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<h2>HL Paper 2</h2><div class="specification">
<p>Two hydrides of nitrogen are ammonia and hydrazine, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}">
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>N</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</math></span>. One derivative of ammonia is methanamine whose molecular structure is shown below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-20_om_11.35.47.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/05"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Hydrazine is used to remove oxygen from water used to generate steam or hot water.</p>
<p><span class="mjpage mjpage__block"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" alttext="{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}} \to {{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}}">
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>N</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(aq)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>O</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(aq)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>N</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(g)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>O(l)</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<p>The concentration of dissolved oxygen in a sample of water is <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="8.0 \times {10^{ - 3}}{\text{ g}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}">
<mn>8.0</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>m</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Estimate the H−N−H bond angle in methanamine using VSEPR theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the electron domain geometry around the nitrogen atom and its hybridization in methanamine.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ammonia reacts reversibly with water.<br><span class="mjpage mjpage__block"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" alttext="{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(g)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{NH}}_{\text{4}}^ + {\text{(aq)}} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>N</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>3</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(g)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>O(l)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>NH</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>(aq)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>O</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(aq)</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span><br>Explain the effect of adding <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}}">
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(aq)</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> ions on the position of the equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Hydrazine reacts with water in a similar way to ammonia. (The association of a molecule of hydrazine with a second H<sup>+</sup> is so small it can be neglected.)</p>
<p><span class="mjpage mjpage__block"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" alttext="{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{H}}_{\text{5}}^ + {\text{(aq)}} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}">
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>N</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(aq)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>O(l)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>N</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>5</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>(aq)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>O</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(aq)</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<p><span class="mjpage mjpage__block"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" alttext="{\text{p}}{K_{\text{b}}}{\text{ (hydrazine)}} = 5.77">
<mrow>
<mtext>p</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow>
<mtext>b</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext> (hydrazine)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>5.77</mn>
</math></span></p>
<p>Calculate the pH of a <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="0.0100{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}">
<mn>0.0100</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> mol</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>m</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span> solution of hydrazine.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration of hydrazine solution with dilute sulfuric acid using section 22 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, using an ionic equation, what is observed when magnesium powder is added to a solution of ammonium chloride.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the enthalpy change of reaction, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\Delta H">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi>
<mi>H</mi>
</math></span>, in kJ, when 1.00 mol of gaseous hydrazine decomposes to its elements. Use bond enthalpy values in section 11 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><span class="mjpage mjpage__block"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" alttext="{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}">
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>N</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(g)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>N</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(g)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(g)</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The standard enthalpy of formation of <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(l)}}">
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>N</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(l)</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> is <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" + 50.6{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}">
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>50.6</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> kJ</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span>. Calculate the enthalpy of vaporization, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\Delta {H_{{\text{vap}}}}">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>vap</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</math></span>, of hydrazine in <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>kJ</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span>. <span class="mjpage mjpage__block"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" alttext="{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(l)}} \to {{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(g)}}">
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>N</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(l)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>N</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(g)</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> (If you did not get an answer to (f), use <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" - 85{\text{ kJ}}">
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>85</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> kJ</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> but this is not the correct answer.)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate, showing your working, the mass of hydrazine needed to remove all the dissolved oxygen from <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{1000 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>1000 d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>m</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>3</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span> of the sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the volume, in <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>m</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>3</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span>, of nitrogen formed under SATP conditions. (The volume of 1 mol of gas = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{24.8 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>24.8 d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>m</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>3</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span> at SATP.)</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Iron(II) disulfide, FeS<sub>2</sub>, has been mistaken for gold.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electronic configuration of Fe<sup>2+</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why there is a large increase from the 8th to the 9th ionization energy of iron.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the oxidation state of sulfur in iron(II) disulfide, FeS<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in iron, Fe (s).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Nickel catalyses the conversion of propanone to propan-2-ol.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Outline how a catalyst increases the rate of reaction.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Explain why an increase in temperature increases the rate of reaction.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Discuss, referring to intermolecular forces present, the relative volatility of propanone and propan-2-ol.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The diagram shows an unlabelled voltaic cell for the reaction</span></p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msup><mi>Pb</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>Ni</mi><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><msup><mi>Ni</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>Pb</mi><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>)</mo></math></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Label the diagram with the species in the equation.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAvkAAAE8CAYAAABaca7iAAAgAElEQVR4Aex9h5dUxfb196f8VCRHyYKKoAJmfeYnpmdGTGTJOYPkIQwz5JxzDgbAAIo5AQJmDOh7Zq1v7WrP7XNPN8PtO6mne9dataq669yqurtOd+9bvavq/zkGIkAEiAARIAJEgAgQASJABHIKgf+XU3fDmyECRIAIEAEiQASIABEgAkTAkeTTCYgAESACRIAIEAEiQASIQI4hECL5y5ctc61bXuwuubgVIzGgD9AH6AP0AfoAfYA+QB+gD2SxD4C3Hz92LO3jSYjk9+/T100YN96dOnmKkRjQB+gD9AH6AH2APkAfoA/QB7LYB/59x51u+7Zt5yb5QwYNcnMKC9Ma8k0iQASIABEgAkSACBABIkAEsgeB/9x3v9u1c2faDoVm8kny02LEN4kAESACRIAIEAEiQASIQNYhQJKfdUPCDhEBIkAEiAARIAJEgAgQgdIhQJJfOvx4NREgAkSACBABIkAEiAARyDoESPKzbkjYISJABIgAESACRIAIEAEiUDoESPJLhx+vJgJEgAgQASJABIgAESACWYcASX7WDQk7RASIABEgAkSACBABIkAESocASX7p8OPVRIAIEAEiQASIABEgAkQg6xAgyc+6IWGHiAARIAJEgAgQASJABIhA6RAgyS8dfryaCBABIkAEiAARIAJEgAhkHQIk+Vk3JOwQESACRIAIEAEiQASIABEoHQIk+aXDj1cTASJABIgAESACRIAIEIGsQ4AkP+uGhB0iAkSACBABIkAEiAARIAKlQ4Akv3T48WoiQASIABEgAkSACBABIpB1CJDkZ92QsENEgAgQASJABIgAESACRKB0CJDklw4/Xk0EiAARIAJEgAgQASJABLIOAZL8rBsSdogIEAEiQASIABEgAkSACJQOAZL80uHHq4kAESACRIAIEAEiQASIQNYhQJKfdUPCDhEBIkAEiAARIAJEgAgQgdIhQJJfOvx4NREgAkSACBABIkAEiAARyDoESPKzbkjYISIQDYH333vP7dq5023auNG9sG+f++brr6NdSCsiQASIQBkh8MMPPzh8Fx06dMh9+OGH7n//+18Z1cxqiAARKC0CJPmlRZDXE4EKRODXX391K5Yvdzdce527rFVr98C997nOjz7mOt31b3dR/Qbu6S5PukOvv16BPWJTRIAI5CMCr736qnvqiS6uYb36ruNV7d2/brzRtW93hWvcoKEb2H+A++TjT/IRFt4zEcgqBEjys2o42BkicHYEjh096i65uJUn9rt37XJ///13yPjMmTOucPZs1/bSy9yTTzzh/vjjj1A5XxABIkAESovAj2fOuLtuv921a3O5Kyqc4/Bahy+++MKNHzvWtWjS1PXs1t39+eefuph5IkAEKhABkvwKBJtNEYG4CIDgt255sVu+bNk5q/jtt9/cg/c/4Lo83plE/5xo0YAIEIGoCIDQY8Z+8MCBKZMMto5ffvnF3X/Pvf7fRRJ9iw5fE4GKQYAkv2JwZitEIDYC3377bWSCL40I0e/VvYe8xTTPEQBBe/mll9yM6QX+AfCm62/wMosr27Z113To6G656WbXo2s3N3/ePPfG4cMO0jAGIiAI/P777wHBl/eC9M9f3X9/Tv3nED503z33eL8KbJkhAkSgwhAgya8wqNkQEYiHwLQpU1wcsv7zzz+7po0ucidPnozXMK+q8ghgEeSiBQvd9Vdf46r933kZxZrVLnT33t3Jbd+6zf31119VHgveQOkQWL9unbvzttvSVvLrnl6ufZdNLt1jIYh+y6bN3EcffZT2Wr5JBIhA+SFAkl9+2LJmIlBqBPA3N2Q6777zbqy6hg8d5kYOHx7rWl5UdRE4ceKEGzZ4iGtUr36I2EMn/dAD/3GTnp/oNm3Y6Hdn2rd3n9uxfbtbs3q195W7br/DNaxbL3QdFnnjHwCs+2DITwRu+9ctbsvmzWlvviSSjwueHz/eDejbL+21fJMIEIHyQ4Akv/ywZc1EoNQI7Ni23d1+y62x6wHZw2w+F+HGhrBKXYgZ91kzZrra1WsEJB0PidOnTnWff/ZZ5HvBou733n3XDRowIET48ZCABwKG/EIAvoBF/2fT1p+L5H/11Vd+153//ve/+QUc75YIVDICJPmVPABsngiUhMDMghkOs/GlCc2bNHVfcw/90kBYJa49fuyYw2yryHKgscfM69mIWdSbAjGDTr9N60uCurt37Zqyq0rU+mhX9RBYvWqVe/app8/a8XORfFyIbTaxnz4DESACFYcASX7FYc2WiEDGCEwYN85NnPB8cN2ZpQ+42ufQVte+e4E7HVzh/FZ32J2HIXcRAJmvW7OWJ+FI5xUXn3P3k0zRgL5/QL/+AdFv3aKl+/CDDzKthvZVEAE85PXv0zfo+U/rurq2LS/2UkL8U9T6opquWvVGydctL3Ztn1rlvg+ucP4fyVdfeUW9wywRIALljQBJfnkjzPqJQCkQKIuZ/GaNm3AmvxRjkO2XguDXuKCaJ9+YyceMfnkG7NBzaatWvj34Fol+eaKdHXXjAL5uzz571s5Emcm/tmNH9/bbb5+1DhYQASJQ9giQ5Jc9pqyRCJQZAtA/g7jFDZ9++ik1+XHBqwLXaYKPk48rau3F6dOnXYcrryLRrwI+UhZdPHjgoANJP1s4F8mH5AsncmM7YAYiQAQqDgGS/IrDmi0RgYwRKIvddUaNGJFxu7wg+xF48YUXghn8iiT4gszpb74JEf1MFvZKHUyrBgJYiI0Tbl9/7bW0HT4XyV8wf76DjzIQASJQsQiQ5Fcs3myNCGSMQNx98qGhxs46p06eyrhNXpDdCGAry1bNW/iZ9McefqTCZvAtKiD67dtd4ftxX6dOtpivcwiBosI5/vTadLd0LpLf4Yor3YH9+9NdyveIABEoRwRI8ssRXFZNBMoCATnxdtnSpZGrwwE0D97/QKxDtCI3QsNKQwC722AXHWjjf/rpp0rrBxrGjim1Lqzu+7N44aJK7QsbLz8EfvzxR/9guXrlqowawT+J2OmJgQgQgYpHgCS/4jFni0QgYwSwOw52sYhC9IXgd+ncudJmeDO+QV4QGQGs05BtMve//HLk68rTEP82oU/1a9fhCcvlCXQl1/3Jx59kRPRHjxzpT1v+/nu9z04l3wSbJwJ5hABJfh4NNm+1aiMAoo8Dae6/515/Uil0sjpAwlE4a5Zre+ll7qknupDga3ByJI8xb3tZG0+oB/YfkDV3hbUjN99wo+9X16efyZp+sSNlj4AQ/WeefModev31lAZwINvOHTvcPf++mwQ/BR2+QQQqFgGS/IrFm60RgVIhgFn6lctXuBuvu95d1qq1u++eexw02f++406/ewUOrDl06FCp2siGi7/h4V1ph2H3rl2eSNerVTvrDqN65eBB3zdId6DVz+Xw45kzDp/FfA24/zmFhf6B8/prrvWywMEDBzrIyC6/5FL/wAdZTz5jlK++wfvOLgRI8rNrPNgbIhAZgQ/ef9/t2b3bn2r60osv5gyxemHfPgcSi725GcIIPHDvfZ5I93uuT7ggS15hm0XIdqZMmpwlPSr7buAfs5uuv8H/o5bvJBb/LOHchKVLljgszMVn9sibb5Y96KyRCBCBWAiQ5MeCjRcRASJQXgiAwIIoXnje+ST6CmQcciVa/EwOoPrr1Dx3d43z/LW1b5ntPv1LVZqS/cO9O76Dq4FTlc9r5nrv/l+KRUlvLF282LeDnX8qas/+kvpTHmXYM7529Rr+PiGdy3eiXx4Ys04iQATKBgGS/LLBkbUQASJQRghA09ujazdPokj0k6BOnzrVY3LX7Xck34yS+/sbt+rBev7aatVucNM//vPsV/1+2I26PHF6bvXWg9zBDBUpv/zyi2tUr75vK5e3TNy7Zw+J/tm9iCVEgAhkCQIk+VkyEOwGESACSQRI9JNYSO7Rhx725Hnq5MylMD9ufso1PQ+z+dXctRPedWej+b/uH+AuOz9h12H0Efe7NJ5Bih8V/OMws2BGBldVPVMS/ao3ZuwxEcg3BEjy823Eeb9EoIogQKIfHqjWLVp68rxvz95wQZRXP+9zfZqf76+v0W60O/JHuot+dvt6NXcXQqpz4Tlm/NNd/s97EydM8O1gC9dcDyT6uT7CvD8iULURIMmv2uPH3hOBnEaARD8xvNhtSPT43333XYwx/829NqSNqw4Cf34bN/y131Lr+HGb63pR4kGgzu3F7lSJ2v3Uy+WdXTt3+r5il5V8CCT6+TDKvEciUDURIMmvmuPGXhOBvEGARN85zN6D5LdpfUnscf/jnQnumgsgxbnAXdr/ZReW2//tvl/3uLsIDwH/V9c9uOxrFz6FIXqz+oEEp6TmQyDRz4dR5j0SgaqHAEl+1Rsz9pgIBAh89dVX7tNPP835eOzYMdf50cc80cVi3BkFBTl/z3pci4uK/L3fcuNNwdhnnPnzqJt1U2JXmAub9XL7flY1/P21W/FA3QS+DZ9wm36IS/Gdw7aK8q/Dq6++mjfjtHzZMoczAnDvd952u/voo4/y5t7FV7G9KAMRIALZgwBJfvaMBXtCBDJG4O477woIlRArppiNzs2IQ8/ih7/c5ws6uXrA5rwmrtu2n4Kq/vp8gbunJjA737Xssdv9NyiJl5EtJnN1HHhf6T9f2AGKgQgQgexBgCQ/e8aCPSECGSOgSX718y9wuRwxg6/JVS7fq703ufeMt880HvX3t6vdY/USZL7xExvdGT9h/5f7dPatrrbX61/iBh8IC3lMFZFeyow2+m3vJZdfyzjBT/Pp3uVzSZIf6eNBIyJQYQiQ5FcY1GyICJQ9AkLyIRXI5fDzzz87ude6NWu5/S+/nMu3m3JvG9dv8A84/7rxxpSyzN740W1/pkliB516j7i13/3t3J8fuenXXejrr3HFGPdWnH0zVSewhkJI3+eff65Kcju7cMGC4L779+nrZUu5fcfJu3u6y5P+3knyk5gwRwSyAQGS/GwYBfaBCMREQIhvLpP8fCf4cI2XX3rJk6iWTZvF9JTkZb+82Ne19nvh13UPrzztfn9voru2Gmb3q7sbp3501j30kzWUnPvs1CnfV8xk/+9/mZ2YW3LN2VuazwQfo0KSn72+yZ7lNwIk+fk9/rz7Ko5ArpN8EvyEg2JBo8yOf/nll6Xz2t+Sp9o2eGi5e2lsB1cDUp0ad7i5J2Pum6l6tHnTJt/X9u2uUO/mbjbfCT5GliQ/d/2bd1a1ESDJr9rjx97nOQK5TPJJ8MPO3fayNp48b9+6LVyQ8as/3QcTr3E1QezrdHTXt6nm621w/zL3dfxNdYJejB450tfX7dlng/dyNUOCnxhZkvxc9XDeV1VHgCS/qo8g+5/XCOQqySfBT3Xrp57o4snz+LFjUwszfOevT2e726urHVLOa+i6bPgh9t74unnxyblFxfrtnMuT4CeHlCQ/iQVzRCCbECDJz6bRYF+IQIYICKHKJU0+CX56J5hTWOhJ/nUdr05vkMm7f3/plt5Tx9fnd4Jp2sPtLu2+mc6577//3tWpUdPX+8bhw5n0qErZkuCHh4skP4wHXxGBbEGAJD9bRoL9IAIxEMhFkt+lc2dPEvNxF52SXODrr792NasldsF57dVXSzKNUPbPCbfnYTb/Atdm4AFzAm6EKtKYzCyY4cfuqrbtcnZ3mT27dwcPR/m2i06aIfdvkeSfDRm+TwQqFwGS/MrFn60TgVIhkIsk/8MPPnCXtWqdd9tkRnEEIVOQ7mRbwNaZbVpf4gnwvOLcler8/vvv7tGHHnYk+EkPFL/kFppJTJgjAtmAAEl+NowC+0AEYiKQiyQfUIBIMaQi8Pprr3kSjRn9Uu+yk1p9qd7ZsW2771uDOnXdTz8lT9MtVaVZevEff/yRs/9UxIGcJD8OaryGCJQ/AiT55Y8xWyAC5YZArpL8cgMsByq+4drrPJl+/JFHs+ZusB9+20sv8/0aNGBA1vSLHakYBEjyKwZntkIEMkWAJD9TxGhPBLIIAZL8LBqMCurK4UOHXfXzL/CEeu2aNRXUasnNDOjX3/enRZOmfvFtydYszTUESPJzbUR5P7mCAEl+Vo7kT27NQzVctQtvc0UlHk4T0e6n1e6R6ue5WrfOcSVXF83up9UPudr/V93dUXjSlXR0TjS7PLqHcvA1kvxyALUKVDlm5ChPqi+q38B99dVXldpjOY0Xu/Ts2L69UvvCxisHgcoh+RF/O1xEu1z4nczqe404DpXjwjnbKkl+Vg5t1A9DRLtc+PLKhXsoB18jyS8HUKtAlb/99pvreFV7T/T/deON7scff6yUXn/88ccOs/cg+Plw+FWlgFwFGiXJTx2kaJNczkWzi/hbT5KfOhB5/g5Jfp47AG8/+xFYv26du+Wmm9PGhnXreYJ1+aWXpS3HdT/88EP23yR7mDEC777zrmtYr36lEX1N8LFl5pkzZzK+B15QdRDYt2fvWb9jmjS6yPvhJS0vPqvN8ePHq87NsqdEIEcQIMnPkYHkbeQuArNnzvQ/oJgtjRO/+frr3AUnz+8M+vwQ0a8gov3RRx8FM/jt213hsIc/Q24jsHrVqljfP/Kd9d677+Y2QLw7IpCFCJDkZ+GgsEtEQCOgSX63rt2cji2aNvM/vLf+65bQ+08/9XTwg0ySr9HMvbwm+pe2alXu5wssWrDQ1a+dOC2XBD/3/Olsd6RJ/v333u90bNm0uf++ueLytqH3YUOSfzZE+T4RKH8ESPLLH2O2QARKhYCQ/Gs7Xu2K584LRfyo4kcUpF6XzZ5dGPy4kuSXCv4qcfEbhw+71i1aBmM+sP8A9/PPP5dp3z///HN3X6dOQRs333AjZ/DLFOHsrkxI/sXNW7ghg4eG4pVt23m/uPVft4beh12tC6v7Ms7kZ/f4sne5iQBJfm6OK+8qhxAgyc+hwSzHW4EmvnvXrgEJB+nHCaTffvttqVo9+sknbvDAgQ6HXOGBEqQN9f7555+lqpcXVy0ESPKr1nixt0QACJDk0w+IQJYjQJKf5QOUZd3DybOy4w1Iee3qNTz5f/GFF9yPETX7X3zxhdu0cWNo5h51XX/1Ne79997LsjtmdyoCAZL8ikCZbRCBskWAJL9s8WRtRKDMESDJL3NIc75CnEAL7bxsswmCLrHtZW0ctjycMmmyK5w1y80rLnazZsx0E8aNcw//50HX8p91HmKP9J5/3+22b93m/vqrpJMxch7WvL5Bkvy8Hn7efBVFgCS/ig4cu50/CJDk589Yl8edHti/3z35xBNpybsm8jaPhwFo+7FVJgMRIMmnDxCBqocASX7VGzP2OM8QIMnPswEvx9uFDAcz8uPGjHVdn37GdX70MT973+Xxzl7SM33aNPfSiy9yz/tyHIOqWjVJflUdOfY7nxEgyc/n0ee9ewQq67TQqPCT5EdFinZEgAiUFwK5TPJ//fVXh8hABHINAZL8XBtR3k9GCJz+5hvXrHETN2zIUPfLL79kdG1FGZPkVxTSbIcIEIGzIZCrJB/nTHS44ko3cvjws9063ycCVRYBkvwqO3TseFkgAGI/fOgwd+F55ztokA8eOFgW1ZZpHST5ZQonKyMCRCAGArlG8qvCd3+MYeIlRCCEAEl+CA6+yFcEMJuD0zux+HBAv/7uv//9b9ZAQZKfNUPBjhCBvEUgl0j+KwcPunZtLveTO9n8L27eOhtvvMwQIMkvMyhZUVVHAJrMsaPHuBoXVHOXtWrtsK94NgSS/GwYBfaBCOQ3ArlA8rG1LHaMwmQOJnUOHTqU34PKu895BEjyc36IeYOZIvD2W2+5azt29D8EvXv2cpW9MLckkv/Uk0+5Tnd3ciNGjHTFc+cFcfbswmBf9G++/jpTCGhPBIgAEQghUBLJf+C++92N193gOj/W2Q0ZPDQUcUIySPV7774bqq+iX2DXqDatL/GTOGNGjeZC24oeALZXKQiQ5FcK7Gw02xH4/fff3aTnJ7qa1S50rVu0dLt37aq0LpdE8jWx13mS/EobLjZMBHISgZJIviX2+nVlk3xM0jzXq5d/0LimQ0f31pEjOTk+vCkikA4Bkvx0qPA9IvAPAu+/95678brr/Q9E12eecT/88EOFY0OSX+GQs0EiQAQMAlWR5O/ZvdtP0mCyZuKECQ6TNwxEIJ8QIMnPp9HmvcZC4M8//3Q4JKh29RquRZOmbuuWLbHqiXsRSX5c5HgdESACZYVAVSL5mIzp9uyzfnLmhmuvq3SpUFmNAeshApkiQJKfKWK0z1sEPv74Y3fLTTf7H44unTu706dPVwgWJPkVAjMbIQJEoAQEqgrJ37Z1q5+MwaQMJmcwScNABPIVAZL8fB153ncsBP766y9XOHu2q1uzlmva6CK3ft26WPVkchFJfiZo0ZYIEIHyQCDbSf63337rnnziCT8Jg8kYTMowEIF8R4AkP989gPcfC4Hjx4+7u26/3f+gPPrQw+7rctzBhiQ/1hDxIiJABMoQgWwm+ZhsaXZRY1enRk1XOGuWw2QMAxEgAs6R5NMLiEBMBP7++283f948V792HXdR/QZu5fIVMWsq+bJcIfnz5851V7fvwEgM6AMZ+gC+ayo7ZCPJx+QKJlmwReedt93mjh87VtkwsX0ikFUIkORn1XCwM1URgVMnT7l77+7kf2geuPc+9/nnn5fpbeQKyR8/dqzHCD/IjMSAPhDdB7JhZjrbSP6qFSv95AomWTCBkA0PQmX6xc/KiEAZIECSXwYgsgoiAASWLlniGtar7xrWrecWL1xUZqDkGslvVL+BGz9+AiMxoA+U4AP9+vYLHoZJ8pNfp5hEAXHBQyImVzDJwkAEiEB6BEjy0+PCd4lALAS++OIL9+D9D/gfoE53/dudOHEiVj36olwj+fd1utft3LWHkRjQB0rwgeUrVpLk6y9C5/zkCSZRMJmydPFiU8qXRIAIWARI8i0ifE0EygCB1StXucYNGrp6tWq7uUXFpformSSfDwR8KMo/HyDJT34Rnzx50mHSBLP3IC1lLYlMtsQcEcgtBEjyc2s8eTdZhMA3X3/tHn/kUf/DdMett7ljR4/G6h1Jfv4RPJJ6jjlJvvOTI/OKi/1kCSZNMHnCQASIQHQESPKjY0VLIhALgU0bNgbbu82aMTPlcJYzZ86UWC9JPgkfSX/++UA+kfwfz5xJ+bcTkyKYHMHs/WMPP1Ku2xSX+AXMQiJQhREgya/Cg8euVx0EcFDL012e9D9Y/7rxRvfhhx/6zv/888+uXZvL3cb1G856MyT5+UfwSOo55vlC8n/55Rd3683/cpixR8AiY3znYc977H1f0nfjWb80WUAEiIBHgCSfjkAEKhCB7Vu3uZZNmzkcuT518mQ3ZNAgT/zx+sD+A2l7QpJPwkfSn38+kA8kH4Re9rnHVpgvvvCCwyQIZu+feqKLw+QIAxEgAvERIMmPjx2vJAKxEPjhhx9c965d/Q8ZfswkNqpX333w/vspdZLk5x/BI6nnmOcDyR+gtgnF9+CF553vWjRp6rZt3ZryPcg3iAARyBwBkvzMMeMVRKDUCPz666+udcuWAcEXot+6RcuUnSNI8kn4SPrzzwdyneRPnzo15fsP34NFhXNK/f3KCogAEUggQJJPTyAClYDA6JEj0/7A4Ueu41XtHRaiSSDJzz+CR1LPMc9lko/TamViw6bYB59bZMq3P1MiUDoESPJLhx+vJgIZI/DHH3+4Xt17+ANd7A+cvL7r9jscZvsRSPJJ+Ej6888HcpXk79u7z9WsduFZSf71V1/jdu3cmfH3Ki8gAkQgFQGS/FRM+A4RqBAEfvvtN/9j1qNrNwc9vhB8Sbt07uy3lSPJzz+CR1LPMc9Fkv/2W285LLCV7zhJb7j2Olcwbbo7fvx4hXz3shEikC8IkOTny0jzPrMagd9//93t2b3b9ezW3V1Uv0HwIzh00GDO5O8i4SPpzz8fyDWSv3v3bte8SdPgu+2m629wMwtmuBMnTmT1dzM7RwSqMgIk+VV59Nj3nEQAhH/vnj2ud4+eDqc8PvTAf/wP47Udr3bFc+dFirNnFwY/pjh5NxvC+LFjfZ/u63SvI2nNP9LKMc9szHON5F/WqrXfHhMHAp48eTIbvpLYByKQ8wiQ5Of8EPMGqzIC0O/36d2bJJ+z+XwwyjMfyDWSv2/Pnqr8Vcy+E4EqiQBJfpUcNnY6nxCgJj+zGVDOGBOvXPCBXCP57737bj59bfNeiUBWIECSnxXDwE4QgbMjQJJP0poLpJX3kJkfk+Sf/TuRJUSACERDgCQ/Gk60IgKVhgBJfmbkiGSSeOWCD5DkV9pXLhsmAjmDAEl+zgwlbyRXESDJT09aR48a43r26MlIDLLOB1auXF3qNRQk+bn6jc77IgIVhwBJfsVhzZaIQCwESPLTk/xrOlwd7CAk+20zPY+Y/F/lYzBjxiyS/MFD3ZDBQ12tC6t7n6QmP9bXPy8iAqVCgCS/VPDxYiJQ/giQ5J+b5D/x2OOOkRhUtg/IQyZJfoLgk+SX/+8DWyACJSFAkl8SOiwjAlmAAEl+ySR/2dKlWTBK7AIRcK51i5Z+1poknySfnwcikA0IkORnwyiwD0SgBARI8knyS3APFmURAiT5SXKPWXzO5GeRc7IreYkASX5eDjtvuiohQJJPkl+V/DWf+0qST5Kfz/7Pe88+BEjys29M2CMiEEKAJJ8kP+QQfJG1CJDkk+RnrXOyY3mJAEl+Xg47b7oqIUCST5Jflfw1n/tKkk+Sn8/+z3vPPgRI8rNvTNgjIhBCgCSfJD/kEHyRtQiQ5JPkZ61zsmN5iQBJfl4OO2+6IhH46KOPXM1qF7pG9erHapYkP/dI/ltHjnifaNW8RSyfyMWLPnj/fY9Js4saV9nbI8kvW5J/6NAh7xOXtWpdZX2CHScClYkASX5los+28wKBDz/80G+rV7dmrVj3S5KfeyT/zTfe8D5RlQltLGcu4SIcloR95hvGfBguoa/Y7vMAACAASURBVOoKKyLJL1uS//prr3mfuLhZ8wobQzZEBHIJAZL8XBpN3ktWIkCSnxiW8WPH+h/s+zrdW+rTQHfu2uPkxNuquE8+SX7qR5UkP/wwu3zFSv95wYPPX3/9lQpYBb+zetWqBOFu3sJvjSlbZJ4rLc2JtyT5FTzIbC7nECDJz7kh5Q1lGwIk+YkRIclPeiZJfhILyZHkk+SLL0hKki9IMCUC8RAgyY+HG68iApERIMlPQEWSn3QZkvwkFpIjySfJF1+QlCRfkGBKBOIhQJIfDzdeRQQiI0CSn4CKJD/pMiT5SSwkR5JPki++IClJviDBlAjEQ4AkPx5uvIoIREaAJD8BFUl+0mVI8pNYSI4knyRffEFSknxBgikRiIcASX483HgVEYiMAEl+AiqS/KTLkOQnsZAcST5JvviCpCT5ggRTIhAPAZL8eLjxKiIQGQGS/ARUJPlJlyHJT2IhOZJ8knzxBUlJ8gUJpkQgHgIk+fFw41VEIDICJPkJqEjyky5Dkp/EQnIk+ST54guSkuQLEkyJQDwESPLj4cariEBkBEjyE1CR5CddhiQ/iYXkSPJJ8sUXJCXJFySYEoF4CJDkx8ONVxGByAiQ5CegIslPugxJfhILyZHkk+SLL0hKki9IMCUC8RAgyY+HG68iApERIMlPQEWSn3QZkvwkFpIjySfJF1+QlCRfkGBKBOIhQJIfDzdeRQQiI0CSn4CKJD/pMiT5SSwkR5JPki++IClJviDBlAjEQ4AkPx5uvIoIREaAJD8BFUl+0mVI8pNYSI4knyRffEFSknxBgikRiIcASX483HgVEYiMAEl+AiqS/KTLkOQnsZAcST5JvviCpCT5ggRTIhAPAZL8eLjxKiIQGQGS/ARUJPlJlyHJT2IhOZJ8knzxBUlJ8gUJpkQgHgIk+fFw41VEIDICJPkJqEjyky5Dkp/EQnIk+ST54guSkuQLEkyJQDwESPLj4cariEBkBEjyE1CR5CddhiQ/iYXkSPJJ8sUXJCXJFySYEoF4CJDkx8ONVxGByAiQ5CegIslPugxJfhILyZHkk+SLL0hKki9IMCUC8RAgyY+HG68iApERIMlPQEWSn3QZkvwkFpIjySfJF1+QlCRfkGBKBOIhQJIfDzdeRQQiI0CSn4CKJD/pMiT5SSwkR5JPki++IClJviDBlAjEQ4AkPx5uvIoIREaAJD8BFUl+0mVI8pNYSI4knyRffEFSknxBgikRiIcASX483HgVEYiMAEl+AiqS/KTLkOQnsZAcST5JvviCpCT5ggRTIhAPAZL8eLjxKiIQGQFN8nds3+62btkSxNPffBOq55OPPwnKYPfqK6+42TNnumr/d567tuPVrnjuPDdi5KhQnDlrtn8fZYiTp0x1Q4YO89fgul07d4ba+OOPP0JtoJ0ff/wxZPPuO++GbEBKdfj1119D5ajj559/1iburSNHQja9e/byfbqv071u5649buOmLW7smHGhuHXbDl+GcsRxY8e7wYOG+Dhy5Cg3b978oPyaDlf7+gb06xdq56+//gr147VXXw2Vf/TRR6Hyb7/9NlS+feu2UDleHDxwMGRz/NixkM3XX38dKreYw/jll14KbGYWFPi+N7uocaiefH5hSf4H778f4AX/OnzocAie33//PVQOm//+978hm3feeSdkA5/U4bvvvnPLly3zccXy5d72l19+0SbuyJtvhurAZ0MHfHbQNmKTho38uE6fXhD4Kfx41qzCkJ/Pn78wVL5u/cZQOT4Xy5av9HXhMwyfxneBtIMU3xU64LtEl+/Ytl0X+/yB/ftDNsePHw/ZfPnll6Hy3bt2BeWrV63y/cE9PvjAg0Hs2aOnGzJ4aBB79ugVlMGuxgXV/HUYXwl79+wJtfPFF19IkU8//fRTXz596tSgzZABXxABIhAJAZL8SDDRiAjER0CTfJAKkEqJICo6gGBIGdIfz5xJIfkzZ852OhYVzQ2R/MI5RW7atASJBEE4Zggp2tNtIP/nn3/qbrj//e9/IZuffvopVP7333+HylGHJdcgXLqdUSNG+h9sIfnbd+xya9euD8UdO3eHyM+qVWvc4sVLfVy5crXbtHlrUC4kv2jOnFA7oY465x9gdD8sicNDjy7HGNmAcdA2tg6Moy7//vvvbRXujKrjhX37PBYk+UmYLMmP44Pn8mP7EICxxwObj8eP+zGEb+sA39dji37pgDal/OJmzf24FhTMDPzUP9Bu3Bzy883Kj1G+bfvOUDk+F8tXhEl+pj4YxY/xsK7Db7/9FtwL7kn7sZD8Fk2buT7P9Q3iwAGDAoIPso/XurxmtQs9Jprk//DDD6F20K4O6Bfax0MGvsNaNGmqi5knAkQgIgIk+RGBohkRiIuAJvlx6rAz+TJjX1I6e3ah/3HED+Q3X38dp9kyv4ZynSSklOsksZCcJfnyflVKW7do6T93M2bMCpF8EPlMoyX5lY2DkPyLm7cIkXo9i58uX+vC6ikkP+q9UK4TFSnaEYH0CJDkp8eF7xKBMkOAJD8BJUl+0qVI8pNYSI4kP/wgQJLvHEm+fDqYEoF4CJDkx8ONVxGByAgIya9dvUbKNe+/95479PrrQYS2Wwf8XT6o/wA/E3bVFVe6iRMnhaQ5mM2fOGmymzDh+SDOmDnL6Zn8Dz74IKgfbUGnbAO0yrof9q9+9EuX67/epa43Dh8O2UCeosOQQYP8fdx8w01ebmR1yZjpFI0+dPgzZ85yGzduDs2AgviIVKntZW18fcuWLg2agWRI9xN5u1bg5MmTIZtjR48G1yMD6Y2tw8oaoGXWNtAQ6wB7XY48pCEShOQ3qldf3sr7VEh+vdp1PHaQa+gAzbnG1GrjYQv9vLaBLEQH0flDhw9dOD5/NkD7r+uATEaHzz//PFSu13jITH7/fgMCP4W/Yv2JnslfvjzpxyhfuHBxqBxStrFjx3v/xr9xWFdiJWInTpwI9cOuE4EERt8H8lYWg2u0DerUAW1K+YTxif60bNY8NJPfrWs31+WJLkGEJl/P6ItcZ9XKlUFdug3kgaG0gxQYIwjJp1zHIsbXRCAaAiT50XCiFRGIjUBJJB9kEcRDoiXXWNQ3YlhiEW2HK69yU6ZMSyH5U6dOc5MnTwkiFvlpkn/06NGgfrRz9JPwgj3c2McffxyysQtx8bAhfURqCQXqwA+1trH652FDhnrScuvNt7h58xa4pUuXh4gNSJDcx/BhI/wiW6tdXr16rb8W119xedsUkg89te4D8pagf/XVVyGbzz/7LDS2IOO2Drt2AgsFtQ0WLOoAMqXLkdd6cSH5F9VvoC/L67wm+cDLPiSCsGtM7cMZwLN+bNeS4POG9RBrVq/2xNk+nKEOfF51O1aDf/r06VA5HholCMkfOmRY4Kfw1c1btoV8XfsxykH69UMASP7kyYlFpyD5wMb6MXxO91OIsfQFPqvLkbd+jGu0jfVjtCnlsgjWknyQ+mefeTaIz/Xuk5bkb9m0KahL+igpMJR2kAJjBCH5LZs2E1OmRIAIZIAASX4GYNGUCMRBQEh+3Zq14lyesvC2JC2+lGmST01+LNjL9SIh+Vx4m4RZSH7DKvzvhpB8avKTu+1Qk5/0ceaIQEUjQJJf0YizvbxDgCQ/MeTU5CddnyQ/iYXkSPKpyRdfkFRm8rFrEQMRIAKZI0CSnzlmvIIIZISAJvmnTp5y+GtaotXZQv8rZUihhbe760ybXuB0nDOnOCThgVxn0uQpgZ4Xf3/rAEmLbgN5+zc+ZEPaRv4+l3ogPdHlyGvNOeygqdY2w4cm5DqyhSa2DVy6bEUoQqagZQvQKs+G/GhWoVuwYJFbt25DUC5baM4oKAi1I32UFP9k6H5YGQgkCboceRsg8dE2Vs6EcdTln506ZatwkEKIDfbihwyDM/lJmCzJhzxH8EJqz5TA+gtdjvy5/Njq/DH20OAj4sELdWhZFXpn/dhK6tCm9APbS2Jc7Raaq9esC/k59sXXfr5l6/ZQOT4XduEtvgukHaR2rYD1Y3zX2KB90NdhzsfA+hXdhpayye46zZs0dT279wwi1h9oDT5e63LR5GN8JaBe3Y6VREFmhfLNmzZ5PJs3biKXMiUCRCADBEjyMwCLpkQgDgKa5O9/+WX34gsvBNESBvyw6XIsiLUkf8zYcU7HWbMLQyR/6tTp/rAskA3El158MdRtkBjdBvJWP4+DdrSNfVAAodDlyOM9HT784IOQTd/n+vj+CMmH3n7K5KmhuM0chjVp0mQ3YvgIHyeMf94tWrQkIEdC8vHwoPti9zl/++23Q+VWhw0yqa+3eOGeQAC1jSVQIIK6/MD+AxoKnz906FBgM2/uXI8FSX4SJkvyobnXmGqSiKvwUKnLkbeLrLFORNvAJ3XAA9/aNWt8XLd2rbe1fgzf13VA968DCKqUN210kR/XgukzAj8FmS8unhfyc5z9oEn+hg2bQuX4XFiSj+8CaQepXSSLdTO6HN81NmBxvLaxD6N4kNLlOAROgpB83ONjjzwWxN69eodIfu9ezwVlsEt3GNYrBw+G2rEPcFgrgH7gDAx8h6FNBiJABDJHgCQ/c8x4BRHICAFN8jO68B9jS/JFd19SSk1+HKQr7hrKdVKxtiQ/1SL736EmP6nFl9l9avKz32/Zw9xFgCQ/d8eWd5YlCJDkJwaCmvykQ5LkJ7GQHEk+NfniC5JSky9IMCUC8RAgyY+HG68iApEREJJfp0bNlGuw1SLkARKtHhi644Jp0/1f1td0vNpZ/T1m8/GejkXFc0NbaEKHK/VLajsi70uKdnVAv6QMqd1vG7a6HHlbx7jRY/x93HN3JwcN8lYjzYF8AVplxGXLVvhtB3fs3B2SNUDHj2sRr27fwden98lP1w8r34HMQ/fV6rij1IFrSqoDbepy5HUQkk8ZQhIVIfkN6tbz2NnPgvVBi2m6cbM+iGsgz4LcCrrvKH5s/cf2Q9chM/mQzImfIi3Jj1FuZWr4LEDSI5I7yJBsP87lg+nwSKKdyJ2rDu3H+JyhP/bE20EDB7uB/QcGEa9lFh+paPLh8/KZsP042/egkHxuoWkR42siEA0BkvxoONGKCMRGQEg+/ra2YfeuXQ5aV4lW7wvN7NNdnvQ/ru3aXO5GjBgZ0t+D5I8cOdoNHTosiFOnTQ+R/MOHDwf1ox0s+rQBC9ykD0itVhcafV2+a+dOW4Vbv25dyMbuud2393P+PkDOhw0d7iZPmhIi8CA2gwYO8nHggEHeZs2adSEbaJtxLeIlLVv5+jTJB4HX/UQepE4HkA1tA32wDlhEq8uRt2sWcGCPtoHeXgcQSF2OvCalQvIb1KmrL8vrvJD8OjVreeys5hxnM2hMd2zfnoLXpg0bQzZ64SiMoVNfunixW7JoscOBWHt2706pA9p83Y49oA4HaOlyaMclCMl/8oknAz+Fr65duz7kx0VFxaHy6dMKQuV4AIa2XUj+yhUrUhbaQl+v+4EDs3TAg4EuR96uWcA12gZ16oDFvVIua2rsPvmdH+vs7rvnviA+/eTTaUn+tClTgrrsAwswlHaQyiFlQvK58FaPCvNEIDoCJPnRsaIlEYiFgJB87pM/1pMWWXirFx7GycvCW03yYw1QJVwkJJ8Lb5PgC8nnPvkJ2Y5deJtEqnJyIN/pZvL1rH26PDX5lTNebJUIAAGSfPoBEShnBEjyEwBTk590NJL8JBaSI8mnJl98QVKZyec++YIIUyKQGQIk+ZnhRWsikDECJPkJyEjyk65Dkp/EQnIk+ST54guSkuQLEkyJQDwESPLj4cariEBkBDTJ37pli4NuWKLV+2JfbylDemD//pR98ocPH+l0nDlrdkinj4OwBg9OHDyFv9e3bwtr8KFb120gbw/Wwd7y2sZqzqEv1+XI2wNtoO/VNr179AzJdTZu3OxGjxoTinYx7pjRYx0W8iFiv3xo8kXaI3Kdfn36htqxiy2x17fuh90rHQd96fJNGzemjO3LL70UssEaBR2w/kDXsW3rVl3s8/v27gtspk+d6rGgXCcJkyX5777zboAXsLWacyzW1Jgjj7UQOmBveW1jNec432DpkiU+QqMPW3tAHQ7K0nW8/dZbugn/2ZHyJg0b+XG1GvsZM2aF/HzevPmBH8Of167bECrH52LZ8pW+LnyG4dP4LpB2kOK7Qgcc+qbLt2zerIt9Htp3bYOzCHT44osvQuU7tiXXPYhcp3HDRu4/9/8niD269wxp8Hv26BmUwS7dPvk7d+wItYN98XXA+gv0c8qkyR6Dxg0a6mLmiQARiIgASX5EoGhGBOIioEk+TkoFoZZodxABeZYypCDOdp98HH6lI3bT0XvmY6ed6QUzAoJw8sSJlK7rNpC3xNj2wxIfLJyzddjFdLhG24weOcr3STT5ON0WhwDpaHchAflZsWKVj1i8iJ1ILMmfVzw31I69WWCo+6EXwMIWY6DLkbfB1qF3VIEtHpxCdZiTRGGDxbtig4cGkDeS/CTSluRbH7SLRnGl4Cmp9WPrg9aPMfYgmIgguKjnXH5s60Cb0j5kJRhXkHrxU6Q4+E37ufZjlKf7LFhNvvXBc/rxOXwQfT6XH+uHJiH5ONW3X9/+QbS76eC1LpfddTC+ElCvYIbU7nCFfuH9F/bu9Xi2aNJULmVKBIhABgiQ5GcAFk2JQBwENMmPc70l+ZrQny3Pw7DiIF1x11Cuk4q1JfmpFtn/juyuY0m+JvxR85bkV/bdC8m3W2imW2yr3+PC28oeObafzwiQ5Ofz6PPeKwQBkvwEzNTkJ92NJD+JheRI8qnJF1+QlJp8QYIpEYiHAEl+PNx4FRGIjICQ/NrVa6RcA+079mmXaPeWh2Z4QN9+/i/rq9pd4SZMmBiS5mAm//nnJ7lx4ycEEbOIeib/g/feC+pHOyCYNkB3LH1AinZ1QL90OfptA36QtY3dn37wgIH+Pm664UZXUDDDzZ0b1iVjhlM0+vjLf/r0GW7Dxs0h2cPSZSv8tbi+7WVtfH16C01IJ3QfkIfMQYfjx4+HbOzZBJAO2DqsNOLoJ5+EbKy2GZIOW4eWJAjJb1Svvu5aXueF5NerVdtjd/qbb0J4YP2KxhR6exuwdkTbfPfddyET0flDhw9d+DvvvBMqxwto/3UdZ4x8C2dI6HLZ0x3Xykx+v779Aj+Fr2L9iZ7BX7p0eah8/vyFoXLId0b/c3gc5D/Q41u5EnTruh92nQh8Vpcjb/0Y12gb1KkD2pTycWMTW+DaffK7PtPVPfH4E0G0Gn2R66xYtiyoy0qigKG0g1TO6RCST7mOHhXmiUB0BEjyo2NFSyIQC4GSSD5O3sQPrURLjKHjHjVipCezHa5s73CSppXoTJtW4KZMmRZE6PU1yT927FhQP9qxhwzhpkB8pQ9ItRYX5SA6uvzkyZMpWIDoahtLrocPHebv47ZbbnULFy52y5evDBEbkCAsWEQcOXKUt9m8ZVvIBrp8XIt4Zdt2KSQf5EH3AXlLbEAetY19sIJOW5cjrwk6bhyEU9vYBdSw1+XI6/UXQvK5oDDpRkLy69ep67HD+hUdoNHWmKbzQZBUbWMPMcM1B/YfcBvWrXdYhIvPnw14gNN1WHKNBwddrg/cEpKPReLip0itBh+HvOnyFStXh/wcJH/a1MRJ1yD5H334UYp+HgttdT+++uqr0K1gnYguRx7v6YBrtA3q1AHaeCmfUVDgP2+W5Pfq2dt169otiH169wktxBWSjw0ApC7dBvLAUMqQysOZkHyeeGsR42siEA0BkvxoONGKCMRGQEg+D8PiYVjiRELyufBWEHFOSD4Pw+JhWOIVQvK5T74gwpQIZIYASX5meNGaCGSMAEl+AjJq8pOuQ5KfxEJyJPnU5IsvSEqSL0gwJQLxECDJj4cbryICkRHQJB+yGMhaJFopwPfffx+UwQZb+9nddaZOneZ0xJaZWsKDffMnTpzk/1rHX/3QIesASYu0L6ndSg97x0sZUitHgfRElyNvpQD461/bDBs8xPdJttDctm2HW7R4SShCpqC1y/PmLQi0y9DwQ64j5bJP/vQpU0Pt6HtFHlsj6n6IFEDsoJ/X5VaXDDuMg7axsipIk3T5p59+KtUHKXTGYrN50yaPBWfyA3hSZvKxLkTwQmrlKFh/ocuRt7IqSLO0jZWjaN06tPiw1bIq9A6+r+uwawXw2ZFyaMfxmSsomBn4Kfx15crVIT/XfoxyyHnsZ8HurmN9EN8VOkTy488+C/qKPtv1BiX5seyu07xJU9e9a/cgYrtMvZtO/379gzLYiVwHD3ESIBkUzJBaWRWkWXh/w/r1Hs/mjZvIpUyJABHIAAGS/AzAoikRiIOAJvmvvvKK1wRDF4xoySKIoJQhBUG3JH/cuAlOR2jwNcmHRn/UqDH+x1EW7el+g8ToNpC3+nkQXW1jD94BsdHlyFvtOxa0apv+ffr6PgnJh95eNPiSgvgLiUc6ZfJUr8+HRn/ixMluyZJlQbmQ/JHDR4TasYv6QC50P6yWG4RCl+PwLBuw0FjbgHDpgAcHXW4PboLtkTffDGwWLVjgsSDJT6JoZ/LxoKQxtYeY4aFSlyNv97CHvl7b2EXWGHvo8xFx+BJsrR/D93UdIJ864LMj5RhPT/Knzwj8FH6Mh1XxcaTaj1GOhbm6HHlL8vFdIO0glcWp0hd8l+hyLGC1AQd5aRvrx3iw0uWYSZcgJL/pRY1d58c6B/G5Xs+FSP5zvfsEZbBLdxjWoddfD7WDSQUdsE4G/Zg/d67Hs2mji3Qx80SACEREgCQ/IlA0IwJxEdAkP04dluRrQn+2vF54a2cv4/ShLK6hXCeJIuU6SSwkZ0m+vF+VUll4y33yhwbEn/vkVyUPZl9zDQGS/FwbUd5P1iFAkp8YEpL8pGuS5CexkBxJPjX54guSUpMvSDAlAvEQIMmPhxuvIgKRERCSX6dGzZRroMnHdpUSraYYkoSpk6f4v6yv6dDRFRbOCUlzMJOP92bPTsY5RcWhLTShSZf6kVppDjqF97SN1dejX7rcriVAHdDVahurbR4zarS/j7vv+reXJ9jtMSFbWLVqjY+QN0DCYDX6W7ft8O+jrONV7X19ep989EP3AXlot3WAHEPbWHkG5D66HHkrASptHULyKUNIjoyQ/AZ163n8z+WD6fz4XD6Ia6Dt/+D99/1ZEHH8GFI17R9aIiQz+ZMnTQn8NJ0fQ4OP9yWm+ywsWLDQ+zfkP9DOl7UPAvlM/HjxokW+P/bE2wH9Bzro8CUOHDAomMWHVl80+SDsglty1BM5YChlSGWNkJB8bqFpEeNrIhANAZL8aDjRigjERkBIPv62tmHf3n2BJhi6YGiIdYBmtuvTz/gf13aXt/X6dCvRGTV6jBs+fEQQocnXcp033ngj1MaunTt1Ez6/feu2kI3e+xsGfhHcP9pl9HPfnr0pdWAxqeibkdrFun2f6+PvAw8r0Nhj8TCIvY44BAsRRGHkiFGhhbaww+JbXIt4ycWtfH2a5IMY6j4gbxcXQpesbbTuGDcF4qPLkbeEEnusaxuQdh1ANnU58vphQkh+gzp19WV5nReSX6dmLY+dXTsBjb7GdM/u3Sl4bdu6NWSDB1wdsN4CB2EtWbTYrVy+wr2wb58u9nlo83U7dqEt1gbochxUJUFI/tNPPR34KXx17boNIT8vLp4XKp9hFupibUrffw7BA8lft2ats+cG4DAw3Q8cBKYDHmB0OfL2oQbXaBt7wBjalPIB/RKH8tl98nEQ1gP3PRDEZ556Ji3JnzG9IKjLPrAAQ2kHqay/EJLPw7D0yDJPBKIjQJIfHStaEoFYCAjJ5z753CdfHEhIPhfeCiLcJ18/7CJvF94mkaqcnCy8tTP5emeddHlq8itnvNgqEQACJPn0AyJQzgiQ5CcApiY/6Wgk+UksJCcz+TwMi4dhiU/ITD4PwxJEmBKBzBAgyc8ML1oTgYwRIMlPQEaSn3QdkvwkFpIjyQ9L1ziT7xxJvnw6mBKBeAiQ5MfDjVcRgcgIaJK/cf0Gt3bNmiDaA36gRdXlL77wQso++cOGDXc6zpw5O7QYd9KkKW7QoMFerw4979bNW0J9xSJa3QbyVreOPd21jd33HQvldDnyVreOvbC1Tc/u3X2fZJ98LDocMXxEKGJBopYtjB41xg0aOMjHoUOGuaKi4qBc9sl/rlfvUDt2oe3LL70UKn//vfdCeEBzrfu5bu3aUDleYO2EtrHnBkD7rcs3bdyYUsfuXbsCm8n/HFZGuU4SJkvycTaBxtSeX4DFmboceatbx9oJbQOf1AH7wi9dvDgRlyzxtnohLWxBNHUdeEDTAXvtS3njBg29j2Ofe+3HeK19HZp8XQ7Nvi5HftnylcFnGD790osvBu2gPdGtS1+wBkb6gRTadhv27tkTsrHnBmAtjq5jy+bNQRUi12ncsJG7/977g9i9W4+QBr9H955BGezS7ZO/dcuWUDt2z3+sTUI/Jk6Y4DEArgxEgAhkjgBJfuaY8QoikBECmuSDQGDxm0RLSEHApQwpFmvaffIL5xQ5HYuK54ZIPnbXmTFzVkAQTp06ldJf3QbydiGc7YfsdqErOlcduEbbyO46QvJ37NztNm/eGoqa+CCPBwGcDoq4YeNmpw/LEpK/cP6CUDu6j8gDQ90P3JsOGANdjrwNtg678wt2EtJ1WKKI+nQdOKgID2Ak+UmkLcm3Pgj8bNCYI2/92Pqg9WOMPYg+Ig40i1KH9R+0Kf1o1byFH1e7Tz4eXrWvaz+Gn2MXKV2OvJ3J1/6D9mw/ytuPheRj4S121JGIhfJai4/XUoZUdtfB+Eqw34N2Jy58vnCPeEDH54S76whyTIlAZgiQ5GeGF62JQMYIaJKf8cXOpZB8u7tOutd6dx0ehhUH9fK9hnKdVHwtyU+1yP53ZHcdS/Ltw2uU15bkV/bdC8nnwtvKHgm2TwSiI0CSHx0rWhKBWAiQ5CdgoyY/6T4kg1h5bgAAIABJREFU+UksJEeST02++IKk1OQLEkyJQDwESPLj4cariEBkBITk165eI+UakD38JS0R++LrcPr0aSf7y1/Z7go3fvyEkDQHs/gTJkx0Y8eOD2LBjJmhffKhQZf6kVpdMtqD5l7b2L3B0S9dbnXJqOPA/gMhm++//17fihvUf4D/6/3G6673e+Rrfb3MbI4YPtIh4i//KVOmuQ0bNoW0y0uWLPPXYo/9yy+9zNen98nH3/66n8hjz3odoPfVNlbbDEmHLkfeSkWgydc2VtsMOYIuR17LK4TkN6pXX3ctr/NC8uvWqu2xs+csfPnllyFMDx86nILXq6+8ErKBDEcHnJGANRfYKx976mPtiQ3Ys12P3Q8//BAywf79uhxrByTITP5zvZ8L/BS+CqmZ+DjSxYuXhsrnzZsfKt+2facbOWKk92/IVbA2x655+eRj48cffijd8Cl8VvcTeevH+G7SNqhTB7Qp5WNGjUpIZ5o1D8lznn36Wff4o48H0Wr0Ra6DswmkLiurAoZShlTOSBCSz33y9agwTwSiI0CSHx0rWhKBWAiURPKxYBOH/EjEIj4d8CMrWvYOV7V306cXpJD86QUz3NRp04OYOP22MCAIx48dD+pHO/agK7R36uSpkI0lFFjQKH30dZiHEdSBH2ZtY3XpI4YN9326/dbbHMj6ypWrQ8QG5AeLiBHHjBnriZBdiLtu3QZ/La6/qt0Vvj5N8kEedB+QtzpsaK+1jX2gwYOCLkfeavDx8KVtLJkEodflyOv1F0LyuaAw6e1C8uvXqeuxsw9nOAlVY2ofiNP5IHTdOuAaPORiQek777zj7GFZsD1x4kSoHevHIP26H3rxvJD8USNHB34KXy3Jj1G+evXa0GcBGv2CgpnBZ/jYsWOhh0T0Ez6n+xHFj632HdfoOkry49mzEut87GFYz/Xu43p06xHEvn36hR4ChOTv3rkzaEuPCfLAUPdDHqyE5FOTbxHjayIQDQGS/Gg40YoIxEZASD4Pw+JhWOJEQvK58FYQ4WFYeqYfeWryuYVm8tPBHBGIhwBJfjzceBURiIwASX4CKmryky5Dkp/EQnIyk8/DsHgYlviEzOTzMCxBhCkRyAwBkvzM8KI1EcgYAU3yod3Ga4lWFoO/y6UMKSQwdgvNyVOmOh2xnabeYQfbZ054fmLwV/9bR46E+gzZiG4DeavVhR5a21hZA+Qruhx5rTlHg9BQa5sh/+zdL1tobt22w82fvzAUIVPQM5pFRXO9Nh/6/MLCopCsQbbQnDJpUqgdq/fFHty6H5Da6ABJhy63e+DDFuOgbSD50QHSEl1utc2wPX78eGCzYf16Pz6cyU+iaEk+doXSmFqZGaQnuhx5K82CDETbwCd1wNhj/3nE/S+/7G2tNAu+r+uwawXw2ZHy5k2a+nEtmD4j5MeYlde+vnrNulD55i3bQuWwtTP51gettAbfJdIPpOn8GJIYbWPXzUASpcuxfkWC7K7TrHET1/WZrkHsZ+Q5/fr2D8pgJ3IdjK8E1KvbsecbQK6D8rWrV3s8mzduIpcyJQJEIAMESPIzAIumRCAOAvixwuI5yHWwWBCzUxLtIVTQDEsZUiwKtSR//ITnnY7Q4GuSD93+6DEJaQzafeWVV0LdBjnSbSBvtcsgA9pG/9ijMhB6XY68fVA4fuxYyGZAv34eByH5IDYzZ84KRSw41CQfhwiNGT3WRxD9pctWBOVC8seOGh1qx5J84K/7askiCIYuT7cwGYuXtY0liyAluhyHMNkADbjYLF28xGNBkp9EyZJ8kFrBC6ld3JzOj61+Hg9Wuo5jR48mG3TOgdRu3rTJRxzQBFv7oIBrdB34bOiAz46UYzzxmbMkf+HCxSE/X6b8GP6+cdOWUDk+F5bk47tA2kFq1yRgPY8uP3TokO6mzwNjbaPXE8AApF+X4x8nCULym17U2HXp3CWI0OTrffL79O4TlMEuHcnHgmfdjn1oxoMUyhctWOjxbNroIukGUyJABDJAgCQ/A7BoSgTiIKBJfpzrLcnXhP5see6THwfpiruGcp1UrC3JT7XI/ndk4S33yR8aEP9aF1b3RF3P5EcdSRB9PDRRrhMVMdoRgTACJPlhPPiKCJQ5AiT5CUipyU+6Fkl+EgvJkeRzn3zxBUlJ8gUJpkQgHgIk+fFw41VEIDICQvLr1KiZcg2kIviLXKKVvEAWM3niJD+bdXWHjm7W7MKQNAcz+Xhv5qzZQZwzpzi0T/5nn30W1I927Dad6BRkQ9IHpFZfj37p8nR1QLKibWwdss/2v++8y2ErzI1m73DIFrCdICK20Vy7boOz8h1IfHAtYocr23tc9BaauBfdB+TttoGQV2gbu1Uj5D66HHm9/SXagP5Z29i1FbDX5chrGZGQ/CYNG6X4RL6+ISS/Qd16HjsrmykLH4TfQm4DSRa09lYLDuytH1uNPiRBemwh+ZEgM/kTn58Y+Cl81a410X7sPwubtgQyNHwOduzc7ebOne/9GzPZ0N9bH7R+bH0wnR9rH0SfrR9b2Z7244XzF/j+2C00+/cb4LBtpsQB/QcGs/iQ8Yhc55WDBwPcBC9JgaHGVGRXQvK5haYgxZQIZIYASX5meNGaCGSMgJB8/G1tAw5+wZ7dEqEh1gHa7+7PdvU/rldc3taNGjUmheRjT/kRI0YFEZp8Ldc58uaRoH60s2/vPt2Ez+/etStkYxfaghhJH5Gi3zbs2LY9ZIOFkzr069PX38e1Ha/2++BPN4sTQW4GDxri48ABg7wOH0Qf70vEgkTcL+KlrVr7+jTJB6HX/UTePpC8+867IRurnweZtHVYAoXFzNoGhyzpgAcHXY68foATkt+wbj19WV7nheRj7QrwwoJpHaDR15i+sC/Vj3fu2BGysWsncFjW8mXLHA5mWrN6tV9sq9tAHodk6XbsQm2sDdDlIK8ShOR3fbZr4Kfw1XXrNwY+DF+eN29BqBwPteLjSLdt2+EG/HN4HEj+po0b/foBaQcpDpDS/YBP6QCirMuRF/IsdrhG2+iDvWAD8i3lgwcOTEvyuzzRxT34wINBfPaZZ9OS/MJZs4K67MMGMJR2kMr6CyH5PAxLRowpEcgMAZL8zPCiNRHIGAEh+dwnn/vki/MIyefCW0GE++Rrko+8XXibRKpycrLw9uLmLUIkXi+6TZenJr9yxoutEgEgQJJPPyAC5YwASX4CYGryk45Gkp/EQnIyk8998rlPvviEzORz4a0gwpQIZIYASX5meNGaCGSMAEl+AjKS/KTrkOQnsZAcSX5SlsaZ/IRXkOTLp4MpEYiHAEl+PNx4FRGIjIAm+dABr1y+IohWMwyio8v37tmTsk/+kCHDnI44/EpvpTlx4iQHTTu0vKLn1Z3FgljdBvJYbKgD9vPXNgcPJHXHsIO2V5cjbxewQv+sbXp06+b7I/vkb9i42Q0dMjQUt2zdHtImjxwxyt8L7gd6/cLCOUG57JPfq3uPUDt2gSK027of2K9eB+zJrctXrVipi30eaxa0DfYs1wF7luvydWvX6mKf3751W2Dz/PjxHgvKdZIwWZKPvdQ1pjisSgcszNXlyNv1F1hgq23gkzqc/uYbr8+HRn/p4sXe1i4+hV5c12H3n8eidSlv3KChH1ec76DlN1OnTgv5ORbH6/K1a9eHyvG5WLZ8pa8Ln2H49L49e4N20B7w0gHfJdIPpJDX2IA1C9rGHpiFdRC6fMO69UEVItfBPd7b6d4gdu/aPSTf6d6tR1AGuxoXVPP3ofu7acPGUDtYb6EDNPnox/h/zvtAmwxEgAhkjgBJfuaY8QoikBECmuSDYOtoF6Dhx1yXYyGp3Sd/TlGx07G4eF6I5BcVz/U77QjJtw8S6LxuA3kb0K62sTvUxKlj3Ogx/sdeSD5IDhYY6qiJD/Ig/Zs2b/UReb1LiZD8xYsWhfp6rnuxDwEYA32vUfCIUwd2aZF2ZIaSJD85Wpbkp/ssJK0TOcFTUlsexY+xqBoR5D7K2Jf0WWjVvIX3cbtPPvxW+7n2Y/g5dtPR5chbTb69l9L6IO71XHXonYWE5GN3nUEDBwcRD99ai4/Xulx219EkX38W0A/7PSifyYMHDng8ubuO9Wy+JgLRECDJj4YTrYhAbAQ0yY9TiSX5etb+bHm9u47d5SZOH8riGsp1kihSrpPEQnKW5Mv7VSmV3XUsybcPr1FeW5Jf2TgIyefC28oeCbZPBKIjQJIfHStaEoFYCJDkJ2AjyU+6D0l+EgvJkeRTky++IKn848WFt4IIUyKQGQIk+ZnhRWsikDECQvLT7ZMPzTC0thLt3uCYhX+uZy//l/WVbdu5cePGh6Q5mMkfP36C31N+zOixPi0omBnaJx/7wkv9SPW+3nIzB/bvD9nY2X/0S9eBH18bXnzhhZANDvDRYUC//v4+brj2Ojdp0mQ3e3ZSXy8zm8OGDneIgwYOchMnTk7ZX3zR4iX+Wlzf5pJLfX12n3zdT+T1YUXoD/S+2gb46ID97HU58nZ/8Q/efz9kYzX6kH7YOvThTkLyuU9+Enkh+XVr1fbYWZkZ1j1oTK2+HjVBt69toLnXAbhjRhr6e+w9b/X1sMUaDl3Hd999p6twOMtCl6NOCTKT36tnr8BP4asbNmwKafAXLUr6McqLiuaGynEI3LBhw71/Q3a3Z9duLymSdpDie0X34/333tPF/lwGXY68PqsBxrhG26BOHSBjkvKRwxP9sYdhPf3U0+7Rhx8NYjej0Re5zsL584O6rDwHGEo7SOW8ECH53CdfjwrzRCA6AiT50bGiJRGIhYCQ/HQn3oJMf/7ZZ0G0i1dBLmUGvGP7Dq5gxswUkg9pwPSCGUHE4lQt1znx6adB/Wjrq6++SrkPECrdD0tq0S9dbh8CUCFImLaxhGLk8BGetNxx2+1eb7x6zboQsQHRLyoq9nHC+Ofd8uUr3dZtO0I2IEuQMSBedcWVKSQf5EH3AXmrs8YiY21jSRx0yroceavDxumc2sYuXIbmWJcjr/XPQvK5oDDpikLy69ep67GzC2BBODWmWDBtAw5x0zbWj3ENDi7DAlR8LuP4MU7J1W3ow7KE5OMALPFTpCX5Mcqx8FYedJFCo4+TrGVdzamTJ53Wx+O+z+XH8FndT+StH8P3tU1JflxUmOiPJfl9nuvrevXoFcR+ffuHNPpC8vft3Ru0ZccNGOp+yEnEQvKpybeI8TURiIYASX40nGhFBGIjICSfh2HxMCxxIiH5XHgriPAwLE3ykQf5F5KvHxCTiFVsjpr8isWbrRGBskCAJL8sUGQdRKAEBEjyE+DIPxJ6dx1LbDJ5LbvraLlOCcOQVUUk+anDITP5PAyLh2GJd8hMPjX5gghTIpAZAiT5meFFayKQMQJC8mtXrxHsyY19uXft3JlSF97XEZpivbvOhOcnukHYou6fCFmA3mEHW2uirH+/AcEs4CeffBJq57VXXw21YfcfhyxC9wF5KyOChl/bWH009ivX5ciPGTXK90lI/uTJU4I98LEP/uxZhSHJAvT3eF9HvfWgkPzuz3YN2oIUQwfIkHQ/0j0QYP96bWO1zViPoMtXr0zdfxz6bm0D3b8Ox48dC5VPnTzZY8GZ/CRKmuRD6qXxRN7ugQ+f0zYH9h9IVuac91ldjryVAOE8A21j15pAvqLLkbfyr3179wU2F9Vv4MdV764DWZr2YeTtwyzkadoG2+LqmfzPPvssaAN9WLF8eehe8WLrli0hG7tOBHvR63vBmR02YP96bXNUfXfITH7jBo3cg/95yMfHHnksJM3BVpqPPPxIUA47rEXCPxIYXwR8H+o20G8bcH+wGT1ipL+WJN8ixNdEIBoCJPnRcKIVEYiNgJB8ynUo1xEn4ky+IJFMNclPvlu1cqLJ1yTfEvqorzXJp1ynedVyBPaWCGQJAiT5WTIQ7EbuIkCSnxhbynWSPk6Sn8RCciT53EJTfEFSynUECaZEIB4CJPnxcONVRCAyAiT5CahI8pMuQ5KfxEJyJPkk+eILkpLkCxJMiUA8BEjy4+F2zqt+Wv2Qq/1/1d0dhSfdXyVYR7P7ya15qIarduFtruhkCbX9tNo9Uv08V+vWOa4kMxfRLlrfnItmF/EeXES7iPdQ1vdawlCetUhIPjT5OmAryx3btwcR2l4bXn7pJdeze3evS72ibTu/TabW4GPrzJGjRgdx7NjEPvp6C83169YHbaA9u4XmiRMnQuUHDxy03XC7d+0K2ehtA2F87OjRULnVNsOmS+fO/j6uu+Zav7f/uvUbQ9rkaVOnu6FDhnpt8siRo1L20YceH2cCSLys9SW+Pq2zh55eY2o1+tB663LkrU77nXfeCdnYffSxZsHWoffAx70eefPNkI3VR2NcoVOmJj/pakLysU8+1nzYgP3TNe52C81PP/00VG7XiaC+VStWupXLV3i9N9Zi2LMcoEHXbeAcCx2wRasuR/7MmTOBich1unfrHvgptrTVEp1t23YEZeLLGzdtCdnMnTvfDRo02PsI/OTIkSNBG8hga1DbD7tlLXxf29i1Jjg/Qpcjb7fpfOPw4cBm2JAhvj/6xNv+/fq7zo8/EYpDBg8J6fRlC83ioiJfF74rdMAY6H7gu0ZC+ZL8sv2tifY7mF+/l9EwiTgOUbmBOA9TjwBJfjk5QjTnLuMPfCUR32j3WsYf5Eq61zjuIiTf7pOPH2Xs0y3REme0hR/AieMn+B/Xq9t3cHPmFIcX2s4pdtD/Spw5c7Yv1yT/gw8+CNpAW5YMgORKH5DafePRDywA1jaW1IL46nK73zbqGDo4QVruuuNOt3r1Wgeyo8kP3luwYJGbOnWaW7p0uVtvDhDC3uGwkdj+yqs8Lprkg7joftjFmtA263Lkrd4Ze3RrG9mzW8Yee43rcuTt4T5oV9vYA7lAHknyBdFEKiQf++Sn9cHTp0OYnsuPcZaBDVgQ/dFHHzk8ZOFh1y6ijeLHelyR18RYSP74cRMCPz2XH8Of9YJyfCY2btzsiuYUex+Bn/xg7iWSH5/DB6P4MR5g5H7nz53r+6NJPh5E+vbpG4pYfKujLLzd/9JLvi5grAO+S6QNpPoAM5L8c0zsRSW+lfR7WSncQDsX844kn05ABMoZASH5XHjLhbfiapTrCBLJVEg+t9DkFpriFeVL8qUVpkQgdxEgyc/dseWdZQkCJPmJgaAmP+mQJPlJLCRHkk9NvviCpCT