File "markSceme-SL-paper2.html"
Path: /IB QUESTIONBANKS/5 Fifth Edition - PAPER/HTML/Chemistry/Topic 3/markSceme-SL-paper2html
File size: 606 KB
MIME-type: text/html
Charset: utf-8
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>IB Questionbank</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="css/application-02ef852527079acf252dc4c9b2922c93db8fde2b6bff7c3c7f657634ae024ff1.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="css/print-6da094505524acaa25ea39a4dd5d6130a436fc43336c0bb89199951b860e98e9.css">
<script src="js/application-9717ccaf4d6f9e8b66ebc0e8784b3061d3f70414d8c920e3eeab2c58fdb8b7c9.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" async src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-MML-AM_CHTML-full"></script>
<!--[if lt IE 9]>
<script src='https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/html5shiv/3.7.3/html5shiv.min.js'></script>
<![endif]-->
<meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token">
<meta name="csrf-token" content="iHF+M3VlRFlNEehLVICYgYgqiF8jIFlzjGNjIwqOK9cFH3ZNdavBJrv/YQpz8vcspoICfQcFHW8kSsHnJsBwfg==">
<link href="favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon">
</head>
<body class="teacher questions-show">
<div class="navbar navbar-fixed-top">
<div class="navbar-inner">
<div class="container">
<div class="brand">
<div class="inner"><a href="http://ibo.org/">ibo.org</a></div>
</div>
<ul class="nav">
<li>
<a href="../../../../../../../index.html">Home</a>
</li>
<!-- - if current_user.is_language_services? && !current_user.is_publishing? -->
<!-- %li= link_to "Language services", tolk_path -->
</ul>
<ul class="nav pull-right">
<li class="dropdown">
<a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#">
Help
<b class="caret"></b>
</a>
<ul class="dropdown-menu">
<li><a href="https://questionbank.ibo.org/video_tour?locale=en">Video tour</a></li>
<li><a href="https://questionbank.ibo.org/instructions?locale=en">Detailed instructions</a></li>
<li><a target="_blank" href="https://ibanswers.ibo.org/">IB Answers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://06082010.xyz">IB Documents (2) Team</a>
</li></ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page-content container">
<div class="row">
<div class="span24">
<div class="pull-right screen_only"><a class="btn btn-small btn-info" href="https://questionbank.ibo.org/updates?locale=en">Updates to Questionbank</a></div>
<p class="muted language_chooser">
User interface language:
<a href="https://questionbank.ibo.org/en/users/set_user_locale?new_locale=en">English</a>
|
<a href="https://questionbank.ibo.org/en/users/set_user_locale?new_locale=es">Español</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page-header">
<div class="row">
<div class="span16">
<p class="back-to-list">
</p>
</div>
<div class="span8" style="margin: 0 0 -19px 0;">
<img style="width: 100%;" class="qb_logo" src="https://mirror.ibdocs.top/qb.png" alt="Ib qb 46 logo">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h2>SL Paper 2</h2><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Automobile air bags inflate by a rapid decomposition reaction. One typical compound used is guanidinium nitrate, C(NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>, which decomposes very rapidly to form nitrogen, water vapour and carbon.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce the equation for the decomposition of guanidinium nitrate.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the total number of moles of gas produced from the decomposition of 10.0 g of guanidinium nitrate.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the pressure, in kPa, of this gas in a 10.0 dm<sup>3</sup> air bag at 127°C, assuming no gas escapes.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest why water vapour deviates significantly from ideal behaviour when the gases are cooled, while nitrogen does not.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Another airbag reactant produces nitrogen gas and sodium.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest, including an equation, why the products of this reactant present a safety hazard.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C(NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>NO<sub>3 </sub>(s) → 2N<sub>2 </sub>(g) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O (g) + C (s) ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">moles of gas = « <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{10.0{\text{g}}}}{{122.11{\text{g mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}"><mn>5</mn><mo>×</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>10.0</mn><mo> </mo><mtext>g</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>122.11</mn><mo> </mo><mtext>g mo</mtext><msup><mtext>l</mtext><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo></math></span>» 0.409 «mol» ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="p = \frac{{0.409{\text{mol}} \times {\text{8}}{\text{.31 J }}{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}} \times \left( {127 + 273} \right){\text{K}}}}{{{\text{10}}{\text{.0 d}}{{\text{m}}^3}}}"><mi>p</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>0.409</mn><mo> </mo><mtext>mol</mtext><mo>×</mo><mtext>8</mtext><msup><mtext>.31 J K</mtext><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mtext>mo</mtext><msup><mtext>l</mtext><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>×</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>127</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>273</mn><mo>)</mo><mo> </mo></mrow><mtext>K</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>10</mtext><mtext>.0 d</mtext><msup><mtext>m</mtext><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac></math></span>» = 136 «kPa» ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Any <strong>two</strong> of:</em><br>nitrogen non-polar/London/dispersion forces <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>water polar/H-bonding ✔<br>water has «much» stronger intermolecular forces ✔<br>water molecules attract/condense/occupy smaller volume «and therefore deviate from ideal behaviour» ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">2Na (s) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → 2NaOH (aq) + H<sub>2 </sub>(g) ✔</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">hydrogen explosive<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>highly exothermic reaction<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>sodium reacts violently with water<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>forms strong alkali ✔</span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NOTE: Accept the equation of combustion of hydrogen.<br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “sodium is reactive/dangerous”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Explain the general increase in trend in the first ionization energies of the period 3 elements, Na to Ar.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>increasing number of protons</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>increasing nuclear charge ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p>«atomic» radius/size decreases</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>same number of shells/electrons occupy same shell</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>similar shielding «by inner electrons» ✔</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>There are many oxides of silver with the formula Ag<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub>. All of them decompose into their elements when heated strongly.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>After heating 3.760 g of a silver oxide 3.275 g of silver remained. Determine the empirical formula of Ag<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the final mass of solid obtained by heating 3.760 g of Ag<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub> may be greater than 3.275 g giving one design improvement for your proposed suggestion. Ignore any possible errors in the weighing procedure.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Naturally occurring silver is composed of two stable isotopes, <sup>107</sup>Ag and <sup>109</sup>Ag.</p>
<p>The relative atomic mass of silver is 107.87. Show that isotope <sup>107</sup>Ag is more abundant.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Some oxides of period 3, such as Na<sub>2</sub>O and P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>, react with water. A spatula measure of each oxide was added to a separate 100 cm<sup>3</sup> flask containing distilled water and a few drops of bromothymol blue indicator.</p>
<p>The indicator is listed in section 22 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>Deduce the colour of the resulting solution and the chemical formula of the product formed after reaction with water for each oxide.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the electrical conductivity of molten Na<sub>2</sub>O and P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the model of electron configuration deduced from the hydrogen line emission spectrum (Bohr’s model).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>n(Ag) = «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{3.275{\text{ g}}}}{{107.87{\text{ g}}\,{\text{mol}}}} = ">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3.275</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>107.87</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>mol</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
</math></span>» 0.03036 «mol»</p>
<p><em><strong>AND</strong></em></p>
<p>n(O) = «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{3.760{\text{ g}} - 3.275{\text{ g}}}}{{16.00{\text{ g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}} = \frac{{0.485}}{{16.00}} = ">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3.760</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>3.275</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>16.00</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0.485</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>16.00</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
</math></span>» 0.03031 «mol»</p>
<p>«<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{0.03036}}{{0.03031}} \approx 1">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0.03036</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>0.03031</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>≈</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</math></span> / ratio of Ag to O approximately 1 : 1, so»</p>
<p>AgO</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept other valid methods for M1.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for correct empirical formula if method not shown.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>temperature too low<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>heating time too short<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>oxide not decomposed completely</p>
<p>heat sample to constant mass «for three or more trials»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “not heated strongly enough”.</em></p>
<p><em>If M1 as per markscheme, M2 can only be awarded for constant mass technique.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept "soot deposition" (M1) and any suitable way to reduce it (for M2).</em></p>
<p><em>Accept "absorbs moisture from atmosphere" (M1) and "cool in dessicator" (M2).</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for reference to impurity <strong>AND</strong> design improvement.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A<sub>r</sub> closer to 107/less than 108 «so more <sup>107</sup>Ag»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>A<sub>r</sub> less than the average of (107 + 109) «so more <sup>107</sup>Ag»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept calculations that gives greater than 50% <sup>107</sup>Ag.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do not accept name for the products.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “Na<sup>+</sup> + OH<sup>–</sup>” for NaOH.</em></p>
<p><em>Ignore coefficients in front of formula.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«molten» Na<sub>2</sub>O has mobile ions/charged particles <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>conducts electricity</p>
<p>«molten» P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> does not have mobile ions/charged particles <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>does not conduct electricity/is poor conductor of electricity</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> award marks without concept of mobile charges being present.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> if type of bonding or electrical conductivity correctly identified in each compound.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept answers based on electrons.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> if reference made to solution.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrons in discrete/specific/certain/different shells/energy levels</p>
<p>energy levels converge/get closer together at higher energies<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>energy levels converge with distance from the nucleus</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept appropriate diagram for M1, M2 or both.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not give marks for answers that refer to the lines in the spectrum.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Magnesium is a group 2 metal which exists as a number of isotopes and forms many compounds.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the nuclear symbol notation, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_Z^AX">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mi>A</mi>
</msubsup>
<mi>X</mi>
</math></span>, for magnesium-26.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Mass spectroscopic analysis of a sample of magnesium gave the following results:</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>Calculate the relative atomic mass, <em>A</em><sub>r</sub>, of this sample of magnesium to two decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium burns in air to form a white compound, magnesium oxide. Formulate an equation for the reaction of magnesium oxide with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the trend in acid-base properties of the oxides of period 3, sodium to chlorine.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>In addition to magnesium oxide, magnesium forms another compound when burned in air. Suggest the formula of this compound</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the structure and bonding in solid magnesium oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium chloride can be electrolysed.</p>
<p>Deduce the half-equations for the reactions at each electrode when <strong>molten</strong> magnesium chloride is electrolysed, showing the state symbols of the products. The melting points of magnesium and magnesium chloride are 922 K and 987 K respectively.</p>
<p>Anode (positive electrode):</p>
<p>Cathode (negative electrode):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{12}^{26}{\rm{Mg}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>12</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>26</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«Ar =»<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{24 \times 78.60 + 25 \times 10.11 + 26 \times 11.29}}{{100}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>24</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>78.60</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>25</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>10.11</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>26</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>11.29</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>100</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p>«= 24.3269 =» 24.33</p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em><br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept data booklet value (24.31).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>MgO(s) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub>(s)</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>MgO(s) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → Mg<sup><sub>2</sub>+</sup>(aq) + 2OH<sup>–</sup>(aq)</p>
<p><em>Accept</em> <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>from basic to acidic</p>
<p>through amphoteric</p>
<p><em>Accept “alkali/alkaline” for “basic”. <br>Accept “oxides of Na and Mg: basic <strong>AND</strong> oxide of Al: amphoteric” for M1. <br>Accept “oxides of non-metals/Si to Cl acidic” for M2. <br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “become more acidic”</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub></p>
<p><em>Accept MgO<sub>2</sub>, Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub>, Mg(NOx)<sub>2</sub>, MgCO<sub>3</sub>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«3-D/giant» regularly repeating arrangement «of ions»<br><em><strong>OR <br></strong></em>lattice «of ions»<br><em>Accept “giant” for M1, unless “giant covalent” stated.</em></p>
<p>electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>electrostatic attraction between Mg<sup>2+</sup> and O<sup>2–</sup> ions<br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “ionic” without description.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Anode (positive electrode):<br></em>2Cl<sup>–</sup> → Cl<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2e<sup>–</sup></p>
<p><em>Cathode (negative electrode):<br></em>Mg<sup>2+</sup> + 2e<sup>–</sup> → Mg(l)</p>
<p><em>Penalize missing/incorrect state symbols at Cl<sub>2</sub> and Mg once only.<br>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> if equations are at wrong electrodes.<br>Accept Mg (g).</em></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Iron may be extracted from iron (II) sulfide, FeS.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Iron (II) sulfide, FeS, is ionically bonded.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The first step in the extraction of iron from iron (II) sulfide is to roast it in air to form iron (III) oxide and sulfur dioxide.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why metals, like iron, can conduct electricity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Justify why sulfur is classified as a non-metal by giving <strong>two</strong> of its chemical properties.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in this type of solid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electron configuration of the sulfide ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, in terms of their electronic structures, why the ionic radius of the sulfide ion is greater than that of the oxide ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why chemists find it convenient to classify bonding into ionic, covalent and metallic.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write the equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the change in the oxidation state of sulfur.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why this process might raise environmental concerns.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the addition of small amounts of carbon to iron makes the metal harder.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>mobile/delocalized «sea of» electrons</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>forms acidic oxides «rather than basic oxides» ✔</p>
<p>forms covalent/bonds compounds «with other non-metals» ✔</p>
<p>forms anions «rather than cations» ✔</p>
<p>behaves as an oxidizing agent «rather than a reducing agent» ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for 2 correct non-chemical properties such as non-conductor, high ionisation energy, high electronegativity, low electron affinity if no marks for chemical properties are awarded.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrostatic attraction ✔</p>
