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<h2>HL Paper 2</h2><div class="specification">
<p>Electron transitions are related to trends in the periodic table.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the general increase in trend in the first ionization energies of the period 3 elements, Na to Ar.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sodium emits yellow light with a frequency of 5.09 × 10<sup>14 </sup>Hz when electrons transition from 3p to 3s orbitals.</p>
<p>Calculate the energy difference, in J, between these two orbitals using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><em>Darling, D, n.d. D lines (of sodium). [online] Available at <https://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/D/D_lines.html> [Accessed 6 May 2020].</em></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>increasing number of protons<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>increasing nuclear charge ✔</p>
<p>«atomic» radius/size decreases<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>same number of shells/electrons occupy same shell<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>similar shielding «by inner electrons» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«ΔE = hν = 6.63 × 10<sup>–34 </sup>J s × 5.09 × 10<sup>14 </sup>s<sup>–1</sup> =» 3.37 × 10<sup>–19 </sup>«J» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Titanium and vanadium are consecutive elements in the first transition metal series.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{TiC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>TiC</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</math></span> reacts with water and the resulting titanium(IV) oxide can be used as a smoke screen.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in metals.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Titanium exists as several isotopes. The mass spectrum of a sample of titanium gave the following data:</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-20_om_08.37.43.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/02.b"></p>
<p>Calculate the relative atomic mass of titanium to two decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="_{{\text{22}}}^{{\text{48}}}{\text{Ti}}">
<msubsup>
<mi></mi>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>22</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>48</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Ti</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> atom.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-20_om_08.43.58.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/02.c"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electron configuration of the <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="_{{\text{22}}}^{{\text{48}}}{\text{T}}{{\text{i}}^{2 + }}">
<msubsup>
<mi></mi>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>22</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>48</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>T</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>i</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span> ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the melting point of vanadium is higher than that of titanium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch a graph of the first six successive ionization energies of vanadium on the axes provided.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-20_om_09.09.57.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/02.d.iii"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why an aluminium-titanium alloy is harder than pure aluminium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe, in terms of the electrons involved, how the bond between a ligand and a central metal ion is formed.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why transition metals form coloured compounds.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of bonding in potassium chloride which melts at 1043 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A chloride of titanium, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{TiC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>TiC</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</math></span>, melts at 248 K. Suggest why the melting point is so much lower than that of KCl.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest one disadvantage of using this smoke in an enclosed space.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrostatic attraction</p>
<p>between <strong>«</strong>a lattice of<strong>» </strong>metal/positive ions/cations <strong><em>AND </em></strong><strong>«</strong>a sea of<strong>» </strong>delocalized electrons</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “mobile electrons”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “metal atoms/nuclei”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{(46 \times 7.98){\text{ + }}(47 \times 7.32){\text{ + }}(48 \times 73.99){\text{ + }}(49 \times 5.46){\text{ + }}(50 \times 5.25)}}{{100}} = 47.93">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>46</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>7.98</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext> + </mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>47</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>7.32</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext> + </mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>48</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>73.99</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext> + </mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>49</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>5.46</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext> + </mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>50</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>5.25</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>100</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>47.93</mn>
</math></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Answer must have two decimal places </em><em>with a value from 47.90 to 48.00.</em></p>
<p><em>Award [2] for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award [0] for 47.87 (data booklet value).</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Protons: </em>22 <strong><em>AND </em></strong><em>Neutrons: </em>26 <strong><em>AND </em></strong><em>Electrons: </em>22</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{2}}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>1</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>s</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>s</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>p</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>6</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>3</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>s</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>3</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>p</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>6</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>3</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>vanadium has smaller ionic radius «leading to stronger metallic bonding»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept vanadium has «one» more valence electron«s» «leading to stronger metallic bonding».</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “atomic” for “ionic”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
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"></p>
<p>regular increase for first five <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>sharp increase to the 6th</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>A log graph is acceptable.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept log plot on given axes (without amendment of y-axis).</em></p>
<p><em>Award mark if gradient of 5 to 6 is greater than “best fit line” of 1 to 5.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>titanium atoms/ions distort the regular arrangement of atoms/ions</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>titanium atoms/ions are a different size to aluminium <strong>«</strong>atoms/ions<strong>»</strong></p>
<p>prevent layers sliding over each other</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept diagram showing different sizes </em><em>of atoms/ions.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>pair of electrons provided by the ligand</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do not accept “dative” or “coordinate bonding” alone.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>partially filled d-orbitals</p>
<p>«ligands cause» d-orbitals «to» split</p>
<p>light is absorbed as electrons transit to a higher energy level «in d–d transitions»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>light is absorbed as electrons are promoted</p>
<p>energy gap corresponds to light in the visible region of the spectrum</p>
<p>colour observed is the complementary colour</p>
<p><em><strong>[4 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>ionic</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>«electrostatic» attraction between oppositely charged ions</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«simple» molecular structure</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>weak«er» intermolecular bonds</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>weak«er» bonds between molecules</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept specific examples of weak </em><em>bonds such as London/dispersion and </em><em>van der Waals.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “covalent”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{TiC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(l)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \to {\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{4HCl(aq)}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>TiC</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(l)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>O(l)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>Ti</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>O</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(s)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>4HCl(aq)</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> correct products<br>correct balancing</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept ionic equation.</em></p>
<p><em>Award M2 if products are HCl and a </em><em>compound of Ti and O.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>HCl causes breathing/respiratory problems</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>HCl is an irritant</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>HCl is toxic</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>HCl has acidic vapour</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>HCl is corrosive</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept TiO<sub>2</sub> causes breathing</em></p>
<p><em>problems/is an irritant.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “harmful” for both HCl and TiO<sub>2</sub></em><em>.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “smoke is asphyxiant”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Dinitrogen monoxide, N<sub>2</sub>O, causes depletion of ozone in the stratosphere.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Different sources of N<sub>2</sub>O have different ratios of <sup>14</sup>N : <sup>15</sup>N.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The Lewis (electron dot) structure of the dinitrogen monoxide molecule can be represented as:</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; display: block;" src="images/3d.PNG" alt width="373" height="54"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline why ozone in the stratosphere is important.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Dinitrogen monoxide in the stratosphere is converted to nitrogen monoxide, NO (g).</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Write <strong>two</strong> equations to show how NO (g) catalyses the decomposition of ozone.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State <strong>one</strong> analytical technique that could be used to determine the ratio of <sup>14</sup>N : <sup>15</sup>N.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A sample of gas was enriched to contain 2 % by mass of <sup>15</sup>N with the remainder being <sup>14</sup>N.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the relative molecular mass of the resulting N<sub>2</sub>O.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Predict, giving <strong>two</strong> reasons, how the first ionization energy of <sup>15</sup>N compares with that of <sup>14</sup>N.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain why the first ionization energy of nitrogen is greater than both carbon and oxygen.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Nitrogen and carbon:</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Nitrogen and oxygen:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State what the presence of alternative Lewis structures shows about the nature of the bonding in the molecule.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State, giving a reason, the shape of the dinitrogen monoxide molecule.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce the hybridization of the central nitrogen atom in the molecule.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">absorbs <span style="text-decoration: underline;">UV/ultraviolet</span> light «of longer wavelength than absorbed by O<sub>2</sub>» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NO (g) + O<sub>3</sub> (g) → NO<sub>2</sub> (g) + O<sub>2</sub> (g) <strong>[✔]</strong><br>NO<sub>2</sub> (g) + O<sub>3</sub> (g) <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">→</span> NO (g) + 2O<sub>2</sub> (g) <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note</strong>: Ignore radical signs.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept equilibrium arrows.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for NO<sub>2</sub> (g) + O (g) <span style="text-align: left;color: #000000;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 14px;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;display: inline;white-space: normal;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;">→</span> NO (g) + O<sub>2</sub> (g).</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">mass spectrometry/MS </span><strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">« <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{(98 \times 14) + (2 \times 15)}}{{100}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>98</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>14</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>15</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>100</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> =» 14.02 <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«M<sub>r</sub> = (14.02 × 2) + 16.00 =» 44.04 <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Any two</em>:</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">same <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>have same nuclear charge /number of protons/Z<sup><sub>eff</sub></sup> <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">same <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>neutrons do not affect attraction/ionization energy/Z<sup><sub>eff</sub></sup><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>same <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>neutrons have no charge <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">same <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>same attraction for «outer» electrons <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">same <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>have same electronic configuration/shielding <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="text-align: left;color: #000000;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;text-decoration: none;display: inline !important;white-space: normal;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;">Note: </span>Accept “almost the same”.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">“Same” only needs to be stated once.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Nitrogen and carbon:</em></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">N has greater nuclear charge/«one» more proton «and electrons both lost from singly filled p-orbitals» <strong>[✔]</strong><br></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Nitrogen and oxygen:</em></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">O has a doubly filled «p-»orbital<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>N has only singly occupied «p-»orbitals <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">Note: </strong>Accept “greater e– <sup>-</sup> e<sup>-</sup> repulsion in O” or “lower <span style="text-align: left;color: #000000;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;display: inline !important;white-space: normal;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;">e– </span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">-</sup><span style="text-align: left;color: #000000;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;display: inline !important;white-space: normal;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;"> e</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">-</sup> repulsion in N”.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept box annotation of electrons for M2.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">delocalization</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">OR</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">delocalized <em>π</em>-electrons <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note: </strong>Accept “resonance”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">linear <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>2 electron domains</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em><strong>OR</strong></em></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">linear <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>2 regions of electron density <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note: </strong>Accept “two bonds </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>AND</strong></span> <span style="background-color: #ffffff;">no lone pairs” for reason.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">sp <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Candidates sometimes failed to identify how ozone works in chemical terms, referring to protects/deflects, <em>i.e.</em>, the consequence rather than the mechanism.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates recalled the first equation for NO catalyzed decomposition of ozone only. Some considered other radical species.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>All candidates, with very few exceptions, answered this correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to calculate the accurate mass of N<sub>2</sub>O, though quite a few candidates just calculated the mass of N and didn’t apply it to N<sub>2</sub>O, losing an accessible mark.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students realized that neutrons had no charge and could not affect IE significantly, but many others struggled a lot with this question since they considered that <sup>15</sup>N would have a higher IE because they considered the greater mass of the nucleus would result in an increase of attraction of the electrons.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Mixed responses here; the explanation of higher IE for N with respect to C was less well explained, though it should have been the easiest. It was good to see that most candidates could explain the difference in IE of N and O, either mentioning paired/unpaired electrons or drawing box diagrams.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates identified resonance for this given Lewis representation.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Though quite a number of candidates suggested a linear shape correctly, they often failed to give a complete correct explanation, just mentioning the absence of lone pairs but not two bonds, instead of referring to electron domains.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Hybridisation of the N atom was correct in most cases.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Cobalt forms the transition metal complex [Co(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (H<sub>2</sub>O)Cl]Br.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Trends in physical and chemical properties are useful to chemists.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group whereas the melting points of the group 17 elements (F → I) increase down the group.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the shape of the complex ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the charge on the complex ion and the oxidation state of cobalt.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe, in terms of acid-base theories, the type of reaction that takes place between the cobalt ion and water to form the complex ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any three of:</em></p>
