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<h2>SL Paper 2</h2><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Automobile air bags inflate by a rapid decomposition reaction. One typical compound used is guanidinium nitrate, C(NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>, which decomposes very rapidly to form nitrogen, water vapour and carbon.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce the equation for the decomposition of guanidinium nitrate.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the total number of moles of gas produced from the decomposition of 10.0 g of guanidinium nitrate.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the pressure, in kPa, of this gas in a 10.0 dm<sup>3</sup> air bag at 127°C, assuming no gas escapes.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest why water vapour deviates significantly from ideal behaviour when the gases are cooled, while nitrogen does not.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Another airbag reactant produces nitrogen gas and sodium.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest, including an equation, why the products of this reactant present a safety hazard.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Explain the general increase in trend in the first ionization energies of the period 3 elements, Na to Ar.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>There are many oxides of silver with the formula Ag<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub>. All of them decompose into their elements when heated strongly.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>After heating 3.760 g of a silver oxide 3.275 g of silver remained. Determine the empirical formula of Ag<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the final mass of solid obtained by heating 3.760 g of Ag<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub> may be greater than 3.275 g giving one design improvement for your proposed suggestion. Ignore any possible errors in the weighing procedure.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Naturally occurring silver is composed of two stable isotopes, <sup>107</sup>Ag and <sup>109</sup>Ag.</p>
<p>The relative atomic mass of silver is 107.87. Show that isotope <sup>107</sup>Ag is more abundant.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Some oxides of period 3, such as Na<sub>2</sub>O and P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>, react with water. A spatula measure of each oxide was added to a separate 100 cm<sup>3</sup> flask containing distilled water and a few drops of bromothymol blue indicator.</p>
<p>The indicator is listed in section 22 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>Deduce the colour of the resulting solution and the chemical formula of the product formed after reaction with water for each oxide.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the electrical conductivity of molten Na<sub>2</sub>O and P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the model of electron configuration deduced from the hydrogen line emission spectrum (Bohr’s model).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Magnesium is a group 2 metal which exists as a number of isotopes and forms many compounds.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the nuclear symbol notation, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_Z^AX">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mi>A</mi>
</msubsup>
<mi>X</mi>
</math></span>, for magnesium-26.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Mass spectroscopic analysis of a sample of magnesium gave the following results:</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>Calculate the relative atomic mass, <em>A</em><sub>r</sub>, of this sample of magnesium to two decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium burns in air to form a white compound, magnesium oxide. Formulate an equation for the reaction of magnesium oxide with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the trend in acid-base properties of the oxides of period 3, sodium to chlorine.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>In addition to magnesium oxide, magnesium forms another compound when burned in air. Suggest the formula of this compound</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the structure and bonding in solid magnesium oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium chloride can be electrolysed.</p>
<p>Deduce the half-equations for the reactions at each electrode when <strong>molten</strong> magnesium chloride is electrolysed, showing the state symbols of the products. The melting points of magnesium and magnesium chloride are 922 K and 987 K respectively.</p>
<p>Anode (positive electrode):</p>
<p>Cathode (negative electrode):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Iron may be extracted from iron (II) sulfide, FeS.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Iron (II) sulfide, FeS, is ionically bonded.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The first step in the extraction of iron from iron (II) sulfide is to roast it in air to form iron (III) oxide and sulfur dioxide.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why metals, like iron, can conduct electricity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Justify why sulfur is classified as a non-metal by giving <strong>two</strong> of its chemical properties.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in this type of solid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electron configuration of the sulfide ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, in terms of their electronic structures, why the ionic radius of the sulfide ion is greater than that of the oxide ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why chemists find it convenient to classify bonding into ionic, covalent and metallic.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write the equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the change in the oxidation state of sulfur.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why this process might raise environmental concerns.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the addition of small amounts of carbon to iron makes the metal harder.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Chlorine undergoes many reactions.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>67</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></math> of manganese(IV) oxide was added to </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>200</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>cm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></math> <span class="fontstyle0">of </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mi>HCl</mi></math>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn><mi>HCl</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><msub><mi>Cl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>MnCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Chlorine gas reacts with water to produce hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>Cl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>⇌</mo><mi>HClO</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>HCl</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math> </span><span class="fontstyle0">is a common chlorofluorocarbon, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>CFC</mi></math>.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the full electron configuration of the chlorine atom.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State, giving a reason, whether the chlorine atom or the chloride ion has a larger radius</span>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Outline why the chlorine atom has a smaller atomic radius than the sulfur atom</span>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The mass spectrum of chlorine is shown.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><img style="display: block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0"><em> NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center Collection © 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of </em><em>the United States of America. All rights reserved.</em><br> </span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"> Outline the reason for the two peaks at <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>z</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>35</mn></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>37</mn></math>.<br> </span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Explain the presence and relative abundance of the peak at </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>z</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>74</mn></math><span class="fontstyle0">.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the amount, in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>mol</mi></math>, of manganese(IV) oxide added.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Determine the limiting reactant, showing your calculations.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Determine the excess amount, in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>mol</mi></math>, of the other reactant.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the volume of chlorine, in </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msup><mi>dm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></math><span class="fontstyle0">, produced if the reaction is conducted at standard temperature and pressure (STP). Use section 2 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the oxidation state of manganese in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span><span class="fontstyle0"> </span><span class="fontstyle0">and </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math><span class="fontstyle0">.</span></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="699" height="180"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce, referring to oxidation states, whether </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math> <span class="fontstyle0">is an oxidizing or reducing agent.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Hypochlorous acid is considered a weak acid. Outline what is meant by the term weak acid.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the formula of the conjugate base of hypochlorous acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the concentration of </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math><span class="fontstyle0"> in a </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>HClO</mi><mo> </mo><mfenced><mi>aq</mi></mfenced></math><span class="fontstyle0"> solution with a </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>pH</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>61</mn></math>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the type of reaction occurring when ethane reacts with chlorine to produce chloroethane.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Predict, giving a reason, whether ethane or chloroethane is more reactive.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Write the equation for the reaction of chloroethane with a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce the nucleophile for the reaction in d(iii).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Ethoxyethane (diethyl ether) can be used as a solvent for this conversion. Draw the structural formula of ethoxyethane</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce the number of signals and their chemical shifts in the </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>1</mn></mmultiscripts><mo> </mo><mi>NMR</mi></math> <span class="fontstyle0">spectrum of ethoxyethane. Use section 27 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the percentage by mass of chlorine in </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math><span class="fontstyle0">.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Comment on how international cooperation has contributed to the lowering of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>CFC</mi></math> emissions responsible for ozone depletion.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Calcium carbide, CaC<sub>2</sub>, is an ionic solid.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the nature of ionic bonding.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the electron configuration of the Ca<sup>2+</sup> ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>When calcium compounds are introduced into a gas flame a red colour is seen; sodium compounds give a yellow flame. Outline the source of the colours and why they are different.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two </strong>reasons why solid calcium has a greater density than solid potassium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why solid calcium is a good conductor of electricity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calcium carbide reacts with water to form ethyne and calcium hydroxide.</p>