5ggRTIhAPAZL8eLjxKiIQGQEh+ZDrgNxJtHupo0IpkxR/bet98qHBf/75iUGEtEVr9IuK5/qysWPHBX/1Y39sHU6dPBVqB1pmHSBhkPYltfIcXCNlSG0bkFLocuTHjR7j+yT75C9evNRBrywRWwZq+c7atevduHHjfXx+wkRvB8mO2Mg++Xh4kLawL74OkMlIGVJo5W2AfEPbWK03JAu6/O2337ZVuA/efz9kY6VXkJ/oOtauXu2xoCY/CaUm+ZDAaLyQt/Ic+Jy2sX4Mn9XlyFt5DkgktPmIWAeAz4YO0L7bOqy8CxpzsWnWuIkfV72FJvT24uOSig9LunDh4pDNqlVrQvvkQ/4mbSB9y2j00Wes+9A2WvaCclsH1p7YAN2+rkOvWZB98nGPXZ/t6iPWHmhpDvLdunYPymEnch2MLwL6pduw61Vgg/uDzdIlSzye3CffjhRfE4FoCJDkR8OJVkQgNgKa5GMRp8Tjx4+n1CllkkIvr0l+wYyZbtKkKUGcNr0gheSjfPz45/2PI/S8p06FicsXX3wR9AHt4LAnHUCEpH1JLTnCNVKG9PPPP9dVeEKmy5G3JH/pshUOh/5IXLlydUDgQX7WrtvgJk6c7OOUyVO9XTqSP3HC80FfoOnVAYd46X4I0dA2IGnaxhJ0aPJ1eTpS8snHn4RsrKYcBEvXsXH9epJ8PQjO+cOS4K+Q60AvrvFC3pJ8+Jy2+fyzz0I1pvNjrZ+HMR769u7Z4yPWSeCzoQPa1G0gb0k+Fq6LTfM0JH/z5q2Bj4uvC7mXdMmSZSEbHKCl98nHg6a0gdQuokWfsWhY22iCjnKsE9Hl6fwYEw/aRq+t0SQfRB6xZ4+eKSS/R/eevkxsLMlHv3Qb+sAtwR73B5uVK1aQ5AsoTIlADARI8mOAxkuIQCYICMmnJp+afPEbzFJy4a2gkUj1TH64pOq8koW3eiZfiHymqSb59sGiMhARkq8X3tpZ/HSvLcnPpO+U62SCFm2JQCoCJPmpmPAdIlCmCJDkJ+CkJj/pViT5SSwkR5JPTb74gqQk+YIEUyIQDwGS/Hi48SoiEBkBIfl2C03ofSExkGj15GgA2/wJOe7YvoPX7WoNPjS+0OlLhJwH5XoLTfztLW0gRbs6QNKiy63kBbaQRmgbK52ApEWXWz0w6hg8YKCfvb7jttu9FGGr2UJzxYpVrqio2E0Y/7yDRhmafD37CakOZjclXnXFlb4+vYUm5AW6H1Y2gxlRXY48pCE6YOtFbaMlC7CD5EOXI29nWtGuttF7qaMOIS/U5CeRF5KPLTTtughYQUqjMbV+jPUXujydD2I9BfaP37ljh9ffn9OPT59OdvCfnG4DeS1lk5n8MWPGBn56Lj+GP2/bvjPk6zhDYtbsQu/f+MfHSm/gs7Yf1o+tD0bxY7sVLNqVdooL5/j+6Jn8QQMHued6PxeKdjZfZvJf2LvX12W3pMUYSBs+VdI/+ZxQk5/ihnyDCERCgCQ/Ekw0IgLxETgbyQeZxgE/EtMdAPTKwYPuuZ69/I/rlW3bOSHxQvQLCma6MaPHBhGH61iSv3XzlqANtGVJPPT10gek9gAg3PmLL7wQsrHkGYsedR04RMeGp7s86e/jhmuvc5MmTU7ZB7+gYIYbNnS4A3EASQLh1yQfe4njOoltLrnU16dJPhbR6n5YDT4IhS5H3pJFLKLVNla7jMXQuhx5TfRw31jUqG3sIuv9L7/s+06Sn/QSIfk4DOu1V19NFvyTw972GlNL4rEQV5cfOnQopY41q1c7yE6WLl7s9uze7exe+lgno+uwC7VBgnU58vosBiH5vXr2Cvy0qGhuyI9xPoT4sKSbNm8N2cyfv9ANGzbc+whI/rtmkWw6P7YPLMBT9xWfDR3wcK/LkbdrFvBQJDYjh4/w/dEkv3+/Aa7LE0+GoiX5chjWwvkLfF12gTS+S6QNpPiukUCSL0gwJQLxECDJj4cbryICkREQkk9NPjX54jSU6wgSyVRIPvfJ5z754hUk+YIEUyIQDwGS/Hi48aocQwDb7b2wb1+53BVJfgJWkR3JFpp6lj5OXrbQ1DP55TKA5VApSX4qqCT51ORbr6gIko9/1bCLGQMRyEUESPJzcVR5TxkjIEe2P/vU0yl/4WdcmblASD40+ZB1SLQaWlwmZZJCHqC30MQ++HOKioOI1yLdkRTlM2fNDv7qt/IctCv1I43SD3NL/ppM67AkH/IbSBck4rUm+9DgQ8aAuHnLNm+ny4XkL160KLgfq40HfrqfyNtg8YhTB2QOuh2rbbb9gCSKu+uER8KSfI1nlHGL48eQuEB+hYh8nDq0/7Rq3sKPq95dB34sPi6p9mPk030W9O46ug3BJYxeYq2IlCE9lx9baQ7qK8mPZXedls2au0GDBvs4eNDglC008Z6UIxVNPsYXwX4W0vVD7uPggQMJiVCz5vZ2S/0aMqvePXr6+qdPm1bq+lgBEchGBEjys3FU2KcKRwA/ojOmF7ja1Wu45k2aus2bNpVZH4Tko+6Vy1cEEfpTG3Q58tizXZP8iRMnuSFDhgVx7NjxIZIPgo/ygQMG+R8vEMmjR4+Gmjl86HDQB7Rx8MDBUDlmtWw/QIJ0ePWVV0I2VsePH1Bbx5hRo3yfZCZ/2tTpbuiQoUEsLCwKkXwcloX7QIROH7b6QUBIfq/uPYK2sMhYByzg1P1YvXKVLvb5XTt3hmysBh+LAXUd69etS6lj29atIRu79zd0yLqOgmnTPRbU5Ceh1CQfhFvjhbxdsAmf0zbwSR2gOdflyNv1FxvXb3BLFi32cfmyZQ6fDR2wWNXWAQKqw0svvhjYNG7Q0I+rJvlr1qwLfFz83ZJ8nAchZUjnzp3vF+7i84uIhe+6H1hbYAMWE2sbq8HHQV+6fMO69bYKt3XLlpDN8WPHAhsh+Y0bNnIPP/Swj48/1jmF5D/2yGNBOewsycf6FN2PHdu3B21IBvcHm/FjEhK/sl54i888HsjQt0nPT/QP6NI2UyKQSwiQ5OfSaPJeSo0AfoBuuelm/8Pa5fHOnmSXtlIh+dTkU5MvvkS5jiCRTDXJT75btXKy8FaTfEvoo77WM/l2Vr4yUBGSrxfe2kW26V5bkp9J38taroOF1l2ffsZ/v2MDgHSHimXSP9oSgWxHgCQ/20eI/atwBPCDOqew0IGUN210kVu3dm2p+lBWJB8zenfdcWekeNstt/ofMlxj5TqluplSXGzlOlHJztnsZCafmvxSDEoWXUqSXzU0+fhOue6aayNH2COKXCcTlytLko9/KVo0aer/rYU8J500K5O+0ZYIVAUESPKrwiixj5WCALbTu+v22/0P1CMPPeT3rI/TkbIk+fKDmUmabSQffb+4WQvXqkVLd8nFrdylrVo7bId5+aWXuXZtLndXXN7WXdXuCtf+iitdx6vau6vbd3DXdrzaXX/NtQ6zbzddf4O7+YabgocYkvw4Xpl91+QSyW9Qp6676YYb3Q3XXe+uv+Y6d+3V1zg8lOKsiw5XtndXtbvSYUvcdm3auraXtfH+f1nrS/znAf8GYLa8xgXVAh/Pppn8TL57tG1lkXxIHrt07uyxxL+0djvb7PsksEdEoOwQIMkvOyxZUw4igEVi8+fNc/Vr13EX1W/gVixfnvFdCsmHJl8HHO6zZfPmIO7etUsX+/y+vfvcpIkT3UMPPOAj9OdDBw0OIl5LGdLHHn4kKBM7rC/Q7aBdHfAwo8uxH7kN27duC9nYPco/+fiTULnV+aMDrPCoAAAgAElEQVS+zo89FpAW/eNf2rwm+dDk63ux+/VD663Lkbc7a7x15EjIBocn6QCtt60DuzPpgD3atY2VBbz84kseC2ryk6gJycc/aHqvdLGA5lxjioPidIB+XJenO3cCuntE6PDxuQAB1AE6dl2H1fnj+0CXI68PmRK5Tml92l5v/Rg+a/th1xtAEqZtcHaDDjg8TJcjb9cbYN2D2MwsmOGlLvK9grTfc31C3z/4Dhqivp9g88Tjj3ubpUuW+LosycZ3ibSBFN81Eko7k4/1M/g3FpseFM6enbIYWdphSgRyFQGS/FwdWd5XmSKARWv3derkidn999zrT2iM2oCQfHviLX5QoRGVaE9FRf1YwCrlSC2ZxGtdrg/mkf6hXm1jf8hBfHW5XeCIekBktM256gCBsAEH+uzYvsNt34YHhi3+MCIcSIRFcDu2bfeHFOGBaurkyW7BvPkOpAALZbEAD0QeBxgVzprlZs2Y6WZMn+6mTZnqFyXj8CoJID+6n3bBMEiaLkfezpLiGm1j64C9Lkce9eqABwFtYx8kuLuORiuRF5LfoG690AFTYpmpD6bzYxyYhUXQwB+HMNmdXUCU9bil82NdjryWfeDhAWS4YNo0N6OgwPtncVGR92U8XKxasdL7NOzg3yuWLXcrV6zwC16xABUP+nv37HHIQ16CFA831gfT+bH1QevH1gfRb3svgrWk1o/tg0SUOoChbgffNzpgDHS5fmiKS/LxAPjoQw/772v8G6sXEOu2mScCuY4ASX6ujzDvr0wRwA8zDutpWLeeW7RgYQq5S9eYkPy4C2/T1cn3qjYCXHibOn5C8qvyYVipd8V3SoNAHJKPf1vxryv+fcWkgX34KU1/eC0RqGoIkORXtRFjfysdAchdHnrgP36W6O4773InTpwosU8k+SXCk5eFJPmpw06Sn4pJvr+TCcnHVrcP3Huf/16+9+5ODv++MhCBfEeAJD/fPYD3HxsB7OWMfbHr1artiucUnXXGSEg+5Dr40ZJo92NHR6RMUisXwA+XlCG1+lb8fa7Lkbd/00OuoG3snu6QAOly5O1f7MeOHg3ZQNevA/7Wt3VYaQT6rm0gpdABC4ahm0aEThe2dlYO2Oo68EOvA+RLuhwyDRugl9c2X375ZcgE8gFdbvXRMIbeWdvYxc7ffvttqByyDeiuqclPQq1JPnxF44m8lYrA57SNlWTAZ3U58lZmhrUj4mNYB4DPhg747Ng6tDwHttDxa5vPToXJJT7Duhx5G/BdoG2wL74OkNzpcrufP2yxHkXb2DULkCfpcjxo2vD222+HbOzaG7zWddj1KqjvyJtvhmzQrg44u0LXYc+2gC3uDzb4txSfk3Ptk7944SL/7yr+BcK/rQxEgAgkECDJpycQgVIgADLX+dHEgtLbb7nVWcKMqjXJR16iJbViK+VILbHBj6wut6QWenFdjrwl6PiR1TZ2IS4Ili5H3pIjEGFtYwkFHhR0OfKWHKHv2sYSY5BrHDSEeGD/AW9rhwoPPboOu5ASumRdbg8IQn34J0bbWFICkqbLscjYBhBObaN1xbDFw4YuB7EkyQ+jqEk+fEXjhbxdjwKf0zb24Qw+q8uRtw+aIJjiYyCn+GzogM+OrcOu4bB+bIkxPsO2Dt0G8vgu0DZ4KNTB+rF9uIctHlB0HdC562D9ON13FR6UdB12nZD1Y/tghfZQr67Dro3AZ0OX2wcr1IH7g83a1atLJPn47Ha669/e5sH7H3D2u0zfP/NEIB8RIMnPx1HnPZc5Aps2bHTNGjfxuzhg4Z0mtPixAqGjJr/MYa+yFVKukzp0muSnlvKdfEQAs/npZvLxj97comL/Lyr+TU13knU+4sV7JgIWAZJ8iwhfE4GYCGAG+Jknn/I/SjffcKMTOQ5JfkxAc/gykvzUwSXJT8Uk399JR/IhFcS/piD/jz/yaNYc9pfvY8X7z04ESPKzc1zYqyqMALaDhIYUx7lPmTTZvffue/4HyW6hib/g8Ve1RKvlBQSQAkg5UmxppwP+gtflVr4DW9SrbdCuDvg7XZen+8tbth4UOysjwt/6UobUynfQni5H3sqI8Ne77MsNwmelE5i9s3VYGREetLSNlU7gHxZdjryVcEDyo22sdAJt6nLkrYQD0iNtYyVAr736qvcJavKTnigkv36dus5q0mEFaZbG1K41gZREl1v5DuqA1lt8DFIT64OQkug64vgxZDK6DitDg6/ocuStH8PntI2VoaXzY/3vIe4Vvq/riOLHds2L9WMrAQJ+ug3kbQCG2sZKgPBdosu1jFGTfNwfts/F9yg+N/j3lIEIEIGSESDJLxkflhKBWAjgh6xH126eyF3Vtl1ako8fYRw8JdEevIOGQUikHKklHXity9MtLEW92sYSXxAqXZ5uQR408drG/tjjh1mXp1uQp8uRBynTAT/o69au9Qvn8KBkF+ThR97WYR96oAfWNvJvirQDXbcuR94SPej2tY3VP4Nc6nLkLUnDYl5tg9lHHXBQEzX5GhHnhOTXrVXbk/FwqXOvHDwYwtSSVjzgasyhsbcBhyOJj2GhrV07gQdNXQcWouoAEqzLkceDtg54eNA29iA0PFTqcuTtAwt8Ttvg30Ad4LO6HHnrx/B9bWPXkuBhX5cjbx8UMCbaxmrwMUGgy5G3ARhqG03iYYvvEl2uDzETkg9S/68bb/Sfmae7POns2Ns2+ZoIEIEEAiT59AQiUI4I7Nuz17Vo2sz/ONWsdmHK4sFybJpVZzEClOukDo6QfO6Tn4pNvr6DBzs8DCO2bNosdBpuvmLC+yYCmSBAkp8JWrQlAjEQeOONN4Ifqg5XXuXSzZTHqJaXVGEESPJTB48kPxWTfH4H/+Rdcfnl/rsTmxbYf13yGRveOxGIigBJflSkaEcEYiIgC2+h0b+sVWt34Xnnu6GDBzu7tRy28sPf9jpajSxkIbrc/kWPLupy5M9Vh92aMEoduEa3Y+UqaFOXI2/DueqAdABadkT8wKerA/ev27H9gP5Zl9u1BOiTrcNq9NGPTOuwsgdbByRUlOuEPcKSfI058pn6cRQfhNRGfAx56z9R6rD+UxZ1WB/MVj9O9/2Dz5geO/tZwL3p8r179obWtOB7YcyoUQ7/fEKmg8/JufbJD3sSXxEBIiAIkOQLEkyJQDkhICS/dvUabtmSpe6+Tvf4H65WLVo6LMBEWLJosat+/gVu+NChDodsSbTaUxy6JGVIoZXXAQRDlyNvte+YRdY20gepBz/Auhx5u1gX2n9tYw+IwgOMLkfePkzgICJtY/XPWIy3dPHiRFyyxNvaBa7Q8uo6rP4ZCwd1OTTZNkBSpW3sXvpYiKzLN21MXfC3c8eOkI3VLkOHrOvANqsk+eGR0CQf5FHjhbzVvmMRrbax61Hgs7ocefuQh/MKxMdwQJnV8WNtja3Dknh8BrUNPqM64DOsy5G3AesDtI1dS4JF6Lp8w7r1tgq3Z/fukI3V4GPNgq5jy+bNKXXs2L49ZGMX0uK1rgNrZ2zYumVLyMZuKIB1M1LHmFGjXY0LqrnCWbN8NcC/41Xt/Wfj7jvvdKNHjCTJtwDzNRHIAAGS/AzAoikRiIOAkHy9Tz6I9ZVt2/pZ/Z7du7sGder6HzPYpDvNMk67vCZ7EaBcJ3VsNMlPLeU7uYYAxrth3Xr+ew875vTp3dtPdLRpfYlfiIv7lYW3nMnPtdHn/VQUAiT5FYU028lbBNKRfICB2cpRI0b4HznM6krEX9R2N5a8BS9Hb5wkP3VgSfJTMcnVdzC7D+Iu33mSDuzfP/SvIUl+rnoA76uiECDJryik2U7eInA2kg9AIBGQHzidXn7JpX6f67wFLcdvnCQ/dYBJ8lMxycV3sL6mfbsr0n7vzZ87N3TLJPkhOPiCCGSMAEl+xpDxAiKQGQJC8qHJ1wF7yderVTvtjx0I/43XXe+gm4X+VqLdYxr7eksZ0t27dukmfH771m0hG3vQEP410HXs27svpQ5ol7WNPagKOnZdnm6/bF2OvD0gCtr4pUuW+PUJOKYe2+fpgAV7tg673gCYahur04YmW5cjb9cbYH2BtgEh1wHacF2OvF2ACDmWtrE6bSyyxhjjXxuGBAJC8uvUrOX27tmTAsu2rVtDmNpD26BB15hD527DsqVLAx/D+gx7ZgS08LoOvWc76sJCXF2OvD0zArvCaBu75gVrU3Q58nYRPrTp2sZK+LBuRpcjb9cbHDp0KGTz1pEjITjQpq3DrjfAAnFtY8+uwGdYlyNvF0gDQ7HB5/r6a64963ceviMXzJsf9JMkP4CCGSIQCwGS/Fiw8SIiEB0BIfn2xFucyDlt6lR30/U3nPVH7967O7kfvv/eLzpMt/sHfpTxvkRLWNFLHBgl5Ujtzh1R6tDXI293zABx0TYgITbo8nR14D1ggsWzWKxoSQvqs3XYhbgg29rGkm8QEF2OvCUlceqw94q+63ZsPw4fOkSSb0ATkt+gbr2UBy+YWj+2Pmj9OJ0P4vA48TGQXFuH9eOy8MEodZSFD2ZaBz472keRt+FcfhylDowD6sYi5kcefOis33U3XHOtmzJpkjuqDo4jybcjwtdEIDMESPIzw4vWRCBjBITk64W3thLMrs8pLHS3/euWlB/Bnt26W3O+ruIIUK6TOoBC8nkYVio2ufDOwP4DUr7bcIrt7Jkz3amTp9LeIkl+Wlj4JhGIjABJfmSoaEgE4iEQheTrmiFDKJ5T5G6/5dbgR3HCuHHahPkqjgBJfuoAkuSnYpIr7xRMmx58l91y081+y0y7tWa6eyXJT4cK3yMC0REgyY+OFS2JQCwEhORDroM9tSVafSsqlzJJP/nkEzevuNjdedttfj9v7FMtZUjtftqQH+hy5K2EB3u4axu7LzykJboceSs3+fjjj0M22PtaB/zNb+uwMiH0XdvYPbmh+xctL9YEwNZKEkAMdR12RhASAV1udf7oM/bn1zZ2zQJ0x7ocxMMGaKi1DWQhOkD7rcuXL1vmSQ81+UmUNMmH9EbjhbyVvcDntA18Uod0fmzPasDaEfExrAOw5xvgs6PbQN5KfD54//2QDdbJ6ABZkK1DlyOP7wJtYwkwFqvqcmjlbcB6FG1j1yxAAqfL7XoV1IeHT21j197g3Aldbs/HQB2oV9ssWrDQT1jgn0p8tiCX0uV2rQDqwP3BBgtxsXaFW2ja0eZrIhANAZL8aDjRigjERuD/t3cv7lFV5x7Hz59CyGQmTCByEayAWPAG6AEUVI4VCkWwFhFbOQ+tLQ9yKIiKR0sLiBLbChWpcpGb3A4i6BFqRa1AFatAlYsQLgkggSHzO8+bZJs1ayYkQ1I8YX3388yTPbPWrL3XZ62dvHvy7j1ukG+BSfTwg0nbQFQW/XSD6/LyctkjKrOf9gfTXSxH1i23dT+wsYDTreP/Ibcgxi23dT9At/e4dfwLGC1Ic8tt3c+ft3136/hf/GUX1VpQbg8LrK2uv1gg47bhX8xrgaFb7gdx1p59SZBbxwIqd7FAzy3ft2+fW1yzbicXbh3/gmDLSXbL7SJSLrzNZHSD/Fzz2OaUu/jz2AJQd7E565rbuh+g24lmNMcs0Lbjy13s2PHb8E80G5vHdgz7bbjbsHX7XeDW8S/mtbx2tzzXPLYTA7eOneC6i13T4Jb7J9VW1y7sd+v4FwTbc7fcvxGAtWHtunWyTnoqKjLK/RMaa8P6Z23YxdEE+e4oso5AfgIE+fl5URuBvAWiIP9iOfl5N8obWrUA6TrZw+cG+dmlvBKiAOk6IY46fW5JAYL8ltSkLQRyCBDk50AJ/CWC/OwJQJCfbRL6KwT5oc8A+t9cAYL85gryfgQaEYiCfP8Wmvbvc7u3d/TIlQZi/+qOyu1nrn+fu+X+v8Zt16xdt45t113s3/puuZ/XbnXtXvpuHf/2hJZe4JZbCoy/uOW27qYiRduwPFzLkbY8XT+n2NIkGmvDUjjcOn5uvKVruOW27qeBWCqSW8dPA7H6brmt+2kglsLh1vHTQOze6aTrZM6QKMgvLWlfkzaSWVqbwuGa+teaWJqVW54rDcRSc6I5Ztei+Hn+lu7ltpErpc4tt3V/HttYu3VypdS55bbup9TZnHPr+Cl1lorkltu6n1Jnc9+t46fU2Tbdclv3U+rsGHTr+Cl11ne33Nb9xQzdOn5Knf0uccvdb/smyPc1eY5AfgIE+fl5URuBvAUaCvLtD+b2bdu/fdiX1/iLfeLr1vEDTnvullt9f7F23Tr+H2oLQtxyuxDVXywodev4eesW1LvlFrD5i1tu6/4Ji33hz+qVq2q+rMi+1CvXRcV+G36gZ7m8bh3/YkwLbNxyW/eDNMsFduu4QYf1yQJDt9zW/QDLAki3jp//bF8QRJCfOUOiIN++IC7XxZh2Qadr6geLFpC65f4XkNnW1qxa/e0cszHw89btxMBtw76zwV3sRNMtt3X//vI21m4dO/7dxeaKW27r/smGP4/94NnmrN+Gf6Jgc9+t4+fxW3Dtltu6f7Jqx6Bbx/8Qwfrultu6v9i4unX8ky8bA7fc/fIwgnxfk+cI5CdAkJ+fF7URyFsgCvLJyc+b7op9A+k62UMbBfncJz/bJtRXCPJDHXn63VICBPktJUk7CDQgQJDfAEzALxPkZw8+QX62SeivEOSHPgPof3MFCPKbK8j7EWhEIAryLSffbq0YPfxUE2smKot++v8+t3/TR2X208+Nz9WGn2frt+GnClhKgrsNW/dvG2jvcev4KS+2Tbfc1v3F9t2t47dh6QeWz2sPSym6lDbMz92GnyJk+2Tj4Nbx0x4svcIt99MzrA27zsGt4+f523O3nHQdfzZIbpB/KXPwUuaxXUsSzTFLY/PnYEvM46w5mONY8Oegvx9ZbVRWZgH6bVyOeexf32M7ZceHO9f9VDbbL7c85+/BysqaOlvfeotbaGaNNC8g0HQBgvymW1ETgUsSiIL8ZDxRkw9seef2sEDPX6Ky6Kefd2yBUFRmP/0vxbFg0i23dfuD6i72pTluHf9aAAuW3HJb908m7Etw3Dp+DrX9oXfLbd0POiz31q3jfzmY3YN78Suv1Dzsy6Osrn+yYRdRum34efx2saFbbl+q5S/vvP12Rh3LyXcXO8Fw27B73PuLfZGSW8fPwbc8ZLf8xfnzycn3EN0g3+aK62Xr/smVzTm3jv/FTBY8uuW27gfP69au/XaOLV+2rOaL0dzdsmPHb8MPWu0YdOv4efx2DLvltu4v9rvAreN/QZ1de+OWr33jDb8Jbd2yJaOOfy2Jncy4bWxcvyGrjc1vvplRx78Pvj1327BrZ/xl44YNGXVsu+5i1wa4bdh++4uNi9X53W9mEeT7ODxHIA8Bgvw8sKiKwKUIREE+OfmXondlvod0nexxdYP87FJeCVGAdJ0QR50+t6QAQX5LatIWAjkECPJzoAT+EkF+9gQgyM82Cf0VgvzQZwD9b64AQX5zBXk/Ao0IREG+3TJxyO138MBAicIY6TrecRMF+Rwn/I6Ifk/aXLBH927XeLOFpwgg0BQBgvymKFEHgWYIuEF+9EeLn7V/vEN36Na5SzNm1pX1VjfID31e0P/M3w8E+VfWsU5vLp8AQf7ls2ZLgQrYHV1WrljBA4OsOZDrIt5AD5OaC8Q5Tvg9kWsO5LpIONTjhH4jkI8AQX4+WtRFAAEEEEAAAQQQQKAVCBDkt4JBYhcRQAABBBBAAAEEEMhHgCA/Hy3qIoAAAggggAACCCDQCgQI8lvBILGLCCCAAAIIIIAAAgjkI0CQn48WdRFAAAEEEEAAAQQQaAUCBPmtYJDYRQQQQAABBBBAAAEE8hEgyM9Hi7oIIIAAAggggAACCLQCAYL8VjBI7CIC36XAhc9ma1CsQIne07Xj3GXek6o3NL5dQve+dOgyb5jNIeAJVB3Quwum6scDe6lbcZGK23VV32GP6vfvHFK+h0W6YpeWTPutNlWkazaSeu8xXRsfogVfVXsbbYGnHEMtgEgTCLROAYL81jlu7DUCl0kgpV3/3VclN9+qfvFr9ast31ym7dZthgDl8nqztZwC6ZPbNKN/Ul0GT9PKjw7pdKpa5yv3a1vZGPVs20kj//R5XoH+6eVjlIyP0J+PEeTnBOdFBBBoEQGC/BZhpBEErlCB8zs0o3dc10/6g566Ja6u49ao7sPHy9NhgvzL48xWGhZIH9e6Bzur+KYn9GHWOW6VPn7yBhUlfqBXDjb9U3iC/Ia5KUEAgZYTIMhvOUtaQuCKE6h6d7J6FXbSI+tPasfjfZQo+ZFePVL76WPU2dRfHtP3EuO0cNNv9dCt31NpUUJd+vxQM97Yn/HpZurwO5r38B26PlmoWLyz+g6fqtf3nImakZTWqd1LNHX4jerWrlgdu9+uCc9N14hEZrpO9ZHtKnvkTvXpWKykpUwMn6Jln5x22mEVgZYTqN5fpsEFCY1ackyZM792G+mj27Xk1Y369GQU5J/RnhWP6ycDrlMXS+sp7qKbhj6qxbtOKa20ji0eoWSbAsVqHkUaMm+vatJ1im7V5LKn9aAdQ/FiXd1nmKat3KsqpyscQw4Gqwgg0KgAQX6jRFRAIFSBM3pr4jVKdJuozael1M6Z6leY0NCy/YrCGZOpCfLbtFX7vr/Qit3HdLaqXB/MHqqORQM0f29dzYqtmtSzrbqPWaC/Ha3S+VP7tGn6QLVPDtWCvaka4OqvV2hc14R6P7hQH3xdoaO7lulXtyQVaxOvz8k//Vc91S+pTgOmaM0n5Tp94lOterSfOlx9n1770t2rUMeMfre0wImlI1VcMFBl0Vy+6AbSOrnxP9WzuK8mr/tClefO6/TB91Q2sqva3fiUPq6d6sr5SX6bAhX3nqBlfz+uqnMntXP+MHUuuk3zPucYuig5hQgg0KAAQX6DNBQgELhA5To90rlIN0x7v/YT+er9evHOhIr7/UafXKi3qQ3ySzVhk5PLcHa9xifiGvnqMUnV2l82UEUdHtbGyvr36cIXeq5/gTr9bJOkC/ps9gAlO/9U6yvq61S9P103FUZBfrUOL/qhSuO3a97nzg5Ubdeve8XV+7/+Uv9G1hBoEYFqffa7vorF7teaU01oMH1MS0Yl1XHMcp1wPvY/u+ZBlcbv0cLDtS/mDPILSvWzjc5/pKre1IT2CY1aepxjqAn0VEEAgWwBgvxsE15BAAGldfz1B9Sp6N81e08UUKdV/tpodSz8vqb/tf5+IjVBfsz51N70Utv1WKe47l5wUFKlVt1XqKIRy3QyQ/aCdj3ZS7Huj0vpE1ryo4SS976sjGygqjc1sVOUrnNW68eXqvjGmdpZ94lobXNntf6hUrUbMCejdZ4g0HyBan0xp79isTFa3ZQgv26D547u1pblCzRv5hRNHHOXbumUUKxoiMr+WfupfM4gv2iAnnf/W5B6X9OuSejOP3zFMdT8gaQFBIIUIMgPctjpNAKNCKSP6NWRJXV5w1H+cPSzrbpP3Kwom74myC8arJfc2/+ltmtK57ju+uMBKX1QC4cUqPjhTTqfsdlq7XthgGLJn0vV/9SLQ+JK3r9Szv8DpPM79Pj1xbXpOuljWjw80cA+FSh+3dSM1nmCQEsInFp9v5IF3klsRsPnVXUuShWr1qF1v1T/kpg69hik+x5+TLMWrNV7Lz2gqyzI33+RIN+/hWZdkD/kxS85hjK8eYIAAk0VIMhvqhT1EAhIoPrAAg0r7qAHlp/wLjZM6W9P3Kjiq8ZqdV0+QqNBviq1clTuT/J3zriu7pP8k1o6qljJexaqLqOhVvvcVk3qGn2S/43WjC1RuyFlqvtANKARoavflUD60J90Tyyhka+Ve8dC7R6lD7+sHyS6aOzrR6Sq/9Xk7jF1G/OaDjr/bapcOlrJ5gT5HEPf1fCzXQRatQBBfqsePnYegX+FgH3CPkTJ5CgtKXcSi+s2lfroSd1cWKKRiw7XBD2NB/nV2jffcvLHezn5n2tuvwJ1GLehJid/3/ODlbxqrFYdr99mavezui1Wn5P/5e+HqqRkpBa7ZwIX/qG5AxPqOGbZvwKDNoMXOKkND3VS/KYn9dFZH+OsPpxxg2Lx/9DLB6uVPrpII+Jx3V32pXNx+lm9O6mH4rE79EJdOs43Kx5o/D757if54hjy5XmOAAKNCxDkN25EDQTCEriwR3Nui6v98EX6uj7erjdIfain+sSUHPyC9lXX3V3nYuk69s6KLfplD7u7zsKau+ukTu+vvbtOYpDmfVqbxJM+uVmTeiXUc9Tz2nagQsf/sVbTBpaqyLm7TvrkFk3uk1C3u2dqw55jOl2xT1tm3qUuxf319I6MRJ/6/WUNgWYKpMs36dHrE7p6yFQt23FAledSqjq+R//zzL3qVtBFoxfvVc0H96mdeubmuDoMnKG3D36jc6e+0vuLJqhvokCxWH/N+nvt9S3nNv9c3Ypu1bMfH1N5+ZnaW2heLF3H9p9jqJmjyNsRCE+AID+8MafHCFxUILXz6ZpbZd770kHn00j3LSl9NOMGJQr76tldqdpbaDYW5Nu1uIff1tyHBqlnu7YqSnRV/5G/1rLdmVczVu1bp6dH99O1yYTaX91PP3lmln7avS4nv24XUge3aO74wep9VULF8VJdN3Cc5mw9rOjyYHdPWUegpQSqK3Zr+RNjdWevTiopKFC8XTf1Gz5JC7YdybjW5MzuV/SLO3qoY1FMydIeGjR6mv68bpbuSXTQj5fa3aYknf5Azw3roQ6FcX1/yvamBfkcQy01lLSDQDACBPnBDDUdRQABBBBAAAEEEAhFgCA/lJGmnwgggAACCCCAAALBCBDkBzPUdBQBBBBAAAEEEEAgFAGC/FBGmn4igAACCCCAAAIIBCNAkB/MUNNRBBBAAAEEEEAAgVAECPJDGWn6iQACCCCAAAIIIBCMAEF+MENNRxFAAAEEEEAAAQRCESDID2Wk6ScCCCCAAAIIIIBAMAIE+cEMNQi4XLMAAAKSSURBVB1FAAEEEEAAAQQQCEWAID+UkaafCCCAAAIIIIAAAsEIEOQHM9R0FAEEEEAAAQQQQCAUAYL8UEaafiKAAAIIIIAAAggEI0CQH8xQ01EEEEAAAQQQQACBUAQI8kMZafqJAAIIIIAAAgggEIwAQX4wQ01HEUAAAQQQQAABBEIRIMgPZaTpJwIIIIAAAggggEAwAgT5wQw1HUUAAQQQQAABBBAIRYAgP5SRpp8IIIAAAggggAACwQgQ5Acz1HQUAQQQQAABBBBAIBQBgvxQRpp+IoAAAggggAACCAQjQJAfzFDTUQQQQAABBBBAAIFQBAjyQxlp+okAAggggAACCCAQjABBfjBDTUcRQAABBBBAAAEEQhEgyA9lpOknAggggAACCCCAQDACBPnBDDUdRQABBBBAAAEEEAhFgCA/lJGmnwgggAACCCCAAALBCBDkBzPUdBQBBBBAAAEEEEAgFAGC/FBGmn4igAACCCCAAAIIBCNAkB/MUNNRBBBAAAEEEEAAgVAECPJDGWn6iQACCCCAAAIIIBCMAEF+MENNRxFAAAEEEEAAAQRCESDID2Wk6ScCCCCAAAIIIIBAMAIE+cEMNR1FAAEEEEAAAQQQCEWAID+UkaafCCCAAAIIIIAAAsEIEOQHM9R0FAEEEEAAAQQQQCAUgSYH+XNnz1GsTQEPDJgDzAHmAHOAOcAcYA4wB5gDrWAO7Nq5M+c5zb/5r6bTafHAgDnAHGAOMAeYA8wB5gBzgDnw/38O+LF89DwryI8K+IkAAggggAACCCCAAAKtU4Agv3WOG3uNAAIIIIAAAggggECDAgT5DdJQgAACCCCAAAIIIIBA6xQgyG+d48ZeI4AAAggggAACCCDQoMD/ASkh2O/LOKUcAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" width="576" height="239"></span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the standard cell potential, in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi></math>, for the cell at <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>298</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi></math>. Use section 24 of the data booklet</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the standard free energy change, </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>∆</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi><mo>⦵</mo></msup></math><span class="fontstyle0">, </span><span class="fontstyle4"><strong>in</strong> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi mathvariant="bold">kJ</mi></math></span><span class="fontstyle0">, for the cell using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Suggest a metal that could replace nickel in a new half-cell and reverse the electron flow. Use section 25 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Describe the bonding in metals.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Nickel alloys are used in aircraft gas turbines. Suggest a physical property altered by the addition of another metal to nickel.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(vi).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The equations show steps in the formation and decomposition of ozone in the stratosphere, some of which absorb ultraviolet light.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><br>Step 1 O<sub>2</sub> → 2O•</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Step 2 O• + O<sub>2</sub> → O<sub>3</sub></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Step 3 O<sub>3</sub> → O• + O<sub>2</sub></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Step 4 O• + O<sub>3</sub> → 2O<sub>2</sub></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Draw the Lewis structures of oxygen, O<sub>2</sub>, and ozone, O<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline why both bonds in the ozone molecule are the same length and predict the bond length in the ozone molecule. Refer to section 10 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Reason: </span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Length:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Predict the bond angle in the ozone molecule.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Discuss how the different bond strengths between the oxygen atoms in O<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>3</sub> in the ozone layer affect radiation reaching the Earth’s surface.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Identify the steps which absorb ultraviolet light.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine, showing your working, the wavelength, in m, of ultraviolet light absorbed by a single molecule in one of these steps. Use sections 1, 2 and 11 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Ozone depletion is catalysed by nitrogen monoxide, NO, which is produced in aircraft and motor vehicle engines, and has the following Lewis structure.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Show how nitrogen monoxide catalyses the decomposition of ozone, including equations in your answer.</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Titanium and vanadium are consecutive elements in the first transition metal series.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{TiC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>TiC</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</math></span> reacts with water and the resulting titanium(IV) oxide can be used as a smoke screen.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in metals.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Titanium exists as several isotopes. The mass spectrum of a sample of titanium gave the following data:</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-20_om_08.37.43.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/02.b"></p>