<p><em>Group 1:</em><br>atomic/ionic radius increases</p>
<p>smaller charge density</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>force of attraction between metal ions and delocalised electrons decreases</p>
<p><em>Do not accept discussion of attraction between valence electrons and nucleus for M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “weaker metallic bonds” for M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Group 17:</em><br>number of electrons/surface area/molar mass increase</p>
<p>London/dispersion/van der Waals’/vdw forces increase</p>
<p><em>Accept “atomic mass” for “molar mass”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[Max 3 Marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«distorted» octahedral</p>
<p><em>Accept “square bipyramid”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Charge on complex ion:</em> 1+/+<br><em>Oxidation state of cobalt:</em> +2</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Lewis «acid-base reaction»</p>
<p>H2O: electron/e<sup>–</sup> pair donor</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>Co<sup>2+</sup>: electron/e<sup>–</sup> pair acceptor</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>When heated in air, magnesium ribbon reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The reaction in (a)(i) was carried out in a crucible with a lid and the following data was recorded:</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible and lid = 47.372 ±0.001 g</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible, lid and magnesium ribbon before heating = 53.726 ±0.001 g</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible, lid and product after heating = 56.941 ±0.001 g</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"> </p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>When magnesium is burnt in air, some of it reacts with nitrogen to form magnesium nitride according to the equation:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">3 Mg (s) + N<sub>2 </sub>(g) → Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2 </sub>(s)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The presence of magnesium nitride can be demonstrated by adding water to the product. It is hydrolysed to form magnesium hydroxide and ammonia.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Most nitride ions are <sup>14</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify a metal, in the same period as magnesium, that does <strong>not</strong> form a basic oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the amount of magnesium, in mol, that was used.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the percentage uncertainty of the mass of product after heating.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Assume the reaction in (a)(i) is the only one occurring and it goes to completion, but some product has been lost from the crucible. Deduce the percentage yield of magnesium oxide in the crucible.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Evaluate whether this, rather than the loss of product, could explain the yield found in (b)(iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest an explanation, other than product being lost from the crucible or reacting with nitrogen, that could explain the yield found in (b)(iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate coefficients that balance the equation for the following reaction.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ammonia is added to water that contains a few drops of an indicator. Identify an indicator that would change colour. Use sections 21 and 22 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the oxidation state of nitrogen in Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> and in NH<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce, giving reasons, whether the reaction of magnesium nitride with water is an acid–base reaction, a redox reaction, neither or both.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of subatomic particles in this ion.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Some nitride ions are <sup>15</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>. State the term that describes the relationship between <sup>14</sup>N<sup>3–</sup> and <sup>15</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The nitride ion and the magnesium ion are isoelectronic (they have the same electron configuration). Determine, giving a reason, which has the greater ionic radius.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest, giving a reason, whether magnesium or nitrogen would have the greater sixth ionization energy.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two</strong> reasons why atoms are no longer regarded as the indivisible units of matter.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the types of bonding in magnesium, oxygen and magnesium oxide, and how the valence electrons produce these types of bonding.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>2 Mg(s) + O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 2 MgO(s) ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do not accept equilibrium arrows. Ignore state symbols</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>aluminium/Al ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>53</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>726</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>47</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>372</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>244</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>31</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>6</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>354</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>24</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>31</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2614</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>»</mo><mo>✔</mo></math></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>mass of product <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>«</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>56</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>941</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>47</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>372</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>»</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>569</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mtext>⟨⟨100 × </mtext><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>001</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>9</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>569</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow></mfrac><mtext>=0.0209⟩⟩ = 0.02 «%»</mtext></math> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer </em></p>
<p><em>Accept 0.021%</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mo> </mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2614</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><mo>×</mo><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mn>24</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>31</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>+</mo><mn>16</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2614</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>×</mo><mn>40</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>31</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>10</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>536</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mn>100</mn><mo>×</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>9</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>569</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>10</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>536</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mo> </mo><mn>90</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>822</mn><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>91</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mo>%</mo><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award «0.2614 mol x 40.31 g mol<sup>–1</sup>»</em></p>
<p><em>Accept alternative methods to arrive at the correct answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept final answers in the range 90.5-91.5%</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>yes<br><em><strong>AND</strong></em><br>«each Mg combines with <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mfrac bevelled="true"><mn>2</mn><mn>3</mn></mfrac></mstyle></math> N, so» mass increase would be 14x<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mfrac bevelled="true"><mn>2</mn><mn>3</mn></mfrac></mstyle></math> which is less than expected increase of 16x<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>3 mol Mg would form 101g of Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> but would form 3 x MgO = 121 g of MgO<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>0.2614 mol forms 10.536 g of MgO, but would form 8.796 g of Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept Yes <strong>AND</strong> “the mass of N/N<sub>2</sub> that combines with each g/mole of Mg is lower than that of O/O<sub>2</sub>”</em></p>
<p><em>Accept YES<strong> AND</strong> “molar mass of nitrogen less than of oxygen”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>incomplete reaction<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Mg was partially oxidised already<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>impurity present that evaporated/did not react ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “crucible weighed before fully cooled”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept answers relating to a higher atomic mass impurity consuming less O/O<sub>2</sub>.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “non-stoichiometric compounds formed”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept "human error", "wrongly calibrated balance" or other non-chemical reasons.</em></p>
<p><em>If answer to (b)(iii) is >100%, accept appropriate reasons, such as product absorbed moisture before being weighed.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«1» Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> (s) + <strong>6</strong> H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → <strong>3</strong> Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> (s) + <strong>2</strong> NH<sub>3</sub> (aq) ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>phenol red ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept bromothymol blue or phenolphthalein.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub>: -3</em><br><strong><em>AND</em></strong><br><em>NH<sub>3</sub>: -3 ✔</em></p>
<p><em><br>Do not accept 3 or 3-</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Acid–base:</em><br>yes <strong>AND</strong> N<sup>3-</sup> accepts H<sup>+</sup>/donates electron pair«s»<br><strong><em>OR</em></strong><br>yes <strong>AND</strong> H<sub>2</sub>O loses H<sup>+</sup> «to form OH<sup>-</sup>»/accepts electron pair«s» ✔</p>
<p><em>Redox:</em><br>no <strong>AND</strong> no oxidation states change ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “yes <strong>AND</strong> proton transfer takes place”</em></p>
<p><em>Accept reference to the oxidation state of specific elements not changing.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “not redox as no electrons gained/lost”.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for Acid–base: yes <strong>AND</strong> Redox: no without correct reasons, if no other mark has been awarded</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Protons</em>: 7 <em><strong>AND</strong> Neutrons</em>: 7 <em><strong>AND</strong> Electrons</em>: 10 ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">isotope</span>«s» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>nitride <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>smaller nuclear charge/number of protons/atomic number ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>nitrogen <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>electron lost from first «energy» level/s sub-level/s-orbital <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>magnesium from p sub-level/p-orbital/second «energy» level<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>nitrogen <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>electron lost from lower level «than magnesium» ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “nitrogen <strong>AND</strong> electron lost closer to the nucleus «than magnesium»”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>subatomic particles «discovered»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>particles smaller/with masses less than atoms «discovered»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«existence of» isotopes «same number of protons, different number of neutrons» ✔</p>
<p><br>charged particles obtained from «neutral» atoms<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>atoms can gain or lose electrons «and become charged» ✔</p>
<p><br>atom «discovered» to have structure ✔</p>
<p><br>fission<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>atoms can be split ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept atoms can undergo fusion «to produce heavier atoms»</em></p>
<p><em>Accept specific examples of particles.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for “atom shown to have a nucleus with electrons around it” as both M1 and M3.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1]</strong> for all bonding types correct.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1]</strong> for <strong>each</strong> correct description.</em></p>