<p>CaC<sub>2</sub>(s) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>(g) + Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>(aq)</p>
<p>Estimate the pH of the resultant solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Dinitrogen monoxide, N<sub>2</sub>O, causes depletion of ozone in the stratosphere.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Different sources of N<sub>2</sub>O have different ratios of <sup>14</sup>N:<sup>15</sup>N.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline why ozone in the stratosphere is important.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State one analytical technique that could be used to determine the ratio of <sup>14</sup>N:<sup>15</sup>N.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A sample of gas was enriched to contain 2 % by mass of <sup>15</sup>N with the remainder being <sup>14</sup>N.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the relative molecular mass of the resulting N<sub>2</sub>O.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Predict, giving <strong>two</strong> reasons, how the first ionization energy of <sup>15</sup>N compares with that of <sup>14</sup>N.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest why it is surprising that dinitrogen monoxide dissolves in water to give a neutral solution.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The emission spectrum of an element can be used to identify it.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Elements show trends in their physical properties across the periodic table.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the first four energy levels of a hydrogen atom on the axis, labelling n = 1, 2, 3 and 4.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the lines, on your diagram, that represent the electron transitions to n = 2 in the emission spectrum.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why atomic radius decreases across period 3, sodium to chlorine.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why the ionic radius of K<sup>+</sup> is smaller than that of Cl<sup>−</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Copper is widely used as an electrical conductor.</p>
<p>Draw arrows in the boxes to represent the electronic configuration of copper in the 4s and 3d orbitals.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Impure copper can be purified by electrolysis. In the electrolytic cell, impure copper is the anode (positive electrode), pure copper is the cathode (negative electrode) and the electrolyte is copper(II) sulfate solution.</p>
<p>Formulate the half-equation at each electrode.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline where and in which direction the electrons flow during electrolysis.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Electrons are arranged in energy levels around the nucleus of an atom.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The diagram represents possible electron energy levels in a hydrogen atom.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the first ionization energy of calcium is greater than that of potassium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>All models have limitations. Suggest <strong>two</strong> limitations to this model of the electron energy levels.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw an arrow, labelled <strong>X</strong>, to represent the electron transition for the ionization of a hydrogen atom in the ground state.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw an arrow, labelled <strong>Z</strong>, to represent the lowest energy electron transition in the visible spectrum.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Rhenium, Re, was the last element with a stable isotope to be isolated.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">One chloride of rhenium has the empirical formula ReCl<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Before its isolation, scientists predicted the existence of rhenium and some of its properties.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest the basis of these predictions.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Describe how the relative reactivity of rhenium, compared to silver, zinc, and copper, can be established using pieces of rhenium and solutions of these metal sulfates.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the name of this compound, applying IUPAC rules.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the percentage, by mass, of rhenium in ReCl<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Trends in physical and chemical properties are useful to chemists.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The Activity series lists the metal in order of reactivity.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAJ4AAABBCAYAAAAg7R2BAAAQxElEQVR4Ae1dC1RU17n+ZhiuaRXwekuaIVhtYvCRqK0N9bHwZhAEjLkqJpjoUmKxGANGIRZi0lgw9W0TNQY0vvAmViMkPtJoBSEDhigRe298AT7SgvJoQxOBIU29zMy+a5/XnHNmzswZO6NEzqzFOo/9739/+9v/2a+Zw6cjhBBoH42B28yA/jaXpxWnMcAwoAWeFgh3hAEt8O4I7VqhbgPPXpeOeJ0OOp0Ogdkfo8UVX/Yy7IoNdG/jKp+He21tbR4sRMkiDLqwV5Dfbhcl8qcduPz2IAansg1v6+2xBXVH5iB2Sy2s3ma9rfZynBwnipz5D5zbwGOLNaJfRD9gw3EcdNGg9ssHsOV/H4DJ6FuQ06ZN897hOBOiWj9C0WdfO+e1V+PEjhsYO7aXc9q/eqf9IHZNew81Bt2/6sm/+Z1wBiPiuasgzauQFqIiFHyITlVpvWZn4AUccdGgHbhirkKfN5fg5z4EVV9fj4qKChw6dMg7r33G44m0BlSWnnPqnekDsnzs68gc54fA8w6lZg1AVeDhvihMWuyiQWkvsioWKVH/FJFpR8fxWITpZmDB0WLsyghjhzfdcDz82h9RbnE1DIqyA9i9ezdzgz9KU91d9cd/Top00TuzD8igJyLxH07ZW1B3NB3Z49npgk4Xj+jNJVKclnKUbI5GNDftkNi05+OloelYb7WiZf5QBCoNW+35yA4MxL0vvoG1M/tIpyb2i6jeIvIf/RLSj9ahVYzVfhGf7ZmBZ8PYqY9OF4Z7X9yB/IvtYivYm/a55twlzn+w0w8GM3cevwvlkiayMu0ZGPiyYwqjBq8ElfOFusDDDxEZHwn8Tz0uiUDRXuS1xDhM6Wtw9owivL2+AteeqwXdKrQ1pmLKsUTMyKuWEuoiJx9whw8fhldzPQQgePR0ZOIyLrb8n8Mz94AkjZaHXQvqtiRg+FQLGtdeQxeDcyb+6+R0RE/ZhKJOWtlGnNk8B5Or5+LVDhtXl8kYs28KZr13GdaQNKytzUOWwQDjtlp0uRm2dKFWtL53EdeWNYHY6nD8mVEw2qtx4BejMe7UU5jfeBOEdMGS909Ypk5FbFEDN2dsxJk1CYgqeQwJ1dSGgNiOYZ/+N0hfuIvDCdgbc5E6MBlL9Zthplgta5FZm4SJGYdwLsgVTvGM9B4MeiwecSXHUHRZ3JE04ExxNZA5EYl0OFaF10G94hndQFb62GrTSByMxLitltja8kiWYTpJq/2WM28ndfmjiKm4lZC2PJJtBDFklZFmYiPtJTHEiJ+xaYLzq6RsSTBB3E5itgk3nU7MZjPd0Bb+CgoKnGycbthKyc4YA+f7r6Q0sx+DuYszpPUIf6GUfEU4DMaXSV6bjcGdZYggIwrrCW/LZGHqamDrbSslO6J7Sfw5lS+yl/gRG0o44hO6OK6SRLzSNPa+wbBUhHO4jE9C2Pbh87aTS1sfJODrxhQh8++EU5aHq2vo6iryJQ+RycOXLfPH28jxCveVT1T2eABC4hH/QjkOflLPPoVCL9JPMailCaEIfygUOH8VNW6GW7634/Nu3LiRP1V5DEXkpJ+idf9JVDK9Mz/MjoQUqQ0dpw9gj3Ukoob/EJI+O2gwhjwGtF5pxtf6wRgZG4qWnAKsOHEIuYdqPfbYKoECYHuTFuMgPGz8N1E2A/r0H4wJ1uPsvDokDeu6zsE89gIO5eYiNzcX722ORszQfJTwuezVqCxqAIYPwrAgvlkNCJ5YimZSiLwh9/CWykf9GCQsGIEbyw6hiFlIfoOm4t3YMGYu0sZR9lTiVS5BSOERCjeUTuwYIGlQ++UP8VZqIpJ8vBqSLyjOnj0LuthQ/9Ej+OfTkVlxhB0y7NX4eOsMjjixly789c/1TosQsYX1bD0u2MPx6CunUZP/Pdx/IA3LE4fhXoX5lTivV+ctq5HeN4CbC7NzuABxUIFOCUYiLDgaiRXforV/f9R9tQR5p55DHP6MmmudXhWnbNwb98fPRSa/kLRX4djWcwhNfhyJfUSh4hGvcgl8isgbf0vpaBA1aBuulFxC1IyfIFTJ/Bbu096uvV06WaZu5L2gR9fi3vnyh9ixYKqUOMZBIO57YCDc7QIZRg7EYIYhI4ZOy0XqxmYQ0ommT+djSUsG0ieudUy4PYJyYxC3E2YbYedudP4m/J2BOe4HsNetwOI0O0IL69FlXou8efOQm5uAcMtVnHfj9paSQuKRwC0k2y4fQKF5ChLHD5SOCB7wqinXi8ATDbfmP6Lkv59EUoSK7lsNCs5G3tvxWb0OPKF3LkbRkUsYEy0jjnEcwDxIsw1nUXn+b9KNX8sl1FUAoQ+FuXiweiNs3Kt4PmUMjC1XpYsYHrDq4wA8Gh8Jw8dnUN4sWgzBis7PZiFaNwPpdd+g8/olnMdQ2ZTgJiw3Ohwl6SMRlTTAaSrDfgkQhrDtdRCtCx35nM5YTNjwPvL3H0VJXIKondXgFS9MnJwLN7wLPK5Bv353O7amjkeUl7mFUl2c0NUrXcXSz4ABAyQWDQ0N+PzzzyX33F9wvXPlO1h88mkRcbJcIYlIefMe1MxahuSTLWzwdR7FjgXZWB+1DptmRsBgL8POCffg3hc/cGyxWCpQcqQGrSnP4Dn68AUNxuDxAYxzfUcrWtW1MAADgmNWY/+sd7Dyle3Y10SDz4rO2hV4LfMALq5egtwhvbkH5CCKdp7ARcb3N2j+dCFeyagWTRWCMeiJRVg68A3krihl7eznYN5xECWmLKYueieckpktR44BwWPnYdWY7fh17k0Ynxonamc1eNV1Rl6GDtugi6r/HSaTq15E1rBeXJaXlyMnJwc3btyQzOnosFNQUOBl4HG9c1o9DAljRcTJARkx5PljOH84COEv/QiBdJ8uaBN+P+4AzB8uRhKd1+hj8It33kVe399gVjA3DwvOQE6/Tdi7/AmMoAzqx2DS0hgMnj8UASHpyJVsR8jLlF3rIzH9rY9wJPJ9bAvvBZ0uEEExf0F9WgXM2aPZHjfkWWSceAFzqybjkQA6BxyDiWWxmL7/VWQZHD2l/v5FWFlUgDVdc1m7gATMtK9G4bvpXF3kOB15Jaj6TMbU2QMA43TMn/SAdJhVg1fizPWFji54XSfd2bv0+2H66abw7iw5d0HpXvZ4d0GNtSp0Cwa0wOsWzdDzQGiB1/PavFvUWAu8btEMPQ+EFng9r827RY21wOsWzdDzQGiB1/PavFvUWAu8btEMPQ+EFng9r827RY3dBx79uTT9qXX0BuFXrhLU3M+56RfQ9Les7BfSjyK65O8SM+1CY0DOgPvA463L1yP9Lc8/WdcPyUMxYX/Kw2fVjhoDrhjwGHik1YB+ETdhePm3SP/Mi3ddXZWm3dMY4BjwGHjUrldGATYll6NoaYHrIZdzpg21WlypZUBV4MEQgcSVv0JKZbaqIVdt4Zpdz2VAXeDRn5yFZ+G13/9UG3J7bqz4tOaqA8+O3rj/qTy8pWLI9SlCzdldyYDqwGNqr4/ENNGQ66t3m+5KZrVKuWXAu8CTDbkpleJ3Qd2WoyVqDEgYcPW2h8TA+YIfcqPx5KpvEOVsoN3RGPDIgNc9HuORH3L/Uo5Kqy/frPWIVzO4Sxi4tcDjh9yNkW5fiL5LONKq4QcGtLfM/ECq5tIzA7fc43l2rVloDCgzoAWeMjdaih8Z0ALPj+RqrpUZ0AJPmRstxY8MaIHnR3I118oMaIGnzI2W4kcGtMDzI7maa2UGtMBT5kZL8SMD6gNPkG3qhi/z8NicNBr8yJwn15ZyHF04FYvr1P2HTE/u/JYux8lxqSgh5iMgqgOPalrsrUjFytyvXCrn+AjPXeLGio6qFfhlXi/pv7jtdrVzgVMfg5TSLnStm+DXr0NVBt4XKN+xBxWZTyHt6ccxYf1WrOjuT3K3a2QNkIQBZQkMUYpYZMOd4EiHmRxbPowYGYGUR8iw5bvItsVGmeiHyK+bU15kxY2JI0kisOK47erM1riX7KSYGIxGEpq5neRdaJOY2q4XkkKhHlTsJY6Y3iwm5g5eGaaLWC7ksXXjxWBM2STtSC35UhCYcYjEsMIzkiIEERUj9b3hRZJspPYOURrf4KRldpKmk5kkK8rA1tmYTJI+qlPE2cZxyWL+Byva4iSKIxOAIYSowStmgP6rVw8feSGcGowcjO00+SC5NzHM2U1KmQZqJrX5I9gglKjNeCiOS/ZH4Nmu55AUQwQZtuoTcoGJIRajwfA8ybl+ky3ZspesGRkssqGkbiJLx/YiguINb7PlHKeA00maih8nJvAqO0oKOOK68zYQOLM1fEI+6bARn+EknaRxfyRhgnsf+1BYLi4icwQ1Ix4Dj5tGEKuSxD8sUvUgHj+rkCTYqOGVz8odPQeeDAjNx4JxPJ0OCSRRAzIFyCScZIW7u/R94ClJWolJZOWwBCknAaD0YXPdGIKxqDcTNag4mTnnG13MI03wHU55ELEQxP55+S8RTnl7e5SZEvsTV1LMq/g+e+5xjkcXFfvLRiIqdoQw2dRHTMfTMWdFiwxWasg64VGYwsQ/h+dkpCSD+x26aC9G8d4OOERTeBwsRuueUhxsByPB1NX1WyQ3bmekm15/fRm2ZwzB4AVf8BmgD49CbNRBbNv1B5R/sMZJQVEwvJUTH+Jk2y5UptfxICb8rh2kOAUmvQpdBE8yU6rwOpfjIfA6cLWiGCX4E8rjQx2SRwGxmFdmBdtYzk5vhe/blce6PgZhgvwn/df9IZKgAtW5mNkXQY8sR37HfbBYAtBk+hCntz7oEC/pMxNZR4/j8JAyHN24DOmP9IVEStQHlfEJTh/gAH27UIXMlEe8Mizu37lo34MdCxsYOcxrqUOkegf0H/b8YDFWFCZjQWqgzG33vKT/jsO47Tyc6iLApVLpi5BaMRc5199Abjjfe3+Bj38lUY8Fgkx4PIX+bcU6qiW7dznys+Mx8XoZrq0zobfg0/sTn+L0vnjnHIzM1MvYUHoObT/iZKbyHTonnvE6u3TT41kZdcMNSHUW2aB+GDDfR8v7J3HC/mNOGumKTJmxFY1XZA3mjOH23OHwtlbVoEbSSTfizKr+0DGbz9+yeIePkk4Z7F+jrdWmjFP/MEbPXo1nZwWDCu+JNX2VMymk+BAnOyVqZVQoHa1AH65B0DFyVTcVQMhvu5GZUoVX7o/O4BU/7ieHdEFhqZrpWMnRVe3sYBKa+T637dBM6vbFEBPdbujGq1oW42SSVHVDtCiIIzEljayGre0CObWK2yLi6sEuLuKIiVkpUgK7iKUmhywZGSxo3zoWIJ2k/ct2qR4uw7nS4oK4XNXeCk5mK4VZbTvqI1+hy3Ha5IsLPj4se8k6ZkuG1S8W6/K6WoVL8fJOHEfFwGMB8Q3iyCA5k4N02scrJEUrB96+wOP31ORHYevHef/NMGcdyfm0yREYtgvkdL6JfWCYhyaZJO0+Rk7tMxHHareTNH2aQ9Y801sQdAbdH3u3itumoUv/s6R0CbdfKJQvZk858JhAlu0T3hpOWp5sH4/uG+afUsRZ1SXdTnEg5kWV0x1bT0KiCl4FW/bEzy/70G59FB7+YhuuefkVjCYp5WJ4uotuuZnjeVNLKzqOxyIwcB7Sa3i9WaowuBgrFj6ExCdHCVsxar3ymq1q7TW77xYDPgo8Kie5CZUFFnTG0q0Fuk3RBwPeHoYHKnZi7+i+3y1WNLR+Z8DPQ63f8WsFfEcZ8FGP9x2tvQb7jjGgBd4do75nF/z/U6NFz1Ygn7EAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the general increasing trend in the first ionization energies of the period 3 elements, Na to Ar.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State an equation for the reaction of phosphorus (V) oxide, P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> (s), with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the emission spectrum of hydrogen.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the strongest reducing agent in the given list.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A voltaic cell is made up of a Mn<sup>2+</sup>/Mn half-cell and a Ni<sup>2+</sup>/Ni half-cell.</p>
<p>Deduce the equation for the cell reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The voltaic cell stated in part (ii) is partially shown below.</p>
<p>Draw and label the connections needed to show the direction of electron movement and ion flow between the two half-cells.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Magnesium is a reactive metal often found in alloys.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Organomagnesium compounds can react with carbonyl compounds. One overall equation is:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Compound B can also be prepared by reacting an alkene with water.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Iodomethane is used to prepare CH<sub>3</sub>Mg<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>I</mtext></math>. It can also be converted into methanol:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">CH<sub>3</sub><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>I</mtext></math> + HO<sup>–</sup> → CH<sub>3</sub>OH + <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>I</mtext></math><sup>–</sup></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium can be produced by the electrolysis of molten magnesium chloride.</p>