<p>Calculate the relative atomic mass of titanium to two decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="_{{\text{22}}}^{{\text{48}}}{\text{Ti}}">
<msubsup>
<mi></mi>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>22</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>48</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Ti</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> atom.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-20_om_08.43.58.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/02.c"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electron configuration of the <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="_{{\text{22}}}^{{\text{48}}}{\text{T}}{{\text{i}}^{2 + }}">
<msubsup>
<mi></mi>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>22</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>48</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>T</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>i</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span> ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the melting point of vanadium is higher than that of titanium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch a graph of the first six successive ionization energies of vanadium on the axes provided.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-20_om_09.09.57.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/02.d.iii"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why an aluminium-titanium alloy is harder than pure aluminium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe, in terms of the electrons involved, how the bond between a ligand and a central metal ion is formed.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why transition metals form coloured compounds.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of bonding in potassium chloride which melts at 1043 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A chloride of titanium, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{TiC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>TiC</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</math></span>, melts at 248 K. Suggest why the melting point is so much lower than that of KCl.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest one disadvantage of using this smoke in an enclosed space.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Iron may be extracted from iron (II) sulfide, FeS.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Iron (II) sulfide, FeS, is ionically bonded.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The first step in the extraction of iron from iron (II) sulfide is to roast it in air to form iron (III) oxide and sulfur dioxide.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why metals, like iron, can conduct electricity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Justify why sulfur is classified as a non-metal by giving <strong>two</strong> of its chemical properties.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the first eight successive ionisation energies of sulfur.</p>
<p><img style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="480" height="394"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in this type of solid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State a technique that could be used to determine the crystal structure of the solid compound.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electron configuration of the sulfide ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, in terms of their electronic structures, why the ionic radius of the sulfide ion is greater than that of the oxide ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why chemists find it convenient to classify bonding into ionic, covalent and metallic.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write the equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the change in the oxidation state of sulfur.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why this process might raise environmental concerns.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the addition of small amounts of carbon to iron makes the metal harder.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Urea, (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO, is excreted by mammals and can be used as a fertilizer.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Urea can also be made by the direct combination of ammonia and carbon dioxide gases.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2NH<sub>3</sub>(g) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌<!-- ⇌ --></mo>
</math></span> (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(g) Δ<em>H </em>< 0</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in urea to two decimal places using section 6 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest how the percentage of nitrogen affects the cost of transport of fertilizers giving a reason.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The structural formula of urea is shown.</p>
<p><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_11.43.42.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.b_01"></p>
<p>Predict the electron domain and molecular geometries at the nitrogen and carbon atoms, applying the VSEPR theory.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_11.45.16.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.b_02"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Urea can be made by reacting potassium cyanate, KNCO, with ammonium chloride, NH<sub>4</sub>Cl.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">KNCO(aq) + NH<sub>4</sub>Cl(aq) → (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO(aq) + KCl(aq)</p>
<p>Determine the maximum mass of urea that could be formed from 50.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> potassium cyanate solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equilibrium constant expression, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, with a reason, the effect on the equilibrium constant, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, when the temperature is increased.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine an approximate order of magnitude for <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet. Assume Δ<em>G</em><sup>Θ</sup> for the forward reaction is approximately +50 kJ at 298 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest one reason why urea is a solid and ammonia a gas at room temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch two different hydrogen bonding interactions between ammonia and water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The combustion of urea produces water, carbon dioxide and nitrogen.</p>
<p>Formulate a balanced equation for the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the maximum volume of CO<sub>2</sub>, in cm<sup>3</sup>, produced at STP by the combustion of 0.600 g of urea, using sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bond formation when urea acts as a ligand in a transition metal complex ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The C–N bonds in urea are shorter than might be expected for a single C–N bond. Suggest, in terms of electrons, how this could occur.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The mass spectrum of urea is shown below.</p>
<p><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_13.00.41.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.j_01"></p>
<p>Identify the species responsible for the peaks at <em>m</em>/<em>z </em>= 60 and 44.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">j.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The IR spectrum of urea is shown below.</p>
<p><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_13.07.17.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.k_01"></p>
<p>Identify the bonds causing the absorptions at 3450 cm<sup>−1</sup> and 1700 cm<sup>−1</sup> using section 26 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">k.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the number of signals in the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of urea.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">l.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the splitting pattern of the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of urea.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">l.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why TMS (tetramethylsilane) may be added to the sample to carry out <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectroscopy and why it is particularly suited to this role.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">l.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Some physical properties of molecular substances result from the different types of forces between their molecules.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Resonance structures exist when a molecule can be represented by more than one Lewis structure.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Carbon dioxide can be represented by at least two resonance structures, I and II.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-08_om_16.23.50.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/07.c.i_01"></p>
<p>Calculate the formal charge on each oxygen atom in the two structures.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-08_om_16.25.45.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/07.c.i_02"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce, giving a reason, the more likely structure.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Absorption of UV light in the ozone layer causes the dissociation of oxygen and ozone.</p>
<p>Identify, in terms of bonding, the molecule that requires a longer wavelength to dissociate.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Carbon and silicon are elements in group 14.</p>
<p>Explain why CO<sub>2</sub> is a gas but SiO<sub>2</sub> is a solid at room temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Bromine can form the bromate(V) ion, BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the electron configuration of a bromine atom.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the orbital diagram of the <strong>valence shell</strong> of a bromine atom (ground state) on the energy axis provided. Use boxes to represent orbitals and arrows to represent electrons.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw two Lewis (electron dot) structures for BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the preferred Lewis structure based on the formal charge on the bromine atom, giving your reasons.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, using the VSEPR theory, the geometry of the BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> ion and the O−Br−O bond angles.</p>
<p><img 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gHBojyz1AkBAgQIECBAgACBwgQEi8LoFSZAgAABAgQIECBQHgHBojyz1AkBAgQIECBAgACBwgQEi8LoFSZAgAABAgQIECBQHgHBojyz1AkBAgQIECBAgACBwgQEi8LoFSZAgAABAgQIECBQHgHBojyz1AkBAgQIECBAgACBwgQEi8LoFSZAgAABAgQIECBQHgHBojyz1AkBAgQIECBAgACBwgQEi8LoFSZAgAABAgQIECBQHgHBojyz1AkBAgQIECBAgACBwgQEi8LoFSZAgAABAgQIECBQHgHBojyz1AkBAgQIECBAgACBwgQEi8LoFSZAgAABAgQIECBQHgHBojyz1AkBAgQIECBAgACBwgQEi8LoFSZAgAABAgQIECBQHgHBojyz1AkBAgQIECBAgACBwgQEi8LoFSZAgAABAgQIECBQHgHBojyz1AkBAgQIECBAgACBwgQEi8LoFSZAgAABAgQIECBQHgHBojyz1AkBAgQIECBAgACBwgQaPFgcTFf7olQqlaP/17omWx/pzWBhvAoTIECAAAECBAgQmBkCDR4sRobUcm0e/fmh1Gq1Mf/9PPtvPz1/ueJTuarzp6nOjHnqkgABAgQIECBAgEAhAuUIFkelm515Kzfk+mvemY47H80zksVRlTxJgAABAgQIECBA4EQIlDhYjOF56pk8PziaLF5Nf8/2tC9tHTl9qi3tHV3pPfz14e+r9vekc+uatB4+zer121Uz2NuVjva2107DWtqejq6xp169fpvWLG3vSFfvwMjOVTPQtSmtlVW5q6s79x5ea0HWbN01Zp9eTm/HqlQqq9LR+/KYxnxIgAABAgQIECBAYHoIlDtYVA/muSf7kgVzc0ZzvdVX80Lnhiy88PuZs6Unh+qnTr301cx/7KosuWpnXhjNHoN7cusl6/PgrMvSc2j49KpDfRsza/tlWf+NvcPXbAzuzTfWX5PH5n81Lw2dgvVK+q7/d9m+/LrcP/Tiv5rBfdtz+ZKr8ticL6Wvvs6hnmyZ81g+M/+SbO352Zgj4Du57IbdOXndd4ZO5TrUd2tO/8vLX6uVd2Xe2vtTq92ftfPeNeb7fEiAAAECBAgQIEBgegiUN1hU+7Nn2025bvd/yNr1yzO33unA4/n6FZ1ZcOO1uWpxS4aab/5Q1t62Lasf3pyvdx9MUs3Anp25df+KrFn3K2kZEWpq+bVcuvqj6X7k6fRVk2rf03mk+6ycf97cNA/N8qS0LPty/ubwi/8Xs+ebt+WRC/4km686d3idppYs/qOvZsc1B3L1ps70jgaZLMw112/Iynmzh1ZqavlIPr74PYdrTY9DxV4QIECAAAECBAgQGF+gHMGi/6Ysf/es105Jqp++NKs1Fz25ILfv3Z27Vr4/TfXAsPf72d7fmnPOPHU4VIy6NLdm/oK+bN/14wykKbOXbU5f341ZfOAH6ezsTGfnd9PR/snMX/ed0e9IU+uH8oklj+e6u7+XPV3fG3N608gmAz/Oru19WXDuBw+Hk+GvNOeM+WclR5yedXjZkQ+OZ5vXf4/PCRAgQIAAAQIECBQnUI5gccRdoX6e/Q9cmyVZkdXLfj2/8pGRdyYOG/fk5uWnvS6EfCDrdvcf3iKDT6djzS/l5PmX5LYf/nOSpryn7ebsvfvi1wJB8+JsfKg7Oz72f/PADZdl+fx3p1J57TqM6oHn8uSYJV9bfOSj/mfy3IFX3/C0JwgQIECAAAECBAg0okA5gsUR8vW7Qf1xdjzwi9l+6bp84Z6nX/d7LC7O3fv/dcxtaV+7RW3flmWZnZfTe/9Xsu6R8/PA88/lb7Z8LitXrszKZafn5/ufPaJSmudl2crPZcvf9KV2qC97H/hEDly3PEtu6M7gnDNzTsuRmx/xWcvcnDnnpCOe8gkBAgQIECBAgACBRhUoYbCoj+KknH7RtdlxbWv+Yt0X8o2hC6WbMnvRx7O65Sd54ul/OvL3Wgzuydalc9PWsS/VDOb5eoBY8NF8qGXMC//qv+RnB18Zf85NLVm48tKsWb0w/U8+lwPNH07b6tY89cTfp//wtRT1bx9df/SC8vGX9BUCBAgQIECAAAECjSJQ0mBRP3vp9CzbdENuWfKjXL3xm+mp30529nn5/O3n5+ErvpRte/qHw8XgvnTecH2uzuXZvGpemnJKFrWtSMvub+ee7heGtxm6EPxLuaLj6cNzrfZ2pK1+6lPnvpF3ROq3lv1Bdu3JyMXip2TxZ6/MJx7+cjZte2IkXAxkX0d7PnPznNyyeWXmlVf/sJMPCBAgQIAAAQIEZoZAuV/aNi/K72+9Oku6b8nGzY+mv3pSTl+5Od07zs+B9oWZVb/I++SL8+Bp67P3vsuzcOiWtE2ZveTKPHTPOfm75WcMb3PGF/KD967JzgeuyejZTU3zPpN79q7PaQ9enJOHftfFrJy85MGcduWdufGi+sXiTWk+e3Xu6N6W8w98Ja2zKqlUzs4f7D83O/bfl40L3/MWjjC/x+ItYNmUAAECBAgQIECgAIFKrVarjdatVCpD1x6Mfu6RAAECBAgQIECAAAECdYE3ywrlfsfCMUCAAAECBAgQIECAwJQICBZTwqwIAQIECBAgQIAAgXILCBblnq/uCBAgQIAAAQIECEyJgGAxJcyKECBAgAABAgQIECi3gGBR7vnqjgABAgQIECBAgMCUCAgWU8KsCAECBAgQIECAAIFyCwgW5Z6v7ggQIECAAAECBAhMiYBgMSXMihAgQIAAAQIECBAot4BgUe756o4AAQIECBAgQIDAlAgIFlPCrAgBAgQIECBAgACBcgsIFuWer+4IECBAgAABAgQITImAYDElzIoQIECAAAECBAgQKLeAYFHu+eqOAAECBAgQIECAwJQICBZTwqwIAQIECBAgQIAAgXILCBblnq/uCBAgQIAAAQIECEyJgGAxJcyKECBAgAABAgQIECi3gGBR7vnqjgABAgQIECBAgMCUCAgWU8KsCAECBAgQIECAAIFyCwgW5Z6v7ggQIECAAAECBAhMiYBgMSXMihAgQIAAAQIECBAot4BgUe756o4AAQIECBAgQIDAlAgIFlPCrAgBAgQIECBAgACBcgsIFuWer+4IECBAgAABAgQITImAYDElzIoQIECAAAECBAgQKLeAYFHu+eqOAAECBAgQIECAwJQICBZTwqwIAQIECBAgQIAAgXILCBblnq/uCBAgQIAAAQIECEyJgGAxJcyKECBAgAABAgQIECi3gGBR7vnqjgABAgQIECBAgMCUCJQqWFR7O9JWqaS1vSsD4/FV96WjrTWV1k3pGqiOs9XL6e1YlUplUdq7Do6zTVL2emGVxLFQ/wtQ9mNdf/UhT8efjY69of8BTcvZ+NnoZ+PIyyPH5/Bf0xP2GnTEtUEfKrVarTa675VKJWM+HX3aIwECBAgQIECAAAECM1zgzbJCqd6xmOGz1j4BAgQIECBAgACBwgQEi8LoFSZAgAABAgQIECBQHgHBojyz1AkBAgQIECBAgACBwgQEi8LoFSZAgAABAgQIECBQHgHBojyz1AkBAgQIECBAgACBwgQEi8LoFSZAgAABAgQIECBQHgHBojyz1AkBAgQIECBAgACBwgQEi8LoFSZAgAABAgQIECBQHgHBojyz1AkBAgQIECBAgACBwgQEi8LoFSZAgAABAgQIECBQHgHBojyz1AkBAgQIECBAgACBwgQEi8LoFSZAgAABAgQIECBQHgHBojyz1AkBAgQIECBAgACBwgQEi8LoFSZAgAABAgQIECBQHgHBojyz1AkBAgQIECBAgACBwgQEi8LoFSZAgAABAgQIECBQHgHBojyz1AkBAgQIECBAgACBwgQEi8LoFSZAgAABAgQIECBQHgHBojyz1AkBAgQIECBAgACBwgQEi8LoFSZAgAABAgQIECBQHgHBojyz1AkBAgQIECBAgACBwgQEi8LoFSZAgAABAgQIECBQHgHBojyz1AkBAgQIECBAgACBwgQEi8LoFSZAgAABAgQIECBQHgHBojyz1AkBAgQIECBAgACBwgQEi8LoFSZAgAABAgQIECBQHgHBojyz1AkBAgQIECBAgACBwgQEi8LoFSZAgAABAgQIECBQHgHBojyz1AkBAgQIECBAgACBwgRKFSyqvR1pq1TS2t6VgfFIq/vS0daaSuumdA1Ux9nq5fR2rEqlsijtXQfH2SYpe72wSuJYqP8FKPuxrr/6kKfjz0bH3tD/gKblbPxs9LNx5OWR43P4r+kJew064tqgD5VarVYb3fdKpZIxn44+7ZEAAQIECBAgQIAAgRku8GZZoVTvWMzwWWufAAECBAgQIECAQGECgkVh9AoTIECAAAECBAgQKI+AYFGeWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQGECgkVh9AoTIECAAAECBAgQKI+AYFGeWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQGECgkVh9AoTIECAAAECBAgQKI+AYFGeWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQGECgkVh9AoTIECAAAECBAgQKI+AYFGeWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQGECgkVh9AoTIECAAAECBAgQKI+AYFGeWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQGECgkVh9AoTIECAAAECBAgQKI+AYFGeWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQGECgkVh9AoTIECAAAECBAgQKI+AYFGeWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQGECgkVh9AoTIECAAAECBAgQKI+AYFGeWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQGECgkVh9AoTIECAAAECBAgQKI+AYFGeWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQGECgkVh9AoTIECAAAECBAgQKI+AYFGeWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQGECgkVh9AoTIECAAAECBAgQKI+AYFGeWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQGECgkVh9AoTIECAAAECBAgQKI+AYFGeWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQGECgkVh9AoTIECAAAECBAgQKI+AYFGeWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQGECgkVh9AoTIECAAAECBAgQKI+AYFGeWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQGECgkVh9AoTIECAAAECBAgQKI+AYFGeWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQGECgkVh9AoTIECAAAECBAgQKI+AYFGeWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQGECgkVh9AoTIECAAAECBAgQKI+AYFGeWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQGECgkVh9AoTIECAAAECBAgQKI+AYFGeWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQGECgkVh9AoTIECAAAECBAgQKI+AYFGeWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQGECgkVh9AoTIECAAAECBAgQKI+AYFGeWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQGECgkVh9AoTIECAAAECBAgQKI+AYFGeWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQGECgkVh9AoTIECAAAECBAgQKI+AYFGeWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQGECgkVh9AoTIECAAAECBAgQKI+AYFGeWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQGECgkVh9AoTIECAAAECBAgQKI+AYFGeWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQGECgkVh9AoTIECAAAECBAgQKI+AYFGeWeqEAAECBAgQIECAQGECJQkW1Qz2dqezoz1LK5VUhv5rzdL2u/JgT3+qb4e3ui8dba0ja42uOfK4tD0dXb0ZfDvrHvN7JqGPY9ab2BervR1pq6xKR+/LE1vIdxMgQIAAAQIECDS8QAmCxavp77ohF86/Mg++uCx3vnQotVottUM92fqxn6fzwoVZvumR9L+tdJFkxd3Zf6g2vGZ93dor6dvyvjz2mU/lqs6fvr3QctTDZpL7OGpNTxIgQIAAAQIECBA4MQINHiyqGey5I5cs/27OeuB7+ebGtsxrHmmpqSULV27IHQ9dndy0IdftPFEh4KS0LP7drFn9znTc+WieebuB5Yj5FdHHETvgEwIECBAgQIAAAQITEmjwYPFi9tz/rXSv+KO0X/T+vLGZpjQvXJ3rr3lnOq64M90DJyQFHAZvOefMzBkqejBd7YtSWdqeu7auSWv9VKzWTek67nonro9qf086R/dh6JSwtrR3dKV3cGXHaPUAAAsTSURBVKT3ga60t7am7a5Hsufe104da13ztTzSO3C4t6R+WtaubF2zYPh0sNY12frdu9K+tDWt7V0Zu+WYb0qq/ekZs27d5MjTxl5Ob8eqVJxCdQSbTwgQIECAAAECjS7wxtfijdTRwI+za3tPXnuBf7SdPyWL2lakpX93du198WgbvMXnXk3/nm/nWwc/m51/eF5mj/3u7r/K46dcnd766VLd67N49nHynqg+Bvfk1kvW58FZl6Vn5PStQ30bM2v7ZVn/jb1jrgnpz+7LtuaBkz+bh4ZOG3s+O07/66xYf3d6RgJI9YWduWrJxjx1/n/PS/Vteq/OKQ99PTd394/t+MiPqz9N5+dW5MKu92VL3yup1Q7lpT//4OtOG3tX5q29P7Xa/Vk7711Hfr/PCBAgQIAAAQIEGlbgOF/5Ts/+qgeey5P9LVkwvzXNb7qLfXnyuYNv/ZqI3esyf9bYi7ffmdaPXZGOZ1/I8y+97qLllguz5nc+mOaclJZ57z+OfRre6RPTRzUDe3bm1v0rsmbdr6RlZLJNLb+WS1d/NN2PPJ2+MW/YtFzTni+uPHt4H5tasujjC9PS/Xf5X32vJjmY7q9vzsMX/Ek2X/qh4W2aP5S1t23LNS3jQVcz0H1nruj4QG784rosbjkpSVOaz16d23ZcmIcn4R2j8fbE8wQIECBAgAABAlMv0NDBYkq43nDx9qG8tP+BXJN78qkx/8I/JftyzCJNmb1sc/r6bsziAz9IZ2dnOju/m472T2b+uu8c8zuHAsAZc7Mgz2b/84PJ0DsofVlw7gcPB5ShBZpbM3/BeMnixezdtTv9LXNz5px6qBj905Tm+ton7B2j0XU9EiBAgAABAgQITCeBhg4WTXPOzDkt/Xlqf9+Y03zG423NOWe+kp1r5h79FrKHb1NbydytPfm38Zap/yv8vN/MutXnJd3fyv17xju96h/TeZy1qm+5j1OPcj1JksGn07Hml3Ly/Ety2w//eegdg/e03Zy9d1+cPPVMnh+9zmLc3k7AF/pvyvJ3zzrCeNb8ddl9Apa2BAECBAgQIECAwPQVeMf03bXj2LPZH07b6oW5+cnncqCaHP2ShtF/SV+RtkULsmzZM6ndexxrV/cdY6OTMufMuWnJs8fY5r1Zee9x1srBt9jHKUep+3J67/9K1j1yfh54/tasPH30XYP6heX1/Zx7lO+ZhKfq7/A8vDbzGjqyToKLJQkQIECAAAECJRdo8Jd/p2Txqk9nye6vZctRbydbv43r9txw8ytZe/v6LDl68ngbI341B557Jv0t9bBytBf5b3XJE9HHYJ7f/2yy4KP50ND1DSP7UP2X/OzgK29th4YCW+sb3wka7Mv+p8a7eHvkIvmnfpSn++vXaYz+qc/ga1nqLlCjIB4JECBAgAABAqUUaPBgUb+d7OW579HfybOf+k/57NZdr91WtX7b085bc/mFtyTX3pobj3o72rcz0/ptWP8qd2//UZZsuOj47/x0zFInoo+RF/a7v517ul8Yvki92p89276UKzqePmb1N37x1Cz5/KZcsH1L/rRz3/BpZoP70vmnW3LzeLkiTZm9ZH1uv+CxXLHpruwZChd1q525YeMdyS0bs8pdoN5I7RkCBAgQIECAQEkEGjxY1KdwUlqWfTmP9t2Tlad0Zf3JI+f3z1qYjT98d1Y+1JNHN3/iyIuQ38rw3nBXqFk5ef0PM/8Pv537Niw+7js/vXnJifZRf2F/ZR6655z83fIzMqt+zcgZX8gP3rsmOx+4JuNdcj3efjWdflG2dW/IaQ9enJPra827Kc8u+1xuWXGMlZren5XbHsiO8/8h7a3vTKUyKycveTCnXTnWyu+xGM/c8wQIECBAgACBRhao1Gq12mgDlUolYz4dfdojgWGB6r50XLAu+9sfzJZlp1IhQIAAAQIECBCYQQJvlhVK8I7FDJrmlLU6/JvEW9fcm32jd5IaOq3qplz36u9k1eITcV3JlDWjEAECBAgQIECAwBQICBZTgNx4JU7Nkj+8M7cv6Mqyw6eWrcgdhz6Zh+67PAubHTaNN1N7TIAAAQIECBCYXAGnQk2ur9UJECBAgAABAgQIlELAqVClGKMmCBAgQIAAAQIECExvAee0TO/52DsCBAgQIECAAAECDSEgWDTEmOwkAQIECBAgQIAAgektIFhM7/nYOwIECBAgQIAAAQINISBYNMSY7CQBAgQIECBAgACB6S0gWEzv+dg7AgQIECBAgAABAg0hIFg0xJjsJAECBAgQIECAAIHpLSBYTO/52DsCBAgQIECAAAECDSEgWDTEmOwkAQIECBAgQIAAgektIFhM7/nYOwIECBAgQIAAAQINISBYNMSY7CQBAgQIECBAgACB6S0gWEzv+dg7AgQIECBAgAABAg0hIFg0xJjsJAECBAgQIECAAIHpLSBYTO/52DsCBAgQIECAAAECDSEgWDTEmOwkAQIECBAgQIAAgektIFhM7/nYOwIECBAgQIAAAQINISBYNMSY7CQBAgQIECBAgACB6S0gWEzv+dg7AgQIECBAgAABAg0hIFg0xJjsJAECBAgQIECAAIHpLSBYTO/52DsCBAgQIECAAAECDSEgWDTEmOwkAQIECBAgQIAAgektIFhM7/nYOwIECBAgQIAAAQINISBYNMSY7CQBAgQIECBAgACB6S0gWEzv+dg7AgQIECBAgAABAg0hIFg0xJjsJAECBAgQIECAAIHpLSBYTO/52DsCBAgQIECAAAECDSFQqmBR7e1IW6WS1vauDIzHX92XjrbWVFo3pWugOs5WL6e3Y1UqlUVp7zo4zjZJ2euFVRLHQv0vQNmPdf3VhzwdfzY69ob+BzQtZ+Nno5+NIy+PHJ/Df01P2GvQEdcGfajUarXa6L5XKpWM+XT0aY8ECBAgQIAAAQIECMxwgTfLCqV6x2KGz1r7BAgQIECAAAECBAoTECwKo1eYAAECBAgQIECAQHkEBIvyzFInBAgQIECAAAECBAoTECwKo1eYAAECBAgQIECAQHkEBIvyzFInBAgQIECAAAECBAoTECwKo1eYAAECBAgQIECAQHkEBIvyzFInBAgQIECAAAECBAoTECwKo1eYAAECBAgQIECAQHkEBIvyzFInBAgQIECAAAECBAoTECwKo1eYAAECBAgQIECAQHkEBIvyzFInBAgQIECAAAECBAoTECwKo1eYAAECBAgQIECAQHkEBIvyzFInBAgQIECAAAECBAoTECwKo1eYAAECBAgQIECAQHkEBIvyzFInBAgQIECAAAECBAoTECwKo1eYAAECBAgQIECAQHkEBIvyzFInBAgQIECAAAECBAoTECwKo1eYAAECBAgQIECAQHkEBIvyzFInBAgQIECAAAECBAoTECwKo1eYAAECBAgQIECAQHkEBIvyzFInBAgQIECAAAECBAoTECwKo1eYAAECBAgQIECAQHkEBIvyzFInBAgQIECAAAECBAoTECwKo1eYAAECBAgQIECAQHkEBIvyzFInBAgQIECAAAECBAoTECwKo1eYAAECBAgQIECAQHkEBIvyzFInBAgQIECAAAECBAoTECwKo1eYAAECBAgQIECAQHkEBIvyzFInBAgQIECAAAECBAoTqNRqtVq9eqVSKWwnFCZAgAABAgQIECBAoDEERuLDG3b2HaPPjLfB6Nc9EiBAgAABAgQIECBAYDwBp0KNJ+N5AgQIECBAgAABAgSOW0CwOG4qGxIgQIAAAQIECBAgMJ6AYDGejOcJECBAgAABAgQIEDhugf8PWvDzlDsuQ5IAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Bromate(V) ions act as oxidizing agents in acidic conditions to form bromide ions.</p>