<p><em>Apply ECF for M2 only once.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Done very well. However, it was disappointing to see the formula of oxygen molecule as O and the oxide as Mg<sub>2</sub>O and MgO<sub>2</sub> at HL level.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Average performance; the question asked to identify a metal; however, answers included S, Si, P and even noble gases besides Be and Na. The only choice of aluminium; however, since its oxide is amphoteric, it could not be the answer in the minds of some.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Very good performance; some calculated the mass of oxygen instead of magnesium for the calculation of the amount, in mol, of magnesium. Others calculated the mass, but not the amount in mol as required.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Mediocre performance; instead of calculating percentage uncertainty, some calculated percentage difference.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Satisfactory performance; however, a good number could not answer the question correctly on determining the percentage yield.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Poorly done. The question asked to evaluate and explain but instead many answers simply agreed with the information provided instead of assessing its strength and limitation.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Mediocre performance; explaining the yield found was often a challenge by not recognizing that incomplete reaction or Mg partially oxidized or impurities present that evaporated or did not react would explain the yield.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p style="text-align:left;">Calculating coefficients that balance the given equation was done very well.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Well done; some chose bromocresol green or methyl red as the indicator that would change colour, instead of phenol red, bromothymol blue or phenolphthalein.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Good performance; however, surprising number of candidates could not determine one or both oxidation states correctly or wrote it as 3 or 3−, instead of −3.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Average performance; choosing the given reaction as an acid-base or redox reaction was not done well. Often answers were contradictory and the reasoning incorrect.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Stating the number of subatomic particles in a <sup>14</sup>N<sup>3-</sup> was done very well. However, some answers showed a lack of understanding of how to calculate the number of relevant subatomic particles given formula of an ion with charge and mass number.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Exceptionally well done; A few candidates referred to isomers, rather than isotopes.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>There was reference to nitrogen and magnesium, rather than nitride and magnesium ions. Also, instead identifying smaller nuclear charge in nitride ion, some referred to core electrons, Z<sub>eff</sub>, increased electron-electron repulsion or shielding.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Common error in suggesting nitrogen would have the greater sixth ionization energy was that for nitrogen, electron is lost from first energy level without making reference to magnesium losing it from second energy level.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Good performance; some teachers were concerned about the expected answers. However, generally, students were able to suggest two reasons why matter is divisible.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>One teacher commented that not asking to describe bonding in terms of electrostatic attractions as in earlier papers would have been confusing and some did answer in terms of electrostatic forces of attractions involved. However, the question was clear in its expectation that the answer had to be in terms of how the valence electrons produce the three types of bonds and the overall performance was good. Some had difficulty identifying the bond type for Mg, O<sub>2</sub> and MgO.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The properties of elements can be predicted from their position in the periodic table.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why Si has a smaller atomic radius than Al.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the first ionization energy of sulfur is lower than that of phosphorus.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the condensed electron configurations for Cr and Cr3<sup>+</sup>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="768" height="190"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe metallic bonding and how it contributes to electrical conductivity.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce, giving a reason, which complex ion [Cr(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3−</sup> or [Cr(OH)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3−</sup> absorbs higher energy light. Use section 15 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>[Cr(OH)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3−</sup> forms a green solution. Estimate a wavelength of light absorbed by this complex, using section 17 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure and molecular geometry of sulfur tetrafluoride, SF<sub>4</sub>, and sulfur dichloride, SCl<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest, giving reasons, the relative volatilities of SCl<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>nuclear charge/number of protons/Z/Z<sub>eff</sub> increases «causing a stronger pull on the outer electrons» ✓</p>
<p>same number of shells/«outer» energy level/shielding ✓</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>P has «three» unpaired electrons in 3p sub-level <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>S has one full 3p orbital «and two 3p orbitals with unpaired electrons»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>P: [Ne]3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sub>x</sub><sup>1</sup>3p<sub>y</sub><sup>1</sup>3p<sub>z</sub><sup>1</sup> <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>S: [Ne]3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sub>x</sub><sup>2</sup>3p<sub>y</sub><sup>1</sup>3p<sub>z</sub><sup>1</sup> ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Accept orbital diagrams for 3p sub-level for M1. Ignore other orbitals or sub-levels.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>repulsion between paired electrons in sulfur «and therefore easier to remove» ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Accept “removing electron from S gives more stable half-filled sub-level" for M2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Cr:</em><br>[Ar] 4s<sup>1</sup>3d<sup>5</sup> ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Cr<sup>3+</sup>:</em><br>[Ar] 3d<sup>3</sup> ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “[Ar] 3d<sup>5</sup>4s<sup>1</sup>”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “[Ar] 3d<sup>3</sup>4s<sup>0</sup>”.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for two correct full electron configurations “1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>4s<sup>1</sup>3d<sup>5</sup> <strong>AND</strong> 1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>3d<sup>3</sup>”.</em></p>
<p><em>Award<strong> [1 max]</strong> for 4s<sup>1</sup>3d<sup>5</sup> <strong>AND</strong> 3d<sup>3</sup>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrostatic attraction ✓</p>
<p>between «a lattice of» cations/positive «metal» ions <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>«a sea of» delocalized electrons ✓</p>
<p>mobile electrons responsible for conductivity<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>electrons move when a voltage/potential difference/electric field is applied ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “nuclei” for “cations/positive ions” in M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “mobile/free” for “delocalized” electrons in M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “electrons move when connected to a cell/battery/power supply” <strong>OR</strong> “electrons move when connected in a circuit” for M3.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>[Cr(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3−</sup> <em><strong>AND</strong></em> CN<sup>−</sup>/ligand causes larger splitting «in d-orbitals compared to OH<sup>−</sup>»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>[Cr(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3−</sup> <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>CN<sup>−</sup>/ligand associated with a higher Δ/«crystal field» splitting energy/energy difference «in the spectrochemical series compared to OH<sup>−</sup> » ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “[Cr(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3−</sup> <strong>AND</strong> «CN<sup>−</sup>» strong field ligand”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>any value or range between 647 and 700 nm ✓</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>SF<sub>4</sub>/SCl<sub>2</sub> structure does not have to be 3-D for mark.<br><br>Penalize missing lone pairs of electrons on halogens once only.<br><br>Accept any combination of dots, lines or crosses for bonds/lone pairs.<br><br>Accept “non-linear” for SCl<sub>2</sub> molecular geometry.<br><br>Award <strong>[1]</strong> for two correct electron domain geometries, e.g. trigonal bipyramidal for SF<sub>4</sub> and tetrahedral for SCl<sub>2</sub>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>H<sub>2</sub>O forms hydrogen bonding «while SCl<sub>2</sub> does not» ✓</p>
<p>SCl<sub>2</sub> «much» stronger London/dispersion/«instantaneous» induced dipole-induced dipole forces ✓</p>
<p><em><strong><br>Alternative 1:</strong></em><br>H<sub>2</sub>O less volatile <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>hydrogen bonding stronger «than dipole–dipole and dispersion forces» ✓</p>
<p><em><strong><br>Alternative 2:</strong></em><br>SCl<sub>2</sub> less volatile <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>effect of dispersion forces «could be» greater than hydrogen bonding ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Ignore reference to Van der Waals.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “SCl<sub>2</sub> has «much» larger molar mass/electron density” for M2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Chlorine undergoes many reactions.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>67</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></math> of manganese(IV) oxide was added to </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>200</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>cm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></math> <span class="fontstyle0">of </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mi>HCl</mi></math>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn><mi>HCl</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><msub><mi>Cl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>MnCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Chlorine gas reacts with water to produce hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>Cl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>⇌</mo><mi>HClO</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>HCl</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math> </span><span class="fontstyle0">is a common chlorofluorocarbon, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>CFC</mi></math>.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the full electron configuration of the chlorine atom.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State, giving a reason, whether the chlorine atom or the chloride ion has a larger radius</span>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Outline why the chlorine atom has a smaller atomic radius than the sulfur atom</span>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The mass spectrum of chlorine is shown.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><img style="display: block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0"><em> NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center Collection © 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of </em><em>the United States of America. All rights reserved.</em><br> </span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"> <br>Outline the reason for the two peaks at <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>z</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>35</mn></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>37</mn></math>.<br> </span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Explain the presence and relative abundance of the peak at </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>z</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>74</mn></math><span class="fontstyle0">.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the amount, in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>mol</mi></math>, of manganese(IV) oxide added.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Determine the limiting reactant, showing your calculations.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Determine the excess amount, in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>mol</mi></math>, of the other reactant.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the volume of chlorine, in </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msup><mi>dm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></math><span class="fontstyle0">, produced if the reaction is conducted at standard temperature and pressure (STP). Use section 2 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the oxidation state of manganese in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span><span class="fontstyle0"> </span><span class="fontstyle0">and </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math><span class="fontstyle0">.</span></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="699" height="180"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce, referring to oxidation states, whether </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math> <span class="fontstyle0">is an oxidizing or reducing agent.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Hypochlorous acid is considered a weak acid. Outline what is meant by the term weak acid.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the formula of the conjugate base of hypochlorous acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the concentration of </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math><span class="fontstyle0"> in a </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>HClO</mi><mo> </mo><mfenced><mi>aq</mi></mfenced></math><span class="fontstyle0"> solution with a </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>pH</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>61</mn></math>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the type of reaction occurring when ethane reacts with chlorine to produce chloroethane.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Predict, giving a reason, whether ethane or chloroethane is more reactive.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Explain the mechanism of the reaction between chloroethane and aqueous sodium hydroxide, <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>NaOH</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math>, using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Ethoxyethane (diethyl ether) can be used as a solvent for this conversion.<br>Draw the structural formula of ethoxyethane</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce the number of signals and chemical shifts with splitting patterns in the <sup>1</sup>H NMR</span><span class="fontstyle0"> spectrum of ethoxyethane. Use section 27 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the percentage by mass of chlorine in </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math><span class="fontstyle0">.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Comment on how international cooperation has contributed to the lowering of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>CFC</mi></math> emissions responsible for ozone depletion.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>CFC</mi></math>s produce chlorine radicals. Write two successive propagation steps to show how chlorine radicals catalyse the depletion of ozone.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>1</mn><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mn>2</mn><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mn>2</mn><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mn>6</mn></msup><mn>3</mn><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mn>3</mn><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mn>5</mn></msup></math> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept condensed electron configuration.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msup><mi>Cl</mi><mo>-</mo></msup></math> <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>more «electron–electron» repulsion ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>C</mi><msup><mi>l</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">-</mo></msup></math> <strong>AND</strong> has an extra electron.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>Cl</mi></math> has a greater nuclear charge/number of protons/<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">Z</mi><mi>eff</mi></msub></math> «causing a stronger pull on the outer electrons» ✔</p>
<p>same number of shells<br><strong><em>OR</em></strong><br>same «outer» energy level<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>similar shielding ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«two major» isotopes «of atomic mass <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>35</mn></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>37</mn></math>» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«diatomic» molecule composed of «two» chlorine-37 atoms ✔</p>
<p>chlorine-37 is the least abundant «isotope»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>low probability of two <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mi>Cl</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mmultiscripts><mrow></mrow><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>37</mn></mmultiscripts></mmultiscripts></math> «isotopes» occurring in a molecule ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>67</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>86</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>94</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0307</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mi>HCl</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>×</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2000</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mo>»</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>400</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo></math>✔</p>
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>400</mn></mrow><mn>4</mn></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>100</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi></math> <em><strong>AND</strong></em> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math> is the limiting reactant ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept other valid methods of determining the limiting reactant in M2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>«</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0307</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>×</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>123</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>»</mo></math></p>