<p>Write the half-equation for the formation of magnesium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest an experiment that shows that magnesium is more reactive than zinc, giving the observation that would confirm this.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the name of Compound A, applying International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) rules.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the strongest force between the molecules of Compound B.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the structural formula of the alkene required.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the structural formula of the repeating unit of the polymer formed from this alkene.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce what would be observed when Compound B is warmed with acidified aqueous potassium dichromate (VI).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the type of reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the requirements for a collision between reactants to yield products.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The polarity of the carbon–halogen bond, C–X, facilitates attack by HO<sup>–</sup>.</p>
<p>Outline, giving a reason, how the bond polarity changes going down group 17.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The properties of elements can be predicted from their position in the periodic table.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why Si has a smaller atomic radius than Al.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the decrease in radius from Na to Na<sup>+</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the condensed electron configurations for Cr and Cr3<sup>+</sup>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="768" height="190"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe metallic bonding and how it contributes to electrical conductivity.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure and molecular geometry of sulfur dichloride, SCl<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<p><img 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" width="433" height="216"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest, giving reasons, the relative volatilities of SCl<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Consider the following equilibrium reaction:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">2SO<sub>2 </sub>(g) + O<sub>2 </sub>(g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> 2SO<sub>3 </sub>(g)</p>
<p>State and explain how the equilibrium would be affected by increasing the volume of the reaction container at a constant temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Properties of elements and their compounds can be related to the position of the elements in the periodic table.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the decrease in atomic radius from Na to Cl.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the radius of the sodium ion, Na<sup>+</sup>, is smaller than the radius of the oxide ion, O<sup>2−</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State a physical property of sodium oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Lithium reacts with water to form an alkaline solution.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A 0.200 g piece of lithium was placed in 500.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of water.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the coefficients that balance the equation for the reaction of lithium with water.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the molar concentration of the resulting solution of lithium hydroxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas produced, in cm<sup>3</sup>, if the temperature was 22.5 °C and the pressure was 103 kPa. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest a reason why the volume of hydrogen gas collected was smaller than predicted.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The reaction of lithium with water is a redox reaction. Identify the oxidizing agent in the reaction giving a reason.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe two observations that indicate the reaction of lithium with water is exothermic.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">This question is about compounds of sodium.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Sodium peroxide is used in diving apparatus to produce oxygen from carbon dioxide.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">2Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (s) + 2CO<sub>2</sub> (g) → 2Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (s) + O<sub>2</sub> (g)</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Describe the structure and bonding in solid sodium oxide.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Write equations for the separate reactions of solid sodium oxide and solid phosphorus(V) oxide with excess water and differentiate between the solutions formed. </span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Sodium oxide, Na<sub>2</sub>O:<br><br>Phosphorus(V) oxide, P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>:<br><br>Differentiation:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Sodium peroxide, Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, is formed by the reaction of sodium oxide with oxygen.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">2Na<sub>2</sub>O (s) + O<sub>2</sub> (g) → 2Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (s)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the percentage yield of sodium peroxide if 5.00 g of sodium oxide produces 5.50 g of sodium peroxide.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine the enthalpy change, <em>ΔH</em>, in kJ, for this reaction using data from the table and section 12 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="219" height="96"></span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline why bond enthalpy values are not valid in calculations such as that in (c)(i).