<p>Deduce the half-equation for this reduction reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Bromate(V) ions oxidize iron(II) ions, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, to iron(III) ions, Fe<sup>3+</sup>.</p>
<p>Deduce the equation for this redox reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change, Δ<em>G</em><sup>Θ</sup>, in J, of the redox reaction in (ii), using sections 1 and 24 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><em>E</em><sup>Θ</sup> (BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> / Br<sup>−</sup>) = +1.44 V</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State and explain the magnetic property of iron(II) and iron(III) ions.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Calcium carbide, CaC<sub>2</sub>, is an ionic solid.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the nature of ionic bonding.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how the relative atomic mass of a sample of calcium could be determined from its mass spectrum.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>When calcium compounds are introduced into a gas flame a red colour is seen; sodium compounds give a yellow flame. Outline the source of the colours and why they are different.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two </strong>reasons why solid calcium has a greater density than solid potassium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why solid calcium is a good conductor of electricity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch a graph of the first six ionization energies of calcium.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calcium carbide reacts with water to form ethyne and calcium hydroxide.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">CaC<sub>2</sub>(s) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>(g) + Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>(aq)</p>
<p>Estimate the pH of the resultant solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how sigma (σ) and pi (<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\pi ">
<mi>π</mi>
</math></span>) bonds are formed.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the number of σ and <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\pi ">
<mi>π</mi>
</math></span> bonds in a molecule of ethyne.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Organomagnesium compounds can react with carbonyl compounds. One overall equation is:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Compound B can also be prepared by reacting an alkene with water.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Iodomethane is used to prepare CH<sub>3</sub>Mg<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>I</mtext></math>. It can also be converted into methanol:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">CH<sub>3</sub><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>I</mtext></math> + HO<sup>–</sup> → CH<sub>3</sub>OH + <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>I</mtext></math><sup>–</sup></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the name of Compound B, applying International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) rules.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Compound A and Compound B are both liquids at room temperature and pressure. Identify the strongest intermolecular force between molecules of Compound A.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>σ</mtext></math> (sigma) and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi mathvariant="normal">π</mi></math> (pi) bonds in Compound A.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the hybridization of the central carbon atom in Compound A.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the isomer of Compound B that exists as optical isomers (enantiomers).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the structural formula of the alkene required.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the reaction produces more (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>COH than (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CHCH<sub>2</sub>OH.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the structural formula of the repeating unit of the polymer formed from this alkene.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce what would be observed when Compound B is warmed with acidified aqueous potassium dichromate (VI).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the type of reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the requirements for a collision between reactants to yield products.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the mechanism of the reaction using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The polarity of the carbon–halogen bond, C–X, facilitates attack by HO<sup>–</sup>.</p>
<p>Outline, giving a reason, how the bond polarity changes going down group 17.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Both vinegar (a dilute aqueous solution of ethanoic acid) and bleach are used as cleaning agents.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Bleach reacts with ammonia, also used as a cleaning agent, to produce the poisonous compound chloramine, NH<sub>2</sub>Cl.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline why ethanoic acid is classified as a weak acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A solution of bleach can be made by reacting chlorine gas with a sodium hydroxide solution.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Cl<sub>2</sub> (g) + 2NaOH (aq) ⇌ NaOCl (aq) + NaCl (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest, with reference to Le Châtelier’s principle, why it is dangerous to mix vinegar </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">and bleach together as cleaners.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of chloramine.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the hybridization of the nitrogen atom in chloramine.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce the molecular geometry of chloramine and estimate its H–N–H bond angle.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Molecular geometry:</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">H–N–H bond angle:</span></span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the type of bond formed when chloramine is protonated.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Sketch a graph of pH against volume of hydrochloric acid added to ammonia solution, showing how you would determine the pK<sub>a</sub> of the ammonium ion.</span></p>
<p><img src="images/5di.PNG" alt width="478" height="387"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration, using section 22 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain, using <strong>two</strong> equations, how an equimolar solution of ammonia and ammonium ions acts as a buffer solution when small amounts of acid or base are added.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Bonds can be formed in many ways.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The equilibrium for a mixture of NO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> gases is represented as:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2NO<sub>2</sub>(g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌<!-- ⇌ --></mo>
</math></span> N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(g)</p>
<p>At 100°C, the equilibrium constant, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, is 0.21.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Bonds can be formed in many ways.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Discuss the bonding in the resonance structures of ozone.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce one resonance structure of ozone and the corresponding formal charges on each oxygen atom.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The first six ionization energies, in kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>, of an element are given below.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-21_om_08.29.16.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/04.c"></p>
<p>Explain the large increase in ionization energy from IE<sub>3</sub> to IE<sub>4</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>At a given time, the concentration of NO<sub>2</sub>(g) and N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(g) were 0.52 and <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="0.10{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}">
<mn>0.10</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> mol</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>m</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span> respectively.</p>
<p>Deduce, showing your reasoning, if the forward or the reverse reaction is favoured at this time.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Comment on the value of Δ<em>G</em> when the reaction quotient equals the equilibrium constant, <em>Q</em> = <em>K</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Cobalt forms the transition metal complex [Co(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (H<sub>2</sub>O)Cl]Br.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Trends in physical and chemical properties are useful to chemists.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group whereas the melting points of the group 17 elements (F → I) increase down the group.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the shape of the complex ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the charge on the complex ion and the oxidation state of cobalt.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe, in terms of acid-base theories, the type of reaction that takes place between the cobalt ion and water to form the complex ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Ethyne, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>, reacts with oxygen in welding torches.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Ethyne reacts with steam.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub> (g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (g) → C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O (g)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Two possible products are:</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="images/4c.PNG" alt width="316" height="190"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Product <strong>B</strong>, CH<sub>3</sub>CHO, can also be synthesized from ethanol.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Write an equation for the complete combustion of ethyne.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of ethyne.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Compare, giving a reason, the length of the bond between the carbon atoms in ethyne with that in ethane, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Identify the type of interaction that must be overcome when liquid ethyne vaporizes.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the name of product <strong>B</strong>, applying IUPAC rules.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine the enthalpy change for the reaction, in kJ, to produce <strong>A</strong> using section 11 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The enthalpy change for the reaction to produce B is −213 kJ.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Predict, giving a reason, which product is the most stable.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The IR spectrum and low resolution <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of the actual product formed are shown.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="images/1civ.PNG" alt width="606" height="608"></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">Deduce whether the product is </span><strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">A</strong><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"> or </span><strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">B</strong><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">, using evidence from these spectra together with sections 26 and 27 of the data booklet.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Identity of product:</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">One piece of evidence from IR:</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">One piece of evidence from <sup>1</sup>H NMR:</span></span></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce the splitting pattern you would expect for the signals in a high resolution <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">2.3 ppm:</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">9.8 ppm:</span></span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest the reagents and conditions required to ensure a good yield of product <strong>B</strong>.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Reagents: </span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Conditions:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce the average oxidation state of carbon in product <strong>B</strong>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain why product <strong>B</strong> is water soluble.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Sulfur trioxide is produced from sulfur dioxide.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2SO<sub>2 </sub>(g) + O<sub>2 </sub>(g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> 2SO<sub>3 </sub>(g) Δ<em>H</em> = −196 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The reaction between sulfur dioxide and oxygen can be carried out at different temperatures.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, giving a reason, the effect of a catalyst on a reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>On the axes, sketch Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curves for the reacting species at two temperatures T<sub>1</sub> <strong>and</strong> T<sub>2</sub>, where T<sub>2</sub> > T<sub>1</sub>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAsUAAAFyCAYAAAAd7KdIAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAAAkUSURBVHhe7d09a5VnHMDh226uOkayudhBsENROyoVihBXv4JUUBx8HUVc00oEwS6uYpf6CZqIm+mayWjWgFNG6zk8g0rp1pOS33Utz/2ynuHHw5/nHPr4yQAAgLBvpicAAGSJYgAA8kQxAAB5X8wULy8fm1YAAHCwbW+/n1b/EMWfXwIAwEH0dfcanwAAIE8UAwCQJ4oBAMgTxQAA5IliAADyRDEAAHmiGACAPFEMAECeKAYAIE8UAwCQJ4rZN2tra2NjY2PaAQDsH1HMvpjF8IMH98etWzfH7u7udAoAsD9EMQu3t7c3j+GZs2d/GE+ePJmvAQD2iyhm4VZXV+cxPHPjxo3x8uUfY3Nzc74HANgPopiF2traGo8e/TKuXLky3x85cmTcu3dvXL368/wNMgDAfhDFLMwseu/cuTNWV38dS0tL0+kY586dHydOfDueP38+nQAALJYoZmHW1/+cP1dWVubPz929e3fcvn1z7OzsTCcAAIsjilmYU6e+G48fP552X5q9OX716vV8nAIAYNFEMQszC95/i95ZGB8+fHjaAQAsjigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAQDIE8UAAOSJYgAA8kQxAAB5ohgAgDxRDABAnigGACBPFAMAkCeKAYCc3d3dsbOzM+1AFAMAQe/evRunT38/nj17Nvb29qZTykQxAJBz8uTJ8erV67G+vj4uXPhxbG5uTjdUiWIAIGlpaWmsra2Na9euj6tXfx4PHz6cj1XQJIoBgLSVlZXx4sXv48OHD+PSpZWxsbEx3VBy6OMn03osLx8b29vvpx38t2a/NwD4v3n69Ldx7tz5acdB9XX3imIAIG02T3z//v1x9OjRcf369XH8+PHphoPs6+41PgEAJM2+OjGbI7548adx+fLl+XyxIO4SxQBAztbW1vyrE7M54jdv/prPFdNmfAIAyJn9ccfbt2/HmTNnphNqjE8AAHmzz7EJYj4nigEAyBPFAADkiWIAAPJEMQAAeaIYAIA8UQwAQJ4oBgAgTxQDAJAnigEAyBPFAADkiWIAAPJEMQAAeaIYAIA8UQwAQJ4oBgAgTxQDAJAnigEAyBPFAADkiWIAAPJEMQAAeaIYAIA8UQwAQJ4oBgAgTxQDAJAnigEAyBPFAADkiWIAAPJEMQAAeaIYAIA8UQwAQJ4oBgAg79DHT6b1WF4+Nq0AAOBg295+P62+imIAACgyPgEAQJ4oBgAgTxQDABA3xt/l88qe3joSawAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the effect of increasing temperature on the yield of SO<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis structure of SO<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the electron domain geometry of SO<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the product formed from the reaction of SO<sub>3</sub> with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the meaning of a strong Brønsted–Lowry acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The properties of elements can be predicted from their position in the periodic table.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why Si has a smaller atomic radius than Al.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the first ionization energy of sulfur is lower than that of phosphorus.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the condensed electron configurations for Cr and Cr3<sup>+</sup>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="768" height="190"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe metallic bonding and how it contributes to electrical conductivity.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce, giving a reason, which complex ion [Cr(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3−</sup> or [Cr(OH)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3−</sup> absorbs higher energy light. Use section 15 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>[Cr(OH)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3−</sup> forms a green solution. Estimate a wavelength of light absorbed by this complex, using section 17 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure and molecular geometry of sulfur tetrafluoride, SF<sub>4</sub>, and sulfur dichloride, SCl<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest, giving reasons, the relative volatilities of SCl<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>White phosphorus is an allotrope of phosphorus and exists as P<sub>4</sub>.