<p>between oppositely charged ions/between Fe<sup>2+</sup> and S<sup>2−</sup> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup> 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>6</sup> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “[Ne] 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>6</sup>”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«valence» electrons further from nucleus/extra electron shell/ electrons in third/3s/3p level «not second/2s/2p»✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept 2,8 (for O<sup>2–</sup>) and 2,8,8 (for S<sup>2–</sup>)</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>allows them to explain the properties of different compounds/substances<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>enables them to generalise about substances<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>enables them to make predictions ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept other valid answers.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>4FeS(s) + 7O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 2Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(s) + 4SO<sub>2</sub>(g) ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept any correct ratio.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>+6<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>−2 to +4 ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept “6/VI”.</em><br><em>Accept “−II, 4//IV”.</em><br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept 2− to 4+.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>sulfur dioxide/SO<sub>2</sub> causes acid rain ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept sulfur dioxide/SO<sub>2</sub>/dust causes respiratory problems</em><br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “causes respiratory problems” or “causes acid rain”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>disrupts the regular arrangement «of iron atoms/ions»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>carbon different size «to iron atoms/ions» ✔</p>
<p>prevents layers/atoms sliding over each other ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Chlorine undergoes many reactions.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>67</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></math> of manganese(IV) oxide was added to </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>200</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>cm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></math> <span class="fontstyle0">of </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mi>HCl</mi></math>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn><mi>HCl</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><msub><mi>Cl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>MnCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Chlorine gas reacts with water to produce hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>Cl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>⇌</mo><mi>HClO</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>HCl</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math> </span><span class="fontstyle0">is a common chlorofluorocarbon, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>CFC</mi></math>.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the full electron configuration of the chlorine atom.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State, giving a reason, whether the chlorine atom or the chloride ion has a larger radius</span>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Outline why the chlorine atom has a smaller atomic radius than the sulfur atom</span>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The mass spectrum of chlorine is shown.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><img style="display: block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0"><em> NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center Collection © 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of </em><em>the United States of America. All rights reserved.</em><br> </span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"> Outline the reason for the two peaks at <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>z</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>35</mn></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>37</mn></math>.<br> </span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Explain the presence and relative abundance of the peak at </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>z</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>74</mn></math><span class="fontstyle0">.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the amount, in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>mol</mi></math>, of manganese(IV) oxide added.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Determine the limiting reactant, showing your calculations.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Determine the excess amount, in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>mol</mi></math>, of the other reactant.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the volume of chlorine, in </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msup><mi>dm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></math><span class="fontstyle0">, produced if the reaction is conducted at standard temperature and pressure (STP). Use section 2 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the oxidation state of manganese in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span><span class="fontstyle0"> </span><span class="fontstyle0">and </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math><span class="fontstyle0">.</span></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="699" height="180"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce, referring to oxidation states, whether </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math> <span class="fontstyle0">is an oxidizing or reducing agent.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Hypochlorous acid is considered a weak acid. Outline what is meant by the term weak acid.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the formula of the conjugate base of hypochlorous acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the concentration of </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math><span class="fontstyle0"> in a </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>HClO</mi><mo> </mo><mfenced><mi>aq</mi></mfenced></math><span class="fontstyle0"> solution with a </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>pH</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>61</mn></math>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the type of reaction occurring when ethane reacts with chlorine to produce chloroethane.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Predict, giving a reason, whether ethane or chloroethane is more reactive.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Write the equation for the reaction of chloroethane with a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce the nucleophile for the reaction in d(iii).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Ethoxyethane (diethyl ether) can be used as a solvent for this conversion. Draw the structural formula of ethoxyethane</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce the number of signals and their chemical shifts in the </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>1</mn></mmultiscripts><mo> </mo><mi>NMR</mi></math> <span class="fontstyle0">spectrum of ethoxyethane. Use section 27 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the percentage by mass of chlorine in </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math><span class="fontstyle0">.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Comment on how international cooperation has contributed to the lowering of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>CFC</mi></math> emissions responsible for ozone depletion.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>1</mn><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mn>2</mn><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mn>2</mn><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mn>6</mn></msup><mn>3</mn><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mn>3</mn><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mn>5</mn></msup></math> ✔</p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept condensed electron configuration.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msup><mi>Cl</mi><mo>-</mo></msup></math> <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>more «electron–electron» repulsion ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>C</mi><msup><mi>l</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">-</mo></msup></math> <strong>AND</strong> has an extra electron.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>Cl</mi></math> has a greater nuclear charge/number of protons/<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">Z</mi><mi>eff</mi></msub></math> «causing a stronger pull on the outer electrons» ✔</p>
<p>same number of shells<br><strong><em>OR</em></strong><br>same «outer» energy level<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>similar shielding ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«two major» isotopes «of atomic mass <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>35</mn></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>37</mn></math>» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«diatomic» molecule composed of «two» chlorine-37 atoms ✔</p>
<p>chlorine-37 is the least abundant «isotope»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>low probability of two <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mi>Cl</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>37</mn></mmultiscripts></math> «isotopes» occurring in a molecule ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>67</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>86</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>94</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0307</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mi>HCl</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>×</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2000</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mo>»</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>400</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo></math>✔</p>
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>400</mn></mrow><mn>4</mn></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>100</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi></math> <em><strong>AND</strong></em> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math> is the limiting reactant ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept other valid methods of determining the limiting reactant in M2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0307</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>×</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>123</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>»</mo></math></p>
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>400</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>–</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>123</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>277</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0307</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>×</mo><mn>22</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>7</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>697</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept methods employing <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>p</mi><mi>V</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>n</mi><mi>R</mi><mi>T</mi></math></em>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>:</mo><mo> </mo><mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn></math> ✔</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>:</mo><mo> </mo><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>oxidizing agent <em><strong>AND</strong></em> oxidation state of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>Mn</mi></math> changes from <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn></math> to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn></math>/decreases ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>partially dissociates/ionizes «in water» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msup><mi>ClO</mi><mo>-</mo></msup></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mo>[</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><mo>]</mo><mo>=</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>61</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«free radical» substitution/<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi></msub></math> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Do not accept electrophilic or nucleophilic substitution.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>chloroethane <em><strong>AND</strong></em> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mo>–</mo><mi>Cl</mi></math> bond is weaker/<math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>324</mn><mo> </mo><mi>kJ</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math> than <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mo>–</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi></math> bond/<math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>414</mn><mo> </mo><mi>kJ</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>chloroethane <strong><em>AND</em> </strong>contains a polar bond ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept “chloroethane <strong>AND</strong> polar”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>Cl</mi><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>OH</mi><mo>-</mo></msup><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>OH</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>Cl</mi><mo>-</mo></msup><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>Cl</mi><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>NaOH</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>OH</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>NaCl</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept use of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>C</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">2</mn></msub><msub><mi>H</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">5</mn></msub><mi>C</mi><mi>l</mi></math> and <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>C</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">2</mn></msub><msub><mi>H</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">5</mn></msub><mi>O</mi><mi>H</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><msub><mi>C</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">2</mn></msub><msub><mi>H</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">6</mn></msub><mi>O</mi></math> in the equation.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>hydroxide «ion»/<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msup><mi>OH</mi><mo>-</mo></msup></math> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>N</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>O</mi><mi>H</mi></math>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"> / <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>OCH</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></math> ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo mathvariant="italic">(</mo><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">3</mn></msub><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">2</mn></msub><msub><mo mathvariant="italic">)</mo><mn mathvariant="italic">2</mn></msub><mi>O</mi></math>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>2</mn></math> «signals» ✔</p>
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>–</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>ppm</mi><mo>»</mo></math> <em><strong>AND</strong> </em><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>–</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>7</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>ppm</mi><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo></math>✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept any values in the ranges.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for two incorrect chemical shifts.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mi>M</mi><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>CCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>)</mo><mo> </mo><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>120</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>91</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>35</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>45</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>120</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>91</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>×</mo><mn>100</mn><mo>%</mo><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>58</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>64</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mo>%</mo><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any of:</em></p>
<p>research «collaboration» for alternative technologies «to replace <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>CFC</mi></math>s»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>technologies «developed»/data could be shared<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>political pressure/Montreal Protocol/governments passing legislations ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “collaboration”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept any reference to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>C</mi><mi>F</mi><mi>C</mi></math> as greenhouse gas or product of fossil fuel combustion.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept reference to specific measures, such as agreement on banning use/manufacture of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>C</mi><mi>F</mi><mi>C</mi></math>s.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates wrote the electron configuration of chlorine correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Only half of the candidates deduced that the chloride ion has a larger radius than the chlorine atom with a valid reason. Many candidates struggled with this question and decided that the extra electron in the chloride ion caused a greater attraction between the nucleus and the outer electrons.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Only about a third of the candidates identified the extra proton in the chlorine nucleus as the cause of the smaller atomic radius when compared to the sulfur atom, and only the stronger candidates also compared the shielding or the number of shells in the two atoms. Many candidates had a poor understanding of factors affecting atomic radius and could not explain the difference.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>About 60% of the candidates recognized that the peaks at m/z 35 and 37 in the mass spectrum of chlorine are due to its isotopes. A few students wrote 'isomers' instead of 'isotopes'.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was the lowest scoring question on the paper, that was also left blank by 10% of the candidates. About 20% of the candidates identified the peak at m/z = 74 to be due to a molecule made up of two 37Cl atoms. And only very few candidates commented that the low abundance of the peak was due to the low abundance of the 37Cl isotope. A common incorrect answer was that chlorine has an isotope of mass number 74.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to determine the number of moles of MnO<sub>2</sub> using the mass.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>It was pleasing that the majority of the candidates were able to determine the limiting reactant by using the stoichiometric ratio.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Half of the candidates were able to determine the amount of excess reactant. Some candidates who determined the limiting reactant in the previous part correctly, forgot to use the stoichiometric ratio in this part, and ended up with incorrect answers.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>60% of the candidates determined the volume of chlorine produced correctly. Some candidates made mistakes in the units when using PV = nRT and had a power of 10 error.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The majority of candidates were able to determine the oxidation states of Mn in the two compounds correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Less than half of the candidates were awarded the mark. Some did identify MnO2 as the oxidizing agent but did not give the explanation in terms of oxidation state as required in the question. Other candidates did not have an understanding of oxidizing and reducing agents. </p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A very well answered question - 80% of candidates understood what is meant by the term weak acid. Incorrect answers included 'acids that have high pH'.