HmXRc/gceiQw9fKvfvWrNPJdgLxBu4288mvdDptIVNiffmCojPx4Ui9zhNG04THY5lqPaVLPPffcupgKA2I1osjIENgkSYafUL72JsKhdIP4bahxH5E+M+3RIzx3kT6bSiijICwfHXcpN+d0qhKSjFyUA1Pjml9BRdH32JIpYzypitqDTUe7L3/5y7VnvVWQzFPPO/zjH/9Ya99p2JNk5EEuKUQyGquVhfHslKJs6gYVDR6eFcwOPvjgGsLnoV1xxRUDXnzonCRRJlQOwchHBTCZciZYdfZijVXkyRNI7fCGv5hnWi9ZqxglSTLyCGMp2sYb4smTZ1snDWncyyI0mv84CCuvvHLdmxRHqD6Vd9KKciqabFNJzejO1POaN+glw8vlBeggo11Ez1frjltvmPJIkmRkwsA+8MADdW/Iq/1wKEtGnD4xsRYDb71yToLVLM3El9OXJq1o42dvNPNY4pzdifRkyhhP8ikD4RIKYbnllqs1cGE1i0wI2xuOo3NMzFSVJMnIIrxjRt5n447hcyc9Z/eiTxj3v/71r3UJWRWOb33rW+Wwww6ruoW3liRNognHPAp33XVXNfJhlzpZfnuJQav3Ot9ZPYqB33nnnetEOAy8eafnmGOOcUclSTKSoBBhvgtKcWp7O08JcT+b9lVD5d7+9reXPffcsyyxxBK1ue8LX/jCoEvMJv0LB1P5MReLjpkqiEEa+SljUCPvZZtiUG17zJgxZf311y+f+MQnBpaFTJJk5EER2kxGY+KqMKRhdDuJECs9IprAMTC73YYbblg+/vGPD/QVSJImyq5yYRilsmN582YTcjL5DPrWtLt/73vfK5///Odr71g9Y/WyP/HEE6tHnyTJyIMhpyh58rxonylHirJTRj7uI8Sqh7RlZU1s8pWvfKUcdNBBdTKtY489NvVI8hqUU+XGDI1zzjlnrRgagpmdvaec8Yy8FxybCTRMTEEwtcdbatYykZ/61KfKdNNNN+6MJElGGuSXkTdtbHg/0dbZKcIju/baa6se0fTHaTBKx57RtzpdkjRRXpUdNkYTsdkazcSqM570ZPIZz8h7iTY1cUtEUhJCbUsvvXRZdtlla097nWf6aRaiJOkmyC+DbiGYRRdddFxqZ2HcherpEWF6My/SGxamsdEjni3Dr8lgKMOai5966qna9BTlKZl8XuPJ601vLOsZZ5xRbrrppjo23rhW2z777FNOPvnkOgY3SZKRB0XI8xk7dux4s911EhWN3/zmN1VnnHPOOXUVy2aoXufdDNcnEyKcTHtDL43kUmHNCuGU8xpP3tAWY1gpCisBaRexHrQ0PR1jStukN5G3E8rfSJ/QNiFUGIPBzon96zGpxwWTe3wv4b+TVfvhWGIWlLS2eB127T/4wQ/WqUp955nRJ9pZ0zMbWTTlplWGfLeR69bj2mmAw8DbzzbbbNXQP/zwwwPpyeQz3gI1MtC4RDVsHR0IKCPvBVshyu8E1TCYZnuaUEquQjcymJoFauQvgbWPz84PAYtrRZHx3XFoCnrzd2Uj2oOlN4pbPXdiTT+t92lVJtKazxSfY9+PeN8mEXnf+95XLrvssrLOOuuM+6VzyBf6g8MgX+gTo3QiHxl402YLx8YqdH7jWBhPnwvUDB9NmULr99Y8kc9WLW3XAjVNlGX9wVQKDcPk1fdyefCuA/+zXf91PK3pojLNOtAWpBFeu/HGG8sdd9xRJ9ewfKTwvVBg0nvI/xBqhtmewNrgtyiI0uLYwWry8Tthjc+x4fU6g8VxgykNafFszev2M/KCJw+V7uHAM3AWHn300Rqu32+//WrF48477yyjR48uZ599du2Ix6tPRg4ho2jKPfmN9NhLC0IntBv6QRm2/kFzvHwyeYynnWWW5SF55T//+c/L1VdfXdf2PeWUU8pxxx1Xbr755rLZZpvlJBY9ivznTTUFGDyxEHSbzyqD8T2UQRAKQtMO4YxzQxm4h3LmGhPDNZzr+NZ7BK7r94g+Teh5+g09kr0HHWeHA/ks70WUOAbXXXddOf300+viND/4wQ+qHvnIRz5Sp81ORg5k6Omnnx6QIxU1fbD0n4jpZaXz2g844ICBcjZYJX9qIcc6bIr8qBy6VzL5jJc7Mks7nlAv426ZWWPjdZoRLrFYjfnrcwhdd0JobJQwQWZoGUjfpYvQmHJUeExabCp4BBvOu/LKK6viht9jH8bV5xtuuKEOt9x+++3L8ccfX5U+IRWmVY5MiGJlMj1nm9eI68ReBOnoo4+us1+5t3SGP86RdtJJJ5UjjzyyKqlmuuNi6ydE4swYZqzxcCCf9arfd999q3E///zzqx7xnXHQ+W7bbbcdtudL/g/y1dzkkzziOfvOuIrAXHXVVQOyJ51xZxueeeaZ+n0ojS8jr/lGmXavkO9k0nlNuN5LtJCEDg/a3/faa6/yuc99robpP/3pT9c2Em1tSfcR+UtYGHRrEVg6OGCIRW/s4Xh9MRhsxhlWJrz88strfw2oGDrOFkJ499131x7UDPP73//+cvHFF9fokAmWGHj3sLLhhRdeWMuT+1EicZ2mUX722WdrBcO1he9CqdjgPKNAjMfmbcQzeC6b70PlaYxE/N/WdeSHgygXOtwJyxuZY+lqemTXXXetlUllKRk+QoYgL2699dZq6MNDt5E5/a+UK0afPmAf9LEI2Roqw+v67mM4t8539ELcb6ju2YuMp/28