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The reaction of sodium peroxide with excess water produces hydrogen peroxide and one other sodium compound. </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest the formula of this compound.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the oxidation number of carbon in sodium carbonate, Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>When heated in air, magnesium ribbon reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The reaction in (a)(i) was carried out in a crucible with a lid and the following data was recorded:</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible and lid = 47.372 ±0.001 g</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible, lid and magnesium ribbon before heating = 53.726 ±0.001 g</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible, lid and product after heating = 56.941 ±0.001 g</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"> </p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>When magnesium is burnt in air, some of it reacts with nitrogen to form magnesium nitride according to the equation:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">3 Mg (s) + N<sub>2 </sub>(g) → Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2 </sub>(s)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The presence of magnesium nitride can be demonstrated by adding water to the product. It is hydrolysed to form magnesium hydroxide and ammonia.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Most nitride ions are <sup>14</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the block of the periodic table in which magnesium is located.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify a metal, in the same period as magnesium, that does <strong>not</strong> form a basic oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the amount of magnesium, in mol, that was used.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the percentage uncertainty of the mass of product after heating.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Assume the reaction in (a)(i) is the only one occurring and it goes to completion, but some product has been lost from the crucible. Deduce the percentage yield of magnesium oxide in the crucible.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Evaluate whether this, rather than the loss of product, could explain the yield found in (b)(iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest an explanation, other than product being lost from the crucible or reacting with nitrogen, that could explain the yield found in (b)(iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate coefficients that balance the equation for the following reaction.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">__ Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2 </sub>(s) + __ H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → __ Mg(OH)<sub>2 </sub>(s) + __ NH<sub>3 </sub>(aq)</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the oxidation state of nitrogen in Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> and in NH<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce, giving reasons, whether the reaction of magnesium nitride with water is an acid–base reaction, a redox reaction, neither or both.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of subatomic particles in this ion.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Some nitride ions are <sup>15</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>. State the term that describes the relationship between <sup>14</sup>N<sup>3–</sup> and <sup>15</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The nitride ion and the magnesium ion are isoelectronic (they have the same electron configuration). Determine, giving a reason, which has the greater ionic radius.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two</strong> reasons why atoms are no longer regarded as the indivisible units of matter.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the types of bonding in magnesium, oxygen and magnesium oxide, and how the valence electrons produce these types of bonding.</p>
<p><img 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j7c9v5T72lRfLf9S6P+O1f7cp+c1st+bf5xfP+npZ9QO1ov7IRyPyD3yb3tp4aY95Wy82Z3uo/Khu25Z1FJGSzoJc/paqDqLISn3RoSNedcFfM6nQDlCpVq1sU963p+4FFxbt3DuzZErZ4cC2+7PKbWDM0P5OAYNfmyuLV+csnJX9oVbFv89qXGkovw/eKoiYeWjONaFYNGfSouvvTUGDJ+RlxXXxf1y78TV47bJ/995apGnRV3PLw0FtZ/qXAxVqjkLv18jBuafwuabeen/jZOL2lxEbE+NmzqpTXEmItiSf25cVj+OlVDj4zzC6/bqYXwxtfjDyWHoGXd/bGovVVfYZdNvCZuvWpyjBqUv+lBo+LYmf8Qcw6uiTPnLyxs79J44Ftn5TcmhQ/op++Pb7RXbjVxwTX/ULK/94yhNZ+OS685r+SD6Z649+n+7K7M21PrBfRDt0yN0W1ls115OSx84E+7IW676m+jpu2cysrx7IVx9/xPdJz7lUxe1+dzKrto/XYsLG0FNea8WPDFT5dsy+iYdNWNsXBiT3XnzlDeAq45Xln/72UtBPrSZT9Xtk+S76d5dTzSWHKeb3k27r215OJ15ty49LOHt9etVUMPj6lfnBsXlFxAfmP5s73fEMFO9/t4evk9nQKUqUu+Gle2l9fsOuD4mFW/uNP1T/MD98TD7S27B8UHRn4wXy7oFIw2x/pnnir8t0zzK/HL37TdhJQFrNXj4ria9+QP+lGqrrpkdpxZeinysw2xqf173P6+Btgzhh07qaQOK9zc3L6q7MuqX8YT9z6TPygo31dVo2PatxpiceF67brCjd+QqbPjonHD8u3LjuUn4qwzDi0+avV6NG74bS/jwpboj7ptl1/LFfR3Hd3vnwFl5215WS6On/4PsaC90Ufh/uTW++Pp9vOycLO+fHHc2X5iDo0J9TfGlZNH51/Wtp73M7LjULiJn1coTwuXNMQd00fnZWn7VU+8NOafdUDXL4W7nF8DeW3zWrz82Mv5csGoo+ITH207zzPZ/dWFcfHUsYVy9qVC+fpq3LXqso4QeLtk5eSGuH7GkSV17+S48rZrYkL7my283W5apHcoHMt/+p/x2dGJr586lcuCrCHL7WX3jcedH9ffu6AkbCyvh16LR5feXnLvWF6+09vdb8qHMSneC18Wk0a1vf/sPZ0TF18yLkZPnVc4VjfE4oe/EtNG5V+a77bXa6n92npP3rFby+vvHa0XdrTc9/dnZEped/VS/jqfN7tTXVOw5cn45pcfzx9kyvdbtt/L85xyA1FnkbEHezLogJh2y71dZ8NOysYkObfC8Tt3jk7dMtqVX4wXzv3vPxPrizVt+XAEj8eC488oDia8on2yhNYxXJ9ePDtOnjw5Ptl+IvdVVpkdE5MmnxGzFq+IBeUBbNWfxpA//5P8QSWq46AzJsQhZcFS1Yix8del34T/1+bY0txWQ5WHxcNj0hlHx7DyN5TdfKz4biyYPqWwvcd0XIyXd/fd++g4ZmzHd4mtCu9z7FFxfPs29DBuGXQr7y51eWpspq7dzk+felT7hV6HwTF6yhmdwsSu33aW2p5z6s34zauvlGxLNpneyVFTHvhW/UV8vPDa3X/o7ySDj4izLjkqf1B+sZQp297qCTF9woge6rT0Pun6fkrP8/KA9kNx/F+P6XqjOGhMHDPhQ/mD1LbCLtClJfbJ8Zlj2sK2EoXyevLU0jJf2rK7bLzO0mC05d/ihdW/bF2uLlxfXP6J1uVOLR4712nVUz4eNf1+Qd/NuV09ON5beinSqb7bBdcAvQw/Ut5lP7mvCjd94wrXayfPvjWebm9x1maPePeQ7Q2m+6NuG4hruf6uo3fBZ0DZeTtkwlExtrwsx5AY+9dHd7R46/QlX9mNdqeu8x2qRk2Pex+4OqYVytOkcaMSgWdf7R1H/M1hXY9V0e50bbNP7H/0/vlywXNXxsQT58bShvtKJurZJ8ZdvSJumV3Ylsmf6Ahdtlvh/X7yoC77uGrY0XF6aZ1Q/mVtF4fH3xyRqMO7lMtsv5wax3TZ7kIdNvoT8bfd1UMtv4tfvlDaWv24OPfMQ3vf7v7y2zXxeKc6MXUvvFeMmn57fP/qvyscq5NiXHuwujtfr6XKQ1XhI2pI4c6+w5u/29JxzuxwvbCj5X4A7pO7q7u6nDel47HvTnVNoRT+5tV4sWNjIsZ/Nj5dU77fuuY5nQ1EnUWma11LZ8Vvba6O72dN329cGPPam/J3Y0fGCe2T6thv5H9PX9gMHhmHfazkrH19Q/zqtdbvqar2Ozamd2oR1jqY8JzphZM/6/LXr2O6tkQ2O96KhmyGu/NjTg/jeHT1J/HnQ/609wLb/Hr8R3sF9UZs2rA+X858MEZ+ILnH0sovGF6/IU4fWdZFMtFNsvmFV+M3/X78efvJWrLPjlNmfbvz4OLlk6/01O28y414T8NhbM85tTX+bf2v8uXM/nHUAamW6VUx+COHxhH5o/5THuKU3WSUtdpKX2SX+lD89dgPJPZJ1/fT3LQ5vxArD5TXxE1TDupaT+x7UJy+aE3+bwo6tcSDXWPb+mfigfbCWrjw77YldteW3aXd8zuP11kSrG7991i/Lv8Doz4SRxz1V/n5+Xo8+fT61humTp+tPVzL7FTbUd/tkmuAnoYf6dplv6LhDTLF2X8bYsWS+fG5WfflT/ZVf9RtA3At1+91dP9/BpTfbG9edEp8pMvrl8/yXTJR27bfxoaflRTSUSPiA11Clv4wNPYfXh4K5Hara5vCtcSEUzu3nMwmfJk1I2qz+S4K+7Y4E3fDTpw1fO+PxkEjUu93SHzksIPz5cwf4jebe+iZt/eI+OA+qUETynsB9DDee5d6qOTLrtI6PXNwTez/vtTfK9/u/rFt04boaEvb18+P3fl67T0x5N29Tzfdce25E+qFHS33A3Gf3G3dVV7+muLljfm73q3qmvKhjQrXYUePiffljzopz3M6GYA6i6Jd8cn59pCFqCdNiWlXr4jW8TWyLunzkmO8dO7e1l8qPGHLVQ2Pk+Zd2n3XitIxXSfOjWU7GKK2NDXG/Q3fiHkTDyicyPvFIcdPizmzupl9v0c9XIBVrLIPpnYt/xmvbyz5VKpUefN83tlKxgXr8pN9KVM/o6S7VHYK3hyLVpaMe/faxni59HuGPx8S7+72xN8rBr/3T/PlTE/DYWzPOfVG/EfTH/LlTA/nVPWQeH939cxO1DnE6fyNdudWW5UEDyNjxLBuLqj2GR77l17DtHfv3RZ/eH17uiD9Pl7/Q3cXZJBSOnZaNz/l4xJ2sq1QnWwouYnq5TqivFVmaZf2qg/Fx05u6w7eMWRGaTg7ZNzY2O+/7xsH5qdn2w1T5/Oypxv6nWk76rtdcg1QFYOP+duY016HlbR0Ke+yf/DZcdYx3Qyj1NIUjfdlX0xPar1ZzcbTnjW7m9n3K9UfddsAXMv1ex3d/58BLX94PUq/tqxMc/zq9f9MX8P3eB2xi+xW1zaFM3HYCTH3n7rvJluciXtWNmv4oXHi3G/veCDx0RExLFmM9yhcbozoaCnY16E22m2OX71UOot8T+dNeQvHkr/ZvDl+U1oNdnucCq8xZO9u91//6Ou98G58vdZtCN69nVEv7FC5H4j75O2pu3aruqalcEq93h6A91yG94o/G/rufLmrXV5nUdTX4kdRW5f0v4sFD7wQXQZZ7/OA/LtW1bBPxZdX3F5BK9pvxfyp1yZm9qtENpvvF+KQI06JWbMW5DPRVZeMP3N/LBzf7R0evDNkX8pMnhn/8pWzSj78mrpOWkL3OoU4hYuF9u5VZa22KhpX8fexWaAJFdgz3r/vfu31VuvwQG/Ehud/loezw2PiocNjj9KWE8UWHG92bnVRwQRub3tldVhbl9nOIXN3rYRbYuvaZXHugUfG6ReWfDHdPm7lD+KB+pNanwN6sGcMm3xlfHfJFb1MfpT1Erospu9oL8P/s1lDC3YDu7jcsxM5dgNBeJrQsm5JnFzS3Hzs3NU9jM2RBakfj09/8vD88fZqieYtm6PymHJ7v4nMZNs8rrUVbXE4gsIF9vWdW7+1a34obvnOc2WTsPTmzdjUcEWc1j6bb9tski+VjD/zZ8Xf7FoVTErVk71nxF3rEy19yn+emR01ffvykHe0RBf30hZe5S0ee7zgfiO2/O4/8+VMDy0pt8uQ+OABpV8U9XBOlbdW6DfddN3v0mW/knEVe2hdUP7NdbetRsbEBctfSNcNnX56m3UVdrbyFk3/VahOummZlmneEr/7r3w506nMl3Xrf/1n8cKGX5WMq9jWtbp0XK7n4umf/1tJV9Kehg3YDfXbNUBZHRa/ivX/9lpZl/10C92WTd+LS06e1z6DcPusvyXjVnbfbqWvdpe6bQev5fr9ffT/fhoy87vx8+Rrdv7pdhb8ThOj9ac+9OYY0GubNoNj1LjpseCBl+IXT3436vOJ2JK3Rw/cEXc929GOv8+6bX1X3kNg76gZ8b70ccx0ey1Sfr3W05fD5fegJX+z21435cpb1G2n8s+dHu3IvXDm7XW9tv31wk4q97viPnl76q7dqq7pS8vy8t5+KbuwzqJIeJpQ9f6ObmaZ5mU3xjcaeypsW2PThn/LlytQNnBwq75/6Gxe/XxsSJ38W9bH00+U3OX31BWgOBxB4QJ7yuy45eVChZaFqZ0myGqOtd98LH7Rp4rqt/HU/T/ueC/VE+Jvp/9VYmDm/rZXDBsxMl/OlIx/Uok9hschJ5aMe5I8brCjWmLrpl9Fpxpk+N4dXUr2eF+M+GjJp37ZhCKddJkMpruxqbbXHvHuvUtbb/4yfvz8vyXCl5bY8vNn4sn8UX/rPJZza9f9/+hzl/1M5e9nyAHDo7UDbXWMPPTwkguV/4zfbdmRG3voP3sMGxE1+XL2+d79ZAiJyUbKx+XqNDbYy/H4/72649qjfTy/vWLE2I/mNwqvxYv/+nQ81zahVOEMOnDf9+6+F6K78BqgfPiRB575STxXOsFPsoXutvjtT1fFQ+3HqFDPTT21fdbfHbe71G07eC3X7++j//fTHiMPjYkdf6DzpDGVKL+OKJkLYcDsVtc2XVUNrYlP5hOxPf/qhvjFk3fF/E499hpj2Y//dfuDu+IXTqn3uzl+/vRz+XJme4e6KD9vSsdTLlc+oU7JePZVfxp7Dy8pfBVvd2+6OU96+eK982dY4a++tLHwyVKpt9f12g7XCwl9KvcDcZ+8PefNblbXVL177/hgvpypOM/pRb/XWRQJT1PKBwsuFLabpkyLeUt+UDZeRDYB0upYOndanL6oY/jqLpOolH/wpAaebtkU//uHT+UPKvTcffH9Lt8gvBmbVq0oueEpfFSceGiMbDvvi+NiNcSK5XVx7v5TY+m6ssojC1PPnFIyK952KB+YPqFl09Pxwz5UCNtnj3jfATUlrTlej1W3r4x1XSqozdFYd2acOPcbsaLTLHWD4gMjS6q35nti0fJ13Vx4wPbYEutWfzOuvexrncalqz5o33h/e+1cNqNi4QL4rmWPR1OXgrgl1i7/TuewY6e36ipvIdUcL3znoXi2dIKrTMuv40eF53f0Iq5iZbPhN7+wLp55oWR25p7GCuyk8H6+/LWuQ5V0eT95l+TiclUM+sCI2K+4nNkYd9bdn6hnYDfwvjFxVHtIV/DcvfGtRzd1/VzbuibuXVZa5lMtH0snGXk9nrz73vhpvkLpdUfHDV7h/Lrqkrim7UuNiobSGEi78BqgalThhufU9jps8w9uj9vbr5GGxoSzj03U5eUTKSVsz7Vlu92lbtvRa7n+fh+7YD8N+u8xclTHedu8bHHcW3793qPy64hHYsmDryTO+6eifuIphfud5YV9+GisK/9s36l2p2ub7PYom6OhIe6tOyfGTlrS5fhVDT08Pj1lXEmLsR31eCy8/sEu3WhbNj0Wd5WGN9WHxyEjS+rsipWfN9n12j3xaJdxD7OhPx6Mb3cKjEq+rCkfViQ7Tve/0KVHYpft7qL8y/fSiYvaFO5hn/xxz1+8l3+GrbwnftjlXCi8p8Yb48SJ2ezjhXve1evy7X2bXa/tcL2wo+V+IO6TKyx/nc6b3auu6fxlaUGFeU65XV9nkdnJxeHtYp84ZtrZJR84mWxW+vPj9CNGt3fnb50A6ewukx9VTzw1ji9tIVD13vjQQaU37oUPzGuXxNP5B1hL01Ox7PILY84DpQN7V6Ixbpp6cdQ/0vahsCXWNVwT58xqKLnhqYm/m3JI3uLqtVh9+Rlx+oWzY85FN8Sq5mw7bo1V7ReYBS1N8fRXvhrfKMk1O4WvXRRumH74dOuHf8vvo+m3hffUJSy+J6778vfyi7A3o6nx23HF5y4raS3Rf6pGfTJmTi0Jwp+7LmZdXjJochYm3/EvMW/Rk7F22YKYU5yl7u/zUHmvGDWlNs5sfyuFC4/5l8QVdzzVUeFuXRsr5k7KZ7RriPt3cIIt3oZWzo6jS4YB6fxzcEycfmU+JnCb8laShXJ46sy4oH08m+ZYu3RGfK60HG9dF6vq5pQMlVEw5ryYd+qonV7Jd27lWbDm+pg+65b2+qx4TmxXfdaLJ34c/7sYar4Zv236fdl5VtaF+Lllcd2tj+UP+njx09wQ8y7/eke9mO3bRQtiXun7GXNqnHxYx01Ar/VMsW6+Ik7c/5yoX164kL+vMXHRBrtA1ag45YrzSnqXPB/Lpn+h5HMt+1L44aifVRsLVraV+eoYPXNmnDKqvOVj5xvR5jVr8rFM944jDhvZUYeV3eC1qWwojQr0WDfsiF15DVBWh61bE2vbKvPqCXH6sX+RqMvLw4iNcee1N8aKvO7a/mvLDrtL3bZj13L9/z76fT+VhevZfcSCGVeXTOqanbeFz66Jfx3n1hVu/rvMsNx7WS6Wly9dHTetaSzc78wp7MNpMfEz3+w+WNrh8243urbZsjquODabo2F2XLxoZTQ/9/W4btHDncLjlqafxFe/cld0RBylX6Jun+YHro357X+nte694fJrS+6PCnXvOZ+Mw7aznqwaNTnmzSxpp7lmcdSefVVJuSmUy0dujotKhv7I7hsvuGJyjGr/k+WzeheO06IZcdENP8nLTmvZ6/2+rvM42cUy+OV/iZufyreleA5fVXYPm9DruZDdZ/6v1kYJxdnHC/e80yfHZ5esLf5+19dpifvknWVH64UdLvcDcZ+cl7+60vOmvPyVnze7131UVI2I48/uaPDRlufc2HYuFMtgeZ5TZoDqLCLe9ceCfLmL7OY+G5vinSkbt/PS+ERvlXi56smxcOW1MWlYabeplkIZvzKOnv7NPr1WNnbJk+3jkmyLpoaL4uhZ9xUfVSa74VkS35l9eLSN1NKyqSEuGD+78uAy9X4KJ+y8I86OO7u8RjYT8Pfilsn7xLoltTFx/uP585UYHmcu+W4sGNcWMm+NxrrT4/RFa/LH2bg0d3Udc2ZbY9Qffkrc1B72nhQLn7w+Jg3tqBpamh6Jq86eEcs6BVTdKd9nfS0HhYuO5bcVtvOd+T3PO7vOyDU1xLlHzI5V+cO+qp5YFw/ePDmGdfq0LlwcNN4cZ0y5vsKZk1PlcGedU4VtWfvtsovtCoyvi8cWT47SEbh69lqsnntK1C5LtGRIvlZ3//6omPfw4pjWJfjJlO+TSqTP8b7VrV3r5nci9UXvtjXWxRFTbsgvfts+Y/+i+Cip/PxNnitZC73PlfWY6cGYi+Kuu8+PmkGJW4iWtbH05CmxoH2IjEz5OZc6z8o/8/uikrphZ9V3u/IaIP2+qqfeHo9dPS457Eg2Rv8px19ZMjZq7zq/Xu/7acfqtp11HArbsUPXcv1fR/f7fmrZGCvOP6PyMLzLeftmNK2+Lj43ffF2XkdUct79OlbUfirmrGw7kF2PY2e7y7VN3+/50tdqPejy9yuQqnvLrzF7u7bKWhOfNj1u2s7zplU2CfClnYOlXiU+r7q9f+xBNo7mU2VjZLZsitVXfiFql3ZuvNStsv3Y79drvd4nF/ZJeXlIvc+CztcABeXHe4fqhZ1R7vv5M3J77qmS1yy7031UwdaXYmmnL6krsYvrrHegSu5L7L5u5TOY3XZReiKllDFnxcIVV5YFp5mqGHzM5+OGaT3Mbl89PmbeWRfnVdxd/qS4bvlXY2q3s6sVKvtpN8RtMztX9q0z7df1MitbLtumpZfGSeXvp8uwBm3aJp/IvuH5nzFvfA8xSbav7l5Y8m1V6ziFJW1gd5qqocfF5bff0MO+alPYZ1OvifpzPlqyz/JyUH9WSUud7oyNM+v/KWq366YJslPu0vjGFSckPtiqYlDN+fGdhys4d7Nz6+HbK78w6bPCtow+Pa4q1A3d141D49j5NxTqgB0Z/6O0S3CZ5GDv3fz7Ps3mPSbOq/9qzOy27ur+HK+8bk3VM7ArDYma2bfHA71+rmVltS4e6HITUqJLl86C6v