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>400</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>–</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>123</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>277</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0307</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>×</mo><mn>22</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>7</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>697</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept methods employing <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>p</mi><mi>V</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>n</mi><mi>R</mi><mi>T</mi></math></em>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>:</mo><mo> </mo><mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn></math> ✔</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>:</mo><mo> </mo><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>oxidizing agent <em><strong>AND</strong></em> oxidation state of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>Mn</mi></math> changes from <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn></math> to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn></math>/decreases ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>partially dissociates/ionizes «in water» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msup><mi>ClO</mi><mo>-</mo></msup></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mo>[</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><mo>]</mo><mo>=</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>61</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«free radical» substitution/<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi></msub></math> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Do not accept electrophilic or nucleophilic substitution.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>chloroethane <em><strong>AND</strong></em> C–Cl bond is weaker/<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>324</mn><mo> </mo><mi>kJ</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math> than C–H bond/<math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>414</mn><mo> </mo><mi>kJ</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>chloroethane <strong><em>AND</em> </strong>contains a polar bond ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept “chloroethane <strong>AND</strong> polar”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAmoAAAC1CAYAAADvJdOsAAAgAElEQVR4Ae2dLbPkxtmGzU38I1ypMglJGcdV+QGLAgJSFWBgEpYNMV5qYhhkZGSaqgVh5sbGxktNz1vX8Xuv+/S2pNaMRtMaXV11tjXqr6evbvVzq6WZ/ejJIAEJSEACEpCABCQwJIGPhrRKoyQgAQlIQAISkIAEnhRqTgIJSEACEpCABCQwKAGF2qADo1kSkIAEJCABCUhAoeYckIAEJCABCUhAAoMSUKgNOjCaJQEJSEACEpCABBRqzgEJSEACJyDw66+/Pv3www9Pr1+/fvroo4+ePv/886c3b948/fjjjyfovV2UwHEJKNSOO3ZaLgEJSKCLwE8//fQszBBoX3755bNg+/bbb59evXr1LNo4h5AzSEAC4xFQqI03JlokAQlIYDMCv/zyy3sxxnEd3r59+z5dsVbT8bME7k9AoXb/MdACCUhAAjcjwK4ZjznnRBiPP9lt49GoQQISGIuAQm2s8dAaCUhAApsRyG5az3toPP5E1BkkIIGxCCjUxhoPrZGABCSwGYE81nz37t1ineymsatmkIAExiLgVTnWeGiNBCQggc0IlOILETb1R4Nl3s0MsCIJSOBqAgq1qxFagQQkIIExCfBtT8QZ8VLgW6DuqC1RMl0C+xNQqO3P3BYlIAEJ7EKALxDwRQJ+O20u8Gg0v6s2l880CUhgfwIKtf2Z26IEJCCB3QjkkSZxKyDm+CIBu2mtn+9olfGcBCSwHwGF2n6sbUkCEpDAXQjksSY7azwGZQcNUcaXDdhJQ6T1fDP0LsbbqAROTkChdvIJYPclIIFzEGBHLaIMYZY/dtN+/vnnc0CwlxI4IAGF2gEHTZMlIAEJXEoAUZY/H3VeStFyEtiPgEJtP9a2dGAC2X3ojQ/cVU0fhEDvXEu+QczWDAlIYGMCCrWNgVrdYxKIM+yNH5OCvdqTQO9cS749bbMtCUhgPwIKtf1Y29KBCcQZEhskMBKBzM2RbNIWCUhgOwJ6ne1YWtMDE4gzVKg98CAftGuZmwc1X7MlIIEFAgq1BUAmSwACcYYKNefDaAQyN0ezS3skIIFtCCjUtuFoLQ9OIM5QofbgA33A7mVuHtB0TZaABDoIKNQ6IJlFAnGGCjXnwmgEMjdHs0t7JCCBbQgo1LbhaC0PTiDOUKH24AN9wO5lbh7QdE2WgAQ6CCjUOiCZRQJxhgo158JoBDI3R7NLeyQggW0IKNS24WgtD04gzlCh9uADfcDuZW4e0HRNloAEOggo1DogmUUCcYYKNefCaAQyN0ezS3skIIFtCCjUtuFoLQ9OIM5QofbgA33A7mVuHtB0TZaABDoIKNQ6IJlFAnGGCjXnwmgEMjdHs0t7JCCBbQgo1LbhaC0PTiDOUKH24AN9wO5lbh7QdE2WgAQ6CCjUOiCZRQJxhgo158JoBDI3R7NLeyQggW0IDCvUfv7556c3b968+K97+Pzjjz9u03NrkcAKAnGGCrUV0My6C4HMzV0asxEJSGB3AkMKtW+//fZZoH3++edP33333dMPP/zwHL969er5PILt119/3R2WDZ6XQJyhQu28c2DUnmdujmqfdklAAtcRGE6oIcxYeBBrLTGGaEv6dV23tAT6CcQZEhskMBKBzM2RbNIWCUhgOwJDeZ1379693zGb62LEHI9HDRLYg0CcoUJtD9q2sYZA5uaaMuaVgASOQ2AooZbdMgTbXGCnjcWJXTeDBPYgEGeoUNuDtm2sIZC5uaaMeSUggeMQGEqovX79+unLL7/sokde/gwS2INAnKFCbQ/atrGGQObmmjLmlYAEjkNgOKEW8ZXFpxWDV6F2nEn2CJaW8/AR+mMfHodA5ubj9MieSEACJYGhhFrePWt9iaA0mmO+Ecq3Pw0S2INAnCGxQQIjEcjcHMkmbZGABLYjMJTX4csBLDq8qzYX3r59+5zP31Sbo2TalgTiDBVqW1K1ri0IZG5uUZd1SEAC4xG4iVBDQPGuWb0zxsv/S+KKR5osPFP5fvrpp+fdtN532cZDrkVHJBBnqFA74ug9ts2Zm4/dS3sngfMSuIlQQ0SxePAoMyG7ZTyyrAVc8hCTlvKINoQZZYnzQ7gtEVjW4bEEtiYQZ6hQ25qs9V1LIHPz2nosLwEJjEngJkINsdV6fMku2S+//LJIIuURdVmEiPM/FcwJvcXKzSCBCwiU8/CC4haRwM0IZG7erAErloAE7krgJkJtyx6xm5a/Leu1LgmsIRBnSGyQwEgEMjdHsklbJCCB7QjodbZjaU0PTCDOUKH2wIN80K5lbh7UfM2WgAQWCCjUFgCZLAEIxBkq1JwPoxHI3BzNLu2RgAS2ITAp1HifjJf5p759OZfOo0p+4ywLCPGrV6+a761t0w1rkcBtCZRz+bYtWbsE1hHI3FxXytwSkMBRCEwKtfy/m60vBdC5qXQEXBYOvp1JvvzkBuf9/zmPMjW0sySQOU1skMBIBDI3R7JJWyQgge0ITHqdKSGWplvp7KSxaPDtTI7LUP7shmKtJOPxEQjEGSrU1o0W1z0/rcMNXOsb35xrnacca8i7d+/WNXjC3JmbJ+y6XZbAKQhsKtSyczb1uJTFl0egLCy1kCtpkw8xR2yQwAgE4gwVan2jwbWb9aBkx7ky8Lk+R3pu+rghNMwTCN/5XKZKQAJHJbCpUGPBYDdtLuT/8yx/DLfOnwXe/8uzJuPnexGIMyQ2zBNApOVHqxFa2TXLtV+KL4XaPMue1MzNnrzmkYAEjkdg0uvk0WYWgak4i27ugFt3xyWWvMM2l4+FnZ231iORsi6PJbAXgXL+79XmUdvJ2pG1oewH1z03c9ktV6iVdC47zty8rLSlJCCB0QksCjUEUxbTMs4jzCzGvUKtN9/o4LTvXATiDIkN8wRYJ3o5ZU2pa8w6kfWlTvfz7wQyN38/45EEJPBIBCa9ztxdMQDqdHa/WDB45DEXeLGYfD7WnKNk2mgE4gyJDfME2DFbWgdSQ0Rdybc8VqiF1HQcXtM5TJGABI5MYNLr1EKs7mQrnQWaRWPum1r5j9Xfvn1bV/n+M49F5uogjfI+Gn2PzIMbE4gzJDbME0B8Lb2rmhrIi6hjB6384/qGdSnUuMnjPTfO5dFp6jlznLl5Zgb2XQKPTGDS67SEWAmilZ5zU7tl2XVjEZ8SYnkRmTxTQiztsEDxCJbFeypvabPHEriUQJwhsWGeQL400BJTiC1u1hBlhN5Hn7zbyprAtY+wm1pj5i17zNTMzcfsnb2SgAQmvU7EEHErTKVnx4wFmEWZgCgjPwvtnAAjb49QI1/urvOuHIsVC/jUT4M8G+I/EriQQJyhQm0ZYL4wxFpQh1yvubHqFWqsH9mFJ2YdMfxGIHNTHhKQwGMS2FyogSliLQtI4iWRFsSItakdt+QpY+7OyzZxBgq2kpDH1xLIHCY2LBPI9cjOFzdVXI+IMviVAq5XqKVFdutYR4gNvxHI3JSHBCTwmAQmvQ7ih7vYPKKou7+Uzh0z5fPHQt16FFLXe81n6qc9FnIWLwXbNTQtWxKIMyQ29BFApJXcOK4F1lqhxvXNdd37ZYU+S4+dK4yP3Qutl4AEpgg8pNepBRvOII9apkB4XgJzBOIMiQ3rCHBTN3XD11sT129u9NhtZxyurbO37dHzZW6Obqf2SUAClxF4aK/Dwp5HMCxm3I0bJHAJgThDYsP+BLjZyiNTBBrjsOb1iP0t3q/FzM39WrQlCUhgTwI38ToIpHyRoOwM5+6xuLKw5yVmHpncw4aSg8fHIxBnqFBbP3Zht77k7yVyDfNaA3/edP3OZgu+v9fmkQQkMBqBmwg1xBCLR/lCPyKNcyyy9xBK5e4aNrSE5GiDoz3jEIgzJDasIxB260q1cyPY8gi0neN8Z7fkez569lgC4xO4iddBoCGGyvfCWFwRcHl8cS80sY3FrRSS97LHdo9BIM6Q2LCOQNitK2XuXgLy7SVlPgkck8ApvQ4CEiHJAndv4XjMaXM+q+MMiQ3rCITdulLm7iUg315S5pPAMQmc1utkh49FTrF2zMm7p9VxhsSGdQTCbl0pc/cSkG8vKfNJ4JgETu11FGvHnLT3sDrOUKG2nn7YrS9piR4C8u2hZB4JHJfAqYUaw6ZYO+7k3dPyOEOF2nrqYbe+pCV6CMi3h5J5JHBcAqcXagxdKdby/wked0i1/BYE4gwVauvpht36kpboISDfHkrmkcBxCSjU/n/sEGv5goE/3XHcCX0ry+MMFWrrCYfd+pKW6CEg3x5K5pHAcQko1Iqxy7dBEWz3+K23whQPByMQZ6hQWz8wYbe+pCV6CMi3h5J5JHBcAgq1auz4bTUWPv/T5wrMyT/GGRIb1hEIu3WlzN1LQL69pMwngTEI8ASP/10l/zkA1zD/exK/QNHaJNLrNMYNWIDzv6lpwDnpqThDYsM6AmG3rpS5ewnIt5eU+SRwfwI8uSv/S0t0Bn9v3rx5/7831T/Gr9dpjBtqNyDL/12hkdVTJyEQZ6hQWz/gYbe+pCV6CMi3h5J5JHB/AtEWvF7Vehee3bTssvHf5SUo1EKiioHEAugj0ArMST/GGRIb1hEIu3WlzN1LQL69pMwngfsSYOeM67UUYbVFEXNsFiXodUKiEecRaL0N2cjqqQcnEGdIbFhHIOzWlTJ3LwH59pIynwTuSwDx9fr160Uj8q58nujpdWaQoWzZouSPY8N5CcQZKtTWz4GwW1/SEj0E5NtDyTwSuD8BrtWed995BEre/K6rQm1h7LJV2QN3oSqTD0wgzpDYsI5A2K0rZe5eAvLtJWW+mkDrG4bs4mQnp87v5+sIcK1GU+S6bcVsDCUvLep1Fri7q7YA6CTJ5cV0ki5v1s2w26xCK3pBQL4vcPihk0Aer5Wv9iDc8hSpJeI6qzbbBAGuVV6pWgp80YC8eZdNobZE7OnpvQLONmRHEbM8GIE4Q2LDOgJht66UuXsJyLeXlPlKAt99992zGCBOYGMCIdEjJlLGuJ9A3ntfEsG8x4ZgTtDrhMRMnF218lsYM9lNekACcYYKtfWDG3brS1qih4B8eyiZp0Wg3E1rpXuuTQBNwC9C1IIWngisqUfH2bGk7JRYi5grN4YUau1x+OBs4LV+++SDzJ54OAJxhgq19UMbdutLWqKHgHx7KJlHAtsRyKNJRFkpuPIbaOUuZd1qHjlTlnw83uQPYZbfb60FoEKtpjjxGYXMglgDnMju6QcjEGdIbFhHIOzWlTJ3LwH59pIynwS2I4BYq3fO2Gkrd8KmWqMcjzdz7SZGqLU2g/Q6UyQb56OWGQzDuQjkQiI2rCMQdutKmbuXgHx7SU3nw7lmfYcnux3clJe7JZRmNwQHO/XIcCl9ygJ8Crsr2VHBBo75hmDtb8iHDbVISN1L6clXx/SVPtP3zKkpGyibdup68nkpPfmuiWGQF+6vqedeZRnb7KjVc620Sa9T0lg45mJmArcU70JRkw9OIAsXsWEdgbBbV8rcvQTk20uqnQ9xEoaItXKnA9FSCqL8tMLUzzUtpbcswFmXIpHj+nMp1mLflEBZSm/ZgMCMQEOcwaS2oS6Xdurz+byUnnzXxHu0cY19W5XV66wgieLlgmYSG85FIAs5sWEdgbBbV+o+uXHKLSfMudJZ3se6dqtH4tvuwf3ORqQhSuodjfwn2YiBhCUhtpSeehKXIg1byjnGcXbYSp8TcbKVUKPfEWn1Y7vavthNHDvKc+XxUnqZ99LjPdq41LYtd/v0OitHgQuHP8O5CMQZ3lOocddb3t1nBKYewyT93nHY3duOnvZbDis76aSNGI7EdyR+XEuwY1xrkYadiBTSWO+TviTEltLr/mduIRRbATGGjaXPiTjZSqhFrGJ7K5RirVxrYkerDOeW0qfKrTm/Rxste2APC/6WxqFVfu05hdpKYpnUuXBXFjf7QQnEGRLfI2TBrp1K5iPvg4wawm5U+0q7WHhxmjinhDiq0kklbYT4SHxH4BUb1ooqyi2VWUpP24kjNNbMrZRZEghT6Wk7MWsKc6ic80lLHEHJLmNC7MjnOl5Kr/P3fs58n4p7+93bXpkPcR9eZfsI6brdLft/H69T9vxgx1xQDJDvqR1s4K40t7wor6zq4uKIMv7KwHxk4WjttJX57nkcdve04ZHblu9lo5tHm2tEUoRYmE/F5OsJcea1k58rmzJTbed8b53kL3fsWm1TF/loO6HXjuTfKqbd/EU05TPxrdbCiDTaZO4wb/jLPIJP2Ta2cG4uII575sp8LXMtnDSNgQB+D9yTInrIbjPm+Rutg3N3wiPYOiq3EdhsYYN8L6MYR9oraGglQg1hU4qDHHOe8ej1D7FhTQ9Shp3ftFvGES+9/cJeyi+FOl/sKNsuj2PHUr3XpMeGa+roKVu+x9fiGrGGPQk9tiXP0nxRqIXqiriesCuKmvWgBBjz/B20C3cz+5G4sUiXd813g1o0/Eh8i27d/JDXBWB3yY7alGONkCvTmS/shEfclfMnjro8t9TxlGkJBsq20nkCFBuIy7IwQFTNBewjH3UnpJ18ruOl9Dr/JZ+3bANGUze9mSvluJb2Ug6xVqb32AZX8k21mzYUaiGxIuaCm3r5c0U1Zj0QgThD4nsGLmwW2aUL+5421m2HXX1+1M/cPU8xrp3VCH0YiS/O7h//+MfTf/7znxdiYAROtQ0INNjVrxOU+UhjrY+waQmxMn+dznUagUZ7OOVSFFE/NsyJRdrnL2IuAiA2le1zXKczn2kjj+uoq7SBz6Sn/ro+PucdtZJV2mnlL+2YSt/i/JINvW1kLsCiFdLOFPO5Mq20tefu63XWWjtI/gzaIOZoxg4EWMjyt0VzWdBbddEOc6wMOMA8Vokd5OH86CH2jm4nd80149IxYX9rbO7dr9H4ItJiEzHOj/m+xsntwRQRlcdzreuofNzFMSHXLXEr1OnUy3Wa8nyGSVgQ8xk7WkIp6czLhPif1JHziet05nApzCLcIg4jUijXCiWnss200yrDuaX0qXL3OA97GIVJbUPmyZob5C37r1CrR2TiM5M7g5Tn0RNZPf2ABErHs0X3sqC36qKtctHM4s55Fl0+c4ebO+GpxaVV9z3Ohd092u5tE67hC08Y5zovnXI9Nr313zLfiHz/+te/vhBrsZH4q6++ep6/LWFyS06tuiOEcMRcU6zz/HEc0V5+ozrXbTknynrn0mmLa5a24ksom90q2mPu0T5saDcCgTwJEQClaEoa8VI6bTAOZfnMf+wrz3MdhEO9zqSdsu3yeCm9zDvCcTkmtT1hUJ+f+9zb/57rQKE2R7pIY/ICnpCLsUh+f8dUnvN4mUC5gB/peLln8zlacygl4JC5xjkWCf7qhYTPEWss7qOGjOuo9sVx4azqkMU2fOuxqfOz6DJWPYtvXfbSzyPyZb2MXa34k08+eU7/wx/+8PTvf//7rsIt49+ys54TuW6JW2EqveRR10k9EUotG+q2MidLQVXaMpfOvET8letLys7ZUIs0yqSdlK/jpfQ6/8if05cp5tiOqC2v+5SZ61fmXmtOlOUUaiWNmWMWai6ib7755un7779/PmZQOF+/RDhTjUkFgdaidJRzRTcuOsyC3ioMAy5yQhb48o66LJMLvUxvMSzL3CO9bnPJHvIn1GXzuTedfClTximfnbNaCJPO9R2RlnoyNilfxnnpuNyFKdNvcVz26ejHn3322ftd41uwmqqTtZxrEoeZ9bzllDlHvlYadc+lM7+ye1Zer7EpZWk/NpRzL/m45rGhlUaeqXTqR6Rxc9ea65QNB9qHBXYutRO76jh21OeP+DnjBpdWgGd2P8MrQi2fW+WyfivUWnQuPJdF8I9//OPzwv+vf/3rvQOYG4wLm7PYQAQy9sRbhAi1st7yOGIgF/KUY2BhpRz1Eco66uOe9Lk8zw3MtLGU3rLnlu0t2ZN0WLPI9gT6kLGZys+Y7RnCdc82l9rCccWuuXiknbWlPl2Sjl+o5wNCaWkOXdLWXJmsI7Q7JdLmyp8hDbE0JWJLIVaPJ2woW68NiLqcY52eCnNpKbON10ltDx6zTd9adL7++usH77ndK8d9CxoRasT1Xy5u2skCOyXUyEP+CLV8Lu3luAx1Wj4nTz7X8bXpW9d3rT0pv7VQS717xeG6V3s97fDU4eOPP/5gvXx0YVaz4bplfHL95saq5ezrslt9jg1LuzZbtXfEehBieY2ER5itwNhl14w1gzUXpjlHXIouuCetXJ9bdS+de7mCL+U+eXoGMgtj4lyEJ8fz0N3PWBNvEbhwp+rifO64uSPnc+tRCXZkEb52IdiiT606vvjii2f7//e//7WShziXsWjtNLDwlo9/yrEZwvhih3MUeyJGYHU2YdYaA67lzBti3mHcM2Rnh7bLv6wZzPvW3N9TTO7JY6otGEyJtJQpv1xRsmSMS5GW/KzflLlWI2zjdWLVg8ctoYYjMjw+gfKi3KK3EQetumgrQo30qS8TkJZFuLVItOre81xEJP25dqG6pd0spNjYeq8sTjYLOGPBXfLUqw6Mw94OLnPzlox666b/f/rTn55G+JJAr8175IML1/w9rlOuvdYfcxhxgl/jrxRredfSXbj27GAcw3RqLWiXvOysQm0FtzjXLIzcLU7tdKyo1qwHIJAxJ94iZC616qKNUqixKCAO+KMcCwPnItL2FgYtm1vn8t4G/cFW7B/1egnLOFP4xlnhxBJyrjUPcHT0kbQIu5S7ZUx7LXtu2eZU3fQbdoZjEGAtydpSCo6sOaOuLcegu52V23id7ewZuqY41yyMn3766Yu7kKGN17irCGTMt3KImUsto2ijFGrk4e6t3tFlgR11IUW0hBnXCcfYP6oTz85CbE7MOJQ7DYwFfWD8WoHx2HsXIra27PGcBJYIMJ9b12U975fqMf12BBRqK9jmEUkWRn6qw3AOAhlz4i0Cd6+Ir1bgfGvhJG/KTaW36rvHOXbOwqwWnfewp7dNuOaRxuiM06dwzmdjCUjgsQhs43Uei8lkb1jAsygSH2Uhn+yQCd0EynHvLnTijOXuX+vdrxOj2bzrmZubV2yFEpBAkwC+f0//r1BrDkP7JLsZWRTL91bauT37SAQy7sSGeQIsYCUvdtc4xyPBpZfx52s2tUUgrFtpnpOABLYlgA6Yeq+P9e0WAk6vs3IMsyiO+m7Qyu6YvZNAxp34XoE5V887FoXWe1T3spF2yy8RwIud6OywsZC5w7bt6GRublurtUlAAi0CeZ+VNa18jy9fSCLeOtzP62zdk53q42vn/DcnhnMRiDO8l1BDoMUG7ugSEGmc3/sF9rRfxyxc+eZj7OUcf6XddblRPiN8W0KSc7e4U96i3+G8RV3WIQEJLBPImlbm5BxfMiLeOijUVhL95z//+fx/fa4stlv2eseFhnHiozjy3UBs3FCcIfG9AmNYj+8tF4dL+lkKSlgh2o4SYBmRWf6MSL6hO2pfMjePwlk7JSCBdQTu53XW2TlMbnYwRt0Z4K6fRbsUZXmeznkeQRkuIxBnSGyYJpAdvvDicwI7Uoie5CnnafLcO0Zo8uiivCvmGJtHvX7C+t7sbF8CErgNAb3OSq6jijS6gSPkrr/edeF8fW5lt0+fPc5QoTY9Fbg2Sk4c5zFinTay8Jnu4ZgpYT6mdVolAQlcS0Chdi3BwcqXOwGDmXZoc+IMiQ1tAtnRLVmVjxC5WRh1V6rdo2OcDe9jWKuVEpDAWgJ6nbXEzH9KAnGGCrXp4c/7XSWrJWHmjcU0z96U8O7Nbz4JSOBYBA4j1Hh0wqJ/z0ePPELEBp3LsSb5FtbGGSrU2jTZLSsZ5bi+Vrh+ycv7aRF2e/6/mG3rj302rI/dC62XgASmCAwv1Hj5mN9eymJEzOfykQqdQ0CRVr68XHZ6Kb3MWx/zSCdOJXbwGyrUWYa0gc2tsJTeKrP1OWyjD4Z1BDLusmtzy28IlZxqVlyzZTrXUN5ha9fq2R4CYdqT1zwSkMDxCAztsbnrziKEAENk5IczOV8u8hFBWwu12IBQwxnRZmlDuRsQG+4l1Njxq+3D5nIXUqF22UWaeUhseEmA+VXyyXF9LXJ9MD/ZUat32l7W6Kc1BMJ7TRnzSkACxyEwrNeJoGD3rF7Uy/8cPSIkIql2DhmKpfTkK+OItFadsQ8Bl5A2SGuFpfRWmd5zMIIV9mA3NrTsj91z9cK3Zj6X/wxpcYbEhpcEMqdKRhwz/3oCc8351kOqnSfc26melYAEjk5gSK/Dop3Fh12iVmCniJ2t7GhFBLVEFeWX0us2aBcbED5TToT2aa8Wi/cQatnlq3nFieZRcT7X/c3niGDqm+p38p4pznwkNrwkUL+aEFZT1wHzinlW7v5Sh+EyAuF9WWlLSUACoxMY0uusFVVAXiqzlF4PVARN765AacOUg4oNU+m1Db2fUy+OrxV41BQxmX618nEOJ4pIW9Pvqboe6XycoULt5ahG2Jd8csy8rANzNOnEeaUgN1x1fj8vEwjP5ZzmkIAEjkhgSKGWl47XiIWIlSxaU/HUjls9eBE0a0RVrw29dU71oTyP3fnGHfFSSL/m8rmT9iGdmvmHOc55hmu0ZFMe5+agJEN+dsO5xuvd3zKfx/0Ewry/hDklIIEjERhaqPUKGoBHJPEIhXL1XxzKWqG25k4/NtBG3T6fYwPHvSGL8FRMPRFqPbbSNnUZ1hEo+a8r+bi5EfQll/p4bc+5fgzrCYT7+pKWkIAEjkBgSI8dwcOd91TASZQ7PykzJcRa6dzR0wYLHY9gykeHETRzoqreMUgbU2Va6Yir2IDILG2Y6nt9Pu/TTbVLG7E1/arr8PM8gThDYsNvBLLzXbLJ8dR1WLJj3lJH5j9lp+ZwWc7jlwTC/OVZP0lAAo9CYEivkzv1uRf5s4sUYRMRNOUgWunk5X0s0uJ08viwlb8e9OyQZScrZaacTSsdcYYdpQ2pr25v7jOLdesLAGkzXCLU0s+6Tpwn3KfS62wKV0cAAApDSURBVPxn+RxnSGz4jQBzt+RSHnNttALXNsKMOVbmZ34yN8ubr1Z5z31IIBw/TPGMBCTwCASG9Tp56ZhFvQ4s5nESERS1IKnL1OnUgTOJKOIzC14pshA+nIsYLOuMoCE9u1Vpo6yjLFOn85k2Up689KvV57Ke1jEcsIU+pT76lj6kn9l9Iy/t1yH1UM7wOwF45e/3s+c9KudRuJTx3DWASGN+cV0xLxVn182jcL+uFktLQAKjEhhWqLF4R2Rwt42AQFiwuEekZZcIuBFB5bkS+lw6ziJ3+TigBARP7vwj6sjLcc6XIi5tzDkpFtWp9Di/qfTYNRVjVxbtMi5tpCx20kYEXV2fzrMm8vSC64ep5zszNdcy75hjlwTmZHkNXlLH2cqE+dn6bX8lcBYCwwo1BgCxFlGWxSgxwqq8E49IukSopQ2EYe0k+BxRlrYTtwQQaVNCKza20tMOtpT9ykQkvXU+6YnJR/35mxJjyW/cRyBjTnz2wDycuibCqXfeURc3YQi/XIfU0TPXzz4O6X+Y57OxBCTwWAQO4XWyA4T4mPpaPws7+RAqrbCUjmPBUbQe+VGWXaaIHxxLyxGljVYaNk2lR6TRdqssbbMY067hPgTiDInPHpiHJY/W8Rwj5js3OdkxT3muPwQb893QTyD8+kuYUwISOBKB03odBBHCqxRGOA92CvYMpUhDyLVCHFppayuf525HIM6Q+Owh87FkUh5P7WqHWx6bcq2xMz5145P8xvMEwn4+l6kSkMBRCZza63AHnxf3EUG5o99rMGkTZ4VjmxJpCDkWYpyb4X4E4gyJzxyYsyWL1nGuqTlOzOupkJ3nqWtiqtxZz2cMztp/+y2BRydwaq/DI5byXZupR4+3mgTs6GWRLeNyRyJ51jwOwgnWTo7PPDY2XEagHJ/LaniMUuw6lyxax8zZtSGvNzD3U2eP4FvbziPmD69H7Jt9koAEnp5OLdQyAXAS93isSJu0Xf+Vuw1xXLF1KY74RHSWYi2Pq+ovQCzVZ/pvBOIMic8cmKut98tKPj03Fczx+sduqSOPQ0m7xzV5xLEN+yPars0SkMAygXN7nWU+d8+BwOKvNyDOyF8/KuU9IJxgKQJ76zSfP8/RmgMIqf/+979P33zzzYtvbC7NMeZouZPNzQi7cIhAw3oCCrX1zCwhgSMRUKgNPloswuWj0B5zy520nvzmWSYQZ0hsaBNAuPU+XkeU9ey8tVvybEkgc7M857EEJPA4BPQ6g4/lJUJt8C4d0rw4Q4XaIYfvoY3O3HzoTto5CZyYgEJt8MFnN41voxruSyDO8KxCjceZrUea7N6yO3bN+2RT5amTNHeI5+d+5uZ8LlMlIIGjElCoDT5yfPONhVhndd+BijM8q1DjhqH1CB4hBZNLvumZEZ0qn28804ZhmkDm5nQOUyQggSMTUKgNPnq888NC7Ps89x2oOEPiMwaF2rijnrk5roVaJgEJXEPgnF7nGmI7l+VxEwuxvym1M/iquThDhdpLMO6oveRxj0+Zm/do2zYlIIHbE1Co3Z7x1S2wm8FifM17QHNGUK8/jzBHyJ/nYA7ysy8Is/IvO77XPvrk52TKejnOfzXFsWGagEJtmo0pEngEAgq1A4wijorFuPWO0DXmU+/XX3/9XHf9u2vX1PuIZeMMic8YcrNQciiPrxVqZV31sUJtfsaF13wuUyUggaMSOKfXOeBo5UsFvb9TNdVFvpRAHV988cWzQGOR/9vf/uaXFaaA/f/5OEPiMwZ31MYd9czNcS3UMglI4BoC5/Q61xC7U1kEVn7Nnf9lYG3gXTd+Qf7TTz99+uSTT96LtM8++0yR1gEzzvDMQq21o5vd3mt31FrlOQdvd9TmJ2jm5nwuUyUggaMSUKgdaOQQWxFrLcfW6gqijneLspjXceu3sVr1nP1cye2MLBBpCrUxRz5zc0zrtEoCEriWgELtWoI7l0dY8QO4LM44ztZuA18O+P7775/YLcsi3oov2ZnbubvDNFfyG8aoHQ1RqO0Ie2VTmZsri5ldAhI4CAGF2kEGqjSTx6D5RhyLNE4U0YVAI+277757+vvf//4s0j7++OMPxBqPPnkMaugnEGdIfMagUBt31DM3x7VQyyQggWsInNPrXENsoLLspuVLBlmsieNU//KXvzRF2ldffTVQL45hSsn3GBZr5VkIZG6epb/2UwJnI6BQe4ARZxeNHTV20iLSEiPk/vznP78XbHzbk/yGdQTiDIkNEhiJQObmSDZpiwQksB0Bvc52LIetKY9J+canXx64bJjiDBVql/Gz1O0IZG7ergVrloAE7klAoXZP+ju1nZ858MsDlwOPM1SoXc7QkrchkLl5m9qtVQISuDcBhdq9R2CH9hFqvT/nsYM5h2wizlChdsjhe2ijMzcfupN2TgInJqBQO8Hg+7jz+kGOM1SoXc/SGrYlkLm5ba3WJgEJjEJAoTbKSGjH0ATiDBVqQw/TKY3L3Dxl5+20BE5AQKF2gkG2i9cTiDNUqF3P0hq2JZC5uW2t1iYBCYxCQKE2ykhox9AE4gwVakMP0ymNy9w8ZefttAROQEChdoJBtovXE4gzVKhdz9IatiWQubltrdYmAQmMQkChNspIaMfQBOIMFWpDD9MpjcvcPGXn7bQETkBAoXaCQbaL1xOIM1SoXc/SGrYlkLm5ba3WJgEJjEJAoTbKSGjH0ATiDBVqQw/TKY3L3Dxl5+20BE5AQKF2gkG2i9cTiDNUqF3P0hq2JZC5uW2t1iYBCYxCQKE2ykhox9AE4gwVakMP0ymNy9w8ZefttAROQEChdoJBtovXE4gzVKhdz9IatiWQubltrdYmAQmMQkChNspIaMfQBOIMFWpDD9MpjcvcPGXn7bQETkBAoXaCQbaL1xOIM1SoXc/SGrYlkLm5ba3WJgEJjEJAoTbKSGjH0ATiDBVqQw/TKY3L3Dxl5+20BE5AQKF2gkG2i9cTiDNUqF3P0hq2JZC5uW2t1iYBCYxCQKE2ykhox9AE4gwVakMP0ymNy9w8ZefttAROQEChdoJBtovXE4gzVKhdz9IatiWQubltrdYmAQmMQkChNspIaMfQBOIMFWpDD9MpjcvcPGXn7bQETkBAoXaCQbaL1xOIM1SoXc/SGrYlkLm5ba3WJgEJjEJAoTbKSGjH0ATiDBVqQw/TKY3L3Dxl5+20BE5AQKF2gkG2i9cTiDNUqF3P0hq2JZC5uW2t1iYBCYxCQKE2ykhox9AE4gwVakMP0ymNy9w8ZefttAROQEChdoJBtovXE4gzVKhdz9IatiWQubltrdYmAQmMQkChNspIaMfQBOIMe+OhO6NxhyDQO9eS7xCd0kgJSGA1AYXaamQWOCOBOMPe+IyM7PO2BHrnWvJt27q1SUACoxBQqI0yEtoxNIE4w9546M5o3CEI9M615DtEpzRSAhJYTUChthqZBSQgAQlIQAISkMA+BBRq+3C2FQlIQAISkIAEJLCagEJtNTILSEACEpCABCQggX0I/B82SNAbUqbCkgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" width="529" height="155"></p>
<p>curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi></math> in <sup>−</sup>OH to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></math> ✔</p>
<p>curly arrow showing <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>Cl</mi></math> leaving ✔</p>
<p>representation of transition state showing negative charge, square brackets and partial bonds ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>O</mi><msup><mi>H</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">-</mo></msup></math> with or without the lone pair.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept curly arrows originating on <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>H</mi></math> in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>O</mi><msup><mi>H</mi><mo>-</mo></msup></math>.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept curly arrows in the transition state.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> penalize if <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>H</mi><mi>O</mi></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>C</mi><mi>l</mi></math> are not at 180°.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> award M3 if <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>O</mi><mi>H</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>C</mi></math> bond is represented.</em> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"> / <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>OCH</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></math> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo mathvariant="italic">(</mo><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">3</mn></msub><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">2</mn></msub><msub><mo mathvariant="italic">)</mo><mn mathvariant="italic">2</mn></msub><mi>O</mi></math>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>2 «signals» ✔</p>
<p>0.9−1.0 <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>triplet ✔</p>
<p>3.3−3.7<em><strong> AND</strong></em> quartet ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept any values in the ranges.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1]</strong> for two correct chemical shifts or two correct splitting patterns.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mi>M</mi><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>CCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>)</mo><mo> </mo><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>120</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>91</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>35</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>45</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>120</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>91</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>×</mo><mn>100</mn><mo>%</mo><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>58</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>64</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mo>%</mo><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any of:</em></p>
<p>research «collaboration» for alternative technologies «to replace <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>CFC</mi></math>s»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>technologies «developed»/data could be shared<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>political pressure/Montreal Protocol/governments passing legislations ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “collaboration”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept any reference to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>C</mi><mi>F</mi><mi>C</mi></math> as greenhouse gas or product of fossil fuel combustion.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept reference to specific measures, such as agreement on banning use/manufacture of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>C</mi><mi>F</mi><mi>C</mi></math>s.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>Cl</mi><mo>·</mo><mo>→</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo><mi>ClO</mi><mo>·</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>ClO</mi><mo>·</mo><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo>·</mo><mo>→</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>Cl</mi><mo>·</mo></math><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>ClO</mi><mo>·</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mo>→</mo><mi>Cl</mi><mo>·</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math> ✔</p>