VBnrBQqp8d7NmvXe9763KuVVVlmldrrLBWq6lzB4lnEUilNTl+/yXN7zrghxGFQd43SOmnbaaesxJlkR0ltsscXqd8eEUXZtRlctX/qhhx5a5yjntQvdWnZU/w6RIW2yNl6CITKBiqVzVSoYeNdU3txLG69mpKhwOM4zezbP7XOMDPH/GLt+m0Qj3kGsyT1cyDfPcsstt9SKnQ68FqtZccUVy+qrr14nOkk9MryQqZB7cmmdEh2ndd5VYZbOwN92223VITCREZk+66yzasV8qCO67k92tctbsTCdyynjNS6OlyrjKUnegNC92anUwHlnW265ZQpnlxLGzp7Q8LJ//etfV+NJoChmBlJTzfe///1ywgknlB/+8Ie1Zh8CrVzIf4In3K/NnfAxyDY1fV6B49XCXdMc6o5jdBlk4Tf3s+woZSJk77vncE/RBeFdtXeVjThf711GHioW/ofr21RMcOmll9ZOo7fffnsN4ffbcqbeCSM/3J486BEVOFFBFTsL1NAlvHrNfpFnyfAQFTHyq83bJEU77rhjjdxpsgvIuXxUETDNrIo4whEYKkInLbTQQvUZm0uc+y2ZNF5j5OPFWupPLe68886r4VATWthkcr+1cfYShJJRFUo3eoLwGGpFIct3eSuPY7PcIyFnnIXojbZYcsklq3FW6bNCoc3iRTx2YXnt8DxrXjxjreOm4ymRNdZYo96XZ6BN3nO4p+gAL2HUqFG1gkGw3Yci4bnvtNNOtTw6x4pmntUW/8k1lF1RpzPPPLMqKekMfTQ/9APep/wark53QZQnEUAVPpEcXr0KnIiOsqVCmAwf5MMmTC+vROcMvRQeF2EjT2RHBEa/Gn1fdJxUUVNB85tjhsrgejbXFmGw50QoV8nk8RojHxBMGSljeVA2bWp6yFLYSXfCGKqpM5TG0ZvwiOfOiyZUDKnw6re//e3a4e2oo44qK6ywQu3UpkLAq//ABz5QvXDhdusZWNeAMbdWuOgAA0MZCMsqQxtvvHENm0dnrF122aU2AWy11VZVoRitoWONpgPfhQfXXnvtGjFQuSDcKg0MGKNP0BkI/8UWHoV0HUe1A1Ncnlv7fz8N1Yr/OlxT2gbyA/LNpmlIpzuz4NEjOnOmHhleyIsKIZkWpieTmlV48/q4+F0+ki9yTOZVwn0mf81K9lCi6YlMi1DFPZNJ5zVvTMaqNQnHEkjCGIvTUNy5QE33Il+FzAm23teM6EYbbVTb0XlX8DkgUM5hSCGkJwTPWBN8NWwbr1vkx56S4K2pJJiIRXkRalehcB3lyDWka99X3giwiVHMjKY5QN8P46t5CgwBj56XL/Su+UCaCoVKgefQPOA5ce+991ZlwCNh4DfddNMREbruFHo8w/seTuSHvI1QvWYYeSiyYlU6USAVymT4IDvkTQWfbFrWVdRMc5rPwvIq5zrcxaRV9ENUrqUz8CF7Q0FUNDgOmu+a+imZNMYz8l6ontEyWAEIb8/iNMstt1ytkfOyZG7SnQi3a3dnKBn8GWecsU4fqR07PKsQrBBe+c2QOld5UKOPCgB8drzzpFHsv/vd78oee+xRO28y2FtvvXW9j7B89LIWFeLNq3B4Dr2uVQg+9rGP1eOEdF2T18AzFbLXKUgkwtA6xsI4bG2FPBGVB01Km2++eY0AqMRoQlBu+wXvT14M5xh0BkBkRv7pT6Hyx2mwOI0Od8oHPZOe/PBDdul6aw1otrNpf19ttdWqDK277rplgw02qJ/JNmOvQq9vljyVRkaHCmXZ89E7MdzWPaUnk8YbDhBDGwfPSXiWN8Sb0garDTQMvMVr1MiFeIV2Ai9cxYCS5TWF8k86j7zjcfNko4NbQPn6jYFUe6dofWcMedMrrbRSPUaljtENARamtxqhCI52dUY5jHxc3z7S3FeZcQ/euvZ64XdhPvcQdpcuLLjFFlsMRIacZ1wsg84YhBJRKdErm7FQ4SD0H/7wh6tCElbULLD77rvX8xkQYXpNANrno5d5PGevo5JjyKLKVbMi1klUyiwnq1Joelr5J/KiDNEb0iPSo8IIz6nsCR3TNdGnoF/ybTigt8kJWSVv9mTfRn/QCSJ1fiO7UZkXrSOPKu2+m8mQrOtvE3ahHfnm2q5D3jUX6htGj/iOXisb/m/gv7Xr/43nycfL5LVFhup4Rfjgu89+S7oPhUYF7fOf/3zZbrvtyg477FB7OetvoX2dQfzkJz9Z28UdK78Jt450DOb6669fPeZmYZwQyofKgCE3+nRssskmA+E+1xaq1bmOx60y4XpRqEWP3JNBYLS1sfPwVUQc+5nPfKZez1BOofuf/OQndQRIVAgi0uB7pPUT5j/wv8ny6+XTUOG+vHSbSqKNHmH85QcdEpW1ZPgI2WCYJ7Tx3ski2Qt7IC+lq5hLG2r5cn33pAeUmaHu7NeLvCZcTxk329x9jhdKKGV60p3IR16SiAtDSJDV5IVUGVBCK79bla9z/OY4vJ6AKUeOcbx7UQoUhLJl73ruH4Yf0m3Os/kMz+L4gMLxjH7ntTPqOgO1Eufj9Z63lzCqQEUp3uVw4L7yzabcoDUPI/ybDB/KiDwaLB9UxprlyOfIz+Y5Q5WPruueNvrJs+oz0Hym5PUZz8h7cTI2XmBkKKUtnWD6nHQn8tUmX20h4LGP35rHDPZ5YoRybx7PoPse92r93db6HJHW+rt963VatzgnvvcqoQTJJ/