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Half of the candidates deduced the formula of the conjugate base of hypochlorous acid. Incorrect answers included H<sub>2</sub>O and HCl.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A well answered question. It was pleasing to see that 70% of the candidates were able to calculate [H<sup>+</sup>] from the given pH.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>More than half of the candidates identified the type of reaction between ethane and chlorine as a substitution reaction. A few candidates lost the marks for writing 'electrophilic substitution' or 'nucleophilic substitutions'.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was a challenging question that was answered correctly by only 30% of the candidates. A variety of incorrect answers were seen such as 'chlorine is a halogen and hence it is reactive', and 'ethane is more reactive because it is an alkane'. For students who answered correctly, the polarity was the most frequently given reason.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Half of the candidates wrote the correct equation for the hydrolysis of chloroethane. Incorrect answers often included carbon dioxide and water as the products.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was a highly discriminating question. Only 30% of the candidates were able to identify the hydroxide ion as the nucleophile in the hydrolysis of chloroethane. Incorrect answers included NaOH where the ion was not specified. 14% of the candidates left this question blank.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Half of the candidates were able to give the structural formula of ethoxyethane. Incorrect answers included methoxymethane, ketones and esters.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Nearly half of the candidates were able to identify the number of signals obtained in the 1H NMR spectrum of ethoxyethane, obtaining the first mark of this question. Many candidates were awarded the mark as 'error carried forward' from an incorrect structure of ethoxyethane. The second mark for this question required candidates to look up values of chemical shift from the data booklet. Nearly a third of the candidates were able to match the chemical environments of the hydrogen atoms in ethoxyethane to those listed in the data booklet successfully. </p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was the highest scoring question in the paper. The majority of candidates were able to calculate the percentage by mass of chlorine in CCl<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>. Mistakes included incorrect rounding and arithmetic errors.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This nature of science question was well answered by half of the candidates. Some teachers commented that the wording was rather vague. Incorrect answers were mainly assuming that CFCs were related to the combustion of fuels and greenhouse gas emissions.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Calcium carbide, CaC<sub>2</sub>, is an ionic solid.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the nature of ionic bonding.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the electron configuration of the Ca<sup>2+</sup> ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>When calcium compounds are introduced into a gas flame a red colour is seen; sodium compounds give a yellow flame. Outline the source of the colours and why they are different.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two </strong>reasons why solid calcium has a greater density than solid potassium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why solid calcium is a good conductor of electricity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calcium carbide reacts with water to form ethyne and calcium hydroxide.</p>
<p>CaC<sub>2</sub>(s) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>(g) + Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>(aq)</p>
<p>Estimate the pH of the resultant solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrostatic attraction <strong><em>AND </em></strong>oppositely charged ions</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>[Ar]</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>promoted<strong>» </strong>electrons fall back to lower energy level</p>
<p>energy difference between levels is different</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “Na and Ca have different </em><em>nuclear charge” for M2.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>stronger metallic bonding</p>
<p>smaller ionic/atomic radius</p>
<p> </p>
<p>two electrons per atom are delocalized</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>greater ionic charge</p>
<p> </p>
<p>greater atomic mass</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept just “heavier” or “more </em><em>massive” without reference to atomic </em><em>mass</em><em>.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>delocalized/mobile electrons <strong>«</strong>free to move<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>pH > 7</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept any specific pH value or range </em><em>of values above 7 and below 14.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Dinitrogen monoxide, N<sub>2</sub>O, causes depletion of ozone in the stratosphere.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Different sources of N<sub>2</sub>O have different ratios of <sup>14</sup>N:<sup>15</sup>N.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline why ozone in the stratosphere is important.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State one analytical technique that could be used to determine the ratio of <sup>14</sup>N:<sup>15</sup>N.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A sample of gas was enriched to contain 2 % by mass of <sup>15</sup>N with the remainder being <sup>14</sup>N.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the relative molecular mass of the resulting N<sub>2</sub>O.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Predict, giving <strong>two</strong> reasons, how the first ionization energy of <sup>15</sup>N compares with that of <sup>14</sup>N.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest why it is surprising that dinitrogen monoxide dissolves in water to give a neutral solution.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">absorbs <span style="text-decoration: underline;">UV/ultraviolet</span> light «of longer wavelength than absorbed by O<sub>2</sub>» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">mass spectrometry/MS <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">« <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{(98 \times 14) + (2 \times 15)}}{{100}} = ">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>98</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>14</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>15</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>100</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
</math></span>» 14.02 <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«<em>M<sub>r</sub></em> = (14.02 × 2) + 16.00 =» 44.04 <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Any two</em>:<br>same <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>have same nuclear charge/number of protons/Z<sub>eff</sub> <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">same <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>neutrons do not affect attraction/ionization energy/Z<sub>eff</sub><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>same <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>neutrons have no charge <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">same <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>same attraction for «outer» electrons <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">same <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>have same electronic configuration/shielding <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"> Note:</strong> Accept “almost the same”.<br>“same” only needs to be stated once.</span></em></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">oxides of nitrogen/non-metals are «usually» acidic <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>60 % of the candidates were aware that ozone in the atmosphere absorbs UV light. Some candidates did not gain the mark for not specifying the type of radiation absorbed.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Well answered. More than half of the candidates stated mass spectrometry is used to determine the ratio of the isotopes.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates successfully calculated the relative atomic mass of nitrogen in the sample. M2 was awarded independently of M1, so candidates who calculated the relative molecular mass using the <em>A</em><sub>r</sub> of nitrogen in the data booklet (14.01) were awarded M2. Many candidates scored both marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was a challenging question for many candidates, while stronger candidates often showed clarity of thinking and were able to conclude that the ionization energies of the two isotopes must be the same and to provide two different reasons for this. Some candidates did realize that the ionization energies are similar but did not give the best reasons to support their answer. Many candidates thought the ionization energies would be different because the size of the nucleus was different. Some teachers commented that the question was difficult while others liked it because it made students apply their knowledge in an unfamiliar situation. The question had a good discrimination index.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Only a quarter of the candidates answered correctly. Some simply stated that N<sub>2</sub>O forms HNO<sub>3</sub> with water which did not gain the mark.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The emission spectrum of an element can be used to identify it.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Elements show trends in their physical properties across the periodic table.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the first four energy levels of a hydrogen atom on the axis, labelling n = 1, 2, 3 and 4.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the lines, on your diagram, that represent the electron transitions to n = 2 in the emission spectrum.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why atomic radius decreases across period 3, sodium to chlorine.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why the ionic radius of K<sup>+</sup> is smaller than that of Cl<sup>−</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Copper is widely used as an electrical conductor.</p>
<p>Draw arrows in the boxes to represent the electronic configuration of copper in the 4s and 3d orbitals.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Impure copper can be purified by electrolysis. In the electrolytic cell, impure copper is the anode (positive electrode), pure copper is the cathode (negative electrode) and the electrolyte is copper(II) sulfate solution.</p>
<p>Formulate the half-equation at each electrode.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAxEAAADDCAYAAAD9eZzfAAAgAElEQVR4Ae3dD3CUdZ7n8U+HKdYZMVoW3tAtu0MxKaJbMIfCcLsOVQbQRG7G1dIS5hTIbnIjN6XInAvJkdXZvcV/QA4Lxz87eumCiVqHmhQeO4dE04s3OHeyCcsM1pCkUlbmhG5mpRgIKRRq0r+r5+nnSZ7udId+OqFJp99UYTrP8/vz/b1+v+DzTf+epwPGGCP+IIAAAggggAACCCCAAAJZCpRkWY5iCCCAAAIIIIAAAggggIAt8BXrv4FAAA4EEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAYFQBdxOTnURY31iJhHtw1JqcRAABBBBAAAEEEEAAgaISSM0V2M5UVNPPYBFAAAEEEEAAAQQQGLsAScTYDWkBAQQQQAABBBBAAIGiEiCJKKrpZrAIIIAAAggggAACCIxdgCRi7Ia0gAACCCCAAAIIIIBAUQmQRBTVdDNYBBBAAAEEEEAAAQTGLkASMXZDWkAAAQQQQAABBBBAoKgESCKKaroZLAIIIIAAAggggAACYxcgiRi7IS0ggAACCCCAAAIIIFBUAiQRRTXdDBYBBBBAAAEEEEAAgbELkESM3ZAWEEAAAQQQQAABBBAoKgGSiKKabgaLAAIIIIAAAggggMDYBUgixm5ICwgggAACCCCAAAIIFJUASURRTTeDRQABBBBAAAEEEEBg7AIkEWM3pAUEEEAAAQQQQAABBIpKgCSiqKabwSKAAAIIIIAAAgggMHYBkoixG9ICAggggAACCCCAAAJFJUASUVTTzWARQAABBBBAAAEEEBi7AEnE2A1pAQEEEEAAAQQQQACBohIgiSiq6WawCCCAAAIIIIAAAgiMXWCSJBFfqie8QoFAQKH6iPrH7uKzhbj6Iw0KBVYo3POlz7oZig8cUmP1C+ociGcocJkOx7sUrgp5HPvV8/4LatjVpUQkjnWoQZH+PMeWbsh2vGWqCrvxpSuUw7GBHr3f+LR2jdd8jgghxzVjrYuqH6n1xMURLXIAAQQQQAABBBDIl8DkSCLifTq4+4Qe3/ak5jV/oI6JcHE7phk8pcjmJ3Xsnnt0y7Q8T1HJTarZH1V0y1KVWmPo71BT9XPqHHQHdJXm1LwlE31GS0vzHJsbwmX/Glf/oZ2q3vgrDQ37sveZZQfTFurh+q+p7sf/qBMTIIfLMmqKIYAAAggggMAkE5gEV4Fx9R/4mZ44eru++x+/r5Xz3tKWd3qc35oX4mzFNdDZrM1HVqr+3m9oEkxQIU7CBI65RKUVa9Rw/L/phQOnJnCchIYAAggggAACk1lgElyjnlbH/jZp9R1aeN1sLV55q9p2/1K9Sb+lPaVI/UIFql5S5FCz6peE7K1PgVC1Gt/v0YB3hgd6FAnXa0kgkCizpF7hSEqZeEydrY2qDiXKhKq3a9/hE95W7Nfx2CHtqq9KtBMIaUl9WJGeS2y2in+mtpff0NSVt6nMnZ3+iOpDIVW99r7+7/PVCtmxWe01qzPm3dYS10BPROFR++xXTyQ8bJAal3c7k9XvTcu0NRZTW+3NmmJvYTqf2DrmfV0VVk+St7NVx7vlyTLbdQnXEYKScqmXVZ2LinWmWwtW7E/opmXPKqa3VVv+1cTWLmcOltS/oMbqeclb5/K9Zkpmq2rtLWre8j+H3OM9YVUFQuO/rSvdnHAMAQQQQAABBIpewL1MLVyI/l9rf7O0uupbKtVVKlt8lyrb3tPB3jT3JrQ9rc0tV6t273EZc0HR12fr55WP6x86zyTGP/CJwo/cr1Uf/om2RC8kymz5E324qkJ3Nx5yko0z6tz+Ay38yWndc+CsjBlUz9/M1uGfv6+YRzF+olU/WFCryIwfKzpoZEyXXin/SKsqGkbdzx7vbddPw7O1cvGslHchYmp7+HG9oofVabV3LqJ1el0LH3zJuW8iroGuZj1SsV4fun0OdmrLjA+1qvxBNdpjtN7laNLaVR+p/JUuGWNkBv9ZT07ZrWXr3hm6IB0aRulSbelqV10wqMqmYxocsYUpk7cnsbO2PMV/q9YfVOruiOs6qHOv/Kk+XHW/1rf+NvO7RrnUy6rORZ1ofVwLFr4urYvonBnUuchSHa224vlM05Y+pa72TQrqATV1fzG8tUsxHWj+la7f9JHM4O904OGFKr0ia2aqgnNv1TzPOi+ZU6P9Jqr9NTelrJuh2eQFAggggAACCCAwfgLG+SNZ15SF9ucL0930gFFwk2k/O5gIfvCYaaoMmmBduzk7NJzPTXvdguRy1rmz7aYuGDSVTcfMoBk0Z9s3mWDwEdNy/MJQTeMe1wOmqfsLp84CU9f+eeYyxumvssl0O2ElCieOJ8fmacbtyzse67Qdp0ywpsUc97ZnH3djcdpOLZMUi+M1Ii5PDKl+SUZWuRRzu/w3TcW2j805t5mkuBxX188tk2msqecvVc/pP2kOs6qTYY3YNmliducgaV1dwTUzYl6G4HiBAAIIIIAAAgiMu0BqrlDY70TYN1QfVNDayuTe5FsyS4tXLlYsmxusp4VUPk862h3VgBK/PY/Nu1Vzg1M9WVqJps0s0zx9qu7j/erv+EDNsdkqnzktTRnnkP3uSKeC82dpRpLwNM0snz1KbBd1sq9XsXllmjnihuqg5n3nTxX0tmfHH1Xz/l+r3+4zOrKMEn3qaK+OD3xFoX/756poe1lNe36hSOsB9Yz16U/21pq71L19jw7ZN7Rf1IkPWtVc/pBWLLpecl2DZZo1I41rrE37O057LN2Xznz4qpddnXjvL7W7TZpXHtLwLE7X0i0dMvtrNMdr7IaT9usVXDNJazdtcBxEAAEEEEAAAQQum0DWl0uXLYIxNJy4GIwptnWZrnXvYQh8VeW1b0sZL04zdBg/pb4j0QwnrcNRHek7oah1kT9KKe+p5Lis+yec2LyFkl4P6Hj3p0lHsvkmdqRP0WifjowWWKxXfSf/oGkL1mtvd6P+3Zl/1Ob7l6j8mikKpLvvI5uO7TJTdeMd92m1nGQg/qn2//Q9zVu9PPnJUrFntezaKc79IYl7SaaU16rtUv3kUi+XOpeKI935CbFm0gXGMQQQQAABBBBA4PIKFHAScUoHml5WW2WTuu17Dqz7Dty/n6u9TtrqufH0kowl0zVrfmiUYiHNn3WjQrPKFByl1PAp5z6CoZjc2Mwoj0d13jUYbiSrV9Y7HqHQLM0fLbCh3+iXaNqcCt1Xs0X/ZIwGox1q+e5JPbHsQW2O5Pi0n9JvqWq17HdEzti/5b915D0daefJMunQlqXTM48zl3q51MkcQeYzE2LNZA6PMwgggAACCCCAwOUSKNwkwt6+c0E1a5cNP8VoSOl6LayqVNBz4+nQqYwvnDpHD+uT1CceHe/VUVlbmEpVuvAOrQ5aW5u8z3SKa8Au4zRuX1SHdPSj3yiW9NSiM+ps/J4CI55m5AY1VTOsJMXeepRUUVLM2XbllpU0EFX30VDipvKMfTrvbqTdIiWVBBfovoertTpovdNyKvNNzp5uR75M2Km5Vf+9da/aKu/S4rKrnGKjuHY+ryUZP6Avl3rZ1Skpu00rK91tbO5o3A8s9POBgaP0d7nXjD33qVuy3LHwFQEEEEAAAQQQuLwCBZpExBP3JuhuPXTHH6d5Gk2JShfdq8crDmv3wb4sL4ytOg/qqTs/1KMNr+mQnUgknni0btVOlW/boBVzrpJKF+uxF/9MzavqFe6yHtdqPVZ1j57evNOzzWm6Kh5r0PJ9f6uGHR85iUS/elq3asNGadsz92XYd+/cf2FvPfI+ujWxCGJbt+jp1q7EU6KspwKtW6/m5Q16rML6Tf71WvRX63RnSp9d4Xqt2jrD6dO5UF7SoNahR832q+eDD3RI92lt1eyRlvbe+68lAjg/oPS3UDje5a3auOljVXofTyvrcw3W6sXlKa49e7R5w0uS6zpinedSL8s6JbO1vH6tyrdu0XORE/b6iMd+oZ3Nh1Vhx/M15z4YK6i4zg+cz7CGrtyaiZ+0tq8tHvmOzwhHDiCAAAIIIIAAApdBwL11O/WOa/f4hPya7olAIwL1PkXod+mfzpT6JCKrjXPdpr2pzlRIxjJRRZ1pau8efvKQ3c9Z09223awJumU2mbdbnjWVSU8FGjTnuttNU11loh3JBNdsMy0dUeN9wNKIsO2nKd3mPDHKOes8iaei7lXz9rY1JmjHNtes2fae6T7nbS21z6CpqGsy7d3Dz6kyg1HT0bJtOPbUuEaYXDDR9r9zPKwnVP1+5BOx7DBd79SnWzljSHUNrjHbWjpM1Bv+SIyR85FaL+npTH76umCiHT8zdRVBZ34qTd3Oj4fjGTxu2jc5c2c9sem09SQvpTz1K0N/l33NjHzK1mB3k6mU+6SxdJAcQwABBBBAAAEEchdIzRUCVlNWbhIIBOx7Ci5DnkKTvgSsz3LYobs3SI1712uB9ZQm+0PfVunIUxHt43MAfGlOysLWBwIur1V3/buj308yKQfPoBBAAAEEEEDgSgik5goFup3pStDlq88STVuwWk8uek8vt32WYRtNvmKhn4knEFf/gZ/pmZl/7Wxjm3gREhECCCCAAAIITH4BkogJOcfTVfGjDfr6u+/qX9LfhDAhoyaoPAgMdOjVLee19e+/pxv56c0DOF0ggAACCCCAQDoBtjOlU+EYAggggAACCCCAAAIIDAmwnWmIghcIIIAAAggggAACCCCQiwAbInJRow4CCCCAAAIIIIAAAkUsQBJRxJPP0BFAAAEEEEAAAQQQyEWAJCIXNeoggAACCCCAAAIIIFDEAiQRRTz5DB0BBBBAAAEEEEAAgVwESCJyUaMOAggggAACCCCAAAJFLEASUcSTz9ARQAABBBBAAAEEEMhFgCQiFzXqIIAAAggggAACCCBQxAIkEUU8+QwdAQQQQAABBBBAAIFcBEgiclGjDgIIIIAAAggggAACRSxAElHEk8/QEUAAAQQQQAABBBDIRYAkIhc16iCAAAIIIIAAAgggUMQCJBFFPPkMHQEEEEAAAQQQQACBXARIInJRow4CCCCAAAIIIIAAAkUsQBJRxJPP0BFAAAEEEEAAAQQQyEWAJCIXNeoggAACCCCAAAIIIFDEAiQRRTz5DB0BBBBAAAEEEEAAgVwESCJyUaMOAggggAACCCCAAAJFLEASUcSTz9ARQAABBBBAAAEEEMhFgCQiFzXqIIAAAggggAACCCBQxAIkEUU8+QwdAQQQQAABBBBAAIFcBEgiclGjDgIIIIAAAggggAACRSxAElHEk8/QEUAAAQQQQAABBBDIRYAkIhc16iCAAAIIIIAAAgggUMQCJBFFPPkMHQEEEEAAAQQQQACBXARIInJRow4CCCCAAAIIIIAAAkUsMGmSiHhPWFWBgEL1EfVnmtB4l8JVIQVCDYr0xzOU+lI94RUKBBaqPnIqQxlpsvcnrCSxFqwfgMm+1hmfNckT8d9G1p79P6AJOTf828i/jc7lEesz8WM6btegjmuBfAkYY4wVayAQkPOyQEInTAQQQAABBBBAAAEEEMiHQGquMGneicgHHn0ggAACCCCAAAIIIICARBLBKkAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAFfAiQRvrgojAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAiQRrAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBDwJUAS4YuLwggggAACCCCAAAIIIEASwRpAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABXwIkEb64KIwAAggggAACCCCAAAIkEawBBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQ8CVAEuGLi8IIIIAAAggggAACCCBAEsEaQAABBBBAAAEEEEAAAV8CJBG+uCiMAAIIIIAAAggggAACJBGsAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEPAlQBLhi4vCCCCAAAIIIIAAAgggQBLBGkAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAFfAiQRvrgojAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAiQRrAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBDwJUAS4YuLwggggAACCCCAAAIIIEASwRpAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABXwIkEb64KIwAAggggAACCCCAAAIkEawBBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQ8CVAEuGLi8IIIIAAAggggAACCCBAEsEaQAABBBBAAAEEEEAAAV8CJBG+uCiMAAIIIIAAAggggAACJBGsAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEPAlQBLhi4vCCCCAAAIIIIAAAgggQBLBGkAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAFfAiQRvrgojAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAiQRrAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBDwJUAS4YuLwggggAACCCCAAAIIIEASwRpAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABXwIkEb64KIwAAggggAACCCCAAAIkEawBBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQ8CVAEuGLi8IIIIAAAggggAACCCBAEsEaQAABBBBAAAEEEEAAAV8CJBG+uCiMAAIIIIAAAggggAACJBGsAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEPAlQBLhi4vCCCCAAAIIIIAAAgggQBLBGkAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAFfAiQRvrgojAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAiQRrAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBDwJUAS4YuLwggggAACCCCAAAIIIEASwRpAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABXwIkEb64KIwAAggggAACCCCAAAIkEawBBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQ8CVAEuGLi8IIIIAAAggggAACCCBAEsEaQAABBBBAAAEEEEAAAV8CJBG+uCiMAAIIIIAAAggggAACJBGsAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEPAlQBLhi4vCCCCAAAIIIIAAAgggMAmSiLgGeg7oncZqhQIBBey/81TduFuRnv4cZrhfPe+/oIZdXYrbtb9UT3iFAqEGRfoTR3JodJQqcfVHGhQKrFC458tRyvk4NXBIjdUvqHPgcsTrI47Rig706P3Gp7XLHXO8S+GqkEL1EeUya6N15f+cM+dVYfWMK6G1VverseHNcW7XM8L+iOpDIVWF3fXrOZfx5Rl1Nj6k2tbfOms+Y0FOIIAAAggggAACtkCBJxH96ml9QneXP6t/vuERdQ4aGWNkzrVolf6XVpU/qMbOM/6mur9DTdXPqXPQX7WJU/qUIpuf1LF77tEt0ybq9MbVf2inqjf+SkPMJTepZn9U0S1LVTpxMMc5ktM61PQ32tg5TsniuEV3nRY8XKvpddu058TFcWuVhhBAAAEEEEBg8gpM1KvMLMTjGuhs0tr792p2y6t6tnqRgu5ops3RnRt2aO82aePdWy/TOwhZhJj3IpZJszYfWan6e78hlyPvYdBh4QmU3qbahn/Voy8cnADvBBUeHxEjgAACCCBQbAIFfJ15WofeekMHKv9zhgvm63TLQ/9Ve16s1Ex3lPGYOlsbVR1ytz2FtKQ+PLztydoKctMybY3F1FZ7s6YkbWE6ocP7tg/XDVWr8f0eDXhXzECPIuF6LXG3VS2pVziSUiYlhlD1du07fMLbiv06HjukXfVVzvaslDhHlHYOxD9T28tvaOrK21Rmj3l4q9RrkQOe9qztXvvVk7LdKas+7W1I7tYxq51mha04vVYpYwwEvPFbMT2hm5Y9q5jeVm35VxNbmLzbmezXZWm25JxSpH6hZ8vTRcU6m1W/JOQ4Vak+HBkxrpFcudTLrk6yodfZiv0uLdvaKbXVqnzKQtVH/tXZylal+teec9aWdfyUpH71RMKXGJsVU6saq+clxm+tyX2HdTJ1wNZ87LrEutRVKqv6vpY3/4PeSdliFhj3bV2pAfI9AggggAACCBScgHH+SNZOoAL6c7bd1AVlgnXt5mxWYf/edGz7rgmuedF8HL2QqDF43LRvqjSq2G46zg0mjtntBk1l0zGTOPKF6W56wEhBU1HXYrrtchdMtP3vTIW+a7Z1/D5R79xR07Rmrqf9Cyb68YtmTTBoKrZ9bM7ZpRIxqGKTaem2oh4057pbTF1F0EgPmKbuL+xSg8dbTE1wrlmz/aCJ2kGcNceaakww+IhpOe7Enug16b+D3U2m0tOO1f7Z9k0mKJnhPo0ZjLaZTRXf9MRlTFZ9DvaZlhprjDvNMdvBictqP7jJtJ+1gs3G2Y1reMxm8Jhpqgw68+mYVzaZbmda7IHac7PA1LV/boy5YI63PGKCwTVm+8fRxFy5c1DTYo576yUpZVMvtf9s6riGnnUyIp7PTXvdAqOhcbkOGjIdjPaa3nOnnfkeHttg9KDZvmauZ60OmnMd202FKk1dy7HE+jp3zLTUVdprdWj9Ds2Zu+4HzbljO82a4FxT09LnrHEHyJ6Db3rWfhIc3yCAAAIIIIBAEQuk5gpDmUPqiYlulLhg9l7sXyLipAvQ4bIjLrwzJRFDF8lO3aQLLudicMRFvnuR6Fwsp40hpYxJvdB0Y00cz5w0uTG4F/NWPbdt98I7ua3hi9ls+nTbT01knLquT9oxGpPs7MaVKYlwy3uSNHcsSf2kmf8M/bsjNyPm1zmTVC8lifBTx43PbjZ1nKnO7vmU+bH7S3ORnxRHhvWQVMZt3+PsjSspVutEanyODV8QQAABBBBAoOgFUnMFd6NPwb2D4jvg0qXaEu3QlkWnFWltVav1N1yvZeW1avPdmFvhvI52RzWg0+rY36bYvFs1NzjVPSmpRNNmlmmePlX38X71d3yg5thslc+clqaMc6j/19rf3Kng/FmakTQ70zSzfLZizR+oI+1Toi7qZF+vYvPKNPOSN1Qn2tLRXh23tjRl1eepDGN02nJHNE7OJWXLtLbmt9r+1uHEHv34Z/rgjTaVP36vFpXKsQxp/qzpyfd+TAupfF5Uzft/nWZvfzyHelnWiffp4O6DUpJ/iUqXPqOoeUs1c65yhS7x1e3vZn1n7tfTjE2JNWfPWVTzykPyribZ4/+a04ezLoNlmjUjzbqMtWl/x2lPPCnrwnOGlwgggAACCCCAgFcg6TLVe2Kivy6ZMUvzgzHnIj6baPvVFa5V6JpyLfvJx7Kf2XTdcr3S8aoq7Yv8pLsbsmlwuEz8lPqORIe/H/EqqiN9JxS1LvJHnEt/ILZ1ma51762wv35V5bVvpy9sHx3Q8e5PRzl/6VP++0zX5jg5l/yx7njobslJmuK97fppeLZW/8W3PBfNndq67AbnfgjnPpcpN6u27VLKudTLpU46n0sdc5LBUYrFjvQpGu3TkUsN020j9qyWXTslyWnKmJJnt2G+IoAAAggggECxCnylYAde+i1VrV6grUf6dDIulaZNh6wbT/9Jx675c1XoHa2vPaTlLX167T73yUXWTb5tOipp/lggSqZr1vyQdCRTI9ZvzG9USGUKqjdTIc/xoCqbItpXc1Pyb6I9JUa+dH6LnDGGkTWSj1yqz1OKJFdI+128Z7ycS1S68A6tVp32d/xQM/veU1vlXfpJmfUbfffDGx5QU/fPfPyW3w35UvW+HHlzsi5RJ97lNj7Gr1M1Y9bo68R6lyoUkuYHR1ly3igqm9S9r0Zz0v6MeAvyGgEEEEAAAQQQyE6ggC8rrteiFQ+pou15bdmT7kOyrN+I/1AL7t6rM1dP1cDxXh1V6haRP+jcmfH4aLPrtbCqUsGjh/VJzPuc/bjTr7WFqTRxURy0tjZ53/VwyzgTZidHIR396DeKudfK9inrA8G+p8xPynEuPt0tStnNf6JUVn26Y3S2QA21730HxB3LODnbcUnNP39DrbsPq3LoqVNOghE8po8++d1QSmGHZH3Q3pJ0T3ayzuZSL8s6JbO0eOViDW0Rc3ziPWFVBfx8+Nto/UXVfVSJLUzunNnb6YYmQxqwypx3DrhzlmZddj6vJSM+4NCZy6QtWZ62eYkAAggggAACCDgCBZxElGjaglq90rRI++5/WJt2HRq+6LYfQ7pOS2uP6y9f36R7b7zKuYA/qOadv3DKXVTs0GtqePSl5C1G3j3l5weU8hTUDAunRKWLHtRTd36oRxte0yE7kYhroKtZ61btVPm2DVph7YkvXazHXvwzNa+qV7jLSl6sTzDeo6c37/TEMF0VjzVo+b6/VcOOj5xYrQ/V26oNG6Vtz9yX4TfKzv0XsV71nfQmMhlCTjqcTZ8lKq1YqxeXt2nz03ucx6hacW3XZuuxpfYf9wL4Us7uvSJWpbjOD5xPTgSc1qREoli+fZM2td2qlYtnDb8zY1vern2P/lg7DsUS9Qe61Lr5SW3UI3pmxZzhskPtyZkDn/Wy6usqlS3/gTaVv6XNz7Un5i1+Qgd27lZbxUYnHu/9I19qYOAP3siGX5cu1F89tShlbJ8ovG69tpa7bTlz1rxe68KfJB41bI3/6S3aOrTNyZ2zlHXZs0ebN7wkuevS7dnelnfGk6y5J/iKAAIIIIAAAggkCxRwEmENpFQ31byizo51Kv/NkwpNcfbFX3O/Xte/1+vdb+uZpTcmLiZLF+tHe7do0f+pdsot0H/539NVvedt1QU9KCWztbx+tS5anxNxdY3e6s3y04WnzVXNSy16/fb/p/rQHykQmKJrfvgb3f76Ae3dsMjZxz9VN973jA7smqsPl16bKLO2Q99e95gqvSHceK92HNih20/+vRPrtap493qt63hNjy+4zlMy+WXJnL9Qfd0J7T7Yl+GiPLm897uSbPos+Ybu2/GmGm54VxXXWHvsv6OnP12oddvuHW4qS+eSsirVbzqr2vKrdfX9/0O9Se+6uM2VaNoty7W6MqhgzfdVZW9lcs85lq/frpP1CzTFum/kmgf07g1r1fHmI1qQ8ebyXOplV6ckeKeeevNN/eVgY2LepnxbmwdXeeJxEo2LT6h8ymzd/1bv8Cd2u8Oyv1rr+nkdSBrbX6v79h3q3rt+aGyJOWvUvA//g66xx79eH3+7Rtsq3RurrTdfrDlLWZcV7+qGdbv15uPuukx0Hu/9pXZ7kzXnszsyv/uVFDTfIIAAAggggEARCQSs51VZ4w0EAtbjXoto6JNxqNYnVu/Q3RukRs/F5uUd6ZfqCa9RRfd/UteWpSq9vJ3R+mUTYB4vGy0NI4AAAgggMAkEUnOFAn8nYhLMyLgOwdritVpPLnpPL7d95vvdiNFDceSGCcIAAAXBSURBVD79OlTrbMWySltbwpr09BPn9fiKW0kgRgec2Gf7f6mmZ/6NXnxsMfM4sWeK6BBAAAEEEJgQAiQRE2IaxjOI6ar40QZ9/d139S/Z3dCRZefW/vp12vvizc5WLGvr2B9pwUtf6J69o2+zyrIDil0xgTPqfLVJp7Zu1L03ej9P4ooFRMcIIIAAAgggMMEF2M40wSeI8BBAAAEEEEAAAQQQuNICbGe60jNA/wgggAACCCCAAAIIFLgA25kKfAIJHwEEEEAAAQQQQACBfAuQRORbnP4QQAABBBBAAAEEEChwAZKIAp9AwkcAAQQQQAABBBBAIN8CJBH5Fqc/BBBAAAEEEEAAAQQKXIAkosAnkPARQAABBBBAAAEEEMi3AElEvsXpDwEEEEAAAQQQQACBAhcgiSjwCSR8BBBAAAEEEEAAAQTyLUASkW9x+kMAAQQQQAABBBBAoMAFSCIKfAIJHwEEEEAAAQQQQACBfAuQRORbnP4QQAABBBBAAAEEEChwAZKIAp9AwkcAAQQQQAABBBBAIN8CJBH5Fqc/BBBAAAEEEEAAAQQKXIAkosAnkPARQAABBBBAAAEEEMi3AElEvsXpDwEEEEAAAQQQQACBAhcgiSjwCSR8BBBAAAEEEEAAAQTyLUASkW9x+kMAAQQQQAABBBBAoMAFSCIKfAIJHwEEEEAAAQQQQACBfAuQRORbnP4QQAABBBBAAAEEEChwAZKIAp9AwkcAAQQQQAABBBBAIN8CJBH5Fqc/BBBAAAEEEEAAAQQKXIAkosAnkPARQAABBBBAAAEEEMi3AElEvsXpDwEEEEAAAQQQQACBAhcgiSjwCSR8BBBAAAEEEEAAAQTyLUASkW9x+kMAAQQQQAABBBBAoMAFSCIKfAIJHwEEEEAAAQQQQACBfAtMmiQi3hNWVSCgUH1E/ZkU410KV4UUCDUo0h/PUOpL9YRXKBBYqPrIqQxlpMnen7CSxFqwfgAm+1pnfNYkT8R/G1l79v+AJuTc8G8j/zY6l0esz8SP6bhdgzquBfIlYIwxVqyBQEDOywIJnTARQAABBBBAAAEEEEAgHwKpucKkeSciH3j0gQACCCCAAAIIIIAAAhJJBKsAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEfAmQRPjiojACCCCAAAIIIIAAAgiQRLAGEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAwJcASYQvLgojgAACCCCAAAIIIIAASQRrAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBHwJkET44qIwAggggAACCCCAAAIIkESwBhBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQMCXAEmELy4KI4AAAggggAACCCCAAEkEawABBBBAAAEEEEAAAQR8CZBE+OKiMAIIIIAAAggggAACCJBEsAYQQAABBBBAAAEEEEDAlwBJhC8uCiOAAAIIIIAAAggggABJBGsAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEfAmQRPjiojACCCCAAAIIIIAAAgiQRLAGEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAwJcASYQvLgojgAACCCCAAAIIIIAASQRrAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBHwJkET44qIwAggggAACCCCAAAIIkESwBhBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQMCXAEmELy4KI4AAAggggAACCCCAAEkEawABBBBAAAEEEEAAAQR8CZBE+OKiMAIIIIAAAggggAACCJBEsAYQQAABBBBAAAEEEEDAlwBJhC8uCiOAAAIIIIAAAggggABJBGsAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEfAmQRPjiojACCCCAAAIIIIAAAgiQRLAGEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAwJcASYQvLgojgAACCCCAAAIIIIAASQRrAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBHwJBIwxJhAI+KpEYQQQQAABBBBAAAEEECg+AWOMPeivWP91vyk+BkaMAAIIIIAAAggggAACfgXYzuRXjPIIIIAAAggggAACCBS5AElEkS8Aho8AAggggAACCCCAgF8Bkgi/YpRHAAEEEEAAAQQQQKDIBf4/CGeJwLOMz7QAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline where and in which direction the electrons flow during electrolysis.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-10_om_09.17.43.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/03.a.i/M"></p>
<p>4 levels showing convergence at higher energy</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-10_om_09.19.58.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/03.a.ii/M"></p>
<p>arrows (pointing down) from n = 3 to n = 2 <strong><em>AND </em></strong>n = 4 to n = 2</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>same number of shells/<strong>«</strong>outer<strong>» </strong>energy level/shielding <strong><em>AND </em></strong>nuclear charge/number of protons/Z<sub>eff</sub> increases <strong>«</strong>causing a stronger pull on the outer electrons<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>K<sup>+</sup> 19 protons <strong><em>AND </em></strong>Cl<sup>–</sup> 17 protons</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>K<sup>+</sup> has <strong>«</strong>two<strong>» </strong>more protons</p>
<p>same number of electrons/isoelectronic <strong>«</strong>thus pulled closer together<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em><br></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-10_om_09.27.32.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/03.c.i/M"></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Anode (positive electrode):</em></p>
<p>Cu(s) → Cu<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + 2e<sup>–</sup></p>
<p><em>Cathode (negative electrode):</em></p>
<p>Cu<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + 2e<sup>–</sup> → Cu(s)</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept Cu(s) – 2e<sup>–</sup></em><em> →</em><em> </em><em>Cu</em><sup><em>2+</em></sup><em>(aq).</em></p>
<p><em>Accept</em> <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> <em>for →</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>if the equations are at </em><em>the wrong electrodes.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>external<strong>» </strong>circuit/wire <strong><em>AND </em></strong>from positive/anode to negative/cathode electrode</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “through power supply/battery” </em><em>instead of “circuit”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Electrons are arranged in energy levels around the nucleus of an atom.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The diagram represents possible electron energy levels in a hydrogen atom.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the first ionization energy of calcium is greater than that of potassium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>All models have limitations. Suggest <strong>two</strong> limitations to this model of the electron energy levels.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw an arrow, labelled <strong>X</strong>, to represent the electron transition for the ionization of a hydrogen atom in the ground state.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw an arrow, labelled <strong>Z</strong>, to represent the lowest energy electron transition in the visible spectrum.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>increasing number of protons/nuclear charge/Z<sub>eff</sub> ✔</p>
<p><br>«atomic» radius/size decreases<br><strong><em>OR</em></strong><br>same number of energy levels<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>similar shielding «by inner electrons» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>does not represent sub-levels/orbitals ✔</p>
<p>only applies to atoms with one electron/hydrogen ✔</p>
<p>does not explain why only certain energy levels are allowed ✔</p>
<p>the atom is considered to be isolated ✔</p>
<p>does not take into account the interactions between atoms/molecules/external fields ✔</p>
<p>does not consider the number of electrons the energy level can fit ✔</p>
<p>does not consider probability of finding electron at different positions/<em>OWTTE</em> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “does not represent distance «from nucleus»”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>upward arrow X <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>starting at n = 1 extending to n = ∞ ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>downward or upward arrow between n = 3 and n = 2 ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>It was surprising that this question that appears regularly in IB chemistry papers was not better answered. Many candidates only obtained one of the two marks for identifying one factor (often the larger nuclear charge of calcium or that the number of shells was the same for Ca and K). However, a few candidates did write thorough answers reflecting a good understanding of the factors affecting ionization energy. This question had a strong correlation between candidates who scored well and those who had a high score overall. Some candidates did not score any marks by focusing on trends in the Periodic Table without offering an explanation, or by discussing the number of electrons in Ca and K instead of the number of protons.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Only 30% of the candidates drew the correct arrow on the diagram representing the ionization of hydrogen. A few candidates missed the mark by having the arrow pointing downwards. The most common incorrect answer was a transition between n=1 and n=2.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Rhenium, Re, was the last element with a stable isotope to be isolated.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">One chloride of rhenium has the empirical formula ReCl<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Before its isolation, scientists predicted the existence of rhenium and some of its properties.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest the basis of these predictions.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Describe how the relative reactivity of rhenium, compared to silver, zinc, and copper, can be established using pieces of rhenium and solutions of these metal sulfates.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the name of this compound, applying IUPAC rules.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the percentage, by mass, of rhenium in ReCl<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">gap in the periodic table<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>element with atomic number «75» unknown<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>break/irregularity in periodic trends <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«periodic table shows» regular/periodic trends «in properties» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">place «pieces of» Re into each solution <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">if Re reacts/is coated with metal, that metal is less reactive «than Re» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong> Note:</strong> Accept other valid observations such as “colour of solution fades” or “solid/metal appears” for “reacts”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">rhenium(III) chloride<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>rhenium trichloride <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«<em>M<sub>r</sub></em> ReCl<sub>3</sub> = 186.21 + (3 × 35.45) =» 292.56 <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«100 × <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{186.21}}{{292.56}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>186.21</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>292.56</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>=» 63.648 «%» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This nature of science question generated a lot of discussion among teachers. Some in support of such questions and others concerned that it takes a lot of time for candidates to know how to answer. Some teachers thought it was unclear what the question was asking. It is pleasing that about a quarter of the candidates answered both parts successfully and many candidates gained one mark usually for “periodic trends”. However, some candidates only focused on one part of the question. Quite a few candidates discussed isotopes, probably thrown off by the stem. A teacher was concerned that since transition metals are not part of the SL syllabus that Re was a bad choice, however, the question did not really require any transition metal chemistry to be answered.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question was a good discriminator between high-scoring and low-scoring candidates. It was well answered by more than half of the candidates who had obviously carried out such displacement reactions and interpreted the outcomes during the course. Some candidates did not state the obvious of dipping the metal into the sulfates.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>More than half of the candidates named ReCl<sub>3</sub> correctly. Common mistakes included “rhenium chloride” and “trichlororhenium”.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The majority of candidates calculated the percentage, by mass, of rhenium in ReCl<sub>3</sub> correctly. Some rounding errors were seen that students should be more careful with.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Trends in physical and chemical properties are useful to chemists.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The Activity series lists the metal in order of reactivity.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the general increasing trend in the first ionization energies of the period 3 elements, Na to Ar.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State an equation for the reaction of phosphorus (V) oxide, P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> (s), with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the emission spectrum of hydrogen.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the strongest reducing agent in the given list.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A voltaic cell is made up of a Mn<sup>2+</sup>/Mn half-cell and a Ni<sup>2+</sup>/Ni half-cell.</p>
<p>Deduce the equation for the cell reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The voltaic cell stated in part (ii) is partially shown below.</p>
<p>Draw and label the connections needed to show the direction of electron movement and ion flow between the two half-cells.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>increasing number of protons</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>increasing nuclear charge</p>
<p>«atomic» radius/size decreases</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>same number of shells</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>similar shielding «by inner electrons»</p>
<p>«greater energy needed to overcome increased attraction between nucleus and electrons»</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>atomic/ionic radius increases</p>
<p>smaller charge density</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>force of attraction between metal ions and delocalised electrons decreases</p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept discussion of attraction between valence electrons and</em><br><em>nucleus for M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “weaker metallic bonds” for M2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> (s) + 6H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → 4H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> (aq)</p>
<p><em>Accept “P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> (s) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → 4HPO<sub>3 </sub>(aq)” (initial reaction).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«series of» lines</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>only certain frequencies/wavelengths</p>
<p>convergence at high«er» frequency/energy/short«er» wavelength</p>
<p><em>M1 and/or M2 may be shown on a diagram.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Mn</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Mn (s) + Ni<sup>2+ </sup>(aq) → Ni (s) + Mn<sup>2+ </sup>(aq)</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>wire between electrodes AND labelled salt bridge in contact with both electrolytes</p>
<p>anions to right (salt bridge)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>cations to left (salt bridge)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>arrow from Mn to Ni (on wire or next to it)</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p><em>Electrodes can be connected directly or through voltmeter/ammeter/light bulb, but <strong>not</strong> a battery/power supply.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept ions or a specific salt as the label of the salt bridge.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Magnesium is a reactive metal often found in alloys.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Organomagnesium compounds can react with carbonyl compounds. One overall equation is:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Compound B can also be prepared by reacting an alkene with water.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Iodomethane is used to prepare CH<sub>3</sub>Mg<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>I</mtext></math>. It can also be converted into methanol:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">CH<sub>3</sub><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>I</mtext></math> + HO<sup>–</sup> → CH<sub>3</sub>OH + <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>I</mtext></math><sup>–</sup></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium can be produced by the electrolysis of molten magnesium chloride.</p>