<p><em>Penalize missing/incorrect radical dot (∙) once only.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Well answered question with 90% of candidates correctly identifying the complete electron configuration for chlorine.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates could correctly explain the relative sizes of chlorine atom and chloride ion.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Fairly well answered though some candidates missed M2 for not recognizing the same number of shells affected.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>More than 80% could identify that the two peaks in the MS of chlorine are due to different isotopes.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Not well answered. Some candidates were able to identify m/z 74 being due to the m/z of two Cl-37 atoms, however fewer candidates were able to explain the relative abundance of the isotope.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Stoichiometric calculations were generally well done and over 90% could calculate mol from a given mass.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>90% of candidates earned full marks on this 2-mark question involving finding a limiting reactant.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Surprisingly, quite a number of candidates struggled with the quantity of excess reactant despite correctly identifying limiting reactant previously.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates could find the volume of gas produced in a reaction under standard conditions.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>More than 90% could identify the oxidation number of manganese in both MnO<sub>2</sub> and MnCl<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates stated that MnO<sub>2</sub> is an oxidizing agent in the reaction but many did not get the mark because there was no reference to oxidation states.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Another well answered 1-mark question where candidates correctly identified a weak acid as an acid which partially dissociates in water. </p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Roughly ⅓ of the candidates failed to identify the conjugate base, perhaps distracted by the fact it was not contained in the equation given.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Vast majority of candidates could calculate the concentration of H<sup>+</sup> (aq) in a HClO (aq) solution with a pH =3.61.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many identified the reaction of chlorine with ethane as free-radical substitution, or just substitution, with some erroneously stating nucleophilic or electrophilic substitution.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The underlying reasons for the relative reactivity of ethane and chloroethane were not very well known with a few giving erroneous reasons and some stating ethane more reactive.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Few earned full marks for the curly arrow mechanism of the reaction between sodium hydroxide and chloroethane. Mistakes being careless curly arrow drawing, inappropriate –OH notation, curly arrows from the hydrogen or from the carbon to the C–Cl bond, or a method that missed the transition state.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Approximately 60% could draw ethoxyethane however many demonstrated little knowledge of structure of an ether molecule.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A poorly answered question with some getting full marks on this 1HNMR spectrum of ethoxyethane question. Very few could identify all 3 of number of signals, chemical shift, and splitting pattern.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Another good example of candidates being well rehearsed in calculations with 90% earning 2/2 on this question of calculation percentage by mass composition. </p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Somewhat disappointing answers on this question about how international cooperation has contributed to the lowering of CFC emissions. Many gave vague answers and some referred to carbon emissions and global warming.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Few could construct the propagation equations showing how CFCs affect ozone, and many lost marks by failing to identify ClO· as a radical.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Calcium carbide, CaC<sub>2</sub>, is an ionic solid.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the nature of ionic bonding.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how the relative atomic mass of a sample of calcium could be determined from its mass spectrum.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>When calcium compounds are introduced into a gas flame a red colour is seen; sodium compounds give a yellow flame. Outline the source of the colours and why they are different.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two </strong>reasons why solid calcium has a greater density than solid potassium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why solid calcium is a good conductor of electricity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch a graph of the first six ionization energies of calcium.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calcium carbide reacts with water to form ethyne and calcium hydroxide.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">CaC<sub>2</sub>(s) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>(g) + Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>(aq)</p>
<p>Estimate the pH of the resultant solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how sigma (σ) and pi (<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\pi ">
<mi>π</mi>
</math></span>) bonds are formed.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the number of σ and <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\pi ">
<mi>π</mi>
</math></span> bonds in a molecule of ethyne.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrostatic attraction <strong><em>AND </em></strong>oppositely charged ions</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>multiply relative intensity by <strong>«</strong><em>m</em>/<em>z</em><strong>» </strong>value of isotope</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>find the frequency of each isotope</p>
<p> </p>
<p>sum of the values of products/multiplication <strong>«</strong>from each isotope<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>find/calculate the weighted average</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for stating “m/z values of </em><em>isotopes </em><strong><em>AND </em></strong><em>relative </em><em>abundance/intensity” but not stating </em><em>these need to be multiplied.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>promoted<strong>»</strong> electrons fall back to lower energy level</p>
<p>energy difference between levels is different</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “Na and Ca have different </em><em>nuclear charge” for M2.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>stronger metallic bonding</p>
<p>smaller ionic/atomic radius</p>
<p> </p>
<p>two electrons per atom are delocalized</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>greater ionic charge</p>
<p> </p>
<p>greater atomic mass</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept just “heavier” or “more </em><em>massive” without reference to atomic </em><em>mass.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>delocalized/mobile electrons <strong>«</strong>free to move<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_13.26.19.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/02.e/M"></p>
<p>general increase</p>
<p>only one discontinuity between “IE2” and “IE3”</p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>pH > 7</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept any specific pH value or range </em><em>of values above 7 and below 14.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>sigma (σ</em><em>)</em><em>:</em></p>
<p>overlap <strong>«</strong>of atomic orbitals<strong>» </strong>along the axial/internuclear axis</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>head-on/end-to-end overlap <strong>«</strong>of atomic orbitals<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>pi (<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\pi ">
<mi>π</mi>
</math></span>)</em><em>:</em></p>
<p>overlap <strong>«</strong>of p-orbitals<strong>» </strong>above and below the internuclear axis</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>sideways overlap <strong>«</strong>of p-orbitals<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award marks for suitable diagrams.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>sigma (σ</em><em>)</em><em>:</em> 3</p>
<p><strong><em>AND</em></strong></p>
<p><em>pi (</em><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\pi ">
<mi>π</mi>
</math></span><em>)</em><em>:</em> 2</p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">This question is about sodium and its compounds.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The Born-Haber cycle for sodium oxide is shown (not to scale).</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="images/3d.PNG_1.png" alt width="391" height="427"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Sodium peroxide is used in diving apparatus to produce oxygen from carbon dioxide.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">2Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (s) + 2CO<sub>2</sub> (g) → 2Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (s) + O<sub>2</sub> (g)</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Plot the relative values of the first four ionization energies of sodium.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"> </span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline why the alkali metals (group 1) have similar chemical properties.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Describe the structure and bonding in solid sodium oxide.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate values for the following changes using section 8 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><br>ΔH<sub>atomisation</sub> (Na) = 107 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup><br>ΔH<sub>atomisation</sub> (O) = 249 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{2}">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span></span>O<sub>2</sub>(g) <span style="background-color: #ffffff;">→ </span>O<sup>2- </sup>(g):</p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Na (s) → Na<sup>+</sup> (g):</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The standard enthalpy of formation of sodium oxide is −414 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>. Determine the lattice enthalpy of sodium oxide, in kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, using section 8 of the data booklet and your answers to (d)(i).</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><br>(If you did not get answers to (d)(i), use +850 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> and +600 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> respectively, but these are not the correct answers.)</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Justify why K<sub>2</sub>O has a lower lattice enthalpy (absolute value) than Na<sub>2</sub>O.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Write equations for the separate reactions of solid sodium oxide and solid phosphorus(V) oxide with excess water and differentiate between the solutions formed.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Sodium oxide, Na<sub>2</sub>O:</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Phosphorus(V) oxide, P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>:</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Differentiation:</span></span></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Sodium peroxide, Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, is formed by the reaction of sodium oxide with oxygen.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">2Na<sub>2</sub>O (s) + O<sub>2</sub> (g) → 2Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (s)</span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the percentage yield of sodium peroxide if 5.00g of sodium oxide produces 5.50g of sodium peroxide.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine the enthalpy change, <em>ΔH</em>, in kJ, for this reaction using data from the table and section 12 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<p style="padding-left:90px;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline why bond enthalpy values are not valid in calculations such as that in (g)(i).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">An allotrope of molecular oxygen is ozone. Compare, giving a reason, the bond enthalpies of the O to O bonds in O<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline why a real gas differs from ideal behaviour at low temperature and high pressure.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The reaction of sodium peroxide with excess water produces hydrogen peroxide and one other sodium compound. Suggest the formula of this compound.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">j.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the oxidation number of carbon in sodium carbonate, Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">k.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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" width="392" height="260"> <strong>[<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">✔</span>]</strong></p>
<p><em>Notes: Accept curve showing general trend.</em><br><em>Award mark only if the energy difference between the first two points is larger than that between points 2/3 and 3/4.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">same number of electrons in outer shell</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em><strong>OR</strong></em></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">all are s<sup>1</sup> <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[</span>✔<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">]</span></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«3-D/giant» regularly repeating arrangement «of ions»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>lattice «of ions» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>electrostatic attraction between Na<sup>+</sup> and O<sup>2−</sup> ions <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em><strong>Note: </strong>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “ionic” without description.</em></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{2}">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span></span>O<sub>2</sub>(g) <span style="background-color: #ffffff;">→ </span>O<sup>2- </sup>(g)</p>
<p style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«ΔH<sub>atomisation</sub> (O) + 1st EA + 2nd EA = 249 k Jmol<sup>−1</sup> − 141 kJmol<sup>−1</sup> + 753 kJmol<sup>−1</sup> =» «+»861 «kJmol<sup>−1</sup>» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"> </p>
<p style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Na (s) → Na<sup>+</sup> (g)</span></p>
<p style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«ΔH<sub>atomisation</sub> (Na) + 1st IE = 107 kJmol<sup>−1</sup> + 496 kJmol<sup>−1</sup> =» «+»603 «kJmol<sup>−1</sup>» <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</span></span></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">lattice enthalpy = 861 «kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>» + 2 × 603 «kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>» −(−414 «kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>») <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«= +» 2481 «kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>» <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="text-align: left;color: #000000;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;text-decoration: none;display: inline !important;white-space: normal;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;">Note: </span><span style="text-align: left;color: #000000;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;display: inline !important;white-space: normal;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;">Award [2] for correct final answer.