Su16wB6cOB9x2KOPSFvID0yJdkeAnZaJWV2EL24nvzc5w/lLh+lB+2R/NAzHyXdmjSeY2Rh+UehXDNMa0H88EHH1w/C7HqmT3UmZskyaQRskgBM6DC9fpMSB9OOXVvoxvMiaB/wDXXXFN71+tpr5+PiU1SjySvh4pG7DX16SwcFfxk0hjPyHt5hjGZwEJPRuOTdaagOHSUEh41JCmHviTJyIFXE14740kZDqenQ4+YL0EnS3qDLllrrbVqeypPjP740Ic+VJuLkmQwIhoUm07dylJ68pPHNP95kQMxPS9O5xgdHJov2EvlKdhrW4ueloF0M53p8KNjlnOS4cEQM7OL6YymvTrzordpGniQPyNk9GqX90057RSehx7Rqz7wLNLjWT1X9P8IXeN4UUQdLj1/pCcjj8hHut8MkxaREv1liNuVb3EPKOdG0riX6BCHs9fKRrPi4r+16/+NpwEInk4xatg6TNnr8BCdtAhfdMJKkmT4CWVgI5cmDDL8LIzncOBZOAJ0Rmz0iD29YouOVEkyGM2yrazoJGxYt5D9cJXtbiStdZJ0MRRg7M0GJlxvuBGvICvjSS9hgifGnpGPcp+8PqkFkqSLidCoPeXXHLKY3k7SS+jLYbisESSaCZJJI418kvQAPHdGXpMa0sgnvYYmIMPodOZs9vdIJk4a+STpYsKYC83reazdEr5nuD7pJZRnU+oa7aVtPpk0UgskSZcjXG/j4VghkFdvS08+6TXMAWGlRfO1JJNGGvkk6WKaHZCs/MbTCaOfnnzSa1gBTwXWaovJpJFaIEm6HAZdRySrC8YSswx8rr2d9BLKufHxhl9a9S4jVpNGGvkk6XIoOQowOt75nCS9iDUwlHEL1WTnu0kjjXySdDHhxfPcGXkd78LIZ7g+6SVUZg0Ptc79008/XV588cWs0E4CqQWSpAcwjawOSbycDF8mvQiDruJqlUVl/aWXXqppaegnThr5JOliGHSzgGmP1z6pTT4UX3rySa8hXL/wwguXF154oW7RLp8MTmqBJOkB7r///mrYhTKTpFdRqVXGVWyt0xAV2jT0g5NGPkm6mFBwxsj7HJPhJEmvEc1QVi80fbMyr5kKyn4yYdLIJ0kXE4rPbHc6JVF+SdLLCNmb3tYwuhwm+vqkkU+SLiY8GEbebHfZDp/0Mso7T17fEz3sjSzJjqYTJzVCknQxFBzDLnRpys9UeEmvwsAr3yJWllM2f/2rr76aofrXIY18knQxYdRNaavXcZL0Mso7712F1jj5WKgmK7eDk0a+x1CrzZptf6Hj3cMPP1yNfOZ9MlwwtGFs43M7ja9riVrZa5P3+fHHH6/lv5336TXSyPcYUdizbbY/kM+GEumANO+8845LTZKhhZ6JDeFcNCuZ7a5wxvXsrS2vbf6xxx6r31PfDU6+mR4khCFrt/1BKLp55plnXEqSDD086DCwrTrHXli93biu+zHwM8wwQ/nLX/5S0+L+yWtJI99jqOG++c1vrpNFJP2BOevxtre9re6TZKgxpaz2cO3ijL3NgjHSnnvuuTp+vd06KCoQDDodZzSJHvbS47fktaSR7wF0uvrJT35SzjjjjHLFFVeUe+65p5x99tnlpz/9aTn99NPreFJCQBCT3kKeWpGLd7PggguOS02SoeWWW24pu+66a9luu+3K0UcfXS655JKy++67l2222abuTbPcbuOrjEdYfqaZZqrNU9aVFzFIT35w0sh3OYRIDfrYY48tO++8c91fffXVZd999y077bRTOeigg8o//vGPelwISNI7yFNG3kx3FF87lWqSDIZOnkLmF110Ubn11ltrB7jLL7+8XHrppWX66acfaDoaSsfC9LYiCfRflvvBSa3f5Sjciy66aDXwxo/qgKVm+/LLL9dw2Q477FBXbcqabm8i/0Vq3v72tw9JG2iSTIi555677LjjjtWY0y1R9pZccsny8Y9/vM68KH0oHQuVDM0CdF0yOGnkuxxCRJg+/OEPl2WWWaam+W5bccUVy7bbblungcRIqe3Gc/RC7dt/iG240LueVxP5niRDjXK2wgorlDXWWKOWfQ4FJ2PzzTevege8+KEsj4y8ykWvrCvvP3iX7a4YpZHvcqJQjBo1qnz0ox+taQqLmvQee+xRa9qOkTYSBCGehQLwuZu3+A/xXocyNDkY7s2TN83nUHpNSdIKHbPpppuWWWedtZb9d7/73VUHMb7KYjggQ4VmAQ5MNEd28xa6BO3WI6kVupymwVx33XVr6F6tesMNNyxrr712rV2HoEUhGm6ahdizdfOGeK/DYWSFK5966qk6A1iSdAoetHK/6qqrVo+ewdU0uMgii7TdSA3GW97ylvoMmignJJvdtCEqRe3W09P854JTfUUZfsEFF9QhPO9617sGHjoZemSfzTuXD8cdd1w599xza4e71VZbrR4TBcd+uPMmKiRGBIwdO7brvU/vnLJhZM3C1en3e99995UllliinHnmmdWLcv9ue6dRNnWg0kubZ7jmmmsOpCcjD+VeOWNg5ZnOd7vsskuZc845OzZ8d/To0WX//fcv66+/fllqqaVqeelmvDcjZJT/MPjtII18j2GMqk1eRFv8SEJx430ef/zx5Q9/+ENXG3nlnJKbZZZZasfH5ZZbriNln7y5j+2yyy4r6623XrnhhhvKyiuv3JWyF8Y8jXx3QgZU3skyQ9WpPDMm/7TTTivXXXddjSSQi25FWecsqCgtu+yybX2PaeR7jBC2KPCdqlVPDoqcpVG1pXWzkQ8jZK+3sbbITpT9yGP7E044oey22241ZN+tS83Ge0wj3/3IM3RKDugQs96hm8uK90Zn60MVeqRd/yeNfI+h4Mf7H6n5EM+o6HW7kbfFe+7U/+E5qby5n2aZgw8+uM5AFmnd9k7jHaaR707kU+RVp/OrKQvdrEvY0Hh+n9vpyXfvW0kmiIKhwIMxHWm0CmMoiG7c0BTETioZ95W/hs+JIkRakgwHUfaasjHUuE9EKkPvdetGdzQdtHaSRr7HUEgUmNiPNKIQN5+zV7ZOEgphzJgxdXpP/S9CWSRJJ2mVA1snmNB9u30j1+2W4dQISdJlhBKwN0e43vXCltEPI0mSJEgjnyRdhho/1PpNhGPaYgbfxptPkiQJ0sgnSRfC0BtCZN5uU9oy8GH8kyRJgjTySdJlRPudZTYZd1PaJkmSTIg08knSZURI/plnnqmf55tvvrrPUH2SJK2kkU+SLsWEQjx6y8ymgU+SZEKkkU+SLoNB15OeJ2+WO6uBIcL4SZIkQRr5JOlCtMUz8maZDBj49OiTJGmSRj5JugwG3vA5CxGZ65phl5bj5JMkaSWNfJJ0GWHUw5NPDz5JksFII58kXQaDzpM3hM469tEW385FLZIk6Q3SyCdJF8KYW2JTz/okSZLBSCOfJF0GAy9cbwhdGvkkSSZGGvkk6UKE7IXrrUCXJEkyGGnkk6QLsercCy+8UOacc85xKUmSJK8ljXySdCFjx44tM8wwQ11HPkmSZDDSyCdJl6Fn/ejRowfGyCdJkgxGGvkk6TJ0vHvwwQfr6nNp5JMkmRhp5JOky2DkH3300TLjjDPWsfFJkiSDkUY+SboQRj473SVJ8nqkkU+SLkOI/oknniizzz57huuTJJkoaeSTpMsQrmfkR40aVT8nSZIMRhr5JOkyeO8PPfRQmWuuuWpP+yRJksFII58kXcazzz5bl5ll5NOTT5JkYqSRT5Iu47HHHqtz188222zjUpIkSSZMGvkk6TK0xwvZzzrrrOnJJ0kyUdLIJ0mX8cgjj9S2+OxdnyTJ65FGPkm6jIcffrjMPPPM1ZNPI58kycRII58kXQYjH+vIZ7g+SZKJkUY+SbqMMWPG1HnrGfg08kmSTIw08knSZeh4N++889bPOU4+SZKJkUY+SbqMP//5z9XIZ3t8kiSvRxr5JBnh8NZtjDoD/89//rOG65Hh+iRJJkYa+SQZ4TQN+QMPPFCN/Tve8Y5xKUmSJIOTRj5JugAz3PHmzVnP6C+66KJ1n23ySZJMjDTySTIZ8KJbt2b6UBDG/A1veMPAlLZvfetb62/SkiTpLlp1B8j4UDS/pZFPkslgQkIY7eVDIaBN3EfP+jnmmKNMO+20NW2oKhZJkgwt9MW//vWv+pkcR4W93dG5NPJJMhmEABLK2EBg//3vf9fPQ4V7mNJ2vvnmS+OeJF1MyK+oXOiRodIfaeSTZDIIgbz//vvL1VdfXV566aWBNAI7VESU4MEHH8xOd0nSA9AZ+thceeWVVY+EJ9/uiOAbDvgP4z5PMR7qjjvuqEtfzj333ONSk6Q3YcxffPHFctJJJ5Xf/va3Zc455xyv3IfRb6ewvvrqq7WmT8ZWW221Mv/889fncI92K4VOE+/K0ECVmDe/+c1lwQUXHPdrkvQeyjzokVNPPbX85je/qcNiLTpFFtrpMEzzn5tNddxPCPOcc86p82m/853vHJeaJL0HcVHe3/jGN5Ynn3yynHnmmWX06NFlzTXXLOuvv34ZNWrUgNFql/F1PW137unevlMC8RzdTKgf7+qVV14pF110Ue1z8J73vGfgPSZJrxGyq+L+17/+teqRu+++u6yzzjplo402KjPMMMO4I6eethh5D/qLX/yiLpzBo2nDJZNkRBJGRxkXXpt++unLr371q2qctttuu7LffvuVGWecsQpxu2rjrgX3ZOxdN0J78RzdSlNX+J+XXHJJueWWW6onnwY+6VWibNvb3vSmN1VvXvn/xCc+UXbbbbcy00wz1WOmlrZ58k8//XS59957qxJK4Ux6HWVcWPmFF14o5557bvn1r39ddt1117LHHnuU6aabrlZ822l8w7g3Ibqeo52hvU7Tqn7oER6NdHoldUnSq4T80iMvv/xy1SMM/Wc/+9my1VZbVQeiHbTFyLcyVL0Ek2S4IZTKt1CbSq12+b/97W9VKFddddXylre8ZdyRydTCyA+BekqSYUe55gSovOt8d/LJJ9cK7g477FDe9a53VQPfrgrukBj5JOlVQlzuueeecsopp5RVVlmlrLHGGmXmmWeuQpueZ5Ikk4JKrGmqTzzxxNoHhR6ZZZZZ6m+icyPayGe9IelVlG0C+Oyzz1aPXm9YewLZTsFMUo8kvQ0jL0yvh71RM/SHtNAjI9rIdzNeh5fb3DeJ9CZxnE0GxTGtbYqt58U5rcfEec301rQoDM5v0nyGJpHuvLhnXMs+jh/s/DgWcX4c0/wN0uM6DKB985jmfxnsfwRxXhw33MR/81zxH+N70n+0ltso0/E59s0yE+lxbjPNvlUmmr83ies1aR4Xv8VxcZ3mOU2ZivQJyZrzIj1kOmheMz7bo/kZ8T2OD6S5vn3r7/E5fmvSvF7rHq3HjzSazyl0HyF8zYHtevY08i14HdpYn3/++frZppejMIqXHsLXLEjx3RYCHkLQFJi4XhyLOMc+rhe/x7Wa320KQlwnjol7tJ6HuG6kqzn+4x//qPOfx7WC5jM43j6uE9/dKz43iWdC3Cuei2IwRMp7NURKIXa83+O81vs1n6uZniQjhSjnyqqyrSOmcmrMP+9MMw6aZTfKtbQo+yAj0eTTLPs+x/eQp6Z8tR4b8ulaTZnyW+zjsy2Ia0ZaHAO/GerFAJkXovmcfovnar2HdN/jOVqPkd7UZ2im+WyiGJvhqXGf5rHNd9C8R7wHxHkjmXhW+B/xX6aWNPItmHTku9/9brn00ktrwSB4OkFssMEGZdttt63Do1oLVNCabh9prb81C3IcF/s4Nmj+bmvWpOO3VprHN3+/8cYby7e+9a0yzzzzlIMOOqj+N7+HQMQ58Rk+N4Ukrhe/x73iM+J6KhPXX399WWutterefAp6oS+++OID141z4XNcI/ZB8xmSZCSgjNoY+O9///t1lIVySkZnnXXWsvnmm5cPfehDtUOm46IM+xxlPT4HcRz5gM/S0JSZ5rlxfhzne5wP36MSEcQ5EyKuHef86U9/Kl//+tfrXCj77LNPdXqa94/jmvcP4pjWZ0ccF9/j2L/85S/l5ptvrvNPXHbZZXXSKfflIMS14ti4hjTPYC8trol47yOZ1vyK/zW1tGXGu16Ct3nMMcfUYVCGMrzvfe+rBlEaD/jd7353rQjoEanWbtIC3++77746r7iauyERkG6ilEcffbQuKBKCIF2brt7Zxkc6/s9//nOdNZCHy/AqlLwB93Ftx3kmBZfhvPPOO+s5lIffQhFEwVDjNvUq4ZQmGuGe3/zmN+t5n/vc5+qsafC7a9p0BHFfz/Dcc8+V2267rf7PqEW7h3Yk9zc7WTyX3xRS5xsC5f+6xu9///tyxBFHlLXXXrvOoWDedYrC748//njtwOa5PJ934/27/jPPPFPuuuuuWoOnLP3WrkKfJO2CPNjIylFHHVUWWWSROsaZcaIbjj766CrfyyyzTJUj8ihSyEiSt1tvvbVWEJR/MhHyTRc89dRTNY2+oBecL23MmDFV7v1Gh9ARIW9kkPw433GuxzEhO+5Dbukjz0RumzJFP9mc57qu6bk87wknnFDldJdddqlyHEaTTmSQ6bnQBY6nN/zm/Ija6T0u3SRSTX3m/3kv9JX706EqS4cffnjVvwsvvHDVVTHLo/P9P9fz3zynd0PneT/0Rjw7/Mdu0B3eRdDOZ05PvgUFc6eddqqGiKerUClAu+++ey2An/70p+uwKYLAuzd06tvf/na55ppr6rHLL798+fKXv1wF4Qc/+EH5yU9+Ugu0whi//fKXvyw///nPqzHl1frtyCOPrPdRwL/0pS/V3pY//vGP6/myyHbwwQeX5ZZbrhxyyCHld7/7XVUGSy21VNl3332rcoGC4Trubdyl7zqHfeMb3yi33357rQ0TANfYeuut6+8Uw+WXX157eVIEW265Zb2uZ1Ih8Pyec9NNN61CpEYfcyJ49q9+9at1qtWLL764VoY8lxq34SDuKTLiGSm+0047rVYwCKg01/DfDD/7whe+UJdSdQ14x4z8oYceWmeCCsWSJCMFskOGyMnHP/7x6rWbKwHKuOgf2fzMZz5TyzFHQFnfYostqoya+IdeEenaa6+9aoX2sMMOq7KrIkD2rFVgkiXySe4ZaLJiRULXYCQZQMeQ2+985ztVx9AvKsfkzWyMfmdkHW8KVXpmhRVWGJAr6WZeY9BBhr/4xS/W/7j99tvXij6duOGGG9ZzHE9WednklI404yldw2i7t0jGJz/5yVoRofuE/J0377zzVj3CgNOfF1xwQdUD/tvOO+9cbrjhhjqszP9UQVIZ8n7s3XPs2LH1+ksuuWTViyakMpGMvOBoeB+u63+6rmNHOt5z4H/Y2kFqzRa8aAVYbZcAqhUq+GqOhJPgEiCG8KMf/Wg1wsJJhJgA8FylmdSAkWYYBUsI5FVXXVWNmto0AWQc1TbV9gmHMPrSSy9dw36O+dGPflQrG7xvQurZ/vjHP9aQN0WicBMS1wwoDAseEBCKhIElUK4hRE4JuNeyyy47YOBBCIXyd9xxxyo4xx13XFU4vBNpFAwFQZmpCH3ta1+rFYW4n/fiXoyx/+OePHr3Wmyxxcrqq69eDfi1115ba/4qSiosFJKKEyE9++yzqxdA4FdaaaX6Phxz4YUX1mdMkpEGGWJE7BkS0S0VW3JK/pX59773vdUo0Q3KOoNp+CWdQoYZUuX/Zz/7Wa0882Kl0w9km94Q4WJMV1555XLggQdWOaEnOCTkhGdPllSMzzvvvGooyeNHPvKR+nzSb7rppvKVr3ylns+48/j9ZoPfXYv3TIZFInjTKvKGinJSyHLoDecJqet7wLDTG+SaLnC+mdvMhGohJ3pjiSWWqM+sck+/miWSnqNf6RhGmdx7d/Sge7kvz50T5R3SRxwhht51RDmvuOKKegzdst5669X/QN+qKHhWWz+TRr4FoSUCo+AwpDzYH/7wh2Xdddct22yzTRW2BRZYoHzwgx+sNW0Fy29qrGrjBFjbszZ9xynohObDH/5wNeiMImVgTCSBVbMl2DxonrCCzJgKjRHEP/zhD7XSINxNAHR6edvb3laFSQFXiWDoEYWZUiAgnoWRJPDC4oSR8KgZE8io0DjP3vOqTPD0CTyPnPKhtITj3M95atSEVs2ZwVZhURmieHguKkO