<p>Write the half-equation for the formation of magnesium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest an experiment that shows that magnesium is more reactive than zinc, giving the observation that would confirm this.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the name of Compound A, applying International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) rules.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the strongest force between the molecules of Compound B.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the structural formula of the alkene required.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAtUAAADRCAYAAAADvU5UAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAABwvSURBVHhe7d0LXBV13sfxr65PlpgVpYIKYelaUN5WSLQ1KW9PFyPNMsO0MjM1N0wt8262umrQslmuZeIlNa8n0zZ1DcprapoWbgYmi6ZkLRXBmuYDz8zwN0AxPY4Gcj7v12teZ/6/GYZzGOR8z/ibmQr5FgEAAAA4axXNIwAAAICzRKgGAAAAXCJUAwAAAC4RqgEAAACXfjlRMTi4jlMAAAAA8OsyMvabuQLFrv5hB+sTVwAAAABQqKTMTPsHAAAA4BKhGgAAAHCJUA0AAAC4RKgGAAAAXCJUAwAAAC4RqgEAAACXCNUAAACAS4RqAAAAwCVCNQAAAOASoRoAAABwiVANAAAAuESoBgAAAFwiVAMAAAAuEaoBAAAAlwjVAAAAgEuEagAAAMAlQjUAAADgEqEaAAAAcIlQDQAAALhEqAYAAABcIlQDAAAALhGqAQAAAJcI1QAAAIBLhGoAAADAJUI1AAAA4BKhGgAAAHCJUA0AKCOOKnObR/G9IhQcXKdg6jBMicmpyjFroIhMj3rZP6NeHmWaUnHHrFX6F/4si013adjsLcrMM6sCcI1QDQAoA7K1O3GAoqL7K37VAVOz7JqpkQ89qKcSUwjW59R2zR4Wo96zdotcDZwbhGoAQKnLS12iwSOXK9evvQYt3qr0jP3KSN+qxYPay08HtOovb2lrNvHv7PirXcJGZdg/U2fK0C7PEIUqV5+s+5cOmbUAuEOoBgCUsp+0Z/1qfaJaun38KPUPDyh4c6oYoPD+Q/TM7Y9o7Kvd1axakbesnFQlJw5Th+PtDB2Gafa2zMKjrsdbIxqPk2fDVPW63l4vQr0SNigzL1upnpEFX3v9o4pfU9hecmxbnBpb9caTPPpo9vHtH/86s5Ijz3oKyUocdpdpp2igDsPe1LbMo2Z5kW3Fb9MxUzupZePYNsU3tsaNJyn5X6sLW186jJQnNdv5kgL29ytcfn2vBK35/D9mmbeOKSfb3rafQsNqq2pBEYBLFfItZt75h2p/igUA4LezT55ed2jAqlZK2PySogMqmfop5GxR/L0xit+VawrHWaE8YZFeiQ5WRTu8RvTXKrOkUC3d2q6uPlq1XoVffYvGrpmunvUvdoJws+g4ZZklhawAGjtHi2LDrRBqBdxtL+ve6InaZZb+wq+zEtZMUnSti37ZlmKXaWtsUzmv6vjzaveyNr8erQA7VDfrqPiTv6FkfSBY4+mp+tZnibwDHvW9rb/ePfEl245vywwL2T3VTyligMeMi/NrN1yzxj2i8ICLTAXAmSopM3OkGgBwAclT9tZ3NM0K1HYoXLz5S+uN7UttntVHoTqgd4e+rg+LtYk0Uc9Zm5We8Zk8ViCWtc776wM0fpP1delrNLaxn1X7Vt/9+Mux5AJ+d2rs6l1Ftp2rXdPeMS0oWdq6eIEVqGup3aAF2pxut6ps1qyeTaTcxRo6ZYOKHmM+M9a2xq7ULutNOn3Ty7rdflqfbFXKIft5/aQ9qxY6gdqv3Xit3pVhPa9dWj32Tivqn73cVfEa8cpaTlYEzhFCNQCgjPhO358Ybk/yX6Vt/8iKuCHqFHOvOcp6kQJa91Cfdv5WUtyj9K8LWzDkH6Xom2tZb3ZVVatubafk1+ke3VrL+rqKtdUwKsSpnci/d2/FNKhmzZWw7WMZ2r4i3dpQB8X0bK4A+520Yi217vuo2lmzuZ+m62uvg2qE7uzQwGnFqFgjWA0qF1QLHNOP331rPdqv+X/VoKr9DaupQYcOauksP50SeqpXj1c7P+uDQuJSbXKCOwC3CNUAgFJWXWE332g9pmpTyqHCvmhbXoY8I8ed08vqVb6qmqqY+VM58m22Fd/PjayUDNmR2HbswJfaauaL8b9GwVedpu3lnLE+YjS4R317h1nzZ/JBBsCZIFQDAErZxbq2ZVs1dto3xujlLeaEw7xMbXl5jIYmTtXIh0ZrUepPVrGK6jW5SX5K15I5i7TFOTHwqDKTZ2rqqiwp9CY1DHTfI5y7ZL6W7LabOOz+6aUF2/a7ViE1rW1XClaTO0Ksld7TnMRNBe0TeQeU/Mp0rbJ7r6PCFGi9u1a81F/B9sb2Z+hAjrWStc46T1IJ/dqnU0mXXnGV9Wi/5n9ot7Mt62ez4B2tL1jBa3mZH8mzMt2au0KXX/pbhXmgfCNUAwBKXcX6nTTJ7hHOXanJnZspxL4CRkgzdZ68UrlOv/Fzurf+xfaaqtbsLvUO9VPuqnHqHHGNgoOvUcRDU7XL7p9+9l41dtojXMpdrpFtQ61tByvUOSHRCsu97zJXIPFXs873OT3cqybfp4gQ+7lG6KHE7Vao765nH2hU0MZRM0Q32k3PuyYqOjS4cB2vXaz6nR5Td2tbuauGqq2zreM/mzORpVUDIp0Tq45PIRE9lGj3pXe/V7ee7sRQAGeEUA0AKAOqqUHPBCV5XlZsu1qmZp+YN1AvzXpTL/UMK7z0W9VwxS5arllje1jB1gjtoRc8r2l0a7t/2j3/2JlamfCI2X4TdX9hjhL/ZF/5w1ZRVZv216I1czS2exOnYj1TK0//RZ7EIWp9/Goa1VroyVnD1c6cTeicWOmZ7PRde61aKw1dNqPwZxP6iBJmjTm7bTmsDyqxM7RsaCvrJw/gXOCSegAAGCVeBg8ATsAl9QAAAIDzgFANAAAAuET7BwAAAOAF2j8AAACA84BQDQAAALhEqAYAAABcIlQDAAAALhGqAQAAAJcI1QAAAIBLhGoAAADAJUI1AAAA4BKhGgAAAHCJUA0AAAC4xG3KAQDnVGpqqlJSUswI5U3Vqn66/vpQ1a5d21QA38NtygEA58Xhw4fl8Xh0yy2tNGzYMOXk5JglKG9SU9MUGxur++67Txs2bDBVABypBgC4Yh+Z7tXrUbVsebMefvhh1a9f3yxBebZjxw5NnTrVmR8+fDhHruFTSsrMhGoAwFmzj1R27Xqf5s9foBYtWpgqfIn9PxTx8XGaO3cewRo+g/YPAMA5Yx+htgP1xo0fEah9WHR0tMaPn6Bu3R5QVlaWqQK+h1ANAPCa3UNt907bR6g5Ogn7Q9Vjj/XW5MmTTQXwPYRqAIDXVq5cqXr16nGEGr+IiYlRWloaJy/CZxGqAQBes3to7ZMSgaKeeuopLV++3IwA30KoBgB4xe6lrlkzgKt84CRNmjTRnDmznPYgwNcQqgEAXvn3v9MVFRVlRkChSy65RDExD2n/fq4kBt9DqAYAeCUnJ1eBgYFmBBR32WWXOR+8AF9DqAYAAOdMgwYNnA9egK8hVAMAcDby87R27YeKi4vXpEmTNT1xug4dOmQWFrCv22wvO3hwn6kUSk5eo4ULFpgRgAsdoRoAAC8d+vqgIls0V6tWt+iVV/6uhQsXakC/fqpbN1iT4iaZtaTs7B81ZMhg7d+/x1QKvfvuEr3y6qtmBOBCR6gGAMAb+Xm68667ncD88SdblJb2uTZv/khZWT9o9POjNOTpIZozb6ZZGYCvIFQDAOCFZcuWacuWLVqxfKWaNmpmqlLlypU1eOBQ9e37uEY897ypAvAVhGoAALyQ/MGHCg8PV0jdYFMpzr6zYHr6Hu3bV3hZucTERU5vddFp48adZimA8oBQDQCAF+xrMPv5+ZnRyQIDg5zHzMw059G2Zk2y03dddNq9++Q+awAXLkI1AABeCAiorp9++smMTnb8Sh/Vq4c4j7bZs192+q6LTj173mOWAigPCNUAAHihzW1ttWnTJqWlpZpKcfPnz1NIyLUKubrk9hAA5ROhGgAAL3Ts2FHNm4fr7rs7atuOraYqHTlyRJPixish4RWNGjVCqsBbLOBL+BcPAIA3rLD8tudtVa9+tf7QOFzXXXedIiJukr9/DY0eMUYTX5yonj17mJUB+ApCNQAAXqpRM1DJye9pw4Z16t37cXXp0kUJU+K0d2+GBg8cbNaSqlW7VBMnTlKdOteaSqHbb++kvk88YUYALnQV8i1mXsHBdZSRUXgJIAAATuTxeJzH6Oho5xEoit8P+IKSMjNHqgEAAACXCNUAALgwd+5cRUVFaf36LaYCwBcRqgEAcOGrrw4oOTlZ33+fayoAfBGhGgAAAHCJUA0AAAC4RKgGAAAAXCJUAwAAAC4RqgEAAACXCNUAAACAS4RqAAAAwCVCNQAAAOASoRoAAABwiVANAAAAuESoBgAAAFwiVAMAAAAuEaoBAAAAlwjVAAAAgEuEagAAAMAlQjUAAADgEqEaAAAAcIlQDQAAALhEqAYAAABcIlQDAAAALhGqAQAAAJcI1QAAAIBLhGoAAADAJUI1AAAA4BKhGgAAAHCJUA0AgAtdu96vpKQkRUaGmgoAX0SoBgDAhaCgILVu3Vr+/jVMBYAvIlQDwPmS6VGv4PaK35ZjCoWObYtT41MsO1Fe5jZ54h/V9cF1FOxMEeoVv1DJqdlmjTImP0/79u13piPHjphigSNHjig9/d/O44mysrJ06NAhM7pwZGX9x3lNBw8dNJWy6chPh0/5PMvjfgF+a4RqACiz8pSze7Z6R/XRct2lNzd/qYyM/UrfPFV36j09cVsPK5R/b9YtA6wwnfDXFxUUfLUV/IOcqcaVNazaX80K0sGDmapbN0Q7d240lUITJozQ/fffb0Zl35bN6xUZ2VxXXnmV85pq1aylsLDrtWXLFrNG2ZD1n6/V69FHdNnlV/zyPGvUKL/7BSgthGoA8MaxbYpv3F+ezGOmcB7lfKzX/jRJ+3tP0Uux0WoacJFTrhjQVNGxL+rNWCn+uVnalpPn1Evb0OeGaMgzw/R4717asWOHPv88TcOHjbRqzxQLcOXBxo0f6o+tblNgYKCS3l+jvXvTtWHDZjVs2FRt2rTR7s//ZdYsXbm5uYqKaq3kD5I1Y8YbSk1Nc57nY736lMv9ApQmQjUAlEl5yt76jqbtulFd77xRVU210OVqfOfdarxrgRZvzTK10pOWtlcTJryo11+bquEjRlnhsqEaNLhWg4c8rT//ebKmv/GaWbN86NfvabVv11ZLFi9W66hbFRJytSIjwzVv7myFhjbRwkULzJqlKyFhitL/fUAb1q/XAw90U7161zrP84U/jy2X+wUoTYRqACiT/qu07R8p1/8Palj3YlMrruK1kerU+But2J6hsztuflQHPIPUceQaZbo82L3sXY+uuKK6YmIeMpVCA2P7aseOz8yowL593zo9vEWnrKz/mqWnl52brW+++eY3nY7bd3C/tm/fqicHxEoVTngbtcYbN7yv4cNHmYKcvvKStne+pqJ90fZ+6dq1m2rUDDSVQudjvwC+jFANAOdViuKjrzMnGBZO10TH6YyOLwf769JT/aWuWEWX16isrJQMfWtK3rlItToO0COHRqnnCI9SXbSRZO5PU716dU8OmbYSap07d3F6eItO06cnmqWnN25MnNMX/FtNYWFh5jsXvFabfdS3RCe83p3b00rc5vmaNm4s7Isu2C9n9jxtbvcL4Msq5FvMvPOH3j4JBgBw3D55et2hAat+LQJHK2HzS4oOqGTGhn31j4hXFeZZrNimxRs47Kt/NIteqR4lLCuQo23xnRU9s708Wweq6QmbduTtVmJ0R70UNU9bY5uqpFXOSE6KEp96WCPX36hBs15Q//CAXz3i4vF4nMfo6Gjn0TZ69AgtXfquduz42FRKZh/5tIPa4sUL1bRpuKkWGDdutPbsSXeu+WxL37dPS5Yukl/lKoqJiZGfn59Tt6WlpWn//t/u/apy5cqKjIx05lNSduqGGxo5PeN2i8vp/PDDD9q+fbsZnX9NmjTRZZdd5syHhV2nBx7oqeHDn3XGp+LNfvnn2mRt37RVoaGhuuOO251aUSX9fgDlTYmZ2Q7VxwUF1TZzAIAS/fxxflyjfvlLD/5sCr/i4NL8R4Pa5cd9/KMpFPr54xfzG51iWYH/y/8haUT+dUHd8md8cdjUivu/L2bk3xXUMv+5pG9MpaifrW/fz/m77t10Y/6jSzPMNkq2dOlSZypqxhvT8//nf6rk5+cdM5VCOT9m548aNSL/u+++y9+7N90+kJO/eXOSWVpo8OC++a1bty4YWNsJCQnJb9y4cX6tWiH5PXr0KKiXAfbrsV/D0iXLTKW4pPfX5M+ZM9uMStft/9shv9sD3c2ouLPZL5s/2uis17ZtO2d/L1++3KkXVdLvB1De2H8vT/RrByMAAKWmoqo1u0u9Qz/V/OWf6uSrWX+vT5a/rU/8blXbpv6mVlQlBUS/7BxJOe20a6XGtqsl+bXXoMWrNC06yGzjzN3Wpo1+/vm/ssKkqRRKnDlTEyZM1NGjR03l9HZ+ulu3336ntm/7WF988Zk++GCNWVL6/KpequbNb9KMGdOseHlCy4w1Hj1mrGbPnmMKpcveL8tXvK1DX598beqz2S9r123R4kWLtWrVSk2bNqVM7RegtBGqAaDUHVVm8jh1cPqtI9QrYUPBiYNV/6DH/jpYdabF6N5hb2pbZkH4KbgZzNN6MF6KfXOgWldz8ac8L0OeQY9rfs3ntGbLaxpwmtaPUwkKClZsbH/1eqyPxj0/Rjt37nTaJOz5p58epMGDnnH6fc9Uw4ahmjLlb0r+IEndu/dQ374DzJKyIS5uopa9s1ydOndWctL7TvvE2rXvO+NNmzbp+bHjzJql6/HH+ygw4Eq1aNlS8+bNVVraHud5PvXUgLPaLwMHPmm9xk5KSEjQ9NdfV9euMWYJAEI1AJS27A3621PfqM+mL5Wxa4rC3p2m9/b8ZC2oqKoNumta0jz1uep9PRhxjdPHFxJh3wymg15dM1OxTS8v2MZZOaoDyxL0Ro0xSnw+WvWruntLGD9xskaNHK64+Clq1KiR03c8aXKcRo0aqeefL7wahjcqVfqdmjZpqiVLFis39/R3n/ytREa20nur39WetHRF3Xqb04/cqtVt2r37c733j3cVHtHMrFm67D701UnJzs+we/dHVL9+Ped5zp0739V+qVbNTyEhv9fCBW+aCgBOVASAssQ5+XC89OJU9axf8qX0SttpT0Szb1O+/4AzWyOwuipXquzM2+zLvdl37wsMDHBO/ivKvh32sWPHSjxy2q/vI7qtTbQ6depoKmWHfZvy7OwcVa5ykQJrnHzpurLCvk35wcxDJT7Ps9ov1n4OrBVgfV3xW5hzoiJ8QUmZmSPVAFBmHFXmh0u1rnF3dbi2bAbqM1KhooKC6jhT0UBtswObfaOUE4Obzd/f/5fgtnbtBxo4cIgT3OzAt3HTZ872yiJ//yud11SWA7Wt8sWXnPJ5nul+GT1qpFas+Iczv/PTz+TnV92ZB0CoBoAyIk85u9/S6Pm1NXhIlAJ8/K9zRERz7d69W3WvudYKe3XVvt0fFR7e1CwtWw4dOqSUlBTn0nnlXZf77levXr3VtOkf1L59B019daJZAoBQDQClLlu7E/vq5klS7OQH1cBlb3N5YB8xXbHibX24Ya0VWD/V+AkvmiVlz8yZs3TDDTdo3brf7lrUpcW+CU76vjQtWbJE6Xv3qE3bO8wSAPzlBoBSlpe6RINHLlfWqqFqGxqs4OD2it9Wdk7KK01BgXWc9gqUHXZLj9MqcvElpgLARqgGgFJWsX5PLSt63eiMlae4yyIAoKwiVAMAAAAuEaoBAAAAlwjVAAAAgEuEagAAAMAlQjUAAADgEqEaAAAAcIlQDQAAALhEqAYAAABcIlQDAAAALhGqAQAAAJcI1QAAAIBLhGoAAADAJUI1AAAA4BKhGgAAAHCJUA0AAAC4RKgGAAAAXCJUAwAAAC4RqgEAAACXCNUAAACAS4RqAAAAwCVCNQAAAOASoRoAAABwiVANAAAAuESoBgDAhSZNmqhv374KCaluKgB8EaEaAAAX2rS5TVOmTFFYWJipAPBFhGoAAADAJUI1AABnad++DP3971M1adJkJUxJUErKp2ZJgY0bN1nLXzGj4uz6zh2fmBGACx2hGgAAb+XnacTwZxQcfLVGjBiphQsXatKEeN1wQ0ONGzfOrCStW7dOEyaMNqPi7Pq69RvMCMCFjlANAICX4uIna9Lkv2rum7N16OtMbd78kfbt26vFixZr9OhxWvb222ZNAL6CUA0AgBeOHDuiCRNe0rPPDNYD3WKkCoVvpZ06d9L4P7+gI0cPmwoAX0GoBgDAC+l79uibbw6q491dTKW4wUOeVpcuXc1Iyso64vRcnzjZdQDlB6EaAAAvZGcfch79/S9zHk8nN/eI03N94mTXAZQfhGoAALxQvXqI8/jNNz84jyc68tNh50TG44KCqjk91ydOdv24lM9T1OGOOxUZ2UIJCQmmCuBCQqgGAMALIVcHq06dOlqxfKGpFDfkmUH6Y6tbzOjMdO/WUz0efFBTpkzV9OnTlZKSYpYAuFAQqgEA8EaFioqNfVIT/jJJ8+bOKTwqbT3a4ylTpismpmdB7Qy9/fZS5yTHI0cOq0qVKvL3LzyKDeDCQKgGAMBLA2MHKaZHN3V7sLtq1AxQRMRNCqwV4IwHDOijx3s/bNY8M0FBdZSWlqLnnntWlSpV0u8qVjJLAFwoCNUAAHirQkW9/vc39Pm/vtDzz49Vly5dNHT4cH322U7Fxb30y2X2br75Zj37bMk3f7HrN7dsYUZSWFhTJSUlWYH8UY0ZO8FUAVwoCNUAAJylBtfV1+OP99HgwYM0oN8AKxjfaJYUiIxsbi3va0bF2fWGjRpL+ceUkFB4K/MqfpcpNzfXjABcKAjVAACUpgqVtGbNSt3X5V6NHj1Gf/rTAPXr6137CIDSR6gGAKCULViwQO3vuEvVqlXTP1evVHhES7PkwpOTk2PmAN9CqAYAeI3gdG5VrlxZj/bsoYEDY9XgulBTvTDt2rVLYWFhZgT4DkI1AMArdevW1fr1680IKG79+nW68sorzQjwHYRqAIBXfv/732vFineUlZVlKkCBHTt2qGbNAPn7+5sK4DsI1QAAr1xyySUaOnSY3nrrLVMBCti/E926dTMjwLcQqgEAXrv//vs1fvwL+uqrr0wFvs4+Sm23frRv395UAN9CqAYAeM3+7/033pih2NhYHT582FThq+wPVwMGPKmEhL85/5MB+CJCNQDgrLRp01ZRUVEaOHAg/dU+zA7U3bo9oPHjJ6hRo0amCvgeQjUA4Kw98cQTatmype65J1r//OdqU4UvsP+HwuPxKDLyJidQt2hReMt1wBdVyLeYeQUH11FGxn4zAgDgzKSmpmrGjBlKS0tTx44dddNNN6lKlSqqXbu2WQPlgX1U+ttvv9WGDRs0f/486wPVzerXrx/7GT6npMxMqAYAnDN26EpKSnJuAGKftLZ375dmCcqD5s1bqF69eoqIiFB4eDhhGj6LUA0AAAC4VFJmpqcaAAAAcIlQDQAAALhEqAYAAABcIlQDAAAALhGqAQAAAJcI1QAAAIBLhGoAAADAJUI1AAAA4BKhGgAAAHCJUA0AAAC4RKgGAAAAXCJUAwAAAC4RqgEAAACXCNUAAACAS4RqAAAAwCVCNQAAAOASoRoAAABwiVANAAAAuESoBgAAAFwiVAMAAAAuEaoBAAAAlwjVAAAAgEuEagAAAMAlQjUAAADgUoV8iz0THFzHKQAAAAD4dRkZ+81cgV9CNQAAAICzQ/sHAAAA4BKhGgAAAHCJUA0AAAC4Iv0/4CR8RRk54msAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the structural formula of the repeating unit of the polymer formed from this alkene.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce what would be observed when Compound B is warmed with acidified aqueous potassium dichromate (VI).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the type of reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the requirements for a collision between reactants to yield products.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The polarity of the carbon–halogen bond, C–X, facilitates attack by HO<sup>–</sup>.</p>
<p>Outline, giving a reason, how the bond polarity changes going down group 17.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Mg<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>-</sup> → Mg ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> penalize missing charge on electron.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept equation with equilibrium arrows.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em><strong>Alternative 1</strong></em></p>
<p>put Mg in Zn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) ✔</p>
<p>Zn/«black» layer forms «on surface of Mg» ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for “no reaction when Zn placed in Mg<sup>2+</sup>(aq)”.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>Alternative 2</strong></em></p>
<p>place both metals in acid ✔</p>
<p>bubbles evolve more rapidly from Mg<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Mg dissolves faster ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>Alternative 3</strong></em></p>
<p>construct a cell with Mg and Zn electrodes ✔</p>
<p>bulb lights up<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>shows (+) voltage<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>size/mass of Mg(s) decreases «over time»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>size/mass of Zn increases «over time»</p>
<p><em><br></em><em>Accept “electrons flow from Mg to Zn”. </em></p>
<p><em>Accept Mg is negative electrode/anode </em><br><em><strong>OR</strong> </em><br><em>Zn is positive electrode/cathode</em></p>
<p><em><br>Accept other correct methods.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>propanone ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept 2-propanone and propan-2-one.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>hydrogen bonds ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAJ8AAABbCAYAAABtYldCAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAABJpSURBVHhe7Z0JVFRHvsY/mrbZVNQgcYlbeGhQlqDhKbggIIt7Yow6ZqIOxoWoeTGGN4lmhsk4mpnkmaMGCRJU4iAhSiSOIiJGUA4xhCgSEkVsQEUIoiAiSwNN17t1u5Cl2Yy9pfv+zrn2ra8KvVIfVfWvulWYEA4ICOgAEfsUENA6gvkEdIZgPgGdIZhPQGcI5hPQGYL5BHSG6d842H0bFAo5PvhgOxTc/aiRI5QiIzf/GkJ3h8PJZRwsLSyZKqBLamrqcPxkIg7HHsH582dw6/YtPDvKDmZmZnx+fX0Dtm//AISYYmS7+qQcOLAPtbJ6DB82jClagM7zdYSssZHO/5H3grcwpYWEhDg+74o0iykCuiQtJY3YjbLn62TkyOFkxDDl/fBRdiQ3N5svU1FRwWshISF8uj1e3gFkV+gultIOnXa7tOXjkYha7hniOnP+U6RQfgrojuLSEsxePB/m5iJcyLyA6z/n4ar0J+RcyYF1X0v4zVyAhw8fstJdUQ/S1Ivda4dOzScSiZU3DYqWe0aduBYiiRiWoramFNA+SQnHIK+WISU5BZNemASxlRksJOZwdHDEkS/j0UDqkZ11gZXuGhPTRnanHbpt+WTyKtwsuvnoKuSusopKKBrkqOVaRQHdknQ6FWvWrMLAoYOZ0oL9mBH4tbAIU6b5MQWorq7GzeLiNnVKr+qaSlZCi7DuV4Xa+jp+jNDZJRZLuPFEDistoCv8AgLI7t07Wapzmsd8XV07d4Wx0tqh86ZLocxauXoNcrKycfmHi/xn9qVLCN2zA3J5A2DetjsW0D7mvcyhIJ2P6RpoPbUi6PUgXM7+sU2d0mv8+PGPut2qqirEx8Viz6d7kXY+HY1NTbyubjo3n4hOsgA2Tw3CWOexcHEbD8fnneHs6oqRT9tz40DuS2XCmE/XOI4fhyNxp1iqLXT6xcNjEj76+06mALZDbeHiPIGvy+Y6pZd1P2s66AO4Kp01bx7i4uMhMW/AujeDEL0/in21eul20CYWyVQCDrlYxo0JFTAXAg6dM8dvBtLT0vHXD7czRQkds4eH7sLFzCw4TnqOqV1DuIaPGvbVxXMRERGFVas2YMmrL6LoTjEroV46NZ9IoTScBKqTyGIzCXUlZBCmWnTNCxOnYsmSRdi6eQv8/b3xz4938Nds3wC88+57WLLidczyC2Clu8ZE3AQrawsEBW3iApNK+M6ejR3bP8drK5ezEuql85aP856NjQ11nwpmCjMMsrHl8tqOJwS0R12DjP/sZWqKL//9FXbu3IGiotvY8dE/+au4qAy7Q3fi359/ypcTiUz5+rS07HhFysqyP6wsrFiKQyFBSEgI17L64e9vv81ENcMCjw6pLKvkVzraQ7WKyirS1KSaJ6B5ykorScAsH5KRoVy9aA2tF3q1r7emJjmvV1fXMqUtlTUPSc2DGpZqgQs+yKBBg0hZWQVT1EeXYz7rgdYwE6tGtFTrb93n0Vgw96frcH7eEampP/BpAc1x9+5d+Ph74XzqBdwsusbUFmi90Kt9vdGWj+pWVhZMaYu1ZW9Y9rXEr7/+imk+Ux6tily/fpXrHs25FlMDQyxmwieioOQGGT7qGdKvry1JSclgqoC6KSsrI04uLoTrOsn+6Gimqp9FS5bw9blo4QIyoN8QEha1m+WoF7WYj3At/K0btx8ZMC39IssQUBelJfeI0wQXfnI/OlZzxqPQ4VRGxkUSHRNBcq9I+frVBOoxH6NAKuXfrqAGvHrlOlMFnhTa4k10dSOWYnNyNE6zxtMm3c7zPQ6j7OzwXcZ5+AVMx7wF8yHNvc5yBH4rpxNPY7L7FFTIHiA59RReevlVlmMAMBOqnQUvv8y3gMlJ6UwReFwOHtxPIBYRH6+p5F7FPaYaDhozX9mdspYxYJpgwMclNTGFX+yfPJUzXmUlUw0LjZ5YUJRfDC9fL9ytKUfiV0nwmP4CyxHoivIHD/C8izOGDhmMhIQEPNX/KZZjWGj8uIz8wmvw95mL8vIH+PrYEXhPn8ZyBDqi/H45Zvr4orZejgvfp6NPnz4sxwCh5tM00rxcYR6wB5SWlhC3CZP5ebyz51KZarhoxXyU5nlAW1sbkpYijAHbQwOKcQ6ufIARHX2QqYaN1sxHuSrN5ecB+9oOIJlpws63Zug8npubGz+BbEjzeN2hVfNRmg1Iu+BvU84x1XihxvN0n8p3tcbS4jWjdfNR6EpI8xgw92oBU42Pe2X3+BaPGi8iaj9TjQedmI8ilSpfRvCc7tnha1uGDm3xxjm58XN5B6PjmGpcqHV57XGwsxuBjPQMNNQ3wHfKTOReK2Q5hg0hCiQnp8B9ymTI66pw/rt0vPbqyyzXyGAm1Bl3in/lWkA70rdvX5KZmclUwyUp+TTfzfIrFwa4ZPY46MWZzPTgIX/fGagqb8Cx419j2rQpLMewuHvnATynTEC/wUNw/Fi8wa5c9BS9ORA8P/8mvH2noLK8GlJpHgYOHMhyuoe+3Xs0Ng41TTKYyBshsbBCY2MNevWyQt3D+7Do018l3dRUj15yBej7un0sRKirM4UFGlXSdSJTiLjP9n/X7NlzYG8/lv/3ewLdTbbnsz3YtWsvMjLSjN54FL0xH6XoZjFOnjyFNUEr+TStMPo693/OnEB+Tj78/Lzh4aG6PHftehHGOj7LH+GhLSIjI7FypfI5m5HLZbh06TJSU8+jtlaGgDl++G/nF/hzbZQFgJK7xRgyeKgybeTolflaUy+XY8vfNuPzT/fyO+ibGefkgPivj3Otjh1TlGVvFRdx5msARJbUBdwnd6+QcJ9cxdNzZ7i0SCziyiiNQEgTTC1MoVBuAmspz+75snJzEK6FNDHhWj+JXPm1rJyNbd82rdeVK7lYsWwpMi9mMUWJy0RXHOOed8RQwXAqUPPpI8F/3shPQwSuCeRf5aa7r47GxfHTM24TXPVqeoa+dj5v/mw+cIqJOczvEKNX3OFY/nnd3d2FnX4doJfmo2ajEWHwX4JV9g/QiLh3bwlJT/uWKbonK+si6d/fmtwovc2UFs6dO8dF8v1IRmYKUwSa0UvzRUaGca2eiFwpkDKlLZrYQ/okhG3bQfz9A1hKldLSMnYn0Bq9HPO9u3kz9n62CzfySvi9w91ReL0QHtM8IJPRsaEZJJImLliRcEO/WojF3BhQzdCTnyLCw7B4sXI/xfq33sbDu2X44lA0nxboGXppvn9s/Qf+9dE2FBSUYODA/kztnAcPqvBF1CFw40Luf9Qq4iVcgNA6rUZ8fH3g7OjM32/Z8j4KC6SIPnSI35wt0EOo+fSNxIQEPthIv5DMlBbowN3L24eEhmpmI/NvIeZIDBnv7tZhUEEDI38/LxIVEcEUgWb00nx0wwwdpLu6TSRl7Zagtn34L96YSUmJTNE99HkteluRqINRKgbctu0D/nmTz+nP8+oLejvPl3r2FHz952PIsGGYPdsfz422Q9rZNJw8cQp+C2fh60NfqZwbqEu2vLsFu/d8hOkB8+Dj5sbFS0ByOve835zE0qVLcOjQl6ykwCN4C+op3yYmk1n+PmTAABu+9XBwsCchIVtIY2MdK6E/1NdWkXUb1hEneyf+jWSRSMQ/7wdcy2eMr4z1BL0xHz2Ka+GcheSqVPXlUtqV1dbVa+zMEHUjq2vkDdfRGHBfZFSnx5QZGzp7n681dP3Wx98XcSfikPOj6jFrtHu1MKenoTJBzzEzF/NHlLUfFtD/5zvBb+F/39nKFCOHmVBn1NbWEk9PT65bFZGIiEimGi5fHDzADyFef2Mtaao37u5Y5+bb9OdN/BgpPCKcKQaOnJD1a9fyBly7fpNRd8E6NV9sbCyByIREhBnf5pn3NgbzBty4/i9GG5DozHzRMTFE3FtCVq9azxTjghoueJPyzZ21azcx1bjQuvmqqqvIW2+9RSQSCQkKWktqalQPoTYWGuRyErUvkthY2xAu4CLSghKWYxxo1Xx0w4zXrBlsjCcsNzVzMSuTDBliSwbYDifZHZwwb6hozXx0n6qXl9J4YbuNJLh4DHKuZPPn2FADXszJ4QMTQ0cr5iu7V0qmTqXTKSBhYUKL1xnSnDzegPQqvGX4XbDGzUe7Wm+/GbzxIvcbX1T7uPySnUOGc63fDK95TDFcNGq+5jEePUVd6Gp7TlZ2FrG27kNWb9hIauuZaIBozHw0qp3sM10Y4/1GIiP3PZqINtR5QI2Zb+OmTfw3zxgnkNUCF3AEb1zPfw/fXPs/TDQsNGK+mG8OEwsLKxIWHsoUgd8E1+C9sWE1b8DVgcFMNBzUbr64o0e5b5bIaFcu1E4rA9Iu2JDGgGozX1V1NXn33c1EYmFOVq+mKxfVLEfgSaEb5r/Ye4APQnwD5pBb0iKW8/tGLeajL4JOnOrO/3SGC12txqDTMM0T0ZnZeUz9/aIW83248/944wnBheah0zB0KY7OBdL73zNq2UBUU1OH5ORkvPjiPKYIaJJLl37C3Lm+MLN6GlcvZ8LM0ozl/L7o1Hz0eLIzx5MwZPQwODooN0c3Q8/Dy8w8j4nu04Vz5nTE5UuXUdtQC49JHnyantR1Iz8X0sLb6FXfBNsRw2Bvb//oN4s31TfixLkU2D8zBGPHOvJaa35I/Q7Wg/thzJienzn4xFDzdURtfR3flQZveo8pLRyNpREtSG7eVaYI6JKCG1Li5aXcikDrRXmJ+NOxbpco14grKip4PSQkhE+3Z6q3J9m5K4yltEO3G4joHhj6U9UacR8FuxPQNRX378PXayZ++eUXhO0Oxc/SXOTdKEBsVAxu3szHH156hR8WdQ/tuhuUt1qiB7vX5PxOrNYo6pTmU0i0+7ACqiQmxiO/KB/HkpMQtCEI4+zGwH7EKCxevhhHvkpE1rVMXMhMYaU7R4xG7k92OKaW6IH5JHgok7W5ZNxXicXcg8qEFlDXJJ5MRdDKdZjkPJ4pLUzycEZBXimmTvFjCj1hS65Sn/UyOdfEyGBiSg2oPbo132effYoJzo4Y5zwWzg5j4PycI95cvx5yeQNEInNWSkAX0OFQeXkFxjk8w5S20H3D9JSv1j3Xvs/3Ytzo0Xyd0vp0Gu2MkaOG4eL32SBy9Z6wRcpiEL5mKP7L5Hl4JNxhagvdms/JxQVLlvwRgUsDsXz5KixfsQIzPGZwLZ8YCnEtKyWgC5pNpRD1fKrFwcEJgYGr+Tql9bkicBnWrFkHm6cHwETcxEopN7gXFhaqjPd7DMlB0tb1CIooQcHcIPzV25ZltIIFHirUyJTR7vubNzOlhYSEOGJiYkJyr+cyRUBXBK4MJIF/WsZSbaEblMI/20POnzvfbbQ7nYt2d4V+Suob68nWbduIh9sUsvjlReQF1/Hk7LdnWameUkfunPAiz3H/HnovJit/qmJ6Wzpt+UxMlJ+NpJfyphVNNSJqWpiTnkRRAppk8aJXsP/AQRyJj2eKEtpiHY2Lw9qgdbhdVMrUzjHhOkEiN0FdTQ0q7t3DqW9PIjbuKyxd/goufHeOleoZpOowIreeQy5GYvj297DDqePflt5tt2vJDUXphHNrTK24QEMs4oaowphP13h6esNtgisWLViIVatX4sQ3Z3DmZDzeWBXEda+BmDjZFQsWv8RKdw3tdq2t++OTTz5BZVUV5r70Eg4cOIzXXlvFSvSECuR9uR0fZnAecQ/CtuWO6Oxg427NV6uggUXbqRba8kGuEKZa9AAzMwmOH09G0KYNiDkUyxnGF76zFyD2cAyCgtYggctrP1XWKSYtAYelxBzLFi2Ek5MDNr//DlN7QMWXOPBJHqrhjslbXsXSvl0EMcret2Nycws6/OV09HyRvII80lgtY4qAPkBft6f1cuVnqcoZMPS1LKrTLawdcUtawOXdZakWKiqryKBBg0hlZfvfAKAgjeXfk7NHfiLSBgXTqkj+fgfSm7OVyfx95OwjvWPU8laLgOFwq6SULPvj0kf7RrJ/zuKPKKavzbWhPp7scqfLecOI7ebTJIcarSaWfDyRah7E6/Qdzp5dI5hPoA302DZvb2/i6jKBLF2xjH9/8OPdO1hua6pI8am5xKs3XUe2J/bh2aQ0ZZYywvUNJ6e6afUoensms4DuoHN8J5JO4F7RPTi4OGCG9wyW0577yI/2w8zXfsT13m7wcMzGd98/C6fDSbj8yvBuAwrBfAJPBsnBqTc9MTP0vjI9OBif5GzHxqe6D3K6jXYFBLrExAn+72/BxtF0Yrg3LALn4A89MB5FaPkE1EAjHuafwalL/WEX4IbxfXq2RiyYT0BnCN2ugM4QzCegMwTzCegI4P8Bh99HOSFPYCEAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> penalize missing brackets or n.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> award mark if continuation bonds are not shown.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>no change «in colour/appearance/solution» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«nucleophilic» substitution<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>SN2 ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept “hydrolysis”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept SN1</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>energy/E ≥ activation energy/E<sub>a</sub> ✔</p>
<p>correct orientation «of reacting particles»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>correct geometry «of reacting particles» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>decreases/less polar <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>electronegativity «of the halogen» decreases ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “decreases” <strong>AND</strong> a correct comparison of the electronegativity of two halogens.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “decreases” <strong>AND</strong> “attraction for valence electrons decreases”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Unfortunately, only 40% of the students could write this quite straightforward half equation.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates gained some credit by suggesting voltaic cell or a displacement reaction, but most could not gain the second mark and the reason was often a failure to be able to differentiate between "what occurs" and "what is observed".</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Even though superfluous numbers (2-propanone, propan-2-one) were overlooked, only about half of the students could correctly name this simple molecule.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Probably just over half the students correctly identified hydrogen bonding, with dipole-dipole being the most common wrong answer, though a significant number identified an intramolecular bond.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Few candidates could correctly eliminate water to deduce the identity of the required reactant.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Correct answers to this were very scarce and even when candidates had an incorrect alkene for the previous part, they were unable to score an ECF mark, by deducing the formula of the polymer it would produce.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Some students deduced that, as it was a tertiary alcohol, there would be no reaction, but almost all were lucky that this was accepted as well as the correct <em>observation</em> - "it would remain orange".</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>About a quarter of the students identified this as a substitution reaction, though quite a number then lost the mark by incorrectly stating it was either "free radical" or "electrophilic". A very common wrong answer was "displacement" or "single displacement" and this makes one wonder whether this terminology is being taught instead of substitution</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Generally well done with the vast majority of students correctly citing "correct orientation" and many only failed to gain the second mark through failing to equate the energy required to the activation energy.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Another question that was not well answered with probably only a quarter of candidates stating that the polarity would decrease because of decreasing electronegativity down the group.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The properties of elements can be predicted from their position in the periodic table.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why Si has a smaller atomic radius than Al.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the decrease in radius from Na to Na<sup>+</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the condensed electron configurations for Cr and Cr3<sup>+</sup>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="768" height="190"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe metallic bonding and how it contributes to electrical conductivity.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure and molecular geometry of sulfur dichloride, SCl<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="433" height="216"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest, giving reasons, the relative volatilities of SCl<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Consider the following equilibrium reaction:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">2SO<sub>2 </sub>(g) + O<sub>2 </sub>(g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> 2SO<sub>3 </sub>(g)</p>