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>An equilibrium exists between PCl<sub>3</sub> and PCl<sub>5</sub>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">PCl<sub>3 </sub>(g) + Cl<sub>2 </sub>(g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> PCl<sub>5 </sub>(g)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the P<sub>4</sub> molecule, containing only single bonds.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write an equation for the reaction of white phosphorus (P<sub>4</sub>) with chlorine gas to form phosphorus trichloride (PCl<sub>3</sub>).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the electron domain and molecular geometry using VSEPR theory, and estimate the Cl–P–Cl bond angle in PCl<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the reason why PCl<sub>5</sub> is a non-polar molecule, while PCl<sub>4</sub>F is polar.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the standard enthalpy change (Δ<em>H</em><sup>⦵</sup>) for the forward reaction in kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Δ<em>H</em><sup>⦵</sup><sub>f</sub> PCl<sub>3 </sub>(g) = −306.4 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Δ<em>H</em><sup>⦵</sup><sub>f</sub> PCl<sub>5 </sub>(g) = −398.9 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the entropy change, Δ<em>S</em>, in J K<sup>−1 </sup>mol<sup>−1</sup>, for this reaction.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"> </p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><em>Chemistry 2e, Chpt. 21 Nuclear Chemistry, Appendix G: Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/g-standard-thermodynamic-properties-for- selectedsubstances# page_667adccf-f900-4d86-a13d-409c014086ea © 1999-2021, Rice University. Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.</em></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the Gibbs free energy change (Δ<em>G</em>), in kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, for this reaction at 25 °C. Use section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>If you did not obtain an answer in c(i) or c(ii) use −87.6 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> and −150.5 J mol<sup>−1 </sup>K<sup>−1</sup> respectively, but these are not the correct answers.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the equilibrium constant, <em>K</em>, for this reaction at 25 °C, referring to section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>If you did not obtain an answer in (c)(iii), use Δ<em>G</em> = –43.5 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, but this is not the correct answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equilibrium constant expression,<em> K</em><sub>c</sub>, for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State, with a reason, the effect of an increase in temperature on the position of this equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(vi).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Magnetite, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, is another ore of iron that contains both Fe<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>3+</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Iron exists as several isotopes.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the ratio of Fe<sup>2+</sup>:Fe<sup>3+</sup> in Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of spectroscopy that could be used to determine their relative abundances.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each species.</p>
<p><img 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" width="502" height="151"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Iron has a relatively small specific heat capacity; the temperature of a 50 g sample rises by 44.4°C when it absorbs 1 kJ of heat energy.</p>
<p>Determine the specific heat capacity of iron, in J g<sup>−1 </sup>K<sup>−1</sup>. Use section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A voltaic cell is set up between the Fe<sup>2+ </sup>(aq) | Fe (s) and Fe<sup>3+</sup> (aq) | Fe<sup>2+</sup> (aq) half-cells.</p>
<p>Deduce the equation and the cell potential of the spontaneous reaction. Use section 24 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><img 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" width="651" height="204"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The figure shows an apparatus that could be used to electroplate iron with zinc. Label the figure with the required substances.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why, unlike typical transition metals, zinc compounds are not coloured.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Transition metals like iron can form complex ions. Discuss the bonding between transition metals and their ligands in terms of acid-base theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The concentration of a solution of a weak acid, such as ethanedioic acid, can be determined<br>by titration with a standard solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>5.00 g of an impure sample of hydrated ethanedioic acid, (COOH)<sub>2</sub>•2H<sub>2</sub>O, was dissolved in water to make 1.00 dm<sup>3</sup> of solution. 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> samples of this solution were titrated against a 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution of sodium hydroxide using a suitable indicator.</p>
<p>(COOH)<sub>2</sub> (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) → (COONa)<sub>2 </sub>(aq) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
<p>The mean value of the titre was 14.0 cm<sup>3</sup>.</p>
<p>(i) Suggest a suitable indicator for this titration. Use section 22 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>(ii) Calculate the amount, in mol, of NaOH in 14.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution.</p>
<p>(iii) Calculate the amount, in mol, of ethanedioic acid in each 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> sample.</p>
<p>(iv) Determine the percentage purity of the hydrated ethanedioic acid sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the ethanedioate ion, <sup>–</sup>OOCCOO<sup>–</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why all the C–O bond lengths in the ethanedioate ion are the same length and suggest a value for them. Use section 10 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain how ethanedioate ions act as ligands.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) can be determined by the Winkler Method.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A 25.00 cm<sup>3</sup> sample of water was treated according to the Winkler Method.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;">Step I: 2Mn<sup>2+ </sup>(aq) + O<sub>2 </sub>(g) + 4OH<sup>− </sup>(aq) → 2MnO<sub>2 </sub>(s) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;">Step II: MnO<sub>2 </sub>(s) + 2I<sup>− </sup>(aq) + 4H<sup>+ </sup>(aq) → Mn<sup>2+ </sup>(aq) + I<sub>2 </sub>(aq) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;">Step III: 2S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2− </sup>(aq) + I<sub>2 </sub>(aq) → 2I<sup>− </sup>(aq) + S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub><sup>2− </sup>(aq)</p>
<p>The iodine produced was titrated with 37.50 cm<sup>3</sup> of 5.000 × 10<sup>−4 </sup>mol dm<sup>−3</sup> Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline what is measured by BOD.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A student dissolved 0.1240 ± 0.0001 g of Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> to make 1000.0 ± 0.4 cm<sup>3</sup> of solution to use in the Winkler Method.</p>
<p>Determine the percentage uncertainty in the molar concentration.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the amount, in moles of Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> used in the titration.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the mole ratio of O<sub>2</sub> consumed in step I to S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup> used in step III.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the concentration of dissolved oxygen, in mol dm<sup>−3</sup>, in the sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The three steps of the Winkler Method are redox reactions.</p>
<p>Deduce the reduction half-equation for step II.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest a reason that the Winkler Method used to measure biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) must be done at constant temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(v).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Lewis (electron dot) structures are useful models.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structures of PF<sub>3</sub> and PF<sub>5</sub> and use the VSEPR theory to deduce the molecular geometry of each species including bond angles.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict whether the molecules PF<sub>3</sub> and PF<sub>5</sub> are polar or non-polar.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of hybridization shown by the phosphorus atom in PF<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Benzoic acid, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>COOH, is another derivative of benzene.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Identify the wavenumber of one peak in the IR spectrum of benzoic acid, using section 26 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Identify the spectroscopic technique that is used to measure the bond lengths in solid benzoic acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline <strong>one</strong> piece of physical evidence for the structure of the benzene ring.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Draw the structure of the conjugate base of benzoic acid showing <strong>all</strong> the atoms and <strong>all</strong> the bonds.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline why both C to O bonds in the conjugate base are the same length and suggest a value for them. Use section 10 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The pH of an aqueous solution of benzoic acid at 298 K is 2.95. Determine the concentration of hydroxide ions in the solution, using section 2 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Formulate the equation for the complete combustion of benzoic acid in oxygen using only integer coefficients.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The combustion reaction in (f)(ii) can also be classed as redox. Identify the atom that is oxidized and the atom that is reduced.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest how benzoic acid, <em>M<sub>r</sub></em> = 122.13, forms an apparent dimer, <em>M<sub>r</sub></em> = 244.26, when dissolved in a non-polar solvent such as hexane.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the reagent used to convert benzoic acid to phenylmethanol (benzyl alcohol), C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Carbon forms many compounds.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>C<sub>60</sub> and diamond are allotropes of carbon.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Chlorine reacts with methane.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">CH<sub>4</sub> (g) + Cl<sub>2 </sub>(g) → CH<sub>3</sub>Cl (g) + HCl (g)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline <strong>two</strong> differences between the bonding of carbon atoms in C<sub>60</sub> and diamond.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why C<sub>60</sub> and diamond sublime at different temperatures and pressures.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State two features showing that propane and butane are members of the same homologous series.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe a test and the expected result to indicate the presence of carbon–carbon double bonds.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the full structural formula of (Z)-but-2-ene.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write the equation for the reaction between but-2-ene and hydrogen bromide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two</strong> differences in the <sup>1</sup>H NMR of but-2-ene and the organic product from (d)(ii).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, giving a reason, the major product of reaction between but-1-ene and steam.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the mechanism of the reaction between 1-bromopropane, CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>Br, and aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq), using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the splitting pattern in the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum for 1-bromopropane.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction, Δ<em>H</em>, using section 11 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw and label an enthalpy level diagram for this reaction.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Oxygen exists as two allotropes, diatomic oxygen, O<sub>2</sub>, and ozone, O<sub>3</sub>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure for ozone.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Discuss the relative length of the two O−O bonds in ozone.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why there are frequencies of UV light that will dissociate O<sub>3</sub> but not O<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain, using equations, how the presence of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mtext>CCl</mtext><mtext>2</mtext></msub><msub><mtext>F</mtext><mtext>2</mtext></msub></math> results in a chain reaction that decreases the concentration of ozone in the stratosphere.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Compound </span><strong><span class="fontstyle2">A </span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">is in equilibrium with compound </span><span class="fontstyle2"><strong>B</strong>.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle2"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="247" height="82"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Predict the electron domain and molecular geometries around the </span><span class="fontstyle2"><strong>oxygen</strong> </span><span class="fontstyle0">atom of molecule </span><strong><span class="fontstyle2">A </span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">using VSEPR</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="734" height="185"></span></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the type of hybridization shown by the central carbon atom in molecule </span><span class="fontstyle2"><strong>B</strong>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the number of sigma (</span><span class="fontstyle2"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi mathvariant="normal">σ</mi></math></span><span class="fontstyle0">) and pi (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi mathvariant="normal">π</mi></math></span><span class="fontstyle0">) bonds around the central carbon atom in molecule </span><strong><span class="fontstyle3">B</span></strong>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAvoAAADACAYAAAB1Ycc3AAAZdUlEQVR4Ae3dj5fVZZ0H8P4UpmaGmSFMIBBFDdz1EIu6SGitpomS9oNVsdoV8hcRHdEs2xYok1VDY1M3CKsNyx8RGbLJHtYVy0jQzBANGUAdmBnee+YyzA8ZmNnD6TlzZ16eM4e5X557P899PZ97zptnnvn6nviPAAECBAgQIECAAIEhJ/CeIfeOvCECBAgQIECAAAECBCLoawICBAgQIECAAAECQ1BA0B+Ci+otESBAgAABAgQIEBD09QABAgQIECBAgACBISjQZ9Df+Otf5+YbbvTFQA/oAT2gB/SAHtADekAPVEEPvL5r11H/VOkz6N95x9fyxfnzs/K++3wx0AN6QA/oAT2gB/SAHtADg7gHrrjssvxqw4aBBf1FCxfm31asOGqwCwQIECBAgAABAgQIDC6BKy6bnccfe+yoSfW5oy/oH+XkAgECBAgQIECAAIFBKSDoD8plMSkCBAgQIECAAAECJyYg6J+Yn2cTIECAAAECBAgQGJQCgv6gXBaTIkCAAAECBAgQIHBiAoL+ifl5NgECBAgQIECAAIFBKSDoD8plMSkCBAgQIECAAAECJyYg6J+Yn2cTIECAAAECBAgQGJQCgv6gXBaTIkCAAAECBAgQIHBiAoL+ifl5NgECBAgQIECAAIFBKSDoD8plMSkCBAgQIECAAAECJyYg6J+Yn2cTIECAAAECBAgQGJQCgv6gXBaTIkCAAAECBAgQIHBiAoL+ifl5NgECBAgQIECAAIFBKSDoD8plMSkCBAgQIECAAAECJyYg6J+Yn2cTIECAAAECBAgQGJQCgv6gXBaTIkCAAAECBAgQIHBiAoL+ifl5NgECBAgQIECAAIFBKSDoD8plMSkCBAgQIECAAAECJyYg6B/Lr3Vjbh4zMhfd/+ccOtaYv+r1lvx0blOa/uG7+XP7X7WQFydAgAABAgQIEBiCAoL+sRZV0D+WjOsECBAgQIAAAQJVICDoH2uRBP1jybhOgAABAgQIECBQBQKC/rEWqRL06zPzlhVZMvvsjB85MmPOuDALVm7Jnp5neVp35qnl8zJr0qjUjxiZ8X/7iSxe80LeOvK6rZvypQ825JqVj2fp3HMyqak+TR84K7O/8p956cCRQcmhfVvzg4WXZuq4pox6/6TMuu7bufWShh5Hdw6lecvKXP/RyRlXX5em0aflvMsX5gfP7+98kbZsvWNKamuvzE/2db+u7wgQIECAAAECBIanwNAO+u17smXVwnx65tRMOWV8JowZmw+ePKb7a8yZmb+upe+VrwT9mtTWnJIr73kmu/Y1549P3pZZo0fnovu2p63yrOZsWHBG6iZclfu3vJ6Wg/uy47Gv5PyGUZUxrR1jKkG/JnUN0/LFH27NX95pyRubl+ai99dnxl3bUzl+3/5aHvnshDSdMTcPbH4tzbu2Zs2CD2f0iJo0Hjmjv2ddrhkzNlfcuzV7DrSndf8reeKms9N05pL8T6VQ32/DVQIECBAgQIAAgeEpMISD/v5s/trf56QRdTnt/Guy+OvfzoplN+Tisy/M/K/flRXf+U5W3H1fHt9+OLIftfydQX/s3J+muesv2/LisnPSOHFhfnMgaX9pRc6vOSnXPbq3a0TSlu3Lpqd29HV5omNbvzPoj7nu8bzdNeqd/GxuQxovfTh/OZS0/X5pZtSPy+fWdVdKyzO59azarqDf9uxtmVI/Pcu3HWO+Xa/tGwIECBAgQIAAAQLJkA36bS//Wy4eWZNTP7M6r3Zl4/bsfmx+pk/95/zkla6LffdB5xn9yx56o9ddd1qfWZRJddPzrRfbs3ftnNTXzM6aPb1fou252zNlxKQs2dLWGfTrunfvK0Nb8/RNY9M4a2VebT+UNx+6Ik31l2TVrp5nglry5OfHdh/deWtjbjn9fWk67aLctPyH2bhtd3qc/Ok9AY8IECBAgAABAgSGvcCQDfpv/2huTh4xLl949F1Hc9pfyb0fa8iY2avyp+PdtrIS9Bty7c96P7/9t9/Ih+s+lNufbc2rKy9Ibe28PHGwdx+17/hOZowYlQUbWjuDfn0uuPeVw8d0KkNbs+nmcWn8yH15tb09L6+4II31n8qPurf8kxzM5sWTM+rI0Z2OK7s25XuLPpWZExtTO6ImJ53x8Xxpzba807u8RwQIECBAgAABAgSG7o5+y7rPZXzNKZn/ZO+gnhzI5i+flbr6y/P9N5O0vZCl0+sqwbkjPNeOqMu5dz6fdO7oz1nde7u+9TcLc2rdjNzz8nF29J9dksm9dvSPF/QPZc/DczKq/uI8sLPnjv6BbFgwoXtHv1ezHsyebU9l1RemZdR7p+Sr/+uQfi8eDwgQIECAAAECBIZu0G/f9VCuGl2X8/91W+cvzh5Z7ZZsvHFS6upnHw76Ry6/+89K0H9vJs7f0ONsfWt++/WpaTxzSZ5tTdp33F05oz/vXWf0X1z2d6ltvDo/77j7TeWM/vGCftK2/a5cUH9y/nHt7u5jQq1b841pdV1n9N89vY7Hh15/MJ+oa8jV63r9KKCvoa4RIECAAAECBAgMM4Ehe3Qnaclzyy7M2FPnZvUfe+x47386X55Sm/FXPnz8/+NsJejXpLburFz/yB+yt6U529ctzLlN4/OZta91HsNpzvr5p1fuuvNAx113WvfnpcpddxrykeW/S+VEzwCCfg7tyS8WfChNE+fk7l//Kc27t2Xdohk5uab7rjtvP3VDTm84L7c++XL2HmxP+zs7s/GOmTnpA1fmkdd7/iRgmHWwt0uAAAECBAgQINCnwBAO+kna38wzd1+d8/7mY5n/tXvy/QeW58aPTsnUK5dn0+7jHdDv2InfmJvHjMwn/+WhLL54csbUj8zYyZfky2v/0PtMfOvO/GrpNZk5sSl1NQ05ZerlWfwfW9N1K/uBBP2OpWnZkUdv/2TOGT8qTQ3jM/2qO/PNqyf1OKP/Vl5YvShzpp2ak+vfl4bG8Zl26c158Lm9nT8FcB/9PjvcRQIECBAgQIDAMBUY2kH/yKK2vJbf/deGrP/lpjz/p/09fin2yAB/EiBAgAABAgQIEBhaAsMj6A+tNfNuCBAgQIAAAQIECPQrIOj3S2QAAQIECBAgQIAAgeoTEPSrb83MmAABAgQIECBAgEC/AoJ+v0QGECBAgAABAgQIEKg+AUG/+tbMjAkQIECAAAECBAj0KyDo90tkAAECBAgQIECAAIHqExD0q2/NzJgAAQIECBAgQIBAvwKCfr9EBhAgQIAAAQIECBCoPgFBv/rWzIwJECBAgAABAgQI9Csg6PdLZAABAgQIECBAgACB6hMQ9KtvzcyYAAECBAgQIECAQL8Cgn6/RAYQIECAAAECBAgQqD4BQb/61syMCRAgQIAAAQIECPQrIOj3S2QAAQIECBAgQIAAgeoTEPSrb83MmAABAgQIECBAgEC/AoJ+v0QGECBAgAABAgQIEKg+AUG/+tbMjAkQIECAAAECBAj0KyDo90tkAAECBAgQIECAAIHqExD0q2/NzJgAAQIECBAgQIBAvwKCfr9EBhAgQIAAAQIECBCoPgFBv/rWzIwJECBAgAABAgQI9Csg6PdLZAABAgQIECBAgACB6hMQ9KtvzcyYAAECBAgQIECAQL8Cgn6/RAYQIECAAAECBAgQqD4BQb/61syMCRAgQIAAAQIECPQrIOj3S2QAAQIECBAgQIAAgeoTEPSrb83MmAABAgQIECBAgEC/AsMk6Ldl6x1TUls7J2ubj2ViDB+9cbSAz4XPxdFdcfiK3tAbeuNoAZ+L4fm5OLoTBsuVYRL0Bwu3eRAgQIAAAQIECBAoIyDol3FWhQABAgQIECBAgEBRAUG/KLdiBAgQIECAAAECBMoICPplnFUhQIAAAQIECBAgUFRA0C/KrRgBAgQIECBAgACBMgKCfhlnVQgQIECAAAECBAgUFRD0i3IrRoAAAQIECBAgQKCMgKBfxlkVAgQIECBAgAABAkUFBP2i3IoRIECAAAECBAgQKCMg6JdxVoUAAQIECBAgQIBAUQFBvyi3YgQIECBAgAABAgTKCAj6ZZxVIUCAAAECBAgQIFBUQNAvyq0YAQIECBAgQIAAgTICgn4ZZ1UIECBAgAABAgQIFBUQ9ItyK0aAAAECBAgQIECgjICgX8ZZFQIECBAgQIAAAQJFBQT9otyKESBAgAABAgQIECgjIOiXcVaFAAECBAgQIECAQFEBQb8ot2IECBAgQIAAAQIEyggI+mWcVSFAgAABAgQIECBQVEDQL8qtGAECBAgQIECAAIEyAoJ+GWdVCBAgQIAAAQIECBQVEPSLcitGgAABAgQIECBAoIyAoF/GWRUCBAgQIECAAAECRQUE/aLcihEgQIAAAQIECBAoIyDol3FWhQABAgQIECBAgEBRAUG/KLdiBAgQIECAAAECBMoICPplnFUhQIAAAQIECBAgUFRA0C/KrRgBAgQIECBAgACBMgKCfhlnVQgQIECAAAECBAgUFRD0i3IrRoAAAQIECBAgQKCMgKBfxlkVAgQIECBAgAABAkUFBP2i3IoRIECAAAECBAgQKCMg6JdxVoUAAQIECBAgQIBAUQFBvyi3YgQIECBAgAABAgTKCAj6ZZxVIUCAAAECBAgQIFBUQNAvyq0YAQIECBAgQIAAgTICgn4ZZ1UIECBAgAABAgQIFBUQ9ItyK0aAAAECBAgQIECgjICgX8ZZFQIECBAgQIAAAQJFBQT9otyKESBAgAABAgQIECgjIOiXcVaFAAECBAgQIECAQFEBQb8ot2IECBAgQIAAAQIEyggI+mWcVSFAgAABAgQIECBQVEDQL8qtGAECBAgQIECAAIEyAoJ+GWdVCBAgQIAAAQIECBQVEPSLcitGgAABAgQIECBAoIyAoF/GWRUCBAgQIECAAAECRQUE/b64Wzfm5jEjc9H9f86hvv7+r36tJT+d25Smf/hu/tz+Vy+mAAECBAgQIECAwBAUEPT7WlRBvy8V1wgQIECAAAECBKpIQNDva7EE/b5UXCNAgAABAgQIEKgiAUG/r8WqBP36zLxlRZbMPjvjR47MmDMuzIKVW7Kn51me1p15avm8zJo0KvUjRmb8334ii9e8kLeOvGbrpnzpgw25ZuXjWTr3nExqqk/TB87K7K/8Z146cGRQcmjf1vxg4aWZOq4po94/KbOu+3ZuvaShx9GdQ2nesjLXf3RyxtXXpWn0aTnv8oX5wfP7O1+kLVvvmJLa2ivzk33dr+s7AgQIECBAgACB4SswhIN+a3asnp8LJ5+SCWPHZvyYd32d8uk8/MYxDsBXgn5NamtOyZX3PJNd+5rzxydvy6zRo3PRfdvTVumX5mxYcEbqJlyV+7e8npaD+7Ljsa/k/IZRlTGtHWMqQb8mdQ3T8sUfbs1f3mnJG5uX5qL312fGXdtTqd7+Wh757IQ0nTE3D2x+Lc27tmbNgg9n9IiaNB45o79nXa4ZMzZX3Ls1ew60p3X/K3niprPTdOaS/E+l0PBtYO+cAAECBAgQIECgb4EhG/Tbdnw31146P8tW3JALp83Ntx5YlX+/559y7pgLs/j+Vfn37z+e37f0jZLOoD927k/T3DWkLS8uOyeNExfmNweS9pdW5Pyak3Ldo3u7RiRt2b5sempHX5cnOrb1O4P+mOsez9tdo97Jz+Y2pPHSh/OXQ0nb75dmRv24fG5dd6W0PJNbz6rtCvptz96WKfXTs3zb4X9idL2UbwgQIECAAAECBAgcQ2CIBv32vPlfv8jmjuzc/GA+Ped7eSNJ27ZluXD6V/Nsf7vgnWf0L3vojV533Wl9ZlEm1U3Pt15sz961c1JfMztr9vSWbXvu9kwZMSlLtrR1Bv267t37ytDWPH3T2DTOWplX2w/lzYeuSFP9JVm1q+eZoJY8+fmx3Ud33tqYW05/X5pOuyg3Lf9hNm7bnR4nf3pPwCMCBAgQIECAAAECSYZo0O9e27bffTMfv/bHlR31A0/fkqkX35udxzix0/WsStBvyLU/673l3/7bb+TDdR/K7c+25tWVF6S2dl6eONj1rMo37Tu+kxkjRmXBhtbOoF+fC+595fAxncqI1my6eVwaP3JfXm1vz8srLkhj/afyo+4t/yQHs3nx5Iw6cnSn48quTfneok9l5sTG1I6oyUlnfDxfWrMt7/Qu7xEBAgQIECBAgACBisCQD/r7f3xtZix8urID3rJuXk67/MF0HbZpeyFLp9dVgnNHeK4dUZdz73w+h4/ujMyc1b2361t/szCn1s3IPS8fZ0f/2SWZ3GtH/3hB/1D2PDwno+ovzgM7e+7oH8iGBRO6d/R7NevB7Nn2VFZ9YVpGvXdKvvq//f14oteTPSBAgAABAgQIEBgmAkM86O/Lzz9/ej727Zcqv0D79trPZvylq/JmkvY338juYx15r+zovzcT52/ocba+Nb/9+tQ0nrmkcvSnfcfdlTP68951Rv/FZX+X2sar8/OOu99UzugfL+gnbdvvygX1J+cf1+7uPibUujXfmFbXdUa/r1489PqD+URdQ65e1+tHAX0NdY0AAQIECBAgQGAYCgzpoP/2f38tf98wPv/888NHcFrWz8/pJ83KrWt+nBU3/mt+2ftkTvfyd/4ybm3dWbn+kT9kb0tztq9bmHObxucza1/rPIbTnPXzT6/cdeeBjrvutO7PS5W77jTkI8t/l8qJngEE/Rzak18s+FCaJs7J3b/+U5p3b8u6RTNyck33XXfefuqGnN5wXm598uXsPdie9nd2ZuMdM3PSB67MI6/3/ElA91vwHQECBAgQIECAwPAWGMJBvyXrr5+YkRPm5dEjJ3CaH88Xz+w4qtOUc2/b1GO3/l1N0PnLuJ/8l4ey+OLJGVM/MmMnX5Ivr/1D7zPxrTvzq6XXZObEptTVNOSUqZdn8X9sTdet7AcS9DtKt+zIo7d/MueMH5WmhvGZftWd+ebVk3qc0X8rL6xelDnTTs3J9e9LQ+P4TLv05jz43N7OnwK4j/67VtBDAgQIECBAgMCwFxjCQT9p3bU1W3Z0xe7KYre+8UKe+e+Xu8P4sG8BAAQIECBAgAABAkNRYEgH/aG4YN4TAQIECBAgQIAAgYEICPoDUTKGAAECBAgQIECAQJUJCPpVtmCmS4AAAQIECBAgQGAgAoL+QJSMIUCAAAECBAgQIFBlAoJ+lS2Y6RIgQIAAAQIECBAYiICgPxAlYwgQIECAAAECBAhUmYCgX2ULZroECBAgQIAAAQIEBiIg6A9EyRgCBAgQIECAAAECVSYg6FfZgpkuAQIECBAgQIAAgYEICPoDUTKGAAECBAgQIECAQJUJCPpVtmCmS4AAAQIECBAgQGAgAoL+QJSMIUCAAAECBAgQIFBlAoJ+lS2Y6RIgQIAAAQIECBAYiICgPxAlYwgQIECAAAECBAhUmYCgX2ULZroECBAgQIAAAQIEBiIg6A9EyRgCBAgQIECAAAECVSYg6FfZgpkuAQIECBAgQIAAgYEICPoDUTKGAAECBAgQIECAQJUJCPpVtmCmS4AAAQIECBAgQGAgAoL+QJSMIUCAAAECBAgQIFBlAoJ+lS2Y6RIgQIAAAQIECBAYiICgPxAlYwgQIECAAAECBAhUmYCgX2ULZroECBAgQIAAAQIEBiIg6A9EyRgCBAgQIECAAAECVSYg6FfZgpkuAQIECBAgQIAAgYEICPoDUTKGAAECBAgQIECAQJUJCPpVtmCmS4AAAQIECBAgQGAgAoL+QJSMIUCAAAECBAgQIFBlAsMk6Ldl6x1TUls7J2ubj7VCxvDRG0cL+Fz4XBzdFYev6A29oTeOFvC5GJ6fi6M7YbBcGSZBf7BwmwcBAgQIECBAgACBMgKCfhlnVQgQIECAAAECBAgUFRD0i3IrRoAAAQIECBAgQKCMgKBfxlkVAgQIECBAgAABAkUFBP2i3IoRIECAAAECBAgQKCMg6JdxVoUAAQIECBAgQIBAUQFBvyi3YgQIECBAgAABAgTKCAj6ZZxVIUCAAAECBAgQIFBUQNAvyq0YAQIECBAgQIAAgTICgn4ZZ1UIECBAgAABAgQIFBUQ9ItyK0aAAAECBAgQIECgjICgX8ZZFQIECBAgQIAAAQJFBQT9otyKESBAgAABAgQIECgjIOiXcVaFAAECBAgQIECAQFEBQb8ot2IECBAgQIAAAQIEyggI+mWcVSFAgAABAgQIECBQVEDQL8qtGAECBAgQIECAAIEyAoJ+GWdVCBAgQIAAAQIECBQVEPSLcitGgAABAgQIECBAoIyAoF/GWRUCBAgQIECAAAECRQUE/aLcihEgQIAAAQIECBAoIyDol3FWhQABAgQIECBAgEBRAUG/KLdiBAgQIECAAAECBMoICPplnFUhQIAAAQIECBAgUFRA0C/KrRgBAgQIECBAgACBMgKCfhlnVQgQIECAAAECBAgUFRD0i3IrRoAAAQIECBAgQKCMgKBfxlkVAgQIECBAgAABAkUFBP2i3IoRIECAAAECBAgQKCPw/wr6X11yW2658aasWb3aFwM9oAf0gB7QA3pAD+gBPTCIe6Aj6P9y/fqj/lXxnqOuJFn/i/WZd/U1vhjoAT2gB/SAHtADekAP6IEq6IGdO3ceFev7DPpHjXKBAAECBAgQIECAAIGqEhD0q2q5TJYAAQIECBAgQIDAwAQE/YE5GUWAAAECBAgQIECgqgQE/apaLpMlQIAAAQIECBAgMDCB/wPM4GVJXLk7nAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The IR spectrum of one of the compounds is shown:</span></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="687" height="247"></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><span class="fontstyle0">COBLENTZ SOCIETY. Collection © 2018 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.</span></em></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce, giving a reason, the compound producing this spectrum.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Compound </span><strong><span class="fontstyle2">A </span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">and </span><strong><span class="fontstyle2">B </span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">are isomers. Draw two other structural isomers with the formula <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>6</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi></math></span><span class="fontstyle0">.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The equilibrium constant, </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>K</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi></msub></math><span class="fontstyle0">, for the conversion of </span><strong><span class="fontstyle3">A </span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">to </span><strong><span class="fontstyle3">B </span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">is </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>8</mn></msup></math> <span class="fontstyle0">in water at <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>298</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi></math>.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce, giving a reason, which compound, </span><strong><span class="fontstyle3">A </span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">or </span><strong><span class="fontstyle3">B</span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">, is present in greater concentration when equilibrium is reached.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change, </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>∆</mo><msup><mi>G</mi><mo>⦵</mo></msup></math><span class="fontstyle0">, </span><span class="fontstyle5"><strong>in</strong> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi mathvariant="bold">kJ</mi><mo mathvariant="bold"> </mo><msup><mi mathvariant="bold">mol</mi><mrow><mo mathvariant="bold">–</mo><mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn></mrow></msup></math></span><span class="fontstyle0">, for the reaction (</span><strong><span class="fontstyle5">A </span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">to </span><strong><span class="fontstyle5">B</span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">) at <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>298</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi></math>. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Propanone can be synthesized in two steps from propene. Suggest the synthetic route including all the necessary reactants and steps.<br> </span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Propanone can be synthesized in two steps from propene.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Suggest why propanal is a minor product obtained from the synthetic route in (g)(i).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The overall equation for the production of hydrogen cyanide, HCN, is shown below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">CH<sub>4</sub> (g) + NH<sub>3</sub> (g) +<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mn>3</mn><mn>2</mn></mfrac></math>O<sub>2</sub> (g) → HCN (g) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O (g)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State why NH<sub>3</sub> is a Lewis base.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the pH of a 1.00 × 10<sup>−2</sup> mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous solution of ammonia.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">p<em>K</em><sub>b</sub> = 4.75 at 298 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Justify whether a 1.0 dm<sup>3</sup> solution made from 0.10 mol NH<sup>3</sup> and 0.20 mol HCl will form a buffer solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the shape of one sigma (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>σ</mtext></math>) and one pi (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi mathvariant="normal">π</mi></math>) bond.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the number of sigma and pi bonds in HCN.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the hybridization of the carbon atom in HCN.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why hydrogen chloride, HCl, has a lower boiling point than hydrogen cyanide, HCN.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why transition metal cyanide complexes are coloured.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Carbonated water is produced when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water under pressure. The following equilibria are established.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Equilibrium (1) CO<sub>2</sub> (g) <img src="images/5.PNG" alt width="64" height="25"> CO<sub>2</sub> (aq)</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Equilibrium (2) CO<sub>2</sub> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="49" height="14"> H<sup>+</sup> (aq) + HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq)</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Carbon dioxide acts as a weak acid.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Soda water has sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, dissolved in the carbonated water.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Distinguish between a weak and strong acid.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Weak acid: </span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Strong acid: </span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The hydrogencarbonate ion, produced in Equilibrium (2), can also act as an acid.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the formula of its conjugate base.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">When a bottle of carbonated water is opened, these equilibria are disturbed.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State, giving a reason, how a decrease in pressure affects the position of Equilibrium (1).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">At 298 K the concentration of aqueous carbon dioxide in carbonated water is 0.200 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> and the pK<sub>a</sub> for Equilibrium (2) is 6.36.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the pH of carbonated water.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Identify the type of bonding in sodium hydrogencarbonate.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Between sodium and hydrogencarbonate:</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Between hydrogen and oxygen in hydrogencarbonate:</span></span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Predict, referring to Equilibrium (2), how the added sodium hydrogencarbonate affects the pH.(Assume pressure and temperature remain constant.)</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">100.0cm<sup>3</sup> of soda water contains 3.0 × 10<sup>−2</sup>g NaHCO<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the concentration of NaHCO<sub>3</sub> in mol dm<sup>−3</sup>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The uncertainty of the 100.0cm<sup>3</sup> volumetric flask used to make the solution was ±0.6cm<sup>3</sup>.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the maximum percentage uncertainty in the mass of NaHCO<sub>3</sub> so that the concentration of the solution is correct to ±1.0 %.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The reaction of the hydroxide ion with carbon dioxide and with the hydrogencarbonate ion can be represented by Equations 3 and 4.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Equation (3) OH<sup>−</sup> (aq) + CO<sub>2</sub> (g) → HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq)<br>Equation (4) OH<sup>−</sup> (aq) + HCO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"> (aq) → H<sub>2</sub>O (l) + CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup> (aq)<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Discuss how these equations show the difference between a Lewis base and a Brønsted–Lowry base.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Equation (3):</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Equation (4):</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate has a pH of approximately 7 at 298 K.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Sketch a graph of pH against volume when 25.0cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> NaOH (aq) is gradually added to 10.0cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.0500 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> NaHCO<sub>3</sub> (aq).</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="569" height="344"></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">This question is about sodium and its compounds.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The Born-Haber cycle for sodium oxide is shown (not to scale).</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="images/3d.PNG" alt width="391" height="427"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Sodium peroxide is used in diving apparatus to produce oxygen from carbon dioxide.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">2Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (s) + 2CO<sub>2</sub> (g) → 2Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (s) + O<sub>2</sub> (g)</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Plot the relative values of the first four ionization energies of sodium.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"> </span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline why the alkali metals (group 1) have similar chemical properties.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Describe the structure and bonding in solid sodium oxide.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate values for the following changes using section 8 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><br>ΔH<sub>atomisation</sub> (Na) = 107 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup><br>ΔH<sub>atomisation</sub> (O) = 249 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{2}">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span></span>O<sub>2</sub>(g) <span style="background-color: #ffffff;">→ </span>O<sup>2- </sup>(g):</p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Na (s) → Na<sup>+</sup> (g):</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The standard enthalpy of formation of sodium oxide is −414 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>. Determine the lattice enthalpy of sodium oxide, in kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, using section 8 of the data booklet and your answers to (d)(i).</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><br>(If you did not get answers to (d)(i), use +850 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> and +600 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> respectively, but these are not the correct answers.)</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Justify why K<sub>2</sub>O has a lower lattice enthalpy (absolute value) than Na<sub>2</sub>O.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Write equations for the separate reactions of solid sodium oxide and solid phosphorus(V) oxide with excess water and differentiate between the solutions formed.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Sodium oxide, Na<sub>2</sub>O:</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Phosphorus(V) oxide, P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>:</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Differentiation:</span></span></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Sodium peroxide, Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, is formed by the reaction of sodium oxide with oxygen.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">2Na<sub>2</sub>O (s) + O<sub>2</sub> (g) → 2Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (s)</span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the percentage yield of sodium peroxide if 5.00g of sodium oxide produces 5.50g of sodium peroxide.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine the enthalpy change, <em>ΔH</em>, in kJ, for this reaction using data from the table and section 12 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<p style="padding-left:90px;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline why bond enthalpy values are not valid in calculations such as that in (g)(i).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">An allotrope of molecular oxygen is ozone. Compare, giving a reason, the bond enthalpies of the O to O bonds in O<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline why a real gas differs from ideal behaviour at low temperature and high pressure.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The reaction of sodium peroxide with excess water produces hydrogen peroxide and one other sodium compound. Suggest the formula of this compound.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">j.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the oxidation number of carbon in sodium carbonate, Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">k.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Nitric acid is usually produced by the oxidation of ammonia.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid can be used to convert benzene to nitrobenzene, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw arrows in the boxes to represent the electron configuration of a nitrogen atom.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce a Lewis (electron dot) structure of the nitric acid molecule, HNO<sub>3</sub>, that obeys the octet rule, showing any non-zero formal charges on the atoms.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the relative lengths of the three bonds between N and O in nitric acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State a technique used to determine the length of the bonds between N and O in solid HNO<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write an equation for the reaction between the acids to produce the electrophile, NO<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the structural formula of the carbocation intermediate produced when this electrophile attacks benzene.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the number of signals that you would expect in the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of nitrobenzene and the relative areas of these.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Butanoic acid, CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH, is a weak acid and ethylamine, CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>2</sub>, is a weak base.