8FjX7RRddtE5RSkFQCp5BJcH/pKBUNlRGzNdMKD2T/6kCpWlEuudIkpEK+eFx0x1nnXVWLfd0h8q4qY55vgwqj56u4BGTKWWczqAb3v/+91eDqSKgMs5YiXyRJzLD+6U/yAP5ZcQYSnLHyfj73/9eKwFkiz5QyRcNMLHKBz7wgaqrhMcZX86L65Mvusjzuz5d5l6e33kiAO4DkUXHk+fQF/C/N9lkk6rLXMs1yLnIIJ3hfPpsxRVXrJHP6667rh5D73lfPH56zv90jIqNSo93wAtXQYrQu2nTNePtueeeVUe4Hp3sXdJB9Oxmm21WKwb0Ch1D38az9itp5FtgZBhyRpj3q+aoRr7//vtXAfCbwhk1WQWexyvNZ0ZYgWOk1YAJAYS+hKIIE6QrfK7nWoylNimofRNUEQChLrVdbWEElyFWY7dn/FVCGFvPYnMtm2eNtnJtdZ6NAuAZCK1BmmPhuQiTa/jdfyAkBMueQiLgDD0vg9fh2eM/urZ3EP9Xuvs7JiINETJzX5sauTTPSAkRSM/jvHifUSnyXEkyElE2yYuNEaYzeJMicfr1KOd+I1/KNJlg9KMTmbLuGOlkL9qq/Ua3RKc9cuAaYNTJhkgBY0rvaH4zYkaUTeWeB+3+nsU1efDuGZ1fzzjjjPpcIWN0AO/d/Xz3TO4X7d2eL57LRlYdR+al+0+uoVLOeOtzozKhwqACz9v3TJ6dvPvfruk+Ie/u73tU7F3Xb6EDPJvfHUtvxHtDPHfoMp9toeP6lTTyE0CB1qbDI1UrFOJWKBWqKGwKGcHRKU9onrDpfMMbVwNVK2W0heQIiUKuMCqIhAquoZASTB758ccfX405b5nACINr6xbGjrC16zG0mga0nbmm9LgmgVhooYVq7VaEQDrvgKH3HxT4EFD/w3+KNBsoFkpDRYeC0HYm7E5BeBbhOPfmrUijmNzTnsLx/igSXoN72NzD5jdKwb1EKTwfj8T7EeInnP6T54r3HM+XJCONKN9RXnnrvEyerUqxyq4yHnLmGHJIvsIDZwzJgvKv/V3IX2TPb6KCvF4OAqLCTMeQvc9//vM1BK4SLhxOTnjq2tvpBc1nwuLasjkeHITTTjutOgFklKzRaZ6PDHuW6CcgmumZORT0EeI/uI+97yoKoDfmmmuugaZHTkpEHzkkdKKKj7465Nw19V2i0zQXup5KgL5ADHVcV7rv/i/jH7rUe3G89+Y5Qgf6L86N5+t33ZFGvgUFg0EMY25rIp2Rir2QFiMtxKVXrcKo3Y3QETBer84jwuXh5UaN07WF4XXYIQSuoZ1JgacchLmcu/fee1cBFXYX6tNm7VhGVOheSFDBDtTotYG7lpA4YSb0BFuhpzCaBd+5KgcqLT4LlQmZCf996lOfqv0NKCG/Cy/au7Y2eWF7yoigMfrS/B+KJ3rTM/6E231tlAFB1wxiz6ug+EQtCKf/HsJp875a8yFJRgJRRpVPchHfm+lkykb+7YWedUIT/dKcR8Y4C+RAyJn80SVkUHibd+s64dFCqFrEj36hb8idTrHkSzicLOlkyyEgYyoPdAwnQlOa43bccccBp8OzbrzxxrWvESPrHOF+kQBy7P6ePzzukM/4T76reNBV2v/pRfpAc597uLbmCPpMZ0FGmt5QGeLUqKy4p/9DF4hkcproCJUBzpDn8DwcDc/u3Ykyeg8qP6EnPE948j5L62eyd30LjIxCqsAw3mGYA2F1NUi1W8eAESNMCrrau0qC2qmObASWcRXCUwFQk1ZoFb4QHpsaNOPOKDKY7ut4PUUVZIWegZeu7Vu6gq32rfYc3kLgXNfjdWsTd03wEgi4ykEIK7R1uQ9lEIqE0nANx/MS/F/3dByP3bMSJs/jfVBy0hn++N+u5X16Z7wcbXSiJK4l+uG3EGrKjGC7r+8UinuJhMTwmSQZSZAf5ZL80QFklDw2IWc8czJGXp2jbEsT7SPT0lVuOQO8btFDsnXqqadWz1rHV7rJtR0HsuieZIZ8hIzTL6J49JI0su4ZHef6ZJK8hv7xW/wPxpeM6sjmmehA6dLseeWe3fH+l7C865BhOsd/8T89l8qMjsP0oWfX9Ee2Yxlhcq3vkOf1G13luVR43IsucU0evGM9j3t7FnqDXqJTvA/P69md79r0lmdybvy3kY7nDPwHWztIIz8BogB7Na0vu/V1+S0KUTOThMtjSAzB9F0tVCcVguA6cX1758e143vzuvEMcT80z4nrxD7SEOlxndZj4nMTx1IGfovzKRVC1iSuG89iaz5XEMfZt57T/C3wuXmNuG6SjCSa5bdZnpt7FYCoOKN5fHMvnXHiAavkOkcHWB6uaF1ECuIaQVwj7tN8FsT94nPQ+uxN4rjmNeB7nBf4HPduOhvxn2xxXugUafG7ffO57RH/IY5vXgfx3T6+OzfSnB/PE8eMVOJ/Nf9Tu555PCMfLzeZciJj1EB58+eff379LCyvpygD38zIJEmSpoLXTGaYLk9eO7Zmv/De0VDZSY8QeapCwpmS9+0ijXyb8Tq9R5nEuPN8ZVrUYH0XuuqG2mWSJJ0hdASdEN6ozffwcpufk95CXkfeRr6zEe0gw/UdJDJPRrYrA5Mk6Q1CP0yMSTkmSZqkkU+SJEmSHiXdySRJkiTpUdLIJ0mSJEmPkkY+SZIkSXqUNPJJkiRJ0qOkkU+SJEmSHiWNfJIkSZL0JKX8f9I7Zstk22NQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC"></p>