<p>State and explain how the equilibrium would be affected by increasing the volume of the reaction container at a constant temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>nuclear charge/number of protons/Z/Z<sub>eff</sub> increases «causing a stronger pull on the outer electrons» ✓</p>
<p>same number of shells/«outer» energy level/shielding ✓</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Na<sup>+</sup> has one less energy level/shell<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Na<sup>+</sup> has 2 energy levels/shells <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>Na has 3 ✓</p>
<p>less shielding «in Na<sup>+</sup> so valence electrons attracted more strongly to nucleus»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>effective nuclear charge/Z<sub>eff</sub> greater «in Na<sup>+</sup> so valence electrons attracted more strongly to nucleus» ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Accept “more protons than electrons «in Na<sup>+</sup>»” <strong>OR</strong> “less electron-electron repulsion «in Na<sup>+</sup>»” for M2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Cr:</em><br>[Ar] 4s<sup>1</sup>3d<sup>5</sup> ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Cr<sup>3+</sup>:</em><br>[Ar] 3d<sup>3</sup> ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Accept “[Ar] 3d<sup>5</sup>4s<sup>1</sup>”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “[Ar] 3d<sup>3</sup>4s<sup>0</sup>”.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for two correct full electron configurations “1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>4s<sup>1</sup>3d<sup>5</sup> <strong>AND</strong> 1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>3d<sup>3</sup>”.</em></p>
<p><em>Award<strong> [1 max]</strong> for 4s<sup>1</sup>3d<sup>5</sup> <strong>AND</strong> 3d<sup>3</sup>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrostatic attraction ✓</p>
<p>between «a lattice of» cations/positive «metal» ions <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>«a sea of» delocalized electrons ✓</p>
<p><br>mobile electrons responsible for conductivity<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>electrons move when a voltage/potential difference/electric field is applied ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “nuclei” for “cations/positive ions” in M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “mobile/free” for “delocalized” electrons in M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “electrons move when connected to a cell/battery/power supply” <strong>OR</strong> “electrons move when connected in a circuit” for M3.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAT4AAAC6CAYAAAA3biFKAAAgAElEQVR4Ae1dv4sbWbauf6PiTjszmzhSpGSCncTBm0BBM+DA2cAIOnPwFgeChmUGFgyCXsPCgikwDAuzBrGJYWmemA3Mo1HyGLyNYDCDacSOaZriPE7de6puXR21SmpJdaT+BI2k+nHvV993z6f741R1QniBATAABh4YA8kDu15cLhgAA2CACuNLkoTwBw7QBtAGDrUNxF5fGl+8A9/bZ4AbIV5gAAzcjwEtjmB89+N0q2drgm21QhQOBg6QAS2OYHyGhdYEMwwX0MCASQa0OILxmZTKgdIEMwwX0MCASQa0OILxmZTKgdIEMwwX0MCASQa0OILxmZTKgdIEMwwX0MCASQa0OILxmZTKgdIEMwwX0MCASQa0OILxmZTKgdIEMwwX0MCASQa0OILxmZTKgdIEMwwX0MCASQa0OILxmZTKgdIEMwwX0MCASQa0OILxmZTKgdIEMwwX0MCASQa0OILxmZTKgdIEMwwX0MCASQa0OILxmZTKgdIEMwx3z6Hd0HSc0aB3XD2wo9On4WhCs/jK8imNswH1UnmoQUqd/pBGk+vgSC7vFfU7X9Fw8jnYjo+7ZkCLo5WML5+OKRv0KC2f5tKl/nBEk1m+42v5SKP+I0qSlLrDS9p17bu6WE2wXdX9sOrJaTY+o07ZrsXQ+P2YTrKfqzY2e0/D0BzDc9ITGl6K+UkbfQLja7kxaXHU3PhmFzTopNWvYSB4epLR1U7dRxoVjK/lNnUg1VftqXP6lqZFW/5E48EXrr13hzQptn2myfBJsS3tfU8X05vi+vPpOzrzZpj2R+SsT8qE8bXdSO5hfDldj05dT6/znEaF4OGvJMTdhriaYNuoB2WKSSWU9gaUjadVDy8kJ7+kYTelJH1G2ZUzPdmdT87ppDbclTIRG8JRW+9aHDXs8QXGl/ZokI39r2J8KSL2I/pm+IbO+133i5n26OwibEw5zSY/BvMpXeqfX9TL5HmU8341/Oj06bxskFJP2ONbVqbMuVS91jsbeXxpLXzXBGsBxgOo8oausmfBFA4PcXka5wca+14dk5BPhtTlkU7ZA7yLGmmjML67WNrFPi2OGhofUX6V0Uk5mcsNgyd0X9Kb0oz4EkTscI5EPn9Bg/Gn4jrny/LlDS78RHIwzAiG1EkiZUg9lfEtK7NstLXyEvXXexdiNKlDE6zJeThmDQbyKxqd+h/qWhs5pt7wfdEuyzYE41uD4PZO0eKosfER3dB09LzqgQWNI+2d02WxwCGGxEMGvy1oUG7+Q+ZJgkljmTBOT2l0nRNdj6jPJlsOKapfZFeG1CPGt6zM23KoXs3BtCdE05o1wZqei+PWYYBHBX+j17UFPP5Rdr22exlfPqWLM1kY5E5D1sKi4Dqc7P85WhytYHyOAF7ZffM6XMp3vTW3uiqG9Ij6o48lY7UGc+vnSQLjZGDuj8/7pYFJST3e+GTupSxHyuN3jyVenOFUhexNlIJQQjbxQRPMBLCHAKKWsuLbkLSz8ge5IiK/ekOnp2FKi7RRNs3/+DbtynHxcES97ENVAD5tjQEtjlY2vgpdPe+p3hPzDcUfbML4CizXNBm9oSx7Sf1yhVqGz9WVWfmkCWYF20HhkBFG0qXT0ZVf2Mhpdnnuc/Vknk5GFjyi0Vd1q/m/0PjCPD5ZFITx7aoNaXHU0PhExJSq5X4ikiFqmU8nxwVDXarm6+rmWM2dzBEgDbHMi5LGIhPLUo8MdeX7HWXOVRI04jIFYe6gVjdogrUK6GArr9oocx7/1dK1yjY/f1xStlcmStpk1AmYvqVT/tGVaZ2D5dTOhWlx1ND4AuNRGkY1FydiK42iXJjQFkr88Z0zGhdzhYsaovTOpB4xvmVlVnN8caOuFkzsCCVINMFkH943zAAPbd+EIwGeY+7R4PU/5ufiasNgbrvH1Bv8dW7aJC9M7og6ftHOfWfTCxOdN3wdKG6OAS2OGhofl8VD2x9oKCkqhQHGgoshPaJ+9g/K5NhaKgqXFaee8GTvq1rqACnpLNXtQ1JPZXzLy+Rh7jAY4iaUzOGa46zVDZpgrQJC5eszIHPMML31OVzzTC2OVjC+JrWKIdW7903OxDHzDGiCzR+FLfYZCPJgyxET5vh2pZsWRzC+XbG/Rj2aYGsUg1PAwINmQIsjGJ/hJqEJZhguoIEBkwxocbRh4zN53XsLShNsby8GwMFASwxocQTja0mMJtVqgjU5D8eAATBQMaDFEYyv4sfcJ00wcyABCAwYZ0CLIxifYdE0wQzDBTQwYJIBLY5gfCalcqA0wQzDBTQwYJIBLY5gfCalcqA0wQzDBTQwYJIBLY5gfCalcqA0wQzDBTQwYJIBLY5gfCalcqA0wQzDBTQwYJIBLY5gfCalcqA0wQzDBTQwYJIBLY5K4+Od+AMHaANoA4fYBmJHLo0v3oHv7TPADRAvMAAG7seAFkcwvvtxutWzNcG2WiEKBwMHyIAWRzA+w0JrghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGuxNo//73v+m3336r1fXrr78Sb8cLDGgMaHEE49OYMrJNE8wItFZgsMH97ne/K/74M7+0ba2AQ6VmGdDiCMZnVi4iTTDDcHcC7bvvvqM///nPtbp4G//hBQY0BrQ4gvFpTBnZpglmBBpggIG9YUCLIxifYfk0wQzDBTQwYJIBLY5gfCalcqA0wQzDBTQwYJIBLY5gfCalcqA0wQzDBTQwYJIBLY5gfCalcqA0wQzD3Rk0Tl3517/+RX//+99pMpnMpbfsDAgq2gsGtDiC8RmWThPMMNydQGOzY1747/e//335jjy+ndC/l5VocQTjMyylJphhuFuHxonLzEmYuiJ5fH/4wx+2Xj8q2E8GtDhqaHwzGg86lBwNaHy7g4ufZtRLjqiXfdhBZXar0ASzi3b7yNjkmBM2ufDuDRn2bh8BathHBrQ4sml8+8juFjBrgm2hmr0qMsuywvyYm6+//rpIZuZ5PrzAwCIGtDiC8S1iy8B2TTADsFqHwD0/nuvjnh/fwsY8sSHiBQY0BrQ42qDx3dB0nNGgd+x/kVPq9F/ReHpDlF/SsJtS2h/RdYEsp+vRKaXJExpOPjus4TG1oW5Os8mPQbkJpb0zejtxJWkXeijbNMEO5drWuQ7u2WkGxwbIXIXD33XKxzmHyYAWRxsyvpxm4zPqJMfUG76nGfM3e09DNsHOGY1nv9Co/4iS7pAmOe/86L4H83j5ZEjd5BH1Rx+JQuO7HlE/Talz+pamfK6UW5Z1mGLxVWmCHe7Vzl8ZG9m7d++KBxHwXp7LY064txe++N7d0Ph4hZePgRGGLD3cz1ocbcj4vJFFZlSZ2S/1Ht7tmAZHR9TpPPK9QN8DTE9pdJ3Xja8wwZQ6gwtnqA9IP02wh3D5bFjcs5NhbDiHJ707nt/79ttvi3k+5insCUrKC5/P22GAD6HVLL5GLY42Y3x+mMoVzP/51Vnfc+sOL+mWe3fpKf349gUdFWbneoTlUDjs8dE1XQ5PKC3KPqbe4C+UvRm73t/iaz2IPZpgB3FhCy4iNjw2Ni0/T4a8bGr8t+gYPp85ZAOMe4kLIGDzATKgxdFGja80LpU81ytM+z/QxfCJ6+kVZtihwdusGM6yKRYj4Zrx+cJmExplGb0e9JwJdp7TiOcPD/ilCXaol8tDWunhsWGFvbz7XDOXIwbICc9cD14PiwEtjjZjfDJnJ0NVldfPNBk+oSR9TJ3HR+RMjs3wMT3uPK4vdGjGF5TphtCHn+enCRbQcBAf2YjkDoxNGl5MDhug1AMDjNk57O9aHG3I+GRxI1iEyKd0cca9s2rl1hkWD4dl2y1Ns6dueBzODwbGl19ldJIeU+/snR/eytBXyjhc0TTBDuVqQ8NjI+KFi1284no31bPcBXbUsR4DWhytZnzqHF6HBmNex+V0llfU76TlPF/aG1A2nrrhK2OWucDA5JwZpr4H6C8sMD6t3KTTp/Ow3PX4MH+WJph50EsAstHwwgRf2zo9Lz4/ntPj7/G2JTCKIa/0ALfZ01yGA/u3z4AWRw2Nb/vgUMM8A5pg80ftxxY2rPvOtbG5MSc8Fygrtfwuc4Oc2Lzqixc95HwY4Krs7cfxWhzB+Axrpwm2Sbg87OO/8MXmEm8L96/6OTQ8Npgw7WTVsvh4DbO2bZWytdXkdUx0UZ1aWav2UBeVje3LGdDiCMa3nLfWjtAE2xQYDkYun/8kMLVt69bHZUnOnRie9NLWLXPb58UGyE+BEW7WrZvLYI7DOUzZtskfmHXxPYTztDiC8RlWXhNsk3C1ntJ9e3xsFBLY+2J4MadsgHI3CGtwHwNkjnlOMzR93sbzi+j1xcxv57sWRzC+7XC9kVI1wTZS8BYKCQ1PzCIM9i1UufUi42tiM9z3a9o6aQYr0OIIxmdQKIGkCSb7rLyzEfC8HWMVw7vv8NDKtQmO0AD3tRcr1/IQ37U4gvEZbgmaYFbgiuGxERyq4cVcswHKyjQMMGbH7nctjjZkfJzDN3KPoNri9efTMf3wAPL3hEJNMNm3qfdFvTNt/o/rjA2PjeChzVXFK9W4D3hTrXE75WhxtBHjux0P6CiRRObtgKfiiS4JHQ3GtIun32/pKlYqVhNspQIWHMxGJT0XroMn2nkCP5y/4v38F77YJKWHx/vYAB7yKzRA5jD8EeHPbIi8ss1caQ9TYO7vm97zkPlveu1aHMH4mrLXwnGaYE1hsLlxMIZpFHwub2fz4pVG3sffuXfHdXGQykszPg50NsiHbnjCkbwzH8ydGJ9wLD8obG5ytwrvk9ci49NMUs7B++oMaHHU0PgWPwXZ9faqx1EVPbLilrNj+qr3pX+cFN9XO6Gsd0RJL6Npif1DtC2uhx9D9SNNPl3Q4Kiqw/3To/hcLjTc5u8DTr+k3lf+qdDFrXJ3PCm6xGXjgyZYU2RiZnGPgg2NAzLs3XGZfDzvk+2a8TWt+6Efx/zyj4twyXzwZ97Of/LSjE90C4+T4/G+HgNaHDUzviVPQZ4b6hbGl/inL3+m6U/vaZqHpiQXUN/mHkiQUHqS0VWe0+zynHpp4h5hNTfUrZ/rSgy3yQMQ/ENM8yn99NMVXd/5pOjioVgCrvV3TbBVQEkPJDyHy+S0jGUvGN8yhvT9zDlzrM37xXrwcfEPE5fK54amqdeErU0Z0OKomfEVRrb4Kci68UUPHqj1xgRyaFT+sVXlk1vkGP++tvGFT3FZ9qToj1Gl7X7VBLsPIglKLdjicmF8MSPNvvOwl3VrMh2wyPia1YSjmjKgxVEz41vyFGTd+OLn5YUmJ5DDbf5/9yZPKZsqyxdrG19QnjwdRn3KTIxXMLb3rgm2ChoeNsUvHoLxPF38YlPknob0SmB8MUPNvvMcHuumcR/34mB8zTi971FaHDU0Pl/1gqcg75vx3f2k6PvSvLnzNcGali63XMXDWp6EZ/MLJ9m5TN7O9cl2Nj6ekMdrdQaYx3ChSEoQjuXHhY+Le9/MP+ujGaeUg/fVGNDiaDXjC+oLn4K8tvH5Xpxb8NjAULdWnszxBT2+Rk+KDi6y5Y+aYE0hcXBxoImRyXnc62BD4+BiU+TAk4AMg5B7hYsCWMrCu84A95yZO+aXdeA/5pa3hRyzBryIEQ6Lxfi0Xrlem2y9oenF93TylOfHZRvemQEtjhoZ39KnIBdzgP5fQ3JNxfd46Ojn19ITGl5eE5VPaE5IVnrrixt8yFs65QebFquxblhc9daWlacZX7MnRVtpLppgm8DGgciBxQbIgcef47QXNkgOXO754bU6A8wd6yd/wnNYEvfq2Pxijlmf1V78VPKn1JV/wbrayQd/tBZHjYxv6VOQ8ysanXadyJyuohofG9kFnff9cfw/eAd/dE9sLlNc4nSW4J+S8xOeR8+pUzQm14u7uzzN+FjjBk+KNtIUNMGMQAOMBgzwjwf35uJed4NTmx/iYy/tndPlDF09jTgtjhoan1Yctm2bAU2wbdeJ8veJAf//Zx7Afxy8jypaHMH47sPols/VBNtylSh+bxi4oavsGaXJFzQYf9ob1G0A1eIIxteGEg3r1ARreCoOOzQGZu9p2Dv2NwXc0qxIxF+cW3tol3+f69HiCMZ3H0a3fK4m2Car5NXHOG2Cv/PEPF6bYYDn+eKFIy45XMltUlM+fUdnbHzJMZ0MX9ELXvTrnNEY83pL6dPiCMa3lLb2DtAE2xQaXjnkFUX+k1VEDlL+zvVudUJ+UxexB+XIwwlC8+NVXOY4TG1pcimS9cDnJhjiNqGsOEaLIxhfY/p2f6Am2CZRsLnFBqdt22SdD60s5pPzJPlHRV7aNtl397tP4Urkfva7j8Zex4AWRzA+w61DE8wwXEDbAQP55JxO+hlNMMRtzLYWRzC+xvTt/kBNsN2jQI1gYL8Z0OIIxmdYU00ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLo9L4eCf+wAHaANrAIbaB2JFL44t34Hv7DHADxAsMgIH7MaDFEYzvfpxu9WxNsK1WiMLBwAEyoMURjM+w0JpghuECGhgwyYAWRw2Nb0bjQcfNAXaHNMnj6/tMk+ETt7+X0TTerX7/QFnviJLGx6uFNN84zaiXHFEv+9D8nJaP1ARrGRKqBwN7x4AWR6sbX/KEhpPP9YvPL2nYTWF8dVbu/U0T7N6FogAw8MAY0OJoNeNLH1Pn8RF1h5cUdvryyZC6xb6Umvfg0ONb1v40wZadg/1gAAzUGdDiaDXjO3pOr//6jNLacNcNc9P+n+hlNHTNpxd03u+WaTJpb0DZeOpNMza+G5qOMxr0jv3xKXX6r2g8vamuYjaht4MepT71Ju2d0dvJNRHd0jR7SknylLLprT8+2hYNdfPpmLKgrCQJ6/Pnpl9S7yuPp3bNFaRtftIE22Z9KBsMHCIDWhytaHwDGv86on4aDHeLYe5j6o/G9Tm72QUNOimlve/pgs0rn9LFGZvWFzQYfyKi0Phymo3PqJMcU2/4nmbM/uw9DdkEO2c0nuVE+c+UnRxTkj6j7Oqm2p+e0uj6ZjXj80PztHdOl1w23dD04nvqpQml/RFdl0aaUmdwQbN8Sj/9JIa9u6ahCba72lETGDgMBrQ4Wt34bj/SqP/YD3e9YRXm83NgfDldj04pjecDxXAKcwmNj8t8REnUqyqG0Mkj6o8+kvuczg2znTRR767YGG2Lenxzkso8ZbHYIucGBj93wvY3aIJtv1bUAAYOiwEtjtYwPm9qhUk5Eyx6RbUenF8FPhrQWEaeBZehwQXGJ6aj3j3iVmJvxwM6WrgqK0bVfKhb9PLGf6MsyyjLXlK/Ey7OaOXtvjFogu0eBWoEA/vNgBZHaxgfEV374e7FD8GwNzAyWmR8/pjCNIPjaz1BneSNGl9+RaNTnnvsUn/4mrLsDY0u/+lWpms9vtBIdVzb3KoJts36UDYYOEQGtDhaz/jI9fQedx4HCx2BkdGaQ91iyByuF1cyrD7UldxDb17BUDccQpc1FGaekFuVRo+v5AUfwMBKDLj58pOnGV3pobxSaZs4eIPGJ8YWzrmFxseLE+ssbqTUOX1LUyasXAzx82zx4kbZa+P9//FzirI4Ui1WlCu9gfG5HmtQ1+ySMll93qseX8T5JlqJVkY+pfEPY6dLud+3gf/6hr7tppSeLGjo0ptftL8sL/5g48cnRuW+L+C9+PFsd5RQ4W2Dv2u6HD6lrsRwBabVTxs0vmC4WyYzzzeG1dNZXlVzbUlC9fQXNtN6OkvS6dO5pMdwcJ73qVOmurygl4WZzff4wlVcJsUNeV+5VJqFq8S7104TrI5invP6/k18WzRt4Xr93eFPdFnctaMvBKm960aw2gjcRsCijAQ5J5z7lm1tvu+YP98RqTIl2rz2et1aHDUc6tYLwrfdMKAJVq+5ReOTeV7+4Ss+h71/QelvZbxjCkOOnH/fceDOA7hji8a7/BDUk/vvKGTLu3bJH/f0TijtPKdRmHe75StsWrwWRzC+puy1cJwmWB2GD8DOM+qXid9d6p9fBMPSJYnhxRTAMfUGfwx6213qZ5c0k0WqcrW9Q4NxkWVJxWJTmX4UrtYHCIvpjvk7faojcppNfgyS1rmXHyeld6k/+KbsySedU8qKpHVXSrNE9B69eCGJ72Gi+oIywpEEH1IbafD5/+24Cu8zvx3T4Eh6vTHnflRR6uJNKe3R4GU1Spm/tnd0Vup6TL0Xz6mXyv3mmvmG22Lja4pp1aT9G7rKngX5uZW6Vj5pcQTjs6KOgkMTrH6Yb+hl4rfMbUrvq0FieGF8CVVB94nGgy8oKXMwtaGu3K3Dyd7u5Ya0kpzO22QeWMygjrz45nuK5byuJK0XhiqBy2boE81r+7kKd494uX9hIjqX4RPp4zLKuWhJZve9lzLR3vMhhlvOPctCWHD9vmfruJD55nC+2uWkVncasYlmNOEkeo+jzGWNcOVTMcH1jG8lTHcl7Qt/xY0Ft/7GA5/or0hsYZMWRzA+C8oswKAJVj/UG1/Z8+K9fnhZ5FDqPbHavFthfGKUrnS3XwJMMb7CcPhunY8VHL/45O584c2u7up7dWj5ydft8kDLrf6DGF9onLLtjgUEb4b11fnQkMknw7MJ/bI80V4bxhfbQuOb/yGIr6bOqVxHeG1et+K2yxsVV72MsHcntYXbpI7FXNXLk+NDTFJu9V4Z8DGdDF/RC85/lburqsNMfdLiCMZnSqI6GE2w+hGuoR8NxlTliUsDfkrZ1fvqqTnlcFUere6NrTAfMTlfem3bvPEVATM3b+d7eLK9MAfp4dRRV9+kd8WYeLj9F8reyOpxcB2L7r8uCuIh3IqJ6OX1TarHqc3x44ztQ5E4Xw3xHfbQYKTnGf8QTGn8hpPjM8qGMpwVnpddG/cyO5TENwAUnEoZEYYCWLhNqYMXAFfCVCkVfsqvMjpJpR3Vf1TC46x81uIIxmdFHQWHJlj9sGbGt7zXJcHkSy+NgZ9dGBufN7hwfktAFcMzNoAPzlBqPVE5SHmfTWiUZfRaHhpRTJL/Z/n912VK04qJ6OX1eeMTs1agucT5JcZXGFLVs8qnb+m06An1aVjcGfQPuhy/pG5555FiSuX94VzO5o1vPUwKIcUmP5LgzIuV05QWlbm97VocPQDj4x7BqP6Ul+1xvNGSNcHqFfhf+JrB+DmpcKh7R2BTaQLBA1pr22Lj40Yv92rX0cgwO/3mBb3o3rWoEZ9Xfa+GX/+31PjcsVGvsjYMFYOpD9/cebxN8j+jMio4+op1bTgdp7H4IWuNc5nvlB8YwVWZZTXvx9vWHOoWCywyBA/rmLkfopUxhUTUP+eTczqR+cn6LnPftDg6eOPTf7HNaaMC0gSrH+iNj2+9K1ZhZXHjmE6ynyknWdwIkrXLyXlvBjWT86XXtvkAkqApjKVuJCGmchgkx4c7o8/u2GPqnb3zq9Ay9OXyZ0uNT9JoqsWRRYno1QKJzFGVPRVZVChTMYRDmff0PyTpCQ0vr4PEejGY+IdATK5Lp6Mrp8Ek8yvmTY3vtlzsKBduZFGh7DX6XtdCXKHxiZGuiikSbE+/anEE4zMspiZYHa4zvrT3nF6UaQ9ignIk93jvSDOMzO4AAAOtSURBVAyvmZw/J9pWDpOSI3rSe0JHtR6m1CPvLiDvHF7LobwKG2GrktLDwJUZzHibmJTMN/GQV0tE79I3/a/8cxx5LvFHt5LqccSJ9gmnmWQy1+hWZavk+CidpZbGUhboH8HmcXX6NHw9UB57tqjH565XTJrbQZFkX6T1iHmyB4fPuwxSkrS7j8ofvFUwlULt9QctjpobX0RcGWzlXA834rsfJFoXin+F5x9MmvbkjgsWiHsDIxr/0z0rr2gAklZQtrHogaJBDpbr7Xmhk4SOBv+kD/zA0vABo0Wjiido/a/pnQG+/bagCbb9Wg+phtgo9/va1KH9fl/STtBrcdTQ+JZ192VIFeQuSddclrrLvKQlDyYth20y7OEcM58RLsMSMaSyzEU5WOQSbROZnJZACB4wOhrSN+UDSL0OxXBOhjo70UatRBNMPRAbFzAgeoc9qwWHmtocD5d5jckP4yWeTOG1DUaLo2bGpxlBbYJX7yFVv1AN8qXkeX5iajzC4P/lUc5pMLnhRLs0jmi+yeOSoVZ9jk8CITwnnoxeUG4L2mqCtQBjj6sUvffN+OLhNY9a5u842WNhdgpdi6NGxlc3D8HszY6HumKCWi5UYVz/q+cl+SRXl63uJ+rLoTORW3GU3hrXGxqfJHxWQ1m+wPLPl1PHrgeCM1jp4ekmLle9y3dNsF3Wj7rAwCEwoMXRRo1PelnzZIWGFe71Zlf08tY0viWrh02MT+4yKAz4Ez9kVUwwxLr7z5pgu0eBGsHAfjOgxVEj45O0gdq/lZReXtGz8r2khSa0YPhYG5auanxS5h05WPz/12qZ93qPr7qv9Ji+6n05/79CWtJdE6wlKKgWDOwtA1ocNTM+ihY3KFh4KIxPFjfuyBcrFyKWLG40HuryyNc97LRc/ChvUg96bEVqhpjjIuMLyuLhcjDP2KbammBt4kHdYGAfGdDiqKHxuclW9+8hZaI1fjTPfE5WPV0lzjvS01lq/5C8MK1Fc3xOgjhFZj4HS/6/Biec/pX+Z+7/74qUMmcYmKbsauldE6wlKKgWDOwtA1ocNTe++LJrw9R45z5+l6FzuOLb7nVogrWLCLWDgf1jQIujZsbn01nKW4PomibZKXXKZ5btHxlziGUoXvzP37m9rWzQBGsFCCoFA3vMgBZHzYzvzluL9piRArrM+wUPqzRySZpgRqABBhjYGwa0OGpofHtzjQcFVBPsoC4QFwMGdsCAFkel8fFO/IEDtAG0gUNsA7G//j9Fr6GU5glUvAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>H<sub>2</sub>O forms hydrogen bonding «while SCl<sub>2</sub> does not» ✓</p>
<p>SCl<sub>2</sub> «much» stronger London/dispersion/«instantaneous» induced dipole-induced dipole forces ✓</p>
<p><em><strong><br>Alternative 1:</strong></em><br>H<sub>2</sub>O less volatile <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>hydrogen bonding stronger «than dipole–dipole and dispersion forces» ✓</p>
<p><em><strong><br>Alternative 2:</strong></em><br>SCl<sub>2</sub> less volatile <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>effect of dispersion forces «could be» greater than hydrogen bonding ✓\</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Ignore reference to Van der Waals.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “SCl<sub>2</sub> has «much» larger molar mass/electron density” for M2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>pressure decrease «due to larger volume» ✓</p>
<p>reactant side has more moles/molecules «of gas» ✓</p>
<p>reaction shifts left/towards reactants ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Award M3 only if M1 <strong>OR</strong> M2 is awarded.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Properties of elements and their compounds can be related to the position of the elements in the periodic table.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the decrease in atomic radius from Na to Cl.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the radius of the sodium ion, Na<sup>+</sup>, is smaller than the radius of the oxide ion, O<sup>2−</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State a physical property of sodium oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>nuclear charge/number of protons/Z<sub>eff</sub> increases «causing a stronger pull on the outer electrons» ✔</p>
<p>same number of shells/«outer» energy level/shielding ✔</p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p><em>Accept “atomic number” for “number of protons”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>isoelectronic/same electronic configuration/«both» have 2.8 ✔</p>
<p>more protons in Na<sup>+</sup> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any one of:</em><br>brittle ✔<br>high melting point/crystalline/solid «at room temperature» ✔<br>low volatility ✔<br>conducts electricity when molten ✔<br>does not conduct electricity at room temperature ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept soluble in water.</em></p>
<p><em>Ignore any chemical properties.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Lithium reacts with water to form an alkaline solution.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A 0.200 g piece of lithium was placed in 500.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of water.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the coefficients that balance the equation for the reaction of lithium with water.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAsMAAABFCAYAAACv+uuuAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAAA3ySURBVHhe7d0NVFRnfsfxnxxrrC8cZTUahQlqPKisngkibVZPik1MOIm6s+jJ2iW6WAkx75LWYnRjbRpj3HTFmLV6iC8UpbUm6qyrVo1GkxOTrCKhGjCEqEiNErWEEkyUNTO9w1xggEEGmDXi/X7OmcPwzMwB/s9z5/7muc+9dHIbBAAAAFhQiPkVAAAAsBzCMAAAACyLMAwAAADLIgwDAADAsjpFRAzkBDoAAABYQmnpWfOeV00YbtwIAAAA3GpstvAmYZhlEgAAALAswjAAAAAsizAMAAAAyyIMAwAAwLIIwwAAALAswjAAAAAsizAMAAAAyyIMAwAAwLIIwwAAALAswjAAAAAsizAMAAAAyyIMAwAAwLIIwwAAALAswjAAAAAsizAMAAAAyyIMAwAAwLIIwwAAALAswjCs5VqeMuzhsmfk6ZrZ1ND/yJkySrYUp8rMlnouVeWtUELCCuVVucy25lQoL+PnSsg4oiqzpWPx1sFvnVqsoQ9XmfKcy5QyPFw2m/c2PGWZth4svk5dfOtcrTLn08brHlRGnvmKqiPKSPi58X2F9/tbSRvHp6ssT86MWRpu1thmi1NKxls6WFxpPsNU5lSKby19XMtbJnszjwV9PHf4PgzS9lGjNe8rhlt5/AM/EMIw0ECEHGuOqXSNQ/3NljpVR/Xm/N9p9LxfKKZHS5tOL8XMekKjM1/Rm1bdaVUVKCt1spJ2SBNzclVSelalJbnKmSjtemKipjYXrFqqc4/RmjUvSpnzswMLD7eUxuPTCFJFG5Q6frZ2aJJyDp9SqVHnksOrNVG79cR9vwxCaPKEtWzNz4zSvFmj1cNsbRdL92EjrXpfMVA7IOgIw0BAqnVu30Zldpmu5Hv7mG0tCP1LJad3U2bmQZ1rcZ91rWYGNPDZpJtdhfLe/JUWnn1UOcvnyBHT3/tmE9JfMY45Wp7zlJTh74NCIHUOUei9SUrvslmZ+84aUa2trqg4a7ZSsgo66Oy9wROknntNZ1NXanmaQzH9u9Q0h/SPkSPtN8pJM8rc3tDkOqt9mZvVJT1J94YGa5fR2j70zMT+rJlZ646sDe8rQRv/AGoRhoEGmlkm4TqtvesOaGjiPRpSu9VUFWu/76Hp4bOUsd/38H9XDRk7QUN3vaW9J6+YbRZRma8tmYWyT3tQ9iazXSHqYX9Q0+yFytySrwYH8v3V2Z+QOzU28U7tWveuTrY5DXQ1fs409Vs6U3M6TCD2HZ8uVeb+XpmFIzVt4kg/M7a9ZJ/4U9kLN2tLbrnZ1nquk+9q3a47lTj2zrodRtNlGVFKWJCjvLJq8xmVKt6/on55TEK6MhZMMu4/LWeZ+XEvKH3Ywfkd79UqO7K6vnbG+8prr3lqTe2AP5Xr7W4AmFwnP9LW/Ds0ftRAc6O5pINLZmrmnkFaVXNoulDvpP+ZMmcu0tvF9cE3ZNAojQ/L1dZDZyw1g3PtizztvBzpU69Ganbmsbq8M09f+EyFN61zc7pq0KjRCst/R4fa80Ej9Cd6ask9OrSwIwXiWt/qi0/+oMthozVqUFezraGQIfco0X5ROz8pbeMRhys6eegd5fv+DFeRslP/Ri8UxMtZWGqM/VM6vCVN4VvTlfTGh0YM9iyryNIzMzdK6XtU6Hl8Xk/t2fCJ9/V1gtSHHVjT8e6p3WolT1lXX7vsMSpat0eXax6vRe2AYCIMAy26pgsFucrXUA0aUBs6vlPFV545zVCF9uhc8zUqebVOlOYoeahPMOncV4Nib1P+Byd0wWzqSMozJmtw3eyfeRs8WRkBTTT2Ue+entr401k9e/U2foDxQeJSbUzzV+fmdR4wWLE6rg8KLpotbdFFAxz/pJy0gdq7MFFTFzhV3NHWYdrC1LO5d/KQbup1+20qLyg1Pr7VKlCGY1jDPjVugx3L1LRbL6rgg+NS7GANqO3KkCglby/SiTXTFVUz699F/UeP17ih3XX5qwojopcrd8tmFdqfVPqMaPXwPB4/W/OmR3pf7yM4ffjDad/24W+8+6ndmGSlp/+V+Xi9jl474GZCGAYCFTZYtj61iWCg7p87Vw+c+bUcI2zeKyQ4d/scJq7VW7boO6QLFfqmccaqObO/dicaqbhnnY12rs2d2X/jhKVt1ynPiW++t1PblRZmPuG6Lunrb5qbj7ymbyq+blRTk782f/rYFB121Sjtt01n3RvUtqXbj+XIOGK86LIKNzyt++Zs93MlkZtYaXnTsVXL9a0qLlxVWLTN+GhSK1ppzs8a9qlxO+V8Xs11a8PXe1SrLG+3nE6ncVurBQ9N1sJ8c+7S9b8qOX5RYeNHaVDdHqaXho2xm/d9NNuH3jX09X10j57de6RhiLcvU17bpruDpn3bh8l3vF8r1Sc7SxrVrov6RQ5Rd/O7Otcb/wBahTAMtEmIekRN15oThdqfvUpLHpJ2vZAiR9wULTx4LrCdU3+H1tTtREt0eIWj0c51j9JignLu/g3X+a4YPdy9RAeOfem/Fq4zOrQ1V90fjtFdAeTeVmtQ25Zun8qZNsZ4UXeNmP5b7V8+uemVRG5K3XTX3X+h7uVHdey0/0Pl3sPwffXw3TYFrcyuczq4cIriHCt1pMLTu7drwuvZesneJK61Q2ejC3/r00cfacUDYxqG+PznFfOnGDsALIcwDASqwSH9WqEaGj9JjsTntaZgvxEIPlfWxsM+SyK+VmnBeSMv9Gr+UHYH5yrbr4UJUTWzdcNTVuuIZ3Y81K4pqSOUv2mP8pssO3CpKn+PNhkhLXHCj40KNuK3zn5cKlVB+W1Gabu1442sWuec/6ikjC/1wEtb9fZih4YGcnmrm0KIQmMnKXXEcW3acdzPeucK5e/4nfK7/7UmxLRmqrIp32UWrpN7tSzra03PXq/FyYlyOCYp/o7vVFxszgyH/EiRI/uq/MAxna7revNIQGNB6cObWbXKDr6shJrZ7DilrPhQZY03B9/x3tmmux+ObFS7an1VcrLRmmHDLV874MZhGwJa1Fm3R8fKrmKdPmfOwLlK5ZwdVx/+PAGv+LA+KJbs44brdu+zjAxwUadzrzZsu6Vc0vtvLNeF2e+opPRT5UQf0D/vPm1Uo5diHntZL4VvlGPqi9qQ57n2gaHmn3As15yklVJahl6I9z347qfOdW0l2vPeiQaB79q5U8rVSI2L7mu2tEHlh1r5wkca+9J6LU/2rNHsYHqM1mOvz1V45qOa6nM1B+/VHv7OCPlGmXOeV3ybL4nWV9HjRkq5p3TOzGsh/SI1svtFHX33v73BrqpIzqW/0Ya6tBam2CmPaET+v2pptuekRM/VEbK0dOl75uP1gtKHNzNjfL0x56Jmf2wE3sKVit6Vqd11J7z5G++Na2e8rxS9Zc3aATcQYRg3EfOyUc2uBaxdR3idtbTmWtGWrtfr98SX66xB9J6Vf77+sH+ITZMXrdT8fjs1JW6w8XqbRkzYrH7zNypzRlTdhuU6fUwHymMbXJaq/W5cnVrWR/GLf6/VDpvx93VVz95/brYbekQrOXO78aHhR3ovKVaRnhpHxtb8E46HVu3Q22ljmoTPJnWuaUvQosVTpYyfaVzd73tFp48dVbl9gsYOaflkO/+uqHjrJn2VHmAQbrFmLfWLIejj07tcJ/PAf2h2n3eVVDMWwxUZ5/knHAlatf/flBbTy3xuW3gvD2j3XYoR+hM9k52m8Ld+qbhI4/ca8fc6MnSa0h4YIB3K02eVRtfHzFaW8zn125SoEbbBipvxsfpNvtv7+jrB6EM/2t1PAWw/gQqN1+L81+UY0EXqFqrexhdfTce70Z+e2m35W2npg0btjPeV5z5VdOINqh1gVRERA90AWnLV/eW2Z93DJq13f/692dSi79yfr/+Fe9jj29xfBvyajuv78/vcL85a4j5w/qrZ0hYB1vn7z9zrJ411P77tjNsCpf1hfX/Gve3xse5J6z9rR63/6D6/7Sl3RMRT7m3n/+htslQfXnWfP7DEPevFfe7zDf7YQMa7930kYtiL7gP/Zz6J8Q+0mb/cy8wwEJAuGnD/o0qt3qCs9+svUnVdlR8ra+m3Sk2N14BbfUurKlD2ov/S4LlPKt78L2htE0idXap8P0dLqx9R6v3hQZxxh18h4bo/9RFVL83R+5W18/XtZaU+9Cx1+E8t2jRQc/9hvPo3+GMbj/dLOrhgnGwJL+tg3fKr3cradFwjUicptma5C+MfCDa2IyBQnvWZr/xUR1/99wD+vW2F8tau0tHU+XqsXYepb3aeHf0GpYx7Q0pbqOSoJqfDtV5Lda46qrWvFin1lRmK6TAnu3VknkP3M/RKapFeXXvUz4l6bWCZPqxUUdaTGveasXn8S5J5XeZGGoz3MN37TIYWj/6DZtQuv7pvrZS0VlnPmcuKGP9A0HXyTBd7LlMDAK3mKlKWw+caswbP5eFy02LEVa9gda7iLDnu+5Xyze+913je0mEvmQjcCjznVTTOvYRhAAAAWIK/MMwxFgAAAFgWYRgAAACWRRgGAACAZRGGAQAAYFmEYQAAAFgWYRgAAACWRRgGAACAZRGGAQAAYFmEYQAAAFgWYRgAAACWRRgGAACAZRGGAQAAYFmEYQAAAFgWYRgAAACWRRgGAACAZRGGAQAAYFmEYQAAAFgWYRgAAACWRRgGAACAZRGGAQAAYFmEYQAAAFgWYRgAAACWRRgGAACAZXWKiBjoNu8DAAAAt7TS0rPmPa9OboN5HwAAALAUlkkAAADAsgjDAAAAsCzCMAAAACyLMAwAAACLkv4f8nSq4A7/AiEAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the molar concentration of the resulting solution of lithium hydroxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas produced, in cm<sup>3</sup>, if the temperature was 22.5 °C and the pressure was 103 kPa. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest a reason why the volume of hydrogen gas collected was smaller than predicted.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The reaction of lithium with water is a redox reaction. Identify the oxidizing agent in the reaction giving a reason.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe two observations that indicate the reaction of lithium with water is exothermic.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>2 Li (s) + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → 2 LiOH (aq) + H<sub>2 </sub>(g) ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>L</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>«</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>0200</mn><mo> </mo><mi>g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>94</mn><mo> </mo><mi>g</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0288</mn><mo>«</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>l</mi><mo>»</mo></math>✔</p>