</span></span></em></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="text-align: left;color: #000000;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;display: inline !important;white-space: normal;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;">If given values are used:<br>M1: lattice enthalpy = 850 «kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>» +<br>2 <span style="text-align: left;color: #000000;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;display: inline !important;white-space: normal;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;">×</span> 600 «kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>» −(−414 «kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>»)<br>M2: «= +» 2464 «kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>»</span></span></em></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">K<sup>+</sup> ion is larger than Na<sup>+</sup></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em><strong>OR</strong></em></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">smaller attractive force because of greater distance between ion «centres» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Sodium oxide:</em><br>Na<sub>2</sub>O(s) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → 2NaOH (aq) <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Phosphorus(V) oxide:</em><br>P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> (s) + 6H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → 4H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> (aq) <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Differentiation</em>:<br>NaOH/product of Na<sub>2</sub>O is alkaline/basic/pH > 7 <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>/product of P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> is acidic/pH < 7 <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</span></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">n(Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) theoretical yield «= <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{5.00{\text{g}}}}{{61.98{\text{g mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>5.00</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext>g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>61.98</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext>g mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>» = 0.0807/8.07 × 10<sup>−2</sup> «mol»</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em><strong>OR</strong></em></span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">mass of Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> theoretical yield «= <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{5.00{\text{g}}}}{{61.98{\text{g mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>5.00</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext>g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>61.98</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext>g mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></span> × 77.98 gmol<sup>−1</sup>» = 6.291 «g» </span><strong> [✔]</strong></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">% yield «= <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{5.50{\text{g}}}}{{6.291{\text{g}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>5.50</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext>g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>6.291</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext>g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> × 100» <em><strong>OR</strong> </em>« <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{0.0705}}{{0.0807}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0.0705</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>0.0807</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">×</span> 100» = 87.4 «%» <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note</strong>: Award [2] for correct final answer.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>∑Δ</em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>H<sub>f</sub></em> products = 2 × (−1130.7) / −2261.4 «kJ» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">∑Δ</em><em>H<sub>f</sub></em> reactants = 2 <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">×</span> (−510.9) + 2 <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">×</span> (−393.5) / −1808.8 «kJ» <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">Δ</em><em>H</em> = «<em>∑</em><em style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">Δ</em><em style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">H<sub>f</sub></em> products − <em style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">∑Δ</em><em style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">H<sub>f</sub></em> reactants = −2261.4 −(−1808.8) =» −452.6 «kJ» <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note</strong>: Award<strong> [3]</strong> for correct final answer. </span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Award <strong>[2 max]</strong> for “+ 452.6 «kJ»”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">only valid for covalent bonds</span></p>
<p><em><strong><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">OR</span></strong></em></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">only valid in gaseous state <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">bond in O<sub>3</sub> has lower enthalpy <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>bond order is 1.5 «not 2» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note</strong>: Accept “bond in ozone is longer”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">h.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Any one of:</em></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">finite volume of particles «requires adjustment to volume of gas» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">short-range attractive forces «overcomes low kinetic energy» <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</span></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NaOH <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">j.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">IV <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">k.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Generally well done with a correct plot of ionization energies.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The majority answered correctly stating same number of valence electrons as the reason. Some candidates stated same size or similar ionization energy but the majority scored well.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates lost one or two marks for missing “electrostatic forces” between “oppositely charged ions”, or “lattice”. Some candidates’ answers referred to covalent bonds and shapes of molecules.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Good performance with typical error being in the calculation for the first equation, ½O2 (g) → O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> (g), where the value for the first electron affinity of oxygen was left out.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates earned some credit for ECF based on (d)(i).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Average performance with answers using atomic size rather than ionic size or making reference to electronegativities of K and Na.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>An average of 1.1 out of 3 earned here. Many candidates could write a balanced equation for the reaction of sodium oxide with water but not phosphorus(V) oxide. Mediocre performance in identifying the acid/base nature of the solutions formed.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The majority earned one or two marks in finding a % yield.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The average was 2.2 out 3 for this question on enthalpy of formation. Enthalpy calculations were generally well done.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">g(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The majority of candidates referred to “bond enthalpy values are average”, rather than not valid for solids or only used for gases.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">g(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Some candidates recognized that ozone had a resonance structure but then only compared bond length between ozone and oxygen rather than bond enthalpy.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">h.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Few candidates could distinguish the cause for difference in behaviour between real and ideal gases at low temperature or high pressure. Many answers were based on increase in number of collisions or faster rate or movement of gas particles.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Na<sub>2</sub>O was a common formula in many candidates’ answers for the product of the reaction of sodium peroxide with water.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">j.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The vast majority of candidates could correctly state the oxidation number of carbon in sodium carbonate.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">k.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Organomagnesium compounds can react with carbonyl compounds. One overall equation is:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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6OjTOURVy+Jx3HSMpmLJcYCBgYMRGBgoEwZmMojIioscUaA/1sflRQGAxZw5tQZnDlzRqYMTOURERVWv379ERw8R6aIiheDASIiIhvHYICIiMjGMRggIiKycQwGiIiIbByDASIiIhvHYICIiMjGMRggIiKycQwGiIiIbByDASIiIhvHYICIiMjGMRggIiKycQwGiIiIbByDASIiIhvHYICIiMjGMRggIiKycQwGiIiIbByDASIiIhvHYICIiMjGMRggIiKycQwGiIiIbByDASIiIhvHYICIiMjGMRggIiKycQwGiIiIbByDAQvo1q0bOnbsKFMGpvKIiArL0dERDg7lZYqoeDEYsIDAwEAMHTpUpgxM5RERFdZ3332L8PBQmSIqXgwGqHS5psfO6FAMbVATtWoZlgZDQxGTcB45chfgNGKGeqBRWAL+lTm3/JuAsEY1TW+T/k0IRSPtuftDp78hc/Pk6HXw1baPRsz5Oz2LkfMxGCrf661laAzOy81Fpj2/D8ISrsmMPIbPYnpbfn/jfEIMwoY2y3uPDYYgLPpH6K/lfbNEpd81JIT5GMq4rw7624r3Deh1/e+znl5Rn7s3OoUdUF8lV2Hrlhnt1rUDCOvUW63XV7TNuY+99fzaUsj2SSrWYCAlJQUTJ05GJ5+O6NSpE+bNnYurV3PfPJB0NAHt2rXDxYsXZU6eadOmaUtpsWnTZgQEvKp9nl69eiE6OgpQrKsRzcrKUo80FqK7bzftfY4ZMxZJvxyRWw169e2OL9etk6k8O3fu1B7zQIkK8EpXvL65HPpuSEZa2hmkJcfiY/ckTPZ7HQtuVQxLOYjo3aeMggzhBk7s3oZEmSqUan5YnnYcO6a/oCZewPQdx5G23A/VDFutQCZSdGPQrv83QNcliEtVv9e03xC3uhuw+S14v/IxEqwgIMi+cV0tm19g3rwPEL4wHElJP8stBnv37sMnnyySqfxE/pHDZv1qD47abuzduxuhoWHasmHTBqtrS4TTp9PU73WJ9nus0K3I17YLOt1Ktd3YIVN50tNPa48Rv+cDl7gNu08UCPhzTmF39EGZMEcOriWsRNBSV7w9pAkqaXnFVLcqNcGQt12xNGilfLwT/JYfQeqOmWgEezSavgOpaR/Dr1o5w/6FUGzBwIqVy9CwYUNEf/0l6tarhdq1ayA07CO0atUSGZcvaPv89Wem1sn89dfthSI5OVlbrJ5aSbv37I6uXbsg9cxv8PJy0/J69eqPMWNHyp0evOMn9ajvXh/BwUGo6PAIGjd2w769+9GkaTNs37ZJ7gUc2LcXqafSZCrPpUuXtN/Ksv5VD2pH3/UoPY8acS+bhTCMwur5o+Ht4mDIruQC77HvYHbnswibFmMiyr9fjnBzq4LE6L04YfycWkOhV7c5y4zCKof/Pva4+vdxPPbfwlRQEem/XIgj+qISDZgOY0MuYNjqDzHezxPVtFbhYVTz9MP4+QsxHssRtCze6Ein5Iky6lSrNgYOGozPP/8c8+aE4dlnPTBz5ky5B7Br1y7MmWP6AELk79q9R6as18UL6Wj7fGu1nWyDpUs/wWefRaJ71+5q3gtqZ3tV7vWAqe1b8NRJ6pFnbbU9CcGXX36JMaMCUadOXTWI2St3AhYtWojNm6NlKs+ZMyfUg8QJyPzTwiVKnCFrFIqEwh4M27vC7Zmfbwv4c07sRbS+prrNXuYUUs4ZbF+6Dg9P6o/nHUQlKs66ZQeH5/tj0sPrsHT7mVvv3+6/j6EqyqPqYxXN7tyLJRhITT2NMa+/gfHjx+P40WNYuHC5GkF+iqNHf0G5/1TA5KDpcs/Sb+Gixdi+eQt+/HEXdm7fiblzF2Ldl1/hp592qJVBh+1qnjUY+r/XUL1qFZz87RQ+j1ynHnEsRNyBfRjzxli1gR2B7OxsuaeVykxE1NJkNOrjg0aVChRbu5po/+Zy7FgzCC4WK9HV4T1sKDrr8x85GBqKdujT61mZI+Wcx4HwIWggT9E1GDoT88RpQUsOBxSLDByMWofkRmpA2+gxmWek0nPo2uc5JC/9BgczLRZpmSXl6K/o7tcDvt064/Ll35GQEK8elZ5E1FdRmDZtJjZ8/bXcs5QTBxZ+3ZGRcQVHf01S28ujOHw4Xquzly7+jtGjRskdH6zQsA8w74MFWLN6lRq8nEdc3H71PV+E/8s90aVLV2RlPciw0Qzl22HY8HbQ5wv4DWf+9P690cvZePLm3zh/YEne8GSDIZg3T9T3vFPxOSe+x6eba8O/dW3ZsRZz3bKrjdb+tbH50+/zH7Dcp2IJBlasWKHNhJ096z3gobyXePTRR7FqVQQGDOgnc0q/jz5ahOHDX0Pbtq1ljkHLlq3xdcw61KtXV+Y8OEeOJOGHH37AggXz4Vg5f6F8Z1qwGhh8IFPW69/jCdiU5Yx2Hk+ZKLR2qOTiAZeCQUIRlXN+AX38zxsdOeQ2FO3R0tH46P4KEha8jh6L/x8mbUtGWupBrPQ4iU+3npPbrdi/aTi0KRWO7TxQx+TXVwF1W3dAo6z9OHT8L5lnnpxzMRjhOxM7z/8tc8wzL2wBnJ3rYPnyT2Fvbzj5Kvj38NfamOy/reB0swVs2RGLffsOYN0XX8C1vpvMBZzr1MKy5ctRpWplmfPgZP+bjTlz5uPtSRPQt9+AW+17+fLl1QOjBWpA0F098j+r5Vm/inD2fhn+xgG/dubvPPw7NIWjIUcljvCXIKDHp8CkLUgWp/lXeiHl0y3IknvcGj50bAKPOhUMWcVetyqgjkcTOJoa6rgPhR9QMMOBhH3w9PLKFwjk8mjYSK7l6du3DypUkF+glJSUhBdffFGm7uz48dMICnpTpoqfg4OD2igt19YzszKRkpKMqe9M1tIFdenqK9cMIiO/xIYNX8pU8RKXNeZezSB+D8HTq7n215hoXPv27S1TBmIccPPmvKEDwdS8DmuXEeaLp8NkooC8in43leHZoTX0oeqRwyBXuPz1MzauVRuKt5/Do1eMjkZzz1pMmoNBrmL4wgFeoydi0vZdCDHsUQKSEOZXH6Y/rrv8eyf2qPW4/R2PDAynHtORlPaHWojyOuPCsqvRGSGvxsI7YCZmf/QW/HKHeArpwL5d8PV9xWR7MmFi/rqfkZGtjUcXJPILI10t5+u/+kqmip+bm9utdk58zrp1XeH+rIeWNiYONgoecOhWRWpDrcVNdPRDhgzR1lNPnMClS+nw7d5TSxsT+y1foXaYRvbuPXLb75GamirXrIDDs+igBvyhasA/yMUFfyVuwVp9a7zt+QSuRMp9bh3hj8RHg9y1uQCVvAIwadJP2Hqrgl9C0q6fgaY9USNfr2pO3TLkmdNulavxNJpCh11JlxDg4iRz70+xBAPilLODfeErvLt7fTg6VpQpAzHJpDBEpCrGs0uK8en03PXy5Qp3LbAIHkrqvWZm5jUS5r7P6tWrG+Y+GElJedgyczjEuF6z0dgqkwYxRoXfHeNjojC+QKdj919H1JLrheU4fgMOjvfMX8jFrNymvvhMJu/ODg6eL6lHDsvUyLsXnjz7DZaiO1Y3VavkdrmLKvesxWDjsxZ2leH8XBXAMD2mEMT8iXFoNiZGpqWtRh28YyBiDgbC02StNf29iasJmvptkak7yULaH1na2Q9TjVbOn1dwEdXRrpaY83A/HkYNvxmIuTIRft7tsfGt+Zg5upUcP723zMyLavvwqEzdXVZWtjaGXZDIL4z0M5dKdOKy6GRzgwFzPqcQHrZQG38vblWqVLkVDIj3KBT2faaknLjt98jMzDueLhoxr6YLxmzNkGmDrU/nXY5psg3Ix9Eo4K+Ms1FqkD9sDpo6PJRXxXOP8AcbH+E/jCed66pdff7XdnSvhSfkuoE5dUsNCFRmtVtP1IK7YzZir/x1x9coNMUCJk+erBw7dkymFGXYsJHKCy88L1P5XbhwXtmzJ05Rcm4qcXGxingLJ0+myq15evbsqS3CyVOnlDatW2v7+vj4KJd/P6/lW4PHH6+ifPzxRzKVX3z8ASUt7axMPTjbthm+Z/Hdm7Jt2w7l2rU/tXVn5yrK3LnztHVj69at055Do/52I98YrahHAur+dZXY7zcb8o0ULBOm/aOkrx+lNAyNV9fu4WqsElT/GaVbxFHlpswy9k/8YmV06HolPj1bTaUp64c8Z/p5/4lXQhs+ddfX/Cf+Q6WhU0clNF58J5eU2KCX1Nf9Qdmu/RWvb3jfTk6jlPXp/xTYP5d4XGvFach6JV1L53/MvYnP4FfgOe8gfb0y5LbXNzD93ozJ99ktQjlm6otVrivHIvopTvWDldirJnbQXvsp9XOZudz6XvITZUaUHWNeXl7KhAlTZSq/G9f/0sqjIMqtKL+miPyFCxdq67/8+ovi07mL0qJFS2XBggVanjWYO3eu+j5dZaoA9TNqn/UBO3nypNYOxMUdljn53bh+Ta6J362Z+ruNlKk8ue3+xYsXtXTEylVKizYtFW9vb3Wb2jcUYKpMmCTKYsMPlfh7Vq8/lfjQjopT7r5a29JPiYjbZPh77LqaaWhDtHJqss24qT4sWKl/qz6banPMrVv30W5p+UbtolYfn1OGrE/TNpujSIHEnXTp3AE//PAjjiTlv2xNCAsLhb+/v0wVzrSQdzBg4GAoOf/Aw8MDus/WyC0PnvisS5cu085QGBNH4wMHDsS8eXNlzoPTtk1zbXjjo0Ufy5w8CQkH0aGDt/r3sMy5t02bv0PqiVRcvfIH1n2xGpODZsgtxcihEXoMc0Pi2i1IvO1SnN+xKyoSXy9NQGZFS5/skkcOke9hXnQ1o8lBecrV80QX+1TEHjkr5xaoci4j9eeSO2N1/xzRtEcvuCV+jY2JJi7NvCaGRg7C3v8leGozpAvQLpsUl0vda0nGtuld1SOpGuj41jrELS38pZVt2rTCpk1fqd1Hwd8dmDjpLW2mvTkG9gvA4P79sXDhEm1+kxiStAbic6amptx2ua+wa/ePePSxxx/4KXbn2rVQs2ZNbNp4+9kX0ebVb1Af4eHhMufejh8/iTkz30P4h2EYMyYQAQEBcksJkkMFkcEfItqlA1rXzT9kjXK10LiLMzJij+DkrSL4Ny6knjCaM2CQkZSmtka5ili3CuP3NCRl3N/VAwUVSzDg6+uLFi3aoH379vhyXRTS09O1Qhz8zhTMmTMX06aFmBz/uxOdLkKbpBe5eq1acZPRsmUzueXBmzp1qlqgU9GlSxfs3btfGwY4ELcfXXy74MyZcwgcHyj3fHDKV3gE77wzHTPfnan9BuL9it9E3AuhU5fO8Pb2UQOGlnLve+uiPmbTpm+QcChR/U3WwMeng9xSnB6D52tBGI+F6D/uY+zQy2GQa3rsCJuE11c9joDFI+QlPYWXc34PwrWbgbiiU8gOnL+tv5FDBWeTkGyqoRByA5X3w7AyRbyvTKSsDMP7icZNxb/4Uw2exKnAK38W/kYgFpVzDjtDut2aDR1+QNyoyQ6VPAOwYPqTWOo3EFNWHZDfgbxRyrhRhss5Jz8P80b6jf2NczHB8FtbFbN3bMfyMYUfIhCGDxuuth8nMXToq3kz1dXA4PM1kWqHvgIDBpjXgXz99Xpt8mF29nVUrFgRjo73/8ksqWWLlmq76YVevXsj5WjekJxYHzrkdTVYeBHOzuZe0mphars9fvwbmPP+PO37zw3QxO8ifqeLFzPx8ssva3mFUb16VezZuxt167moz/Gn+vmKNu59fwwB/9nkM3Dxb4m6t5XN3E59Ed5fmYRraq25lvIl3n//B7ldqAL3Ns8BB3/DuVvVu/jr1r/nfsNBPIc27lW0tGHYIRsX5bCBOYolGBAFZtPGr+D94ktqwX4FNWrUQJ06dRA+/2MsmD9f69jNpha6hIS9yMj4HSdO6mXmg+davwG2b/8G6WfOolWrFqhatSqaNW+hpbdv367NBLYGgWoF/vDD97XfwMWljvab9OjxivYbRUV9YVZwlisl5RecPv2b+nscN3nUZnGVvDD+q41Y3OYC5nm7GTo1t3YYneSO2THLMO3FGmYW6Bs48d1SbHZfiOTUDeiTOB+fJ5q4LEo7cnBFI5MNhaAGKmMXI+r1f/B+B/G+vDBW7wx/N3mdsnaHwHrwDhGNxw8I8a73AC45zEHmj0sw7uIQ7EtNQ/Lqhtg84zt5SZIDXAPCERszBE/8MArNnMXlU0+jmbhRSucPsOOr0fAswpUaOec2Y/qnVbBYN9XsyYOCqGO6lRH48qv1qFz5CXh6NkH1GtXQr/9A9WhyhNoJ/U/uWThOTjXVgDgJQUFvo1y5cviPnaXPJt0ntQ6uWrMa5ctXUI+w3VG/fn1tPpVYr2j/CNasjpA7PliB49/CgMH9tO+/6pPVtN+jatUnsD5mPaKj1qjfb+E7dHt7ezUYc8TatTr1QPF9eHg8WzJtST4y4LdvavLMn6FTHwFd1KvA+z5wq1ULbmN/gbt/Y7ldkFcGZMTjyEnjmf3FWbdu4OSReGQ0Egcpl7Q7EDp7T0UispAY4g1nM+9AWCxzBoxdvnxZiY/foxw+HHfbmNeVK1e08aMbN27InDx6/S/aUtCVK38orq7OMmVdxHia+Dx6/dFb45jWRnzXv/xyWHufly//LnPziN/q3Lnbx5suX76gPcaUjh07aL+vscLNGbAif8YpoT6D5XihBdw8qkR0e0apHxSrXJVZ1uTmsQil2x3HMh+cu40Pi7q/Zs1abW7Ago8XqOX4iNxisGfPXmXJEsO8gIJE/uHEQzKVZ9XKCGXkyDEyZSXUtkPM4/nww1Bt+Xrj11bZnhz99Zj6vS7Wfo/lEcu138dYRMRnSmzsdpnKI9oX8Zjb5kCon9G3W1f1MT/JDINCzxkoUSbm0tw8pawf3vqO85osTmtjWivD15+yyOsVezBgCVPfmaqc/O2Utq7XH1M8PNy0dXowNn67SWuUNWoFbty4sXL0aP7ArVQFA3ISXP0hi5U4bQKimeTkRp/g7Uq6ViuvKsfWBys+TmICYP4G0ircPKvEBo9SgmPPlkyjZYZib/hz/lEWLMgLGKKiopXBg4fIFJW0o78mKd99lxcw9OnTV9m48TuZMnjwwYCcCOgzQ4nV2oebyp/H1itBPs8pPqFxSt7UXDU/foHic6fJthYlJzD6LFDi/7TMa93/ub8S5OrmipatWqNXT3+0bfsSJkwxfV0/lQwPj+cQOPEt7f848GzSBM7P1IOr672uZbdi2iS437Cj66947aM9MPvKbYdWeGN1CJrEjZSnAd3gveQm+scsxlhPE3cee6DEfIZQrH36dUw0e1ilDHioHHbs2KK2Ja9g2rR3MXbsGIwaad4wA1lORfv/YtSo4Zg44S0MHz4CyUmH0L79ve8vU7KewPNvhOG9JvsxqNnTav2uBTfvFUD/FdCN9ZL/B4EghhMGYdawFMxZUcy3774WjxVzUjBs1qAiDeEZe0hEBHL9vgUFBeF///sfXFxcZI7liduP7tt3EG3atED16g9ikgkZExOGdu78HlWrVoGX1+2TD0uiTBTd79g5pT8ivZZjud9TyNw5Dc9vewk/vvdiESbLWbFrSdCNC8SuNqGYH+Bu1IhZD71ej4iICMyaNUvmWJ6Y9R75+VpczchAl84++e72Z0169eqNunUbYPbs0vMftt0Pcfv66A1fwb78IxgwYEC+u0wKJVEmqLgmEBYDJ6c66NmzJwMBKyEqbJcuviYDgdJDRPwTUWNJey3abx5ZA8veaFU2AwHcgP6rWQjZmoStIWISVE3UMuc/dSlDtDvqBQxGYOB4qw0EBHEFVnp6abg8tWjEFQSBY8ZrZwYKBgJUcmzuLCGRMbtq3pj+XYp2Lfyvy0fAq9rDcktZUwEuAavzX/ufeKe7GRKRrWEwQEREZOMYDBAREdk4BgNEREQ2jsEAERGRjWMwQEREZOMYDBAREdk4BgNEREQ2jsEAERGRjWMwQEREZOMYDBAREdk4BgNEREQ2jsEAERGRjWMwQEREZOMYDBAREdk4BgNEREQ2jsEAERGRjWMwQEREZOMYDBAREdk4BgNEREQ2jsEAERGRjWMwQEREZOMYDBAREdk4BgNEREQ2jsEAEZEVWrJkMSZPHilTRMWLwQARkRXy9PSEq6u7TBEVLwYDRETWRsnB6dNntCX732yZaZCdnY3U1FPa34IyMjJw8eJFmSIqPAYDRETWQg0Cwhd8CKdatVGrlpO2VK1cVc1bIHcA0tPPo04dZxw5slfm5JkzJxi9e/eWKaLCYzBARGQlJgdNxMRJUzB82FAcPnwYR48ex9QpIWrepHwBAZGlMRggIrICx4+fVI/sP8TyZUswNfgdeHh4wNW1LiZMfBOzZn2AFZ8uk3sSWR6DASIiK7Bhcwwef7wKBgwYJHPyBI4ficOHf5Epg9Onf9fmDhgvGRl/ya1E5mEwQERkBc6fOY569eoAD5lolk3k9ejRU5s7YLysWKGTW4nMw2CAiMgKVKzoiOzsf2Xq3qKivsTJk6n5liFDAuRWg+0/7cS8eR9g06bNMofINAYDRERWwN3tWSQlJeHq1SsyJ0/6uTT06vkK0tPTZQ7g5PQEnJ1r51scHSvKrVADgI0YPfR1NcC4geDgadDpIuUWotsxGCAisgK+vr5wcLDHm4HjtEsMb1HXA9+cjL379qudvaPMLIyHsXHTBkydOhUjR76G1NQkmU90OwYDRERWoHyFR7A8YhEiV69Fw4YN1aP5YEybFqytr18fhYhPdShfvrzc+966dOmIevVc0KlTB0yc+DYCBr8qtxDdjsEAEZGV8O/eG/EH49CiZRts374DW7bsgIdnI8THH0D7Dt7aPv/5z3/g5dUMFSs6aGljNWs6w82tgUwZrFq1BrqIVejb738yh+h2DAaIiKyI+7Me+OSTxdi7d4+2rNKtgrv7c3KrmCtQE3Fx+9U8T5mTZ8yYCVi4cJG2Lm5LLG5ZXKVKFfh274zU1GNaPpEpDAaIiMqgOXNmqcHBOBw/fgIzZ85Ew4a3Bw9EuRgMEBGVQbNnvw+Us0O/fv3UgECPlZ9FyC1Et7NIMODk5IRTp1JlioiIHjQx2fCThQu1IQWd7jNUfbK63FK6iL5F9DFUvCwSDFSvXh16/XGZIgIiI1eicuXKMkVUOKLMiLJDlEv0LaKPoeJlkWDAy8sLsbGxMkW2Tvxvay1atDLzmmgiaGVGlB1RhogE0beIPoaKl0WCgaeeekr7u2fPHu0v2bYvvvhCG6ckuh+i7IgyRJTbp+T2MVR8LDaBcNy4cZg/fz6uX78uc8gW6fV67N69Cz4+PjKHyDyi7IgyJMoS2S7Rl4g+RfQtVPwsFgy0atUK9erVg07H/zXLVmVkZGDo0CEID/8IjzzyiMwlMo8oO6IMibIkyhTZJtGXiD5F9C1U/CwWDAji9plHjhzB4sWLZQ7ZirNnz2LEiBHo06evdvtUoqIQZUiUJVGmRNki2yL6ENGXiD6FSsZDikquW4Q4tRMYGKiti78uLi7aOpVd27dvw4wZMzB+fCD8/PxkLlHRxcTEICwsVOsU2rfvIHOprBJDQ6Ghodq6+MszjCXH4sFArtxK3Lp1G7z0UjvUru3MwKCMEAHfmTNnsH//fmzYsEG7HIyBHxWX3A7i8uXL2v/s17x5c9SsWZMdRRkhfl9xL4Hvv4/V5orwoOLBKLZgQBCdxqFDh/DTTz8hPj4e+/bxaoOyYsCAQXBzc9MaZgYBVBJEpyEC0OTkZN6LoAwRl5I2adIEbdu2RePGjRnkPSDFGgwQERGR9bPoBEIiIiIqfRgMEBER2TgGA0RERDaOwQAREZGNYzBARERk4xgMEBER2TTg/wMdCEiLossU8gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Compound B can also be prepared by reacting an alkene with water.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Iodomethane is used to prepare CH<sub>3</sub>Mg<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>I</mtext></math>. It can also be converted into methanol:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">CH<sub>3</sub><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>I</mtext></math> + HO<sup>–</sup> → CH<sub>3</sub>OH + <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>I</mtext></math><sup>–</sup></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the name of Compound B, applying International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) rules.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Compound A and Compound B are both liquids at room temperature and pressure. Identify the strongest intermolecular force between molecules of Compound A.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>σ</mtext></math> (sigma) and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi mathvariant="normal">π</mi></math> (pi) bonds in Compound A.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the hybridization of the central carbon atom in Compound A.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the isomer of Compound B that exists as optical isomers (enantiomers).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the structural formula of the alkene required.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the reaction produces more (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>COH than (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CHCH<sub>2</sub>OH.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the structural formula of the repeating unit of the polymer formed from this alkene.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce what would be observed when Compound B is warmed with acidified aqueous potassium dichromate (VI).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the type of reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the requirements for a collision between reactants to yield products.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the mechanism of the reaction using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The polarity of the carbon–halogen bond, C–X, facilitates attack by HO<sup>–</sup>.</p>