<p>reactants at higher enthalpy than products ✔</p>
<p><br>ΔH/-99 «kJ» labelled on arrow from reactants to products<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>activation energy/<em>E</em><sub>a</sub> labelled on arrow from reactant to top of energy profile ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept a double headed arrow between reactants and products labelled as ΔH for M2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
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<p>This was a challenging question that asked about the difference between the bonding of carbon atoms in C<sub>60</sub> and diamond. 20% of the candidates gained the mark. The majority of the candidates did not have a specific enough answer for C<sub>60</sub> and mentioned the pentagons and hexagons but not the number of bonds or the geometry or the bond order or the electron delocalisation. Diamond was better known to candidates as expected.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
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<p>About two-thirds of the candidates scored one of the two marks and stronger candidates scored both. The most common answers were the same general formula/C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+2</sub>, the difference between the compounds was CH<sub>2</sub> and similar chemical properties. The same functional group was not accepted since alkanes do not have a functional group. Some candidates only stated that they are saturated hydrocarbons not gaining any marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
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<p>About half of the candidates gave the bromine water test with the correct results. Iodine and KMnO4 were rarely seen in the scripts. There were candidates who used the term “clear” to mean “colourless” which was not accepted. Some candidates referred to the presence of UV light in a correct way and others in an incorrect way which was not penalized in this case. 10% of the candidates left the question blank. The most common incorrect answer was in terms of the IR absorptions. Other candidates referred to enthalpies of combustion and formation.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
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<p>A well answered question. 70% of the candidates gave the correct structural formula for but-2-ene. Mistakes included too many hydrogens in the structure and an incorrect position of the C=C. Candidates should be reminded that the full structural formula requires all covalent bonds to be shown.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