<p>«n<sub>LiOH</sub> = n<sub>Li</sub>»</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mi>LiOH</mi></mfenced><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0288</mn><mo> </mo><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>l</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5000</mn><mo> </mo><mi>d</mi><msup><mi>m</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0576</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>l</mi><mo> </mo><mi>d</mi><msup><mi>m</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mn>2</mn></mfrac><mo>×</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0288</mn><mo> </mo><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>l</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0144</mn><mo> </mo><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>l</mi><mo>»</mo></math></p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mi>V</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>n</mi><mi>R</mi><mi>T</mi></mrow><mi>P</mi></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mfenced><mfrac><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0144</mn><mo> </mo><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>l</mi><mo>×</mo><mn>8</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>31</mn><mo> </mo><mi>J</mi><msup><mi>K</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><msup><mi>l</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>×</mo><mfenced><mrow><mn>22</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>273</mn></mrow></mfenced><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>103</mn><mo> </mo><mi>k</mi><mi>P</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></mfrac></mfenced><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>3</mn></msup><mo>»</mo></math>✔</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>V</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>343</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><msup><mi>cm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mo>»</mo></math>✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept answers in the range 334 – 344 cm<sup>3</sup>.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for 0.343 «cm<sup>3</sup>/dm<sup>3</sup>/m<sup>3</sup>».</em></p>
<p><em>Award<strong> [1 max]</strong> for 26.1 cm<sup>3</sup> obtained by using 22.5 K.</em></p>
<p><em>Award<strong> [1 max]</strong> for 687 cm<sup>3</sup> obtained by using 0.0288 mol.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>lithium was impure/«partially» oxidized</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>gas leaked/ignited ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “gas dissolved”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>H<sub>2</sub>O <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>hydrogen gains electrons «to form H<sub>2</sub>»</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>H<sub>2</sub>O <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>H oxidation state changed from +1 to 0 ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “H<sub>2</sub>O <strong>AND</strong> H/H<sub>2</sub>O is reduced”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two:</em></p>
<p>temperature of the water increases ✔</p>
<p>lithium melts ✔</p>
<p>pop sound is heard ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “lithium/hydrogen catches fire”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not accept “smoke is observed”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This part-question was better answered than part (ii). 50% of the candidates drew a correct arrow between n=2 and n=3. Both absorption and emission transitions were accepted since the question did not specify which type of spectrum was required. Some teachers commented on this in their feedback. Mistakes often included transitions between higher energy levels.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">This question is about compounds of sodium.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Sodium peroxide is used in diving apparatus to produce oxygen from carbon dioxide.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">2Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (s) + 2CO<sub>2</sub> (g) → 2Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (s) + O<sub>2</sub> (g)</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Describe the structure and bonding in solid sodium oxide.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Write equations for the separate reactions of solid sodium oxide and solid phosphorus(V) oxide with excess water and differentiate between the solutions formed. </span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Sodium oxide, Na<sub>2</sub>O:<br><br>Phosphorus(V) oxide, P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>:<br><br>Differentiation:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Sodium peroxide, Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, is formed by the reaction of sodium oxide with oxygen.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">2Na<sub>2</sub>O (s) + O<sub>2</sub> (g) → 2Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (s)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the percentage yield of sodium peroxide if 5.00 g of sodium oxide produces 5.50 g of sodium peroxide.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine the enthalpy change, <em>ΔH</em>, in kJ, for this reaction using data from the table and section 12 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="219" height="96"></span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline why bond enthalpy values are not valid in calculations such as that in (c)(i).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The reaction of sodium peroxide with excess water produces hydrogen peroxide and one other sodium compound. </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest the formula of this compound.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the oxidation number of carbon in sodium carbonate, Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«3-D/giant» regularly repeating arrangement «of ions»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>lattice «of ions» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>electrostatic attraction between Na<sup>+</sup> and O<sup>2−</sup> ions <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong> Note:</strong> Do <strong>not</strong> accept “ionic” without description.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Sodium oxide:</em><br>Na<sub>2</sub>O(s) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → 2NaOH (aq) <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Phosphorus(V) oxide</em>:<br>P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> (s) + 6H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → 4H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> (aq) <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Differentiation</em>:<br>NaOH / product of Na<sub>2</sub>O is alkaline/basic/pH > 7 <em><strong>AND</strong></em> H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> / product of P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> is acidic/pH < 7 <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">n(Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) theoretical yield «= <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{5.00{\text{ g}}}}{{61.98{\text{ mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>5.00</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>61.98</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>» = 0.0807/8.07 × 10<sup>−2</sup> «mol»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>mass Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> theoretical yield «= <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{5.00{\text{ g}}}}{{61.98{\text{ mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>5.00</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>61.98</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> </span>× 77.98 gmol<sup>−1</sup>» = 6.291 «g» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">% yield «= <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{5.50{\text{ g}}}}{{6.291{\text{ g}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>5.50</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>6.291</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> × 100» <em><strong>OR</strong></em> «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{0.0705}}{{0.0807}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0.0705</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>0.0807</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> x 100» = 87.4 «%» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong> Note:</strong> Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>ΣΔ<span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>H<sub>f</sub></em> products = 2 × (−1130.7) / −2261.4 «kJ» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">Σ</span><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">Δ</span><em>H<sub>f</sub></em> reactants = 2 × (−510.9) + 2 × (−393.5) / −1808.8 «kJ» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p>Δ<span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>H</em> = «<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">Σ</span><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">Δ</span><em>H<sub>f</sub></em> products − <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">Σ</span><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">Δ</span><em>H<sub>f</sub></em> reactants = −2261.4 −(−1808.8) =» −452.6 «kJ» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong> Note:</strong> Award <strong>[3]</strong> for correct final answer.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Award <strong>[2 max]</strong> for “+452.6 «kJ»”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">only valid for covalent bonds<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>only valid in gaseous state <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NaOH <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note:</strong> Accept correct equation showing NaOH as a product.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">IV <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Disappointingly many students did not realise that sodium oxide was held by ionic bonds, many said it was covalent or metallic bonding. The ones that knew it was ionic failed to describe it adequately to earn the 2 marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Very few students could correctly write out the two equations and so often were unable to realise it was acid/base behaviour that would differentiate the oxides.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates were able to correctly calculate the % yield but some weaker candidates just used 5.0/5.5 to find %.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The calculation of the enthalpy change using enthalpies of formation was generally answered well but common mistakes were students forgetting to multiply by 2 or adding extra terms for oxygen.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most students didn’t gain a mark and “values are average” was the most common incorrect answer. The fact this was an ionic compound did not register with them. Some students did gain a mark for stating that the substances were not in a gaseous state.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Some students correctly identified sodium hydroxide as the correct product, but hydrogen, oxygen and sodium oxide were common answers.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Oxidation number of +4 was often correctly identified.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>When heated in air, magnesium ribbon reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The reaction in (a)(i) was carried out in a crucible with a lid and the following data was recorded:</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible and lid = 47.372 ±0.001 g</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible, lid and magnesium ribbon before heating = 53.726 ±0.001 g</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible, lid and product after heating = 56.941 ±0.001 g</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"> </p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>When magnesium is burnt in air, some of it reacts with nitrogen to form magnesium nitride according to the equation:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">3 Mg (s) + N<sub>2 </sub>(g) → Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2 </sub>(s)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The presence of magnesium nitride can be demonstrated by adding water to the product. It is hydrolysed to form magnesium hydroxide and ammonia.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Most nitride ions are <sup>14</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the block of the periodic table in which magnesium is located.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify a metal, in the same period as magnesium, that does <strong>not</strong> form a basic oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the amount of magnesium, in mol, that was used.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the percentage uncertainty of the mass of product after heating.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Assume the reaction in (a)(i) is the only one occurring and it goes to completion, but some product has been lost from the crucible. Deduce the percentage yield of magnesium oxide in the crucible.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Evaluate whether this, rather than the loss of product, could explain the yield found in (b)(iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest an explanation, other than product being lost from the crucible or reacting with nitrogen, that could explain the yield found in (b)(iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate coefficients that balance the equation for the following reaction.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">__ Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2 </sub>(s) + __ H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → __ Mg(OH)<sub>2 </sub>(s) + __ NH<sub>3 </sub>(aq)</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the oxidation state of nitrogen in Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> and in NH<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce, giving reasons, whether the reaction of magnesium nitride with water is an acid–base reaction, a redox reaction, neither or both.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of subatomic particles in this ion.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAtYAAACPCAYAAADeDpzQAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAABFISURBVHhe7d1/bNR1nsfxl00Xia29Wg/aIDsWkHTbCjfWtmdccwd6Hg1Kd7Q5F6P2BhkJYiNXPW0oG2KI0sVzmS2yyrGoDT+iEstN4CQi4YfGNWzbnW3QDutVsI7YTFG7vdpW5Jrxvt/pt6VQCggfsUOfj+Qbv/P9fr6f7+f7jX+8+PD+frjsO4sAAAAAXJAE578AAAAALgDBGgAAADCAYA0AAAAYQLAGAAAADDjp40WXa6KzBwAAAOBMwuEjzl6fIauC2OH61EYAAAAATjhdZqYUBAAAADCAYA0AAAAYQLAGAAAADCBYAwAAAAYQrAEAAAADCNYAAACAAQRrAAAAwACCNQAAAGAAwRoAAAAwgGANAAAAGECwBgAAAAwgWAMAAAAGEKwBAAAAAwjWAAAAgAEEawAAAMAAgjUAAABgAMEaAAAAMCAug3VvcJXcrolyDdkK5fPvUnNX1Gl5/qKRoHYEI7rwngAAADAaxPGMda7KA39ROHzE2cIK7a5U+s4yFVe9q06n1XnpDaq6qFiV77QSrAEAAHBOLqFSkAQlTy2Sd26+urfuUbCTSAwAAICL59KusY4E5HMVyuv7pbJjpSL3qab5mF3noeDGpSrqLyHJni9/IKiIncV7g/LnF8vfLrX7izXZvUrBXvuSem1cOmeg7CTbt0qBgVKRXutWZX39vDyo36JlCjT3z51H1dW8S35f4aA+Vmv3wPnPFPBNl8u5HwAAAOLLJRSs7eD6lmpe+0A5C+YoP6X/0Vq158jPtTn0seq2VapoyjEFqx+WZ0VEs2sb1BI+rLoNBWpacq+81fXqSsxTecM2ladJaeXbdLjxMeUdq1e1936taLtDtXWHFW5p0IbpTVrieVjVwQ7nPpbu97TzUIGeD4UVDv2XyvW6Hn18q5rt9N35rqqKy7RzQpXqWo5Y53eqQps0r/+8firP+gMK2/dLtH8DAAAgnsRxsG6S3/Ozgdlfl8ulnNtekuau1vMP3ahkp5WUJPfcWXInj1WGO1cZXY2qXReSu+JJlRVkWC9gjDIKvKqoyFdo3XY1DCkhiaqzYbvWhfKtNl4VZIyx3lqGCsqeVIU7pHW1jYPqufM111ukqcnWa02epjvn5kuNDWo62iv1dKit22pyVYrs00rOlXd9ncLbvJp6Cf3xBgAAYLSK40h36seL9rZdz3hn9AXbAZdrfOoVAw/a+3FQb3Znaub0awY9/BilZ05RUvchtbQdd47169HHf/6jutNu1PRJY51jloSrlTltnLo/aFHbQBa/SqlX9k83J+rK1KucfUvGrXpi+Ux96r9LObHVS15TYLtTfgIAAIC4x1xpTFQ9He2yJ5TP3TfqaPs+a4+kKMu7VgdDe7VhdaVma5eWPFKswtlPa1/k1DAPAACAeDPqgnXidXm6I6lFew987nx4aOvV1x1/lZKmKDN9jHOs3xW67oa/V1L7n3Tgk2POMUu0Rx1Hv1XStEylf5+3mDxVMzwe3V3+kpp2Py13aIs27W9zTgIAACBejb4Z6xS3ShbkqHHls1pTb6/qcVyR+hqtXNlw4qPHxHGalJ+mb7/sVI/1ilLy52hBToPVpkb19uxyNKL6Nc9qZWOOFpS4leJ0fSbR1oAWZhfKt/p9p/yjU81/2K9mTdMtueNibQAAABC/RmEpSKryFr+oQGWGdpTkK9M1WYWl9cqtelU1iwucjx7TddP99+jajffreleZAl03aHHNJlWmv6mSwslyZear9ECuqgIvanFeauyKs0mYMFtPbV6s9B3zVJhpf2yZo9tfu1qVgd+odKpdu21qub1z6Ce2DOFEuf1Bnb6Js3yga5b8wS7n2KlM3IexDnW2+1ys573Exjpi/j9irEONtrHyvEMw1qEYa9y67DuLsx9jr7BhfwgIAAAA4PROl5lH4Yw1AAAAYB7BGgAAADCAYA0AAAAYQLAGAAAADCBYAwAAAAYQrAEAAAADCNYAAACAAQRrAAAAwACCNQAAAGAAwRoAAAAwgGANAAAAGECwBgAAAAwgWAMAAAAGEKwBAAAAAwjWAAAAgAEEawAAAMAAgjUAAABgAMEaAAAAMIBgDQAAABhAsAYAAAAMIFgDAAAABhCsAQAAAAMI1gAAAIABBGsAAADAAII1AAAAYEBcBuve4Cq5XVkq8teryzk2IBKQzzVL/uCQMxcmGlFwR1CRqPMbAAAAGCSOZ6y7FfKv0O+DHc7vH1KXgtX/Kk/lPrUSrAEAAHAacV4KUi9/5QYFu0i7AAAA+HHFcbDO0gPlDyon9DtV/v5PQ0tCBolGggr45yvbNVEueytaqo3BiPrieK8igTLreJkCkd7YkZOPdSjoL5HH3yS1r5Jnsl1mclAB33Rle+fLm233maXimo+s/o4rEtyspUVZffdxFcrnDygYOe70+1nfdb7/0MtL5zhtslS0NKDm/j8cdDVr9+CxZs+Xf3fzieeLlbpMlNsftEYJAACAkSKOg3Wi/vYfH9KK8pwzl4R01avae6+WNM1QIBRWOBzSrrlfaYXnYVWfUxlJsvLKaxUoz5XSHlPg8E6V5yXHznTvadffbf5QLXVbtbzoWvUE18rrqVbb7FdU13LEOv5bTW9aIY937Umz6t1vv6tDBc8pFA4rFHhE2lihx99otoL5l9pXNU/zdk7Si3WH+8Za8ROtm/eU3mg+1ndxhkfrw0fUWJ5nvQEAAACMFHFeCnKV8h6qVHlOaJiSkKg6G7ZrXShfFRX/oqxk+3FTlFVargp3SOtqG9XZ1/D8uH+hO92pSsjIlTujSw21WxRyL1JF2c3KsG6VkHGzyioWyR3aotqGducii7tE3uIsK7InKNk9S3PdUuN7B3VU36ijzR5RilKS7dhsjdUK5QfDm+WdOjZ2KQAAAEamOA/WluQb9dCKR4YpCTmutpZD6tY7WnbbdU7phbVl3qZljd3qbutQj9PyvIxP1ZX9b7A3rD+/2aK0mdM1adBbTUjP1LSkL/RBy1dO6Yll8HUJVyh1/OXOj2v0T088oX/+9Fl5clzK9q3S1sBbg0pJAAAAMFLFf7C2Z33zSk+UhOw/6hwfJOlBbfjQLgM5cvK23qMMp8kPpqdDbd3O/llZz5L1gNYfDGn3hhdVNVvascQnT2GJlu1rPRHMAQAAMOJcAsHalnqiJOTR5XrbOSqNUXrmFCV179Gu4KBSjLM6ptZPmp39c5To0g13ZKp97wF9MigBR7/u0FGN07TMq7/Hy07R1Blz5Ln7Ma1v2q3l7v9RzaY6qx8AAACMVJdIsLb0l4Q4P/skKCV/jhbkfKGNv16rfbGSiuOK1K+VL7t/JY8EXZGapiTV6b/f+khdsfOb9MK6pr4uYsZqwqSp0rcd6uwZbt44Tfkl9yin8QWtXPN+7B+SiUbe15qVL6gx5x6V5Kc57c4gGlZgYaGyfWtVHxtrVF3NdXrPyvjuW7I1vq8VAAAARqBLJ1hbj9JXElLg/HYkF2hxzSY9c+MfVVo4WS7XZBWW1iu36lWtK82yrrLC9z8s0uZnbteRZbOUY52f+Z9f6+a7b3A6sCVq/E13yXvt6yq93i1f4FPn+GD2/ReqJrBY6TvmqTBzojIL/00HcisVqFmovNiHk2eR4FLxU79TZfqbKomN1aWc27covXKTM1aLieX2ztpH/3KDZ/oXLPuWDnS5Vyk43EDOeh8TfYy2sV6s52WsQzHWIS7K81oY6yni6Xkv0jtjrENdUmONH5d9Z3H2Y+yP++z6YwAAAACnd7rMfAnNWAMAAAA/HoI1AAAAYADBGgAAADCAYA0AAAAYQLAGAAAADCBYAwAAAAYQrAEAAAADCNYAAACAAQRrAAAAwACCNQAAAGAAwRoAAAAwgGANAAAAGECwBgAAAAwgWAMAAAAGEKwBAAAAAwjWAAAAgAEEawAAAMAAgjUAAABgAMEaAAAAMIBgDQAAABhAsAYAAAAMIFgDAAAABhCsAQAAAAMI1gAAAIABBGsAAADAgLgM1r3BVXK7Jso13OYLKGI3jATkc02XL/BZ7DoTopGgdgQjijq/AQAAAFscz1jnqjzwF4XDR4Zu6z3KcFoZ1RtUdVGxKt9pJVgDAADgJJSCAAAAAAaMsmB9XJFgQH5foVM2kqWipZsVjBx3zlu6mrXbP1/ZTllJtm+1djd3xmar/fnF8rdL7f5iTXavUvAzu9SkUF7fL53296mm+ZhdL6LgxqUqcvpwZc+XPxBUpH+aO1aiUiiff42WFmU5Y5mjpYGP1BVrELWGsWvQOAeNI6bX6qLMOj5L/mDfFQAAAPhxjaJgbYXV4Fp5PSvUdMsrCtklI6GtmttWLY93rYJdVuqNhhX49/s0b12yqvYfts7vVIU2aV7xc9rX41Z5wzaVp0lp5dt0uPEx5f3E7rdVe478XJtDH6tuW6WKphxTsPpheVZENLu2QS3hw6rbUKCmJffKW13vBGdbq97eeVQFz9crHP5QgfJEbXx0ud6wg3nnu6oqLtPOCVWqa7HH6Yzj8a1qjoXzRGV41ljX7VR5XnKsNwAAAPy44jhYN8nv+dnAjO6JbbhZ3HY11G5RyL1IFaW5isXR5FyVViySO7RFtQ3tih7ao5d3/K/c1rHiCWNi573r6xQ+uFwzUoZ7VUlyz50ld/JYZbhzldHVqNp1IauPJ1VWkGG94DHKKPCqoiJfoXXb1dDZP21tX3efiqemWPupct/5C7n1gd5r+kLq6VBbt3X4qhQl27ftH8c2r6aOsr9jAAAAiBdxHNOG+3hxmFnc6Fdq+cAKrY2/0m2ZJ4J45m2/UqM61dbxjaJftyusyzU+9Yrv8WJObt/7cVBvdmdq5vRrBvUxRumZU5TUfUgtbf1lJydfl3BlqsY7+8q4VU8sn6lP/XcpJ1Yy8poC2weVkgAAAGDEieNgfX6SHtikD4eE8QNa7/mp0+KHEFVPR7vsSehzk6Is71odDO3VhtWVmq1dWvJIsQpnP619g+vBAQAAMGKMnmCdcLUyp41T99Y9Cg6UY5ws4co0ufStjnb0nPdyeonX5emOpBbtPfD5oD569XXHX61UP0WZ6WOcY+cgeapmeDy6u/wlNe1+Olaysml/m3MSAAAAI8komrFOU37JPcrpfl2/fm5vX1lFNKL61fYKIH2reSRMuVUPzv4bNa58Qdtaj1vnW7Vv2RwNrPaROE6T8tP07Zed6unrdKgUt0oW5Fh9PKs19fY/JHNckfoarVzZoJwFc5Q/bK32CdHWgBZmF8q3+n2n/KNTzX/Yr2ZN0y2542JtAAAAMLLEcbAe7uNFa7OXwut1mg1IUHLeQtUElunGukUqtOusM/NVeiBXVYHfqHTqWKuJS57nNuuVBV1actNk63yhSuum65n+80rXTfffo2s33q/rXWUKfP5/fV2fJFV5i19UoDJDO0rylemarMLSeuVWvaqaxQV9H02eRcKE2Xpq82Kl75jXN05Xjm5/7WpVDozjApfbiy33N1Fuf9Dq6XTOpf/PFPBNH+ZdO856HxN9mBjrxXpexjqUibGOlOe1MNZTjLaxXqznZaxDMdYhLsrzWi7KWOPHZd9ZnP0YO5jadccAAAAATu90mXnUfbwIAAAA/BAI1gAAAIABBGsAAADAAII1AAAAYADBGgAAADCAYA0AAAAYQLAGAAAADCBYAwAAAAYQrAEAAAADCNYAAACAAQRrAAAAwACCNQAAAGAAwRoAAAAwgGANAAAAGECwBgAAAAwgWAMAAAAGEKwBAAAAAwjWAAAAgAEEawAAAMAAgjUAAABgAMEaAAAAMIBgDQAAABhAsAYAAAAMIFgDAAAABhCsAQAAAAMI1gAAAIABBGsAAADAAII1AAAAYMBl31mcfblcE509AAAAAGcSDh9x9vqcFKwBAAAAnB9KQQAAAAADCNYAAACAAQRrAAAA4IJJ/w+IQzgWc/dNKgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Some nitride ions are <sup>15</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>. State the term that describes the relationship between <sup>14</sup>N<sup>3–</sup> and <sup>15</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The nitride ion and the magnesium ion are isoelectronic (they have the same electron configuration). Determine, giving a reason, which has the greater ionic radius.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two</strong> reasons why atoms are no longer regarded as the indivisible units of matter.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the types of bonding in magnesium, oxygen and magnesium oxide, and how the valence electrons produce these types of bonding.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="644" height="367"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>2 Mg(s) + O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 2 MgO(s) ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Do not accept equilibrium arrows. Ignore state symbols</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>s ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Do not allow group 2</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>aluminium/Al ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>53</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>726</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>47</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>372</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>244</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>31</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>6</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>354</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>24</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>31</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2614</mn><mo> </mo></math> «mol» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>mass of product <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>«</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>56</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>941</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>47</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>372</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>»</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>569</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mtext>⟨⟨100 × </mtext><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>001</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>9</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>569</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow></mfrac><mtext>=0.0209⟩⟩ = 0.02 «%»</mtext></math> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer </em></p>
<p><em>Accept 0.021%</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mo> </mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2614</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><mo>×</mo><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mn>24</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>31</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>+</mo><mn>16</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2614</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>×</mo><mn>40</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>31</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>10</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>536</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mn>100</mn><mo>×</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>9</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>569</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>10</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>536</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mo> </mo><mn>90</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>822</mn><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>91</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mo>%</mo><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award «0.2614 mol x 40.31 g mol<sup>–1</sup>»</em></p>
<p><em>Accept alternative methods to arrive at the correct answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept final answers in the range 91-92%</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>yes<br><em><strong>AND</strong></em><br>«each Mg combines with <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mfrac bevelled="true"><mn>2</mn><mn>3</mn></mfrac></mstyle></math> N, so» mass increase would be 14x<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mfrac bevelled="true"><mn>2</mn><mn>3</mn></mfrac></mstyle></math> which is less than expected increase of 16x<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>3 mol Mg would form 101g of Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> but would form 3 x MgO = 121 g of MgO<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>0.2614 mol forms 10.536 g of MgO, but would form 8.796 g of Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept Yes <strong>AND</strong> “the mass of N/N<sub>2</sub> that combines with each g/mole of Mg is lower than that of O/O<sub>2</sub>”</em></p>
<p><em>Accept YES<strong> AND</strong> “molar mass of nitrogen less than of oxygen”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>incomplete reaction<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Mg was partially oxidised already<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>impurity present that evaporated/did not react ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “crucible weighed before fully cooled”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept answers relating to a higher atomic mass impurity consuming less O/O<sub>2</sub>.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “non-stoichiometric compounds formed”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept "human error", "wrongly calibrated balance" or other non-chemical reasons.</em></p>
<p><em>If answer to (b)(iii) is >100%, accept appropriate reasons, such as product absorbed moisture before being weighed.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«1» Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2 </sub>(s) + <strong>6</strong> H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → <strong>3</strong> Mg(OH)<sub>2 </sub>(s) + <strong>2</strong> NH<sub>3 </sub>(aq)</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub>: -3</em><br><strong><em>AND</em></strong><br><em>NH<sub>3</sub>: -3 ✔</em></p>
<p><em><br>Do not accept 3 or 3-</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Acid–base:</em><br>yes <strong>AND</strong> N<sup>3-</sup> accepts H<sup>+</sup>/donates electron pair«s»<br><strong><em>OR</em></strong><br>yes <strong>AND</strong> H<sub>2</sub>O loses H<sup>+</sup> «to form OH<sup>-</sup>»/accepts electron pair«s» ✔</p>
<p><em>Redox:</em><br>no <strong>AND</strong> no oxidation states change ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “yes <strong>AND</strong> proton transfer takes place”</em></p>
<p><em>Accept reference to the oxidation state of specific elements not changing.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “not redox as no electrons gained/lost”.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for Acid–base: yes <strong>AND</strong> Redox: no without correct reasons, if no other mark has been awarded</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Protons</em>: 7 <em><strong>AND</strong> Neutrons</em>: 7 <em><strong>AND</strong> Electrons</em>: 10 ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">isotope</span>«s» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>nitride <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>smaller nuclear charge/number of protons/atomic number ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em><br><br>subatomic particles «discovered»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>particles smaller/with masses less than atoms «discovered»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«existence of» isotopes «same number of protons, different number of neutrons» ✔</p>
<p><br>charged particles obtained from «neutral» atoms<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>atoms can gain or lose electrons «and become charged» ✔</p>
<p><br>atom «discovered» to have structure ✔</p>
<p><br>fission<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>atoms can be split ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept atoms can undergo fusion «to produce heavier atoms»</em></p>
<p><em>Accept specific examples of particles.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for “atom shown to have a nucleus with electrons around it” as both M1 and M3.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[1]</strong> for all bonding types correct.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1]</strong> for <strong>each</strong> correct description.</em></p>
<p><em>Apply ECF for M2 only once.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was not as well done as one might have expected with the most common errors being O instead of O<sub>2</sub> oxygen and MgO rather than MgO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students did not know what "block" meant, and often guessed group 2 etc.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students confused "period" and "group" and also many did not read metal, so aluminium was not chosen by the majority.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A number of students were not able to interpret the results and hence find the gain in mass and calculate the moles correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Only a handful could work out the correct answer. Most had no real idea and quite a lot of blank responses. There also seems to be significant confusion between "percent uncertainty" and "percent error".</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was not well answered, but definitely better than the previous question with quite a few gaining some credit for correctly determining the theoretical yield.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This proved to be a very difficult question to answer in the quantitative manner required, with hardly any correct responses.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Quite a few students realised that incomplete reaction would lead to this, but only 30% of students gave a correct answer rather than a non-specific guess, such as "misread balance" or "impurities".</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was generally very well done with almost all candidates being able to determine the correct coefficients.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>About 40% of students managed to correctly determine both the oxidation states, as -3, with errors being about equally divided between the two compounds.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Probably only about 10% could explain why this was an acid-base reaction. Rather more made valid deductions about redox, based on their answer to the previous question.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates could answer the question about subatomic particles correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Identification of isotopes was answered correctly by most students.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>In spite of being given the meaning of "isoelectronic", many candidates talked about the differing number of electrons and only about 30% could correctly analyse the situation in terms of nuclear charge.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The question was marked quite leniently so that the majority of candidates gained at least one of the marks by mentioning a subatomic particle. A significant number read "indivisible" as "invisible" however.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>About a quarter of the students gained full marks and probably a similar number gained no marks. Metallic bonding was the type that seemed least easily recognised and least easily described. Another common error was to explain ionic bonding in terms of attraction of ions rather than describing electron transfer.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Titanium is a transition metal.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>TiCl<sub>4</sub> reacts with water and the resulting titanium(IV) oxide can be used as a smoke screen.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in metals.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Titanium exists as several isotopes. The mass spectrum of a sample of titanium gave the following data:</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>Calculate the relative atomic mass of titanium to two decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{22}^{48}{\text{Ti}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>22</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>48</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Ti</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> atom.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electron configuration of the <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{22}^{48}{\text{Ti}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>22</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>48</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Ti</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span><sup>2+</sup> ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why an aluminium-titanium alloy is harder than pure aluminium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of bonding in potassium chloride which melts at 1043 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A chloride of titanium, TiCl<sub>4</sub>, melts at 248 K. Suggest why the melting point is so much lower than that of KCl.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>one</strong> disadvantage of using this smoke in an enclosed space.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrostatic attraction</p>
<p>between «a lattice of» metal/positive ions/cations <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>«a sea of» delocalized electrons</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept mobile electrons.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “metal atoms/nuclei”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{(46 \times 7.98) + (47 \times 7.32) + (48 \times 73.99) + (49 \times 5.46) + (50 \times 5.25)}}{{100}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>46</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>7.98</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>47</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>7.32</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>48</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>73.99</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>49</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>5.46</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>50</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>5.25</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>100</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p>= 47.93</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Answer must have two decimal places with a value from 47.90 to 48.00.</em></p>
<p><em>Award [2] for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award [0] for 47.87 (data booklet value).</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Protons:</em> 22 <em><strong>AND</strong> Neutrons:</em> 26 <em><strong>AND</strong> Electrons:</em> 22</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p> </p>
<p>1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>3d<sup>2</sup></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>titanium atoms/ions distort the regular arrangement of atoms/ions<br><strong>OR</strong><br>titanium atoms/ions are a different size to aluminium «atoms/ions» </p>
<p>prevent layers sliding over each other</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept diagram showing different sizes of atoms/ions.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>ionic<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«electrostatic» attraction between oppositely charged ions</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«simple» molecular structure<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>weak«er» intermolecular bonds<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>weak«er» bonds between molecules</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept specific examples of weak bonds such as London/dispersion and van der Waals.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “covalent”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>TiCl<sub>4</sub>(l) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → TiO<sub>2</sub>(s) + 4HCl(aq)</p>
<p>correct products</p>
<p>correct balancing</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept ionic equation.</em></p>
<p><em>Award M2 if products are HCl and a compound of Ti and O.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>HCl causes breathing/respiratory problems<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>HCl is an irritant<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>HCl is toxic<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>HCl has acidic vapour<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>HCl is corrosive</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “TiO<sub>2</sub> causes breathing problems/is an irritant”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “harmful” for both HCl and TiO<sub>2</sub>.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “smoke is asphyxiant”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>