<p>Outline, giving a reason, how the bond polarity changes going down group 17.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>2-methylpropan-2-ol /2-methyl-2-propanol ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept methylpropan-2-ol/ methyl-2-propanol.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept 2-methylpropanol.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>dipole-dipole ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do not accept van der Waals’ forces.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>σ</mtext></math>: 9<br><em><strong>AND</strong></em><br><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi mathvariant="normal">π</mi></math>: 1 ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>sp<sup>2</sup> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>butan-2-ol/CH<sub>3</sub>CH(OH)C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>carbocation formed from (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>COH is more stable / (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>C<sup>+</sup> is more stable than (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CHCH<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> ✔</p>
<p><br>«because carbocation has» greater number of alkyl groups/lower charge on the atom/higher e<sup>-</sup> density<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«greater number of alkyl groups» are more electron releasing<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«greater number of alkyl groups creates» greater inductive/+I effect ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> award any marks for simply quoting Markovnikov’s rule.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="213" height="183"></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> penalize missing brackets or n.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> award mark if continuation bonds are not shown.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>no change «in colour/appearance/solution» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«nucleophilic» substitution<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>SN2 ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept “hydrolysis”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept SN1</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>energy/E ≥ activation energy/E<sub>a</sub> ✔</p>
<p>correct orientation «of reacting particles»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>correct geometry «of reacting particles» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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fVWmc6/BwwYJMPHhlbwy4eH5HAyC/idQYSIqsTXflj3z4rjOCztvirzOgAAgP6ZOXOmdas7fgHIbf0OACxfvtx16z+d7q9bqaUi2V+iNNeAHamsra21OtFeY1egdrAiEt0pwBlgOXLkiCmJjBo1yprlcM8998htt90mb7zxhnkEGTNgkAwbZebvv7NPDvYkEQE48qn8wfxZS0YNk0GhIgAAgCdUVFSYkuREni0AkfUrAKDZ9t32BNWEfNoJz9Y2dPr/ffjhh829UAZ9L3FWnM4K1c2//du/uQZYlC4F0FkO+m/V29NPP908gswZKROuMDs4dO+T9z/8MlSO2wn5rP0lWau7CEqJXDRudGK7CAAAAKSZs7369ttvmxKAXNSvAMAjjzxiSsFu0MiRcsEFF1iZ6DUhX7bpmu2GhgarrOvlvTQLwFlxXnjhhabUl+YvaGxsNPei0yR1mrgOmXaGlFZeLaF3/HpZvOo38plVjtcn0r65Vaz+v1TKDZXn9X9aDgAAQArpjN4ZM2ZY5ddee81acgggNyXd19Bs9JqVXukU9WnTpklHR4en1qM7t3Lz0iwArTiVVqTRrteOHTtMKTrt/LP9X/YMKP223FAdygPQ3bhMHtryQZx7+X8p3Vt+Jg80doTuVl8tlaVnhMoAAAAeom19pbNOvbi8FkB8kg4AbNiwwZRE7rvvPquDna0p/5HoiLgdrbT33M82rTC14lR2RRqJTv+Phc5/+ugMjNbWVivRYtQtJQeUyXeWNkgo7V6rPDh1jiyOGQT4TPb675ebpt4voR37rxXf0hopY/gfAAB4UGVlpSmFclQB/XNA/PWlUlRUJKVNHXLMnEX6JdXd0E7swoUL5a/+6q+sDqiu9/cq3RVA6baA9h762eSsMCdOnGhKfcWa/l9aWmott6Dznx7a4b/iiitk+vTpViLJMWPGWDkv3A2QweX/IE2+a819DQJcKlMXrhT/lr3SY85aTnRLx8Z10lQ/WcbVPmg6/yVS5btP5pb33U0DAADAC8aNG2dKIjt37jQlIN8dk27/XCtQEfmYK/7u3AlhJBUA0Ez0c+fOlf/4j//wfAd0ypQppiSya9cuU8oeZ4V5ySUmeZyLaNP/NdfCK6+8wvZ/aaQzRjRo5KSRbw3MuBsm5ff8XF6+185/0S1tjd+X2qnjZIizgviL0VIx82ZpWGO/F4Od/3ubZd09l5H8DwAAeJbO9L311lut8tq1a61bIP8NlJKaJyQQ+LN0vfGY1Jndv1VJ3S9l92fHg489ITUlA81Z70sqAKAdz3/6p3/KiQ6o/o72loCvv/66dZtN9lIErUCjLZmINNqsnX+dlk7nP72cS1ycdNZFRAO+LlOWrpfO1uW9KoeISurE19omzy29SkqY+g8AADzummuusW51kCTq8kgg73xFSi67QepvKTf3y+WW+mtl/JDca8Qn+BufWqsR8aj3m4zm3lFVFVqd3dYWmnCdLVpR2qPKl19+uXUbyapVq0zpFDr/mTNz5kxT6k2XAkR3lpRddbc0H+yS9g0tst5XJ71jAROkzveUtGxol66DzTL/qjJG/vNe/k0dAwAUpgkTJpiSyO7du00JKBRnyNCRQ0x5iIwceoYUmXu5JMEAwBipad4ngeNd8sZyZ8cm2KlZ9Y4cDgQk0FwT1uHJPruyCp/SnWnOinLSpEmm1Ndbb73VJ1/BddddR+c/g+rq6k7OHLFt3rw5/kSXA0qkfEaNzJrfLF36uTh5vCPN82+Smhnl8Y36l9RIs/W6V2R+ebyhgsFSPv+V0P/Pg5/HwhN96ti7h3Nv6hgAoDCVlZWdbB+99NJL1i2A3JLcnIVg5+ay79XLLXZDtuQ6qZ91oWdHMgcPPvWbpX/bkhPSs7dN/P6VsvDK0b1G+W5e8aL1jKnXXm9VoJFoR982cuRImT17tjzzzDN0/jNIr/WLL75odfpbWlqks7NTqqvt9f1AMiJMHRuce1PH0qJnr2zxPyurF043J0KKRtdL07MbZcvez8yZAmUlEA1dH+f3SlHRRVLftE78GzukO+b+o47ZKKVN0hHvpJNjHdJUqv+vUqn3R1kGBaAg2LMkf/d/9/atk6izQxx19gDn9Umozg7q9ku99borpamjV1rpKHqko+nK0P/XIzOzj3U0SWmv66DHuVK7Zr/1+P6GCjmtz+OJ/Ju94CPZsrAi7N8Q7Rgt01e9G+fW4amVfMuzeKiMLLbLw2VocW40Yj/66CNTSr0T3duleeE1MmTclVJb+31pbOv9kfvo1w9bty8/f0QW+vf0zg7vYE//HzRokLVVYHNzs+e2WCwEw4cPtzr9upNEtIANEL++U8cKnjaSmhfKlUPGydTa2fK9xlMBUEv3GmmYPVOmjhsvVy70y96ebHxVZpNuGbpIrrQSiLpcH9klaxpultqZFTL6nGDD+9/Ddh4BgFQK1tnTv/6pXFIk8syGjdTZffStswPmkRDqbGQfQ08pcUJ69jTLP5R/S/6+T+PMzUvSGGzo3rl6V58PvXP6//XXX28FA+j8A8hLPbtk9T9US8XfN5otMaPRnTVqperOtbKnUBqUJz6QLYtmO7YMjUEb3tVVct2if49vZAkAEuGos3f07tW6oM6OqYDq7IHl82VfryWxevxOWurGWo+P9bXL0T6PJ7L81QtGyJRl7WH/hmhHl2z+3gVZ6YwXXABgxIgRppQ6Jz7YIP845e9ljT3gr9nd1z8v7V1/dvyRj8vhzlccSeF2yZrv/S95ouOQdc+m2/upG2+8kc4/gPx14rfi/8cb5Xsnt8QMJcjc0N4lx51fkIc75eX1vpO5E7rX3Cv/44n2/B8x0Ybk4jky9cFTQeWSOp+s1wSixx3X57gmHH1KfHV2Yq5go/vBerlp+XZGlQCkDnV2dNTZyCEFFwDQad0pFawQN9z3Y1ltdf5LpGpBi3Tu/WeZP+u/S3nJV6ynhAyQwWVVMmv+Sul4+X4J7UvwvDQs8steR9Tvv/7rv+SBBx6g8w8gj30pH2zwybzVpiFZda+0dG6zEmTOKC/p/cU0uEymzJov/9zRKvdWaYsy2FhqaJJf7f1T6PG8dEI+a/uZ/J3dkCypk+VvdMnB5vkyKzyBqJVw9CaZ37xNOlvuNd8teo3+d58AMwAkp2+d/eyerdTZJ1FnI7cURADg9ddft27Ds7r33wnp2emXFScrxAZp+tFMKYua1OsrUjJlofx81ezQ3dbHZVXbqbwEjz76qCxevJjOP4D81fOWPL3CTkx0rfiaFkhN2VnWvUgGlFwlP/35TyWUinO9LF71G8nbFFMn9sqzy3556vo894jcfVlYI7uPs6Ss5n75l5Y7zSyzvgFmAEiKS51dO26odS8S6mzqbHhXQQQA2tpCK3GqqkJxttT5RLb/6imzzqdcFvzoFimPK6P3GVI2a67cO8cn61sWybeHHhU+78gl6d9NA/nrhHy2fYMsN0lSSxbcI98vH2aVYxlQdr0svPcfxbe+RR779lD5PE8rzhP7fiPPtOr1KZEq330yN87rowHmr89skMfmmKmlrS/K1n35POqGfPXFF19YB7yAOjsW6mzkmrwPAGhH5c0337TK0fbeT8qJj+T9t7pC5ZJqmV6RwPKCs6bI0lXzZVZNTd/pU4CHbdu2Tc4++2z567/+a3n44YetxJU01BC/L+XD9/eZkZJyuWX6NyT62L/TCJmy9P/I/Fk1UhM+rTJv/En2bX1RQhNJK+WW67+R2Ba7A8bItJuvMyNKW+WZre8TYEbOWb9+vRQXF1u78Dz55JN8z2QVdXZ01NnIPXnf79Q1/ytWrJAlS5akfgbA73fLq1bEL9j/v2WaVJxFNx7575JLLpELLrhAXnvtNbnnnntk4sSJNNSQgD/Irld3hIqJBk4LQo8c7HwvVCwplfNGOXPJxGOAnFUxTW6xWpPd8k5nl3tiqf0NUnGa277ELsdpFdIQ2qoZyIgpU6ZIaWmp/Ou//qvcdtttvb5n1qxZc3K3JGQCdXZ0GaqzpU0aKob0rZ9djyFS0dAWtv2gF42RmuZ9VnLEffPLZaA5i/QriB7rvHnzZNGiRalPAOhQPHKoFJsykM80P8W6devMvVPCG2rf+c53xO/301BDZMXDZWgxgdPevpBDH5pEUMlen+KhMtJ8IXUHf9bnoSKQM8455xz52c9+Zu6dot8z9fX1Mm7cOKujo985fM9kEHW2C+ps5B4+xQASdvHFF1vJKqPRKZy1tbU01IBEHPt/8t42M9w++XwZncyQyMC/lPMnh/ZWBnJVdXW1zJ5tEiZHoLPOnN8zCxculNbWVjl48KB5BpBm1NnIQQQAACTl9ttvN6X4OBtqetBQA1wMGCTDx4ZWg8qHh+RwMotBnQ3SSMb6pP2oY2/qaMfRdvHRNkUW6OzNRDQ2NsoNN9wgY8aM4XsGmZGpOluqxNd+2L2O7nMclnZflRSZVwLhMhIAOLUmJbePPgYNk1HmM3/kD5/KkVARaeT2d+HIzqENrGTpLAC3hpomGGSHgVPcrrt9ROP2fPuIxu359hGN2/Pto68zZdgokyH5yCfy6ZHUpjty+x3sw43b85xHOLfnOA83bs+zjz6Cjclho8xc0Hf2ycGeJK7PkU/lD+YLqSR4rQeFioiT29+JIzuHLilL1KFDoenY9veM5g3Q7xlNXKv3+Z5JVPbqbK8evVBnIwelPQDQ54OSw/r8WwaPlnEXhSIA3WtfkvbPEvnQn5CevW3i92+ULXvzdmdUIKrwhlplZaW1w8CPfvQj63whi1V3Rnrc+68bLOeMOz9U7G6Vze0JNsR79soWv1/8W/b2SZSU6O8S6/nK+ZxEn69ivabv4yNlwhWXhIrd++T9D78MleN2Qj5rf0nWWvlpS+SicaMTy0gN5JnPPw+tqNbEtRpotr9ndFYa4pG9Oturev/e1NmF5U/y6R8Om3LuYglAgnp96AecJ5U3VIbKiVaKJw5I67K7pLZ2pky961nZm9qAKpCT/vZv/1ZWrlyZ8PKCQpVs4ym7rztDSiuvlmqr3CFrN78t8YdAv5QPWh+Vv6utldqpi+VXexPfLznZf0PmOK/Pelm86jcJXB/1ibRvbjVbdlXKDZXn8UUPONx6663S0tJizQxAPLJbZ3sfdXbh+FK6tz8jzWs7zP02Wf5os7zRlWjQJ/vS/h7TtSj5pPe/p3el2PjAWumIa+rPCenZ6ZcVq3cFyyVSfcO3pZRPe1x6r3HiyOZx5Ej/F71ogift8O/cudP6eZokUBtnmgG60Ok1jsXtObnwugGl35Ybqs3sqcbl8osOk0E5lp635OkV/lBDqfpqqSw9wzptS/R3SffzVTyvCdf7+iyTh7Z8EOe+0MHGyZafyQONpnHico0Qm/7NOLxxHDhwwPxVkmd3+Ds7O62fqd852vlP585Q+SabdbYXhf/e1Nn57ph0++dKUdHpMvpb82RNKFpj6V4zTyZ9/fTgY3PF333MnPW+5LudjvUqsdgVeT4c4QaUTpXb50wI3Wm7R667c63siRoECHb+96yVO6+7R9r0bkmN3D79fKJ9yDlPPfWUDBqU2Eo1Z0NMO/y/+tWvrHO6q4BuL5j/Eps65lYHOY9I3J7rPCJxe67ziMTtuc6jjwHny/TbayTUXHpeGq77n7J6T4wxk55dsvrO70lDm37zTpA5t091DZy6/f+dRzi35ziPcG7PcR5u3J7nPPoYUCbfWdogVdadVnlw6hxZHLNB+Zns9d8vN029P/TdIteKb2mNlPHlghz285//3JTiF6nDX1ZWZp6BhLnU2ave/dS6F1GK6mwvHn1QZ+e5gcHu2hOu74VTxxNSU5LMFhBZEvylE3e8K/DG8rpAsCLQT0HwmBCoW7410HXcPF5gjh9sCcwpsa9F8CipC/jWbwi83PmpeYb6c6Cr/fnAel/v6zan5f1AgV425LADBw6cer9HOYINsUCwIRYINsTMK3NP+L8pecE64I3HAnWOuqKk7rHAG11/No8XmOPvB1rmTHBc2+D3iO+pQMvLnYHD5inqeFd7YMN6X+/rNqclcDDvK84/Btp91zquT0mgasEv+lwf/T5u3/BUwFfnvJbB5/re6P08y9FAV8vtoeeM9QXaj5rTsRxtD/jG6s8dG6hr+Z05mZhTv1t/PkMoJDt37uz1vnEew4YNO1nOh++ZnECdHUM66uygrpZAnfWcqoCv3fUZLg4Hf5eqQJG+rq4l0GXOArYEv4l/F2ipG+t4w7ocBflGCzbsX74/UOV2PSIewQ/7va0FGzRB7jpy5Ehg9uzZLu/p/GyIhf8bE+fodEU8bg+0dMXbG8sfx7taA/dWlbhcjyhH1f2BlwslaHL8YODle6vdr0PEI9p3CwEA5Ab9nikrKzv5nrE7/Hpu7ty5dPizhDo7hpTX2UEEAJAGfBOnzPHA4c6WwIK4KsbqwIKWd90jfYDHbd68+eR7uRBGXnp/dqkyU+7wu4GWBfE0mHQ0JfheO1xoUdNPA52ty3uNpkU8dPZZa9hoUy8EAJAbnn76aeu9oh3+BQsWWN87OvMMHmDqbKtzGfWgzna/Lo4jZp0dRAAAacBKk5QZIIPLamTZK3uk8+UN0rJqgVkL5FC1QFa1PC/tXc/JsprxbPOBnFRdXc3aSqTO4PFSs2yTHO58RVpafiELqkKrTE+plgWr1suG9g55eVnwvTa40L62zpKyq+6W5oNd0r6hRdb76sw6XNsEqfM9JS0b2qXrYLPMv6qM7xbkvBkzZlgJAPW7ZtmyZdb3DslhPcLU2Z9RZ0fQt84ebR4Joc5G9hVpFMCUAQBhwreNo8oEEuf8HPEZAgAge5gBAAAAAABAASAAAAAAAABAASAA4DFffPGFLF26VBYsWCAHDx40ZwEAAID00uU6emzbts2cAZBvyAHgIdr5/8EPfiBPPvmkdV+T35BcDcgucgAA/UcOACA3OD+rW7dulcmTJ5t7APIFMwA8ZNOmTSc7/7feequMGTPGKgMAAADppp1+m8/nMyUA+YQAgAdp5//RRx+VM88805wBAAAA0ktH/O0gALNQgfxEAMBDdD91nRqpe6uHd/4fe+wxa1qW5gYAAAAAkuX3+2XAgAFy2223WUtQnTQIoO3RxsZGcwZAPiEAkAO083/XXXeZewCQH9asWWMlmgpvfEbz1ltvkZwKAFJEl55q/qlE6mEAuY0AQAbt3btXFi5cKN/4xjfibsA6O/+XXnqpVUkDQK7Tjnx9fb1UVlZa9WIsOlp12WWXycSJE63X6G4pAIDkXHPNNdaSU5VIEECfozNSr7/+emltbTVnAeQSAgAZ9P7771vTqd555x3ZuHGjORuZBgmcnX9tAJ9zzjnWfQDIZffff78pxV5n+sknn0htba28+eab5ozIrFmzTAkAkChdavrII4/0CgI8/PDDVjma1157zbp97rnn5KWXXrLKAHILAYAMOu+880wplFlVG7Xx0ko5vPN/8OBBa0RMI7E6uwAAcoEGN51B0FgBAG2otrS0SENDg2zevFk+/vhjklMBQJw0f5S2FXVWqZPWrZp02g4CHDp0yLqN5vHHHzclkQkTJpgSgFxSFGBD3ozRTvq4cePMPZHm5mapq6sz9/rSaVYHDhyQ4uJi186/Jg20R8Q6OztpEANp4NwTWVFl9t/MmTN7BQCov/Kf83PEZwjILB0sstuLK1askHnz5lllW7T2plN4O1YDs9oWBZBbmAGQQSNGjDClkPBIbDiNzGqjOFbnXytzGs8AcoEuZQpfAkX9BQDpo/WuLiVVurTUbSaAW3szHGv+gfxAACCDhg8fbkoh2oFPNJu1W+c/PJILAF6ko0wPPfSQuRdiTz0FAPSP1rE6Sh++xFQ79rGCALHozw7fkYolAEBuIgCQZfEkA7RphR6r868VtO7pqtMtdc0XAHjFpk2bTtZftm9+85umlDjdSUAbsdqw1boPAAqZTuPXKfpXX321NWDk5BYE0Jwq8bKT/wHIfQQAMix8tCuRZIAfffRRzM6/buOimVzVsGHDrFsAyDatn8JH/1Wi0/91dEs7/faWgNqI1R0CduzYYZ4BAIVN24o6YBQrCNDT02PdxsOZ/M8WvrQVQG4gAJBhX/3qV03plF//+temFJ1WtJpwRSO2sTr/Gmi4++67rTIAZNuqVav6jP4r5+4oseiSKR3d0k6/82fp7gCTJ0829wCgMGlAVQeIVKwggLYnL7roInM2Og28us1YDV/aCiA3EADIMLdR+XjXYWlFq5V5dXW1ORPi1vnXbV00qYuTfgloJQ4AmaSznMLXjtrGjBljSrHt3LnTlEL1nL0lYGNjozkLAIXBbtOFL3/SAaJ4ggB6Pt4ZWCT/A/ILAYAMGz9+vCmdohV0oskAbfF2/vXna0PbuX0LAGTCunXrTKm3GTNm9KmrotGGra5x1U7/ypUrrWAoI1AACpG29bRNp23AZIIA8dKf7RbADV/SCiB3EADwiESSAdoS6fxXVlaaewCQOdrojDT6r+v4E6UjV3T6ARQ6e0aptgHTGQSIlPzPbUkrgNxAACDDvva1r5lSb4kkA7TpSFiinf+tW7eaEgCkn9ZLkbjNiAIAxKZ5nuxR+HiDANu3b7fKiXBL/gcgtxEAyLCRI0eaUl/xJgO0FRcXW8mvlixZEnfnPzxRlgYd3PaMBYD+0rpFg5uRpHIPaXtLwJkzZ1oJrgAgH2inXuvS8NF7bfNp20+3flbRggDNzc1WezHSIFQk+v+NNEP1W9/6likByDUEADwk3mSANp0Kq8mvFi1alFTnX79MdK9YXUPW1tZmzgJAatgzlCJJJAGgG63DwrcE1MbqmjVrzDMAILfZe/trfaltOydt+z3yyCMxZwLU1dVZ7cVEd0sh+R+QnwgAZFi0Bm9/kgE6xdv51/Vg+v9UgwcPtm4BIBW0Hoo2+p9oAkAnbZTqSL/Wp+FbAmpDmF0BAOQLne1p07adWxBAZwLECgIkSl8fKX+LSnQ2AQDvIACQYbEavMkkA3RKpvOv68PCtxYEgP6I1vlXySQAVLpcafr06b3qSm342lsC6u4A8W5tBQBep7M9nfmbMhUEiJT8zxZtSSsAbysKBJkyMqSoqMiU3GkjNtks186fHW/nX9eHOekXxqZNm6yyPhcoZOGfV6rM2MIDkW5aWlqSql/s+kmPyy+/XP7mb/6GXQFygPNzxGcIcKd15+9//3srQKodf6d4Bni0ftSOv738qrOzM+mAqM6yijYotWfPHraWBnIUMwCyQBOxRJNoMkA3/en865dHbW2tdQBAIrQOiTX6r5JNAKgjXVqP6Ui/rmul8w8gX2iHW9teWsdpm81J23SJzgRIVrTkf7b+5nABkD0EADwo0WSATjqyokd/Ov925Li/XyAACo+OzMezlClTjUet1wAgF9iBUW2rxRsEcN5XGgTQAKm2BZMd/Y8n+V+sJa0AvIsAQBace+65puROK/7wqG5/JNv51ygyAMRL65GHHnrI3IusPwkA42FvCajTaK+44goyWQPICTqrSdtoKt4ggC6FSmWbUevxaMn/AOQ+AgBZMHr0aFOKLJ4RtHgk3/lfIJvmXmSt2yxt6pBj1iOxHetoktLga4qK5oq/O95XAcgHOvpv1zXRJJsAMBqt68K3BNTfRY9BgwaZZwFAOh0Qf31pv9pOo2vnJhwEcFsOkKxYyf9UrKWsALyNAIBH6RpazXbdX7E6/+rHP/5xn5H/M888w7oPAPHQ+iqe0X81fvx4U+ofbRTrnv/RtgTU3QHCl0QBgJdpWy3eIICdYFODAOHPScbjjz9uSgDyFQGALDj//PNNKbpUJAOM1fnXETM7Ydell14qy5YtY10XgIStW7euV+c7mmQTADrpaJd2+uvr63vNmLI7/faWgGxxCiAXxRsEcI7YHzlyxJSSE0/yP6VLWcN3yAGQOwgAZEFxcbEpRdefZIA23QJGj0idf3udl3b+/X4/GbUBJExH/xNZM5qKBICvvvqqKYVyCjQ3N8uBAwdOdvqpywDkuniDAFr3aVuvv3VrvPlS4lnKCsC7CAB4mFb2/V3TpRlg3bLAunX+w/ecBYB46Oh/vFKVAHDRokXW9Fdt+G7YsMFKnkUdBiDfxBME0LpP23r9qVtJ/gcUDgIAWZDItiypSgboROcfQKrolNFEGo2pTACoI1+J1F36u2ojFwBySTxBgP6KJ/mfLd6lrAC8iQCAx6UqGaBNE2bR+QeQKnYC0XilKgFgvJxbAo4bN87aFjDVDWcASDe3IEAqJZL8L96lrAC8iQBAlug02HilIhmgbdeuXdYtnX8A/aUj6nYS0XilIgFgLNrB12Bn+JaASteuUu8ByEXhQYBUiTf5H4D8QAAgSxJZBpCKZIA2DTy0tLQk1Pnf31Ahp1n708Y+TqtokP3mdQDyW6Kj/yoVCQDd2J1+e0tA3R3A2UC2dwdYvXq1OQMA6ZOutpMGAbQu07ZcqsSb/M+WSBsWgPcQAMgB2ojtbzJAm66Z1WljjIAB6A+tkxId/deZR6neZlQbrs5Ov3MUSwOe4VsCsjsAgFyndVmqlgCQ/A8oPAQAsiTRabBMzQLgJYl2/lVVVZUppYbmR5k+fXqfTr+9JaDuDkCnHwAi27RpkynFRwO5AHIbAYAsGTx4sCnFJ9XJABMx1tcuRwMBCcRxHG33yVjzOgD5SUf/kwlKTpo0yZRSQ2cT6HrY8E4/WwICyLZcaTvp0qlEpDqQCyDzCADkkFQmAwSAZOh00WRG/1Wqt47SAICuh02m06+7A+jygWwFVgEg27QeZIYpUHgIAGRJMpmwU5kMEACSodNFk20wnnvuuaaUHc4tAXV3AF0+MGfOHPMoABSWF154wZTil4mdXACkFwGAHJLKZIAAkIyHHnrIlBKj60azsRbfuTtA+JaA6o477jAlACgcOvtp8eLF5l78El3CCsB7CABkyYgRI0wpMUzVApBNr776qmzdulWWLFlizsQnk+tG3bYEdNad9paAujuAJgkEgELT1tZmSgAKDQGALEl2JCybyQABQNfd63aiixYtkiNHjsQdDEh1AsBwWi/6/f6oWwLqvtlsCQgAoeR/moAwUSwBAHIfAYAcRDJAAOlzTLr9c6WoqEiKSpuk45g57cIZDPj49y/LbSV69izrsXCpTgDopEujzj77bKmtre3V6R9j/Xe8LH5hj5UoUPfNjt7p75GOpitD//Z6v3SbswCQT0j+BxQ2AgBZpNNQE9XQ0CCjRo0y9wDAG4YPHyplxVoaKTc0v21NsXfWcelMAKjLEmwntwTs+IVcaZ0ZJUP/8utWCQAgUlxcbM3cSmZPf30tgNxGACCLvvrVr5qSO01YpR1+nbba2dlpTdVqbGxkzSoATzt98DCrntKp9jrlXoMB6ZxurzMQdCmC1pMntwQsOds8CgBwKisrs+rN7du3y4EDB6z6c8WKFVYANZZEtlsF4E0EADxmxMwF8kKwsawV8o4dO6wOv05b1co63LGOJinVqapFc8XfHWWeLgBkiXb8MxG01KUIbvUkABS2A+KvL7WWNpU2dUh4a1E79Fp/zps3zwqgatB2586dsvon342woAtAriMAkEX2VNWtW/3SfMN51rmhk78jVwUby9mPsI6RmuZ91qyDffPLZaA5G8vA8vmyL/iaQOAJqSmJ91UAAAC5LvfbThq0vfjii+WWa8tlpHXmdlmxdbc1G1VnCQDIfQQAskgjrjpVdfLkChl8+l+YswAAAIA3jD7/v1mzUXWWAIDcRwAAAAAAAIACQAAAAAAAAIACQAAAAOBuf4NUnKaJRuM4TquQhv3mdZ7SJg0VQ9x/5z7HEKloaDOvAwAAyD8EAAAAAAAAKAAEAAAAAAAAKAAEADxmf0OFnOY6NbXvcVpFg3hyxi2A/DDWJ+1HdWuqOI6j7eIba17nKVXiaz/s/jv3OQ5Lu6/KvA4A8gttTACKAAAAAAAAAAWAAAAAAAAAAAWAAIDHjPW1y1HXqal9j6PtPvHkjFsAAAB4Cm1MAIoAAAAAAAAABYAAAAAAAAAABYAAAAAAAAAABYAAAAAAAAAABYAAAAAAAAAABYAAAAAAAAAABYAAAADAYaCU1DwR2gpq33wpH2hOxzKwXObv0+2j9klzzRhzMotKaqTZ2s7qFZlfPticjGWwlM9/JfRvb66REnMW0RUVFcU8AACANxAAAAAAAACgABAAAIAEuI1uhh8A3OnsCgAAkD1FwS9jvo0BIIJkOvRUqwAAAPAiZgAAQBR05gEAAJAvmAEAAAAAAEABYAYAAAAAAAAFgAAAAAAAAAAFgAAAAAAAAAAFgAAAAAAAAAAFgAAAAAAAAAAFgAAAAAAAAAAFgAAAAAAAAAAFgAAAAAAAAAAFgAAAAAAAAAAFgAAAAAAAAAAFgAAAAAAAAAAFgAAAAAAAAAAFgAAAAAAAAAAFgAAAAAAAAAAFgAAAAAAAAAAFgAAAAAAAAAAFgAAAAAAAAAB5T+T/AxHXkmQPVvTNAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" width="551" height="106"></p>
<p>curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on O in <sup>-</sup>OH to C ✔</p>
<p>curly arrow showing I leaving ✔</p>
<p>representation of transition state showing negative charge, square brackets and partial bonds ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept OH<sup>-</sup> with or without the lone pair.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> allow curly arrows originating on H, rather than the -, in OH<sup>-</sup>.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept curly arrows in the transition state.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not penalize if HO and I are not at 180°.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not award M3 if OH–C bond is represented.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2 max]</strong> if S<sub>N</sub>1 mechanism shown.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>decreases/less polar <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>electronegativity «of the halogen» decreases ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “decreases” <strong>AND</strong> a correct comparison of the electronegativity of two halogens.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “decreases” <strong>AND</strong> “attraction for valence electrons decreases”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Naming the organic compound using IUPAC rules was generally done well.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Mediocre performance in stating the number of σ (sigma) and π (pi) bonds in propanone; the common answer was 3 σ and 1 π instead of 9 σ and 1 π, suggesting the three C-H σ bonds in each of the two methyl groups were ignored.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>sp<sup>2</sup> hybridization of the central carbon atom in the ketone was very done well.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Mediocre performance; some identified 2-methylpropan-1-ol or -2-ol, instead butan-2-ol/CH<sub>3</sub>CH(OH)C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub> as the isomer that exists as an optical isomer.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Good performance; some had a H and CH<sub>3</sub> group on each C atom across double bond instead of having two H atoms on one C and two CH<sub>3</sub> groups on the other.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Poor performance, particularly in light of past feedback provided in similar questions since there was repeated reference simply to Markovnikov's rule, without any explanation.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Mediocre performance; deducing structural formula of repeating unit of the polymer was challenging in which continuation bonds were sometimes missing, or structure included a double bond or one of the CH<sub>3</sub> group was missing.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Mediocre performance; deducing whether the tertiary alcohol could be oxidized solicited mixed responses ranging from the correct one, namely no change (in colour, appearance or solution), to tertiary alcohol will be reduced, or oxidized, or colour will change will occur, and such.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Excellent performance on the type of reaction but with some incorrect answers such as alkane substitution, free radical substitution or electrophilic substitution.