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equation for the reaction of each substance with water.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw a diagram showing the delocalization of electrons in the conjugate base of butanoic acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the average oxidation state of carbon in butanoic acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A 0.250 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous solution of butanoic acid has a concentration of hydrogen ions, [H<sup>+</sup>], of 0.00192 mol dm<sup>−3</sup>. Calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions, [OH<sup>−</sup>], in the solution at 298 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the pH of a 0.250 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous solution of ethylamine at 298 K, using section 21 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the pH curve for the titration of 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of ethylamine aqueous solution with 50.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of butanoic acid aqueous solution of equal concentration. No calculations are required.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why butanoic acid is a liquid at room temperature while ethylamine is a gas at room temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State a suitable reagent for the reduction of butanoic acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the product of the complete reduction reaction in (e)(i).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Dinitrogen monoxide, N<sub>2</sub>O, causes depletion of ozone in the stratosphere.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Different sources of N<sub>2</sub>O have different ratios of <sup>14</sup>N : <sup>15</sup>N.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The Lewis (electron dot) structure of the dinitrogen monoxide molecule can be represented as:</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; display: block;" src="images/3d.PNG_1.png" alt width="373" height="54"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline why ozone in the stratosphere is important.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Dinitrogen monoxide in the stratosphere is converted to nitrogen monoxide, NO (g).</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Write <strong>two</strong> equations to show how NO (g) catalyses the decomposition of ozone.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State <strong>one</strong> analytical technique that could be used to determine the ratio of <sup>14</sup>N : <sup>15</sup>N.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A sample of gas was enriched to contain 2 % by mass of <sup>15</sup>N with the remainder being <sup>14</sup>N.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the relative molecular mass of the resulting N<sub>2</sub>O.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Predict, giving <strong>two</strong> reasons, how the first ionization energy of <sup>15</sup>N compares with that of <sup>14</sup>N.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain why the first ionization energy of nitrogen is greater than both carbon and oxygen.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Nitrogen and carbon:</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Nitrogen and oxygen:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State what the presence of alternative Lewis structures shows about the nature of the bonding in the molecule.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State, giving a reason, the shape of the dinitrogen monoxide molecule.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce the hybridization of the central nitrogen atom in the molecule.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Carbon dioxide contributes significantly to global warming. It can be used as a raw material with methyloxirane to form polymers.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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hRRJ+f1vQmGmW9hxv/Zg3whcoxydcbzHsgOP578Y3odoQLt5yuRNeqKo/QM4xNY6Hq0jGkIZRt3++23o7OzE6mpqfj222+VLUzJ3Mdz/ArjxWzt9BTMEayR/efYk7+q3SZiekoqBLSiu8cGpN3hqQVBz1P8qkuAxoE3qB/mthr8pqgU71gBCCtQVfcy1i5OG7qKKt3OzM8P5mbryFqFMq+ROY//Uxh3Z/dKTkFGTjYE6wVcvOR9qAa71YQjjvG2/Ekv3xbSozDn4TGupk3DlEnRGSC5Kyr/WT6gfDF4QAmgQOm/XrX+DTZj/G3zm8FmRpvLmEW6ol1oC3K8IrWa+lMvaViQsV7y8xi5ubnYu3cvWltbHdvQu+++i6SkpLFWVfmyUB6/FGhq4sPIKdRDfvzCcwm3YDW1hHm8LTW7yc8IW3D64hXv42LZrTAdcRtvyzNwhOb6YwwMn4sDq6bdfAjrs9sxu/lvEMWbsDTMwIfZm3EgzsbgimCwpUXi/DyUZn6CzTv+gN5Rz9zZYTtfh+f0K3H02u24S3p4dMz0AGxdeHPrfqB4E17IdL+0KW0g1/CXjztwo/inyElV5r+QwDbDaEgdKwcUT9ZKt+07mA9sRvaHc9B8fQDiQA8akj5C9vpDcTsGV2Vl5YiOkG4TSq8nnnjCcdtQCq5u3LiBo0eP4he/+EVYnqUYUSHFPoTi+KVY5QBMwfzlzyKzdRd2HP7SQ+DQj/O1P4c+txnX7g7nsVPlbomPYHnpI2jdvAeHez1cNLCdRe1z2cg9ehV33xXB0+2Ym44vY/dz8ZiZjVqoTStGi/iB84tyEyH881NY8uApnDj79ai0sTwjsr2fkIG1v9uOxcdKUFBRD9PQYKTSZcfdWJdVga9WVqNS/ipywnyUvleHlV+UYN5zrlcIpP+4mmBYtwobsQYNlU95GEriFqzG3dhQnYI9r3paHsvdHGTbYuKA4sVA0bbdgbTiAxA//uXg84Fa523s1k6cvfy9lwrF7uzPPvvMEVBJLZSDq2PHjjmCK+ldeiZrzpw5YflmUESUgzp+KV1jLRL0q/C7mvk4tnQ1Kuo6h3+Nw3F1dj2yVvVgZUOF528kK1k9VbtNhn7ta6hZfAJLC7agzmR1BqrSIKEtMKz7V6z66idezklKogWYd6Dn4gCzH5H8Rh++vvEIHp/l+1uFI9aL9g/Bj9vlZZDHgXNiTbbgfeBMl4IHLF3i4ZoyMdMxmKc0oCdEYUWVeLC9W7zukm5ocsAidh1+UyzLFJwDgMIx2GbN4S7R4nEgyQHx+rn94gphiVjV9behbOJ2YjwD610/I9Y4Bi/1Nqjp/xDbLR4G9YsG5IDa5mV7H2rnWIOaOgf7i9MBT6VBTf/85z+L0nu0vBQZJDHg41c4tW6Klq5msWZocGV5gOV/F9u7PQ6BHL7KqdnNU92EFWLVwY9HDkw9nmNv+IRF/87F8qCl4xjUdKBHbK9YImZWtHo5VwfXWEX21+CqNLR2iIZGHspPhRN9YndjhZiJbLGivcfDyMgqrLLSVRrvDu/vAUXp+iuRv99tG3+wNWBpFSsyl3A7VKL/FMpTzQdvhZrMbCmgkECfeK6mWHxwxX7xnEK/NqLm/VUjqUb71Tnv9b8Gk6EAGRv/jor2WlRmJY0e78v7ylxCgdAJSM9urFuPE4+/jr3Fs4a+hRO6ApiTEgJqGPpBiXYxTwqEVUC6Fb3vN/j5mfl477XnMV/wMpB5kJVS8/4a2We2goT1ubpjdPAPAbRi+8JkTBj6FftUFDX9p8/VmWBsAXnDHjtVvC+Vn91YjxNzKvHaSgZa8b5FsP0UiCsBxz+aS1F0Jgsf7P25YoGW2k1j/MqW2vmju35SsBXTF0aD7h7pWzz1WJdlACr/N69oBe0Z/gzkfyi4nYffPlpL5HHRtefkAU63Qxpia/j1IFY0foy6/PuGZ4VgSs37K4OtEHRwvGbBg4qvnncOcLrT5JZwDRot0TsYrltjYvqjmg/eMQ0fxY3jcTFynafm/ZXBVuS2i6gvmQeVqO9CNsCHgJoP3j6qzsUREuBxMULwGP4dUTVeiY7tZ7Yi1+csmQIUoAAFKEABCjgEGGxxQ6AABShAAQpQgAIKCjDYUhCXWVOAAhSgAAUoQAEGW9wGKEABClCAAhSggIICDLYUxGXWFKAABShAAQpQgMEWtwEKUIACFKAABSigoACDLQVxmTUFKEABClCAAhRgsMVtgAIUoAAFKEABCigowGBLQVxmTQEKUIACFKAABRhscRugAAUoQAEKUIACCgow2FIQl1lTgAIUoAAFKEABBlvcBihAAQpQgAIUoICCAgy2FMRl1hSgAAUoQAEKUIDBFrcBClCAAhSgAAUooKAAgy0FcWM9a1EUY72JbB8FKEABClAgaAEGW0ETMgMKUIACFKAABSjgXYDBlncbLqEABShAAQpQgAJBCzDYCpowzjKwmWE8ZECRTgONZvBPV2TAIaMZtiEKO/qNm6DTZKDceGVo7vCEvHw5as3fDc/mFAUoQAEKUCAGBRhsxWCnKtMkO2zmJpTnPomtJ+/FC6abkJ7ZEsU+dBRMQHNBJnINnS4BlzK1YK4UoAAFKECBaBNgsBVtPRap+tq6sG9NCepn7ETD9kLohYnOmiQibfGL2Nu8Edj4C2z1eCUrUpVmuRSgAAXCK8AvDoXXO1pKuy1aKsp6RlLAjv7Ow6jueAyVbzyJpFEhuhYJc38Kw+EZ6EuWg7BI1pdlU4ACFKAABdQjMOq0qZ6qsSbqEbiKrpZWWIVUpEz3EkxpBeiffhpZaYnqqTZrQgEKUCAsAv0wG9+HoWj20LOsGl0RDIc6YLbZh2vQb0S5TgNduRH9w3OHpxzLdcipPQ+XtYaXcypqBRhsRW3XhbHi9iu4eNoCzE5FckIgm4wJOxdOGz74OB+o12gm4J6F22ENYxNYFAUoQAFFBGzn0VS+DOlbT2HaC60YcDzLOoDrHc8AzeuRnrsbJteAS5FKMFO1CwRy5lR7W1g/1QnoUdb+tfNBeulhevlvAH3tFRBUV19WiAIUoEAgAtdg2rcBS+v/EY0NW1GkFzB4UtUiIS0HG/bWoApVyN3a4flKViBFMW1UCzDYiuruC1PltVORMkcHnLmAHkX+Q7sFa+fe4eEkFmxCk9njRfYwNZjFUIACFPBDoP8UDlSfQnZlCfKSPDxikTAHzxrexp6cZGcQ5keeTBKTAgy2YrJbQ92oKcjIyYZgvYCLl255zdxuNeHIiPG2vCYduaD/E/xb3lEkNfRgQOzDucLLKFl/CGY+tDDSiZ8oQAEVCdjR33Uc9VYd5qRM9RJMTYSgfxL5WWlIUFHNWZXwCzDYCr95FJaoReL8PJRmfoLNO/6A3lFBkB2283V4Tr8SR6/djrsCbWFiFnZYWrAtKwlaJCL1Bw/hrtZOnL38faA5MT0FKECBMAncwqWLF2DFDKQnBxZKWXcuxD1Dz7AODxCtuWchdvJh1jD1X3iLYbAVXu/oLS0hA2t/tx2Lj5WgoKIeJqt8hasf5rbdWJdVga9WVqMy7wEv/+H52XR7L/7Y2IYbxdl49F6OTOKnGpNRgAJRJCCUtaNv6BlW+VlWEWJfO8r4MGsU9aT/VWWw5b9VnKfUImFmEX5vasZL6WexQXe781uG9yCzYQC5DR1o3rYYQjBblLUJRROSsXA7ULjkv+CeYPKK895i8ylAAaUFJmJ6SioEfIHunuEfKwtpqXYrOncVQee4CqbDgvKmkUNJhLQwZqakAE9nSurGYN5aQY+ni3fgY5f/yix1G/CTEc8kaJGYtQ0WsQs7sqZ6UJCXH0Bx2h3Dy4V81IkiBnrW4EpJAUejH5bhFAUooDoBLRIzFqFQsOD0xSvex8WyW2E64jbell9tsaO/43XkHZ2BBstNiNdbUXhpG9YfMHsvy698mSgSAgy2IqHOMscU0CbNw5LF19B46kvwqa0xqbiQAhSIpEDiI1he+ghaN+/B4V750QqXCtnOova5bOQevYq77wr0dOv8p/TjXyFL+nm0hBT8YPYktJ74Ky67FMHJ6BAItPejo1WsZVQJ2HubsEr3FAyma45623tP4sO2mVi74EHwqa2o6kpWlgJxJjAZ+rWvoWbxCSwt2II6k9V51ckOm7kFhnX/ilVf/QQNlU95+JmzwKjs1j+h8cPrKH5aj3sDW5WpVSDAYEsFnRDvVdAmPYXKwz/Cmdx/cDwHNmHeETxUV421+snxTsP2q0RA4+GbYyqpGqsRaYGEWSj+fSu6XkrFXzfoMcGxrUzApMz3gNzX0d28ZfDK1Ljr+T2sTWsxQZeN7cjGkln/ENyXkMZdD/Ws6Gl/lOap+aUR+RPlau4f1o0CFIigwFgHcB46I9gxcVn0LfQ2lWJeSSIazlciKzF+r5WMtV9Km4Ya98347a243FnZaApQIBCB4Z+Ycvl6vvPLIYHkw7QUCF5gIpL+KQuLrX/Cqf+4EXx2UZzDWPvlYKBlR79xE3Sa5XjL2IG68hznt+dno8jQEpFvdDLYiuINjlWnAAUoQIFYFZCuZJVAt2CX84esb6H3T0a0Zf4YC9IDHjo6VpF8tOsgVm9txaRVBx1XuwYs1Uj6cB3W7OuCQoN1eK0Pgy2vNFxAAQpQgAIUiJTARCTlvYzDPz6N3EkToNHcjnlHHkTdG6ugT+Cp279e0aNsSyny0xIdybXCXCyaPxkdbWdhGfVLKP7lON5U/LLXeOW4HgUoQAEKUEBJAa2A+b+sg+WXdUqWEkd5JyA5fQZQfwE9NjvSwvjcG8PjONrM2FQKUIACFKAABcIvwGAr/OYskQIUoAAFKECBOBJgsBVHnc2mUoACFKAABSgQfgEGW+E3Z4kUoAAFKEABCsSRAIOtOOpsNpUCFKAABShAgfALcAT58JuzRApQgAIUoAAF4kiAV7biqLPZVApQgAIUoAAFwi/AYCv85iyRAhSgAAUoQIE4EmCwFUedzaZSgAIUoAAFKBB+AQZb4TdniRSgAAUoQAEKxJEAg6046mw2lQIUoAAFKECB8Asw2Aq/OUukAAUoQAEKUCCOBBhsxVFns6kUoAAFKEABCoRfgMFW+M1ZIgUoQAEKUIACcSTAYCuOOptNpQAFKEABClAg/AIMtsJvHhsl2sxoM/wGdebvBttjP4/aHB105Ub0B9FCu7kWOZrlqJXzDSKv4VW/g7l2OTS6TTD224dnc4oCFKAABSgQBgEGW2FAjr0i7Ojv3I+ijX/BQFQ07g6kFR+AaNmGrERu8lHRZawkBShAgRgS4JknhjqTTaEABShAAQpQQH0CDLbU1yehqVG/EeU6HXIMh9BiKIJOo4FGo8OC8nqYrFdgbtuFIp00TwNd0V50Wm+5lHsLVlM9yhfoHMs1mhyU1xphtkm34OzoN27GzIXbYcVBrEq/c+Stw0uncGyoPCnvXWgzSzcWb6G3qQQ6T7fyHHXNQLnxiksdXCZtZhhry7HA0QYNNAvKUWs0w+ZIYofNtAsLNLOxqulLDN0ktHXCsEAH3aom9NrdbiM6bRaU/xaGotmDBs7bn3arCU0u9R/ZdgCy61tt6KwbrtNwO4frbbd2oq48x2ko2dfC6LAYTsMpClCAAhSIfQEGWzHdx1a0bnwLxhkVMIsiBix1+KfOcmToFuA3Z+fjtR4R4vUzqMQ+5G3+AL2OSEUKikqhzz2O6TtMGBClNP8T6SdeROaLh9Fr1yIxqxLn2ysgYBlqur+FZUcWEp2O1nfacMpZnjjQg4akj5C9pgYm221IWpSPQjTj3eP/ORwUScFb13HUIxs5GVNG94btLGrXLUXBifuxw3ITongTlh3340RBJnINnbBBiwT9czBUPYDakioc7pWCxmsw7XsVG7vzsefVp5DkcSu3oqP+L5hS8SnEgcvoWJ2BRFsnqp9ZgyMTVsM0IEJ0mG3AhPrVWLOvyxncSVW0onW1AY2TnkOz5DOinYPhnr23Cc/rV8E4/RVYHHmdx+/SP0VB5iY0Oeo4uqmcQwEKUIACMS20HdMAAAWPSURBVCog8hWbAn3tYpkAUShrF/uGWvi12F6mF5FdI3YPyDO/FbtrlokQKsT2vgFRdKwniNk158ShJFJSx3y9WNb+tSiKA2Jfe4UoYJlY0/3tYEYD58SabMGtPFEc6K4Rs4fS/U3sqlriVv5gneR6jkzvLEdYJzb23JQr7Ln865+JVZmCKBQfFM99Vi1mYpZY3HjR2QZPbXS3kctyOgyV5lxXNvPo6u7hyVnKcGRbh4rgBAUoQAEKxLSAx//5YzSuZLN8CjivMll1mJMyFSM2jgQd0mdbUN/y+Ti+bfgFunukm36TMffH+chu/QifXHB+i7H/c7TUA4U5Dw9dHRuu5lV0tbTCOvsRzBImDs+WrmYlp2I25HwBJGRgrWEj0muX4aFHq4CqGuzOf2BkG1xyGD0pXbHbBoulEvMv/RFNTU1oajqE2vKnkb7q4OjkI+a41cfRJhOEOSmYPhIRyekzYK0/ji5+K3KEID9QgAIUiGWBEaeCWG5ofLZNwOx0HRICbrwJOxdOcz5rNPhcl2bCQ1jVag04J/cVtKkLsab4HDbX/F/0y7cQ05/F8vkebiHar+DiaYt7Fi6fLTh98YrzlqQWCXPzsb54FoBHsGRBWuDtlm5ZFv0Ak9KfweuffQNAi8k5O9FVsww4cwE9jmfWXIr3MWnduRD3yM+ZOd7v9CNw85EpF1OAAhSgQNQJMNiKui4LR4UHn8WSnlly/3N9PmtcNdHeh0XP5gKOqztX0NVyArMLf4S5CR42Re1UpMzRjVGM6xW4W+g9XIWS2tuRmXkeGzf8HqaAgqPvYD7wKla1PY7Gnov4eMfzyM/PR35WEvq6vxijDt4WCciuOTf4zJu7I4eg8IbG+RSgAAViUsDDGS4m28lG+SWgRWLGIhQK5/Dp2csuD7EDcHy7LxU5tedHzvcrX9dEWiTOz0Npeiveff8gPqxPwr88luLldt8UZORkQzhzCmdHfFvSDlvPBZzBDKQnD163s/d+gFdKmpBe9b9wpGEnirursGHEQ+2udfA0bUOPFFS537K0/z9cu3LT0wre5yU+jJxCHc58+ldYh74eKSW/BpPhKWhyamEeMd97VlxCAQpQgALRL8BgK/r7MLQtSHwML+x5HMdKXsHuTutgYGU7j6atW7AR67BteRq0Q89MSUXbccN2I7AALOFh/LhwBmpXl6B69hN4LPUOL22QArNnULn4BEo2veUcnsIO2/l6rC/Yj/SqDViedgdg/xKHX/kVatM3wrA2A4lJT+HVPfno3vgq9pmuecnbfbYzsGt9H/s7egfbY7eic/crKKk9657Yx+epyHxhE3507FfYtPtTZ8DVD3PTTmzYCFRty0ca9zwfhlxMAQpQIHYEeMiPnb4MUUsmIil/GzoaHselcj0mSM8aTVqGI9PWoOu9ddA7b/dpU3NQXtGHVel34+6l/44LAV2puQOpOT9FsSAg+1/+K1LH2goTZqF4byMaHv8K5brbodFMwKSf/xWPN3SgecN8JEjjdzluHz6AKsNzzvpNRFLeRuwp/jKA24laJGauR/P+OfjTwuTBdif/d/zxviIcbiyDEKCuNikPuzt24/FLr0I3QXru7R5kHpmC9V1voVQ/OcDcmJwCFKAABaJZQCN91zKaG8C6R6eA9BuIP8o8hTUnq5Gf5PpNw+hsD2tNAQpQgAIU8CYw1jUFb+twPgWCE7D3omN/E26VrkA2A63gLLk2BShAAQqoXoDBluq7KJYq6PzZnAnzsHWgGG+szQh8eIZY4mBbKEABClAgLgR4GzEuupmNpAAFKEABClAgUgK8shUpeZZLAQpQgAIUoEBcCDDYiotuZiMpQAEKUIACFIiUAIOtSMmzXApQgAIUoAAF4kKAwVZcdDMbSQEKUIACFKBApAT+P2o5FW7Wwg8uAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the three-membered ring in methyloxirane is unstable.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw <strong>two</strong> structural isomers of methyloxirane.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State, giving a reason, whether methyloxirane can form<em> cis-trans</em> isomers.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the chemical shift and splitting pattern of the signal produced by the hydrogen atoms labelled <strong>X</strong> in the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of the polymer. Use section 27 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Propene is an important starting material for many products. The following shows some compounds which can be made from propene, C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><br>Propene (C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>) → C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>7</sub>Cl → C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O → C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Consider the conversion of propene to C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>7</sub>Cl.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">An experiment was carried out to determine the order of reaction between one of the isomers of C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>7</sub>Cl and aqueous sodium hydroxide. The following results were obtained.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; display: block;" 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" width="367" height="138"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the type of reaction.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the IUPAC name of the major product.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline why it is the major product.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Write an equation for the reaction of the major product with aqueous sodium hydroxide to produce a C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O compound, showing structural formulas.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine the rate expression from the results, explaining your method.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce the type of mechanism for the reaction of this isomer of C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>7</sub>Cl with aqueous sodium hydroxide.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Sketch the mechanism using curly arrows to represent the movement of electrons.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Write an equation for the complete combustion of the compound C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O formed in (a)(iv).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine the enthalpy of combustion of this compound, in kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, using data from section 11 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the reagents for the conversion of the compound C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O formed in (a)(iv) into C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain why the compound C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O, produced in (a)(iv), has a higher boiling point than compound C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O, produced in d(i).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain why the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O, produced in (d)(i), shows only one signal.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Propene is often polymerized. Draw a section of the resulting polymer, showing two repeating units.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>When heated in air, magnesium ribbon reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The reaction in (a)(i) was carried out in a crucible with a lid and the following data was recorded:</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible and lid = 47.372 ±0.001 g</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible, lid and magnesium ribbon before heating = 53.726 ±0.001 g</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible, lid and product after heating = 56.941 ±0.001 g</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"> </p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>When magnesium is burnt in air, some of it reacts with nitrogen to form magnesium nitride according to the equation:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">3 Mg (s) + N<sub>2 </sub>(g) → Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2 </sub>(s)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The presence of magnesium nitride can be demonstrated by adding water to the product. It is hydrolysed to form magnesium hydroxide and ammonia.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Most nitride ions are <sup>14</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify a metal, in the same period as magnesium, that does <strong>not</strong> form a basic oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the amount of magnesium, in mol, that was used.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the percentage uncertainty of the mass of product after heating.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Assume the reaction in (a)(i) is the only one occurring and it goes to completion, but some product has been lost from the crucible. Deduce the percentage yield of magnesium oxide in the crucible.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Evaluate whether this, rather than the loss of product, could explain the yield found in (b)(iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest an explanation, other than product being lost from the crucible or reacting with nitrogen, that could explain the yield found in (b)(iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate coefficients that balance the equation for the following reaction.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ammonia is added to water that contains a few drops of an indicator. Identify an indicator that would change colour. Use sections 21 and 22 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the oxidation state of nitrogen in Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> and in NH<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce, giving reasons, whether the reaction of magnesium nitride with water is an acid–base reaction, a redox reaction, neither or both.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of subatomic particles in this ion.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Some nitride ions are <sup>15</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>. State the term that describes the relationship between <sup>14</sup>N<sup>3–</sup> and <sup>15</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The nitride ion and the magnesium ion are isoelectronic (they have the same electron configuration). Determine, giving a reason, which has the greater ionic radius.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest, giving a reason, whether magnesium or nitrogen would have the greater sixth ionization energy.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two</strong> reasons why atoms are no longer regarded as the indivisible units of matter.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the types of bonding in magnesium, oxygen and magnesium oxide, and how the valence electrons produce these types of bonding.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>