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<p>Half of the candidates wrote the correct equation for the reaction of but-2-ene with hydrogen bromide. Incorrect answers included hydrogen as a product. As expected, the question correlated well with highly achieving candidates.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
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<p>Well answered. 60% of candidates identified the type of reaction between but-2-ene and HBr, some of them including the term “electrophilic”. ECF was generously awarded when substitution was stated based on the equation where H<sub>2</sub> was produced in part (ii). Candidates lost the mark if they only stated “hydrobromination” without mentioning addition. Some candidates lost the mark for stating “nucleophilic” or “free radical” addition.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
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<p>The comparison of the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectra of the two organic compounds was more challenging and 10% of the candidates left this question blank. The average mark was 0.7 out of 2 marks. Mistakes included non-specific answers that just stated “more signals” or “higher chemical shift”, and stating 3 signals in 2-bromobutane instead of 4 signals. Standard level candidates were expected to use the number of signals and the ratio of the areas under the signals to answer the question since they do not cover chemical shift, however, many of them did use the <sup>1</sup>H NMR section in the data booklet to obtain correct answers in terms of chemical shift.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
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<p>This was the best answered question on the paper. Candidates identified the bonds and used bond enthalpies to calculate the enthalpy of reaction accurately. The most common mistakes were reversing the signs of bonds broken and bonds formed, assuming two Cl-Cl bonds were broken and using an incorrect value of bond enthalpy for one of the bonds.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
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<p>The majority of candidates drew the enthalpy level diagram and labelled it correctly based on their answer to part (i). Some candidates reversed the products and reactants. A few candidates did not add any labels which prevented the awarding of the second mark. With 2 marks allocated to the question the second mark was awarded for correct labeling of either ΔH or E<sub>a</sub>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
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