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Good performance. For the requirements for a collision between reactants to yield products, some suggested necessary, sufficient or enough energy or even enough activation energy instead of energy/<em>E ≥ </em>activation energy/<em>E</em><sub>a</sub>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Mechanism for SN2 not done well. Often the negative charge on OH was missing, the curly arrow was not going from lone pair/negative charge on O in -OH to C, or the curly arrow showing I leaving placed incorrectly and specially the negative charge was missing in the transition state. Formation of a carbocation intermediate indicating SN1 mechanism could score a maximum of 2 marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Good performance on how the polarity of C-X bond changes going down group 17.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Rhenium, Re, was the last element with a stable isotope to be isolated.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Before its isolation, scientists predicted the existence of rhenium and some of its properties.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">One chloride of rhenium has the empirical formula ReCl<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Rhenium forms salts containing the perrhenate(VII) ion, ReO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The stable isotope of rhenium contains 110 neutrons.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the nuclear symbol notation <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{\text{Z}}^{\text{A}}{\text{X}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>Z</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>A</mtext>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>X</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> for this isotope.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest the basis of these predictions.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A scientist wants to investigate the catalytic properties of a thin layer of rhenium </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">metal on a graphite surface.<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Describe an electrochemical process to produce a layer of rhenium on graphite.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Predict <strong>two</strong> other chemical properties you would expect rhenium to have, given its position in the periodic table.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Describe how the relative reactivity of rhenium, compared to silver, zinc, and copper, can be established using pieces of rhenium and solutions of these metal sulfates.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the name of this compound, applying IUPAC rules.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the percentage, by mass, of rhenium in ReCl<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest why the existence of salts containing an ion with this formula could be predicted. Refer to section 6 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce the coefficients required to complete the half-equation.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">ReO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq) + ____H<sup>+</sup> (aq) + ____e<sup>−</sup> ⇌ [Re(OH)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> (aq) + ____H<sub>2</sub>O (l) E<sup>θ</sup> = +0.36 V</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Predict, giving a reason, whether the reduction of ReO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> to [Re(OH)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> would oxidize Fe<sup>2+</sup> to Fe<sup>3+</sup> in aqueous solution. Use section 24 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{{\text{75}}}^{{\text{185}}}{\text{Re}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>75</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>185</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Re</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">gap in the periodic table<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>element with atomic number «75» unknown<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>break/irregularity in periodic trends <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«periodic table shows» regular/periodic trends «in properties» <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">electrolyze «a solution of /molten» rhenium salt/Re<sup>n+</sup> <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">graphite as cathode/negative electrode<br>OR<br>rhenium forms at cathode/negative electrode <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note: </strong>Accept “using rhenium anode” for M1.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Any two of:</em><br>variable oxidation states<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"> </span><strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">forms complex ions/compounds<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"> </span><strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">coloured compounds/ions<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"> </span><strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«para»magnetic compounds/ions <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note: </strong>Accept other valid responses related to its <strong>chemical</strong> metallic properties.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Do <strong>not</strong> accept “catalytic properties”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">place «pieces of» Re into each solution <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">if Re reacts/is coated with metal, that metal is less reactive «than Re» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note: </strong>Accept other valid observations such as “colour of solution fades” or “solid/metal appears” for “reacts”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">rhenium(III) chloride<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>rhenium trichloride <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«M<sub>r</sub> ReCl<sub>3</sub> = 186.21 + (3 × 35.45) =» 292.56 <strong>[✔]</strong><br>«100 × <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{186.21}}{{292.56}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>186.21</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>292.56</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> =» 63.648 «%» <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"> </span><strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">same group as Mn «which forms M</span>n<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">O<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>in group 7/has 7 valence electrons, so its «highest» oxidation state is +7 <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">ReO</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">4</sub><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">−</sup><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"> (aq) + 6H</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">+</sup><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"> (aq) + 3e</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">−</sup> <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">⇌</span><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"> [Re(OH)</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">2</sub><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">]</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">2+</sup><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"> (aq) + 2H</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">2</sub><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">O (l) <strong>[<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">✔]</span></strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">no <em><strong>AND</strong> <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">ReO</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">4</sub><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">−</sup></em> is a weaker oxidizing agent than Fe<sup>3+</sup><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>no <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>Fe<sup>3+</sup> is a stronger oxidizing agent than <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">ReO</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">4</sub><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">−</sup><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>no <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>Fe<sup>2+</sup> is a weaker reducing agent than <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[Re(OH)</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">2</sub><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">]</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">2+</sup><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>no <em><strong>AND</strong> <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[Re(OH)</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">2</sub><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">]</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">2+</sup></em> is a stronger reducing agent than Fe<sup>2+</sup><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>no <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>cell emf would be negative/–0.41 V <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>It was expected that this question would be answered correctly by all HL candidates. However, many confused the A-Z positions or calculated very unusual numbers for A, sometimes even with decimals.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This is a NOS question which required some reflection on the full meaning of the periodic table and the wealth of information contained in it. But very few candidates understood that they were being asked to explain periodicity and the concept behind the periodic table, which they actually apply all the time. Some were able to explain the “gap” idea and other based predictions on properties of nearby elements instead of thinking of periodic trends. A fair number of students listed properties of transition metals in general.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Generally well done; most described the cell identifying the two electrodes correctly and a few did mention the need for Re salt/ion electrolyte.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Generally well answered though some students suggested physical properties rather than chemical ones.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates chose to set up voltaic cells and in other cases failed to explain the actual experimental set up of Re being placed in solutions of other metal salts or the reaction they could expect to see.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Almost all candidates were able to name the compound according to IUPAC.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to answer this stoichiometric question correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This should have been a relatively easy question but many candidates sometimes failed to see the connection with Mn or the amount of electrons in its outer shell.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Surprisingly, a great number of students were unable to balance this simple half-equation that was given to them to avoid difficulties in recall of reactants/products.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students understood that the oxidation of Fe<sup>2+</sup> was not viable but were unable to explain why in terms of oxidizing and reducing power; many students simply gave numerical values for <em>E</em><sup>Θ</sup> often failing to realise that the oxidation of Fe<sup>2+</sup> would have the inverse sign to the reduction reaction.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Iron may be extracted from iron (II) sulfide, FeS.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Iron (II) sulfide, FeS, is ionically bonded.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The first step in the extraction of iron from iron (II) sulfide is to roast it in air to form iron (III) oxide and sulfur dioxide.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why metals, like iron, can conduct electricity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Justify why sulfur is classified as a non-metal by giving <strong>two</strong> of its chemical properties.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the first eight successive ionisation energies of sulfur.</p>
<p><img style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" 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" width="480" height="394"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in this type of solid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State a technique that could be used to determine the crystal structure of the solid compound.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electron configuration of the sulfide ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, in terms of their electronic structures, why the ionic radius of the sulfide ion is greater than that of the oxide ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why chemists find it convenient to classify bonding into ionic, covalent and metallic.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write the equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the change in the oxidation state of sulfur.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why this process might raise environmental concerns.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the addition of small amounts of carbon to iron makes the metal harder.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>mobile/delocalized «sea of» electrons</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>forms acidic oxides «rather than basic oxides» ✔</p>
<p>forms covalent/bonds compounds «with other non-metals» ✔</p>
<p>forms anions «rather than cations» ✔</p>
<p>behaves as an oxidizing agent «rather than a reducing agent» ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for 2 correct non-chemical properties such as non-conductor, high ionisation energy, high electronegativity, low electron affinity if no marks for chemical properties are awarded.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" 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" width="465" height="378"></p>
<p>two regions of small increases <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>a large increase between them✔</p>
<p>large increase from 6th to 7th ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept line/curve showing these trends.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrostatic attraction ✔</p>
<p>between oppositely charged ions/between Fe<sup>2+</sup> and S<sup>2−</sup> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>X-ray crystallography ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup> 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>6</sup> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “[Ne] 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>6</sup>”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«valence» electrons further from nucleus/extra electron shell/ electrons in third/3s/3p level «not second/2s/2p»✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept 2,8 (for O<sup>2–</sup>) and 2,8,8 (for S<sup>2–</sup>)</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>allows them to explain the properties of different compounds/substances<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>enables them to generalise about substances<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>enables them to make predictions ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept other valid answers.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>4FeS(s) + 7O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 2Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(s) + 4SO<sub>2</sub>(g) ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept any correct ratio.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>+6<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>−2 to +4 ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept “6/VI”.</em><br><em>Accept “−II, 4//IV”.</em><br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept 2- to 4+.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>sulfur dioxide/SO<sub>2</sub> causes acid rain ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept sulfur dioxide/SO<sub>2</sub>/dust causes respiratory problems</em><br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “causes respiratory problems” or “causes acid rain”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>disrupts the regular arrangement «of iron atoms/ions»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>carbon different size «to iron atoms/ions» ✔</p>
<p>prevents layers/atoms sliding over each other ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Properties of elements and their compounds can be related to the position of the elements in the periodic table.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the decrease in atomic radius from Na to Cl.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the radius of the sodium ion, Na<sup>+</sup>, is smaller than the radius of the oxide ion, O<sup>2−</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch a graph to show the relative values of the successive ionization energies of boron.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, giving your reasons, whether Mn<sup>2+</sup> or Fe<sup>2+</sup> is likely to have a more exothermic enthalpy of hydration.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>nuclear charge/number of protons/Z<sub>eff</sub> increases «causing a stronger pull on the outer electrons» ✔</p>
<p>same number of shells/«outer» energy level/shielding ✔</p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p><em>Accept “atomic number” for “number of protons”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>isoelectronic/same electronic configuration/«both» have 2.8 ✔</p>
<p>more protons in Na<sup>+</sup> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<p><em>Sketch showing:</em></p>
<p>largest increase between third and fourth ionization energies ✔</p>
<p>IE<sub>1</sub> < IE<sub>2</sub> < IE<sub>3</sub> < IE<sub>4</sub> < IE<sub>5</sub> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Fe<sup>2+</sup> <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>smaller size/radius</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>Fe<sup>2+</sup> <em><strong>AND</strong></em> higher charge density ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p>stronger interaction with «polar» water molecules ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>M1 not needed for M2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>