3iQ+8vvW4oH2cu0zah1Pboa92wI3blNcB74rApp5b9nZ7Ha64aNSW+NP8T6X1RlG3T0lhY0tKqefmPonFL5Ttpd6nbduxarv/fR7/vp6pCWbhuSeFY9nAv0Sa7DrhhWtl5u2cMHXdx3LakdjvLcn+cd7vLtU1fzvPCEez2Wq0P9q6NhXf2cB2VPIbbYdDhMevu5RWUm+yYL+8mJBwco8+6Ir5xUXoimqLqT8S82+bFsfnDpMEfi/O/0lP5yyYY/mosPH9M/rgbVcNi3BVfjcU93Ve3SezHfj9Xe71P3ol2qF7YGeV+V35G7h3HXv/tno/7mNpYfPvnE+fN7nQfVTDogPjs1df3cL+R7e95cUvh8z1tAOosiuzCHg2OUcddGLf89KFYXL8w5qUqpurxccH1dbFwyUPx7ANXxqRR3VziZhX9lXfEA0u+HBeUnijF9b8ad626OS48vG9NqauGjY/5dzcUtm1ep4qgevyMuG5JQ3znyuMSkzQVKo9Rk2PB9x+Ju25Mv6fi+oWL7Qd++vXCNg1NFJJ9YtxV3ymbWCpbrzamj81n0S9UCtNuubfwNzpvW4z5TMzLXvvuK2LSRw/oPFZLHy/o+yK76J5ffM9f6rz/M/kxrF/+SNx39eQY1aXCLZSDQgV1XzaL3fUzul7oFN9T4Rg+eXcsmDy6bx+wULw4mxcLb/xuPHTLeT1M9tHzuVs8bwuv8dj3e6iHdprCTdjh58XXVhXOifml9UDhwnfmlwrn0r3xtemH7uA4O1UxeNxl8dDyazrXIdn5evbYxAzShX9/2Cfj7zpdFPV9vKI9hh8dF2Z1V33puZ69ry/H4ofv6OEcLz0+iXomu2icv7CHegZ2pZLPtbJriI7zuJKyWj4OcsHHDo2PdOpmWjg3P3JoHJE/KurTlxrl+lo37KhddQ1QqEMOmRCnl46FVjZESFeDY/T0RYV9cXPZZ0JW39TlddZfxv6dxqVbHY80/j5/UIndp27bsWu5/n4fu2A/DRodk66+Ox5b/tXEjMod1xLdXwdkAepl3Zbl1uv/7spyf513pfttIK9teqoTM631Yna/98Tinq7VKlUdH8yvoxaWHstiOc7vk3bW+y0pNws7XbMVFP9eBfVX1dA4bMbNXeuatvVXLYppB/RUV2Wy8vc/4zsPLy0rvyXXjjOOjg9WcjNcvK/u7lzIj1W35aa/z9UK7pN3ph2qF3ZGud+F98lVH8zzlLpEOczOm/8Z494S91HZKXVk6/1GWVbSth0P3XJW7D/kv+XPpuzqOouMbvvATqPOYEB16ULcU5f9TIVdcOgX6gsA3hEq7KYNwMDQbR+Ad4iW2PLot2NhydiL1VNr4+Rug1MAAADonfAUgLe4bLbN78V1195TMnB6z2MFAgAAQCWEpwC8JWUzTZ+874gYue9+ccjxs+PO0tlkex0rEAAAAHonPAXgLanq3UPiz/PlTrJZX+t3wiy1AAAAvOO5swTgrWmf4bH/3vlyUTZD6s2ts76O1mEfAACAHWe2fWCnUWcAlVJfAAAAA81s+wAAAAAA20l4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEh41x8L8uVORu47Il8CAAAAAHh7Wv/qhnypq27D00wWoPa0MkApdQZQKfUFAAAw0Cq5L9FtHwAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAbylbo7HuhBi574jCz4xY0bQtf75y2xrr4rDi+jVxbsOv82cr91Zfv/ACUX9otn7hp7YhmvKnK/ZWX3+Hy9BAr7/jZUAZVAadA84B54Ay+M4ug/SF8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQ8K4/FuTLXWTNf9e/uiF/BNAzdQZQKfUFAAAw0Cq5L9HyFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAICEXRyeboumhhkxct8R7T9j566OLflve/dGrFsytWT9E6K+cWv+O3bM1misO6F1v9Y2RFP+LAAAAAC8Uw14y9Pm5T+Kxi0t+aNetPwynrj3mfwBAAAAAED/Gfhu+82r45HG3+cPetbyyk+i4bnm/BEAAAAAQP8ZwPB0eIwes3fh/xtjxcoXK+i6/0a88vjKeCGqY78xIwv/ZecaFDWzfxDrX90Q6xdPjqH5swAAAADwTjWA4en+ceoZE4ohaEVd99u77B9aWO+Y2LP1WQAAAACAfjGA4el/i/cceVxMKqanvXfdb+uyXz21Nk4ZOyh/FgAAAACgfwzsmKd/dlAcN2V4YaG3rvub49n774sXYnhMGn9gDM6f7dHWdbG64TtRX3tkyez82c+kmLekIVav63mggJamxrh/ydw4sX29A+LEud+I+xubomVbY9Qf2vr8YXWNsS1fJwpLTQ0zWv/9oXXRuK2lsBmPxorE66xYvS625mulvRlNjQ/GvXXnxNj2dUfE2Nq6uPe+xmjqqaFuS1M03tf1vRfXbXg01m1NrdzdbPsl72nfGbGiqePddvbrWFFb0/P6xX3Sum9XdHpfR8a5dQ3R2PRmvk6231bH0rmT8t9nP9lxW93NtgMAAADAzjfAE0a9J2rGj+u96/6WZ+PeWxsjqsfFcTXvyZ/szpvR9NTX4ty/nBC1s74YN63siPFaPR93zp8dtcd/Nuav3hRd/2Jh/dXXxElHnBKz5n8r1ubPFrYw1i5bELOmnBzn3f7T+F3+bPea41c/+uc44/hpMSfxOnOmT44z6p5KB6gtm2L1FafF0VO+EBcvWllYo0Pzyhvi4gtPiaNPvCJWpALgrS/F0nNPjtMv7Prei+vOmhYT//L8WLq291Fmd75sn7Tu2zmd3ldTrFo0O04/+7pY3fRarF1yfnzs+LNjwbLn899nsuN2dkw87eZoFKACAAAAsAsMcHhaFYNrPt5L1/2W2NL4o1jRHFE95eNRM7jnTW7Z9IO4atq1saq5OkZPvSIWP/xc6yRI2c+//iTuWvCZGF38l8/Hsr//ejzaKbBtia1r74rL/35xMeysHj8jFi7/SfyiuP7aeGz5NXHmmC2x6ppr487XW9fo1uuLY845i+NX4y+KW9q34ZV49uG6wmsU33CsXfSlWNy4ufXft9scjYsujNqlWXA4Ns6cf3s88OIr+frZNtTFBeOHRqz5ZsyZdEWs2NTWWjNTWPfWy2NBFppWj48Lbnsonm177+3bX/jbzQ/GgkuWx7pdnUEW98m3Izodl+figfqzWo/Jmm/HdXMvjovmPxtHzKyLu55c2/pvCsftf100vnWSsDVfiwX3rEuE3gAAAACwcw1weFow+MBeuu7/PhpXro7mirrsvxaPfqUuHsqaNI45LxZ88awYN6pkjaqhUfPZuVE//6jWx+WBbcuv45H6m2NVcf2LYkn9zJhUMzTfSXvG0Jq/jStvvyGmFsPP3lVPrIsHb7kwjm3fhqoYNGpyXHnbNTGh+BI/jx8//5uSILAltjbeEfMWNRaWa+KC5UtjwfRxMWpQ22HKtmFyzLrlO7Fw4tDC9jfEvK880bHPtv1rPPrNbN3qOOiSf4gZx42KjtFhs3U/HRdfemprCPncynjilTeKv9mVqideE7deNb3kuAyOUZMvjIunZmWgOdau/GnEzBvi+tmTo2ZoPi1Y4bgddsG8WJC958K/eeGxNfHb1t8AAAAAQL8Z+PA09oljpp0dBxWWkl33t7wYjyzfGBV12W/7t1l4eMaEOKQ9dCy1V4wY+9EYUlz+Q/xmc0eA2PLKqljyQNbVfXiceemZUZNYv2rox+OitgCyR8Nj0hlHx7DEJlQNHRN/NSp7heZ4Zf2/l3Td/308vfye1lavUy+Mv6tp3couqobHSRd9vvt91uV121TF4HFXxvPFFp/LYtqovfLnd5Xu9smg+MDID+bLh8bpnzyoJPTNVb0nPvjhvVuXf7YhNnU39CoAAAAA7CS7QXha2Ij9jozJB1dH1677feuyH4PHxYKXs2Dwpbh3+uhu31zVu/eOtqiuw7b47UuN8UK22GNQWxWDP3JoHJE/6t7BcdhHugs//zSG/PmfFBebmzZH+9if2zbGs9/Pwt/eW9lWvX/fOLCYvz4Vz67PX2GP4XHIiVkLzsLTy86PM7OJqbqdIGogdLdP9oh3D8n3d/V+8aH35y1OAQAAAGAA7RbhaVR9KD528qGFhfKu+33pst+94sz5DQ2xIvtZMjdOOv7K1pC0kzdi04b1rYujRsQHkq1Wc/sMj/3zRpDdqt47/qy6j7v3tY3xcnEs1Y1x5/TDS2aaT/yMPTvuLGamTfHyxrZxU/eJYy64PB9WIJ+YKpsg6sD9YuT+50T98oa4v7Fp4MYLrWSf/MmQGNzX/QYAAAAA/WA3San2iv2OGt+1G3pfuuy3a4mt6x6Ne+vOibF50PjhbOb8WbNjTvbTaeb7bvz5kHj3ju6ZAQoBq4YeF/PvbojF18+IY0vHFmheGTddNDtmTTkyPpwFqY+sS8/0358EowAAAAC8hew2SVbXrvt97LJf9GY0rf7nOOP4aXHxopUd3eGLs9YvjIX1dbFwyUPR+PAVxaC2WwM+puaYuGD5C/ls9L39NMYtk/8iXy83aFSMmzI7bnl5Q/ziye9Gff3CmDd1bP7LgixI/dxZcUnDxoFrhQoAAAAAu7ndpxlgl677fe+y37LpB3HV3y+OtVEdo6deE3c9uTYPGFfEgulTYtLkyTFp3Kio/sPr8at8nQ57xbARI1sX/2tzbGnuIVZs716/k1UPifcXW4uWdsXfMVVDa+KTk6fEtKtXFPbDc/HAkivizGK3/qZ46B9vi0e7TDa1nVr+Mzb/n//KHwAAAADAW99u1Ie6rOv+r5/rY5f9bfHbn66Kh7LmptWnxsWXfDpqhqYmHnojNjz/s+gaTe4R7zugprVFapeJq0q1xJafPxNP5o92qsEHxnFTsgmfXo9Vt6+MdT3kmi3rlsTJxWEJpsbSdW8Un9vWWBeHlT3X2eAYNe6suPjSU6OY0Ta/Hv/RU0jcF1v/Pdav62jrCwAAAABvdbvVAJQdXfcfim/OX9zHLvuVaWl6PL71nWfyR51V7XdsTJ84tLC0Me689s5oTM1Sv/Vn8Y1r7ykZEmBnek/UjB/XGmw+9/W47psvpcclbdkY913/9dZJrw4eHx/bb6/i03uMPDQmFld+Ju66/4VuxjR9M37z6iut27/3iPjgPnsUn+3eHrHP8BHROkf+U/HDJzcluvpvjsbbbswnsAIAAACAt4fdKjzt6LrfFI+ufLJPXfY7txz9Zsy46JZ4uunN4m+Ktq6L1cvr4rxja2PZmraU7/Vo3PDbaB/etGp4nDTv0piQBZBrro/ps26OVeva5v5/M5oavx3zTpseN7Wvv7NVxeBjPh83TMvGJ22KVfNr46K6hmhsfx/ZZFirY+nlF8acB5oKj2vigismx6i2ozj4Y/GFf5oc1YU9t3bRjLJ1C7J9sOTqmDX/8cKD6jho5glxSG/ZacEeHz46n8E/6+q/IG4omWyqpakxVtRdHNMXvRajx+ydPwv0VUfL8Zo4t+HX+bN9sK0x6g9tnSRvZG1D4Wzto4Fev1CrNNad0Lr+vjNiRVNfB55+q68PfbHj5W1H65y3+vo7XGepcwe8zlQGlcF39vo7XgadA84BZfCdXgbpi90rPC3pul908Nlx1jH75A96VzVqSnxp/ieKLTebV14bnz5idGtByn4OnBC1F90Qqz70mZh/9+K4LGvhWvDm77Z0akVaNeyEuPwrtTG6sNy88vo49/iD89cYHUdPuSzuXDM4jr3s0jizmBPuHTUj3hcV5I+VqxoW4y7+ciwsTvDUFKsWzY7T29/HfnHI8WfHgmXPR1SPj5l33xwzalrbhLbaM4Z96uKO8LXTuvk+mP+t1jFhp90QXz1rdGUFYNBHo/aa84r7pHWyqQlxSP6aHz7ilJiz6Lcxqf5f4uIJWatdAAAAAHh72M3C08IGtXXdz1pGnnxk7NenLRwco6cvioeW39x5dvksLJw6Lxbe+N147PtXx9TD/0f8zdkTWkPWbHzVTpMm7RlDx10W92Wz1M//TGtgWJS9xhWx+OEfxi1n/2W8N3+2XwwaHZOuvjseW/7VuG7m+OJ2tqseHxdc/9W4a9XNceHhQ7sewCx8vbKbdWNsnDl/YdQvfyTuu/K4GFrxvq2KQTUXJvbJ0Dh25pcL++SOWDB5TIUthAEAAADgreFdfyzIl7vIWhZms9VTZsvqmHfE2XFn895xbP334pbJf5H/At7Z1BlApdQXAADAQKvkvmS3a3k6kDrGzDgh6hvT0y1lWn7zarxY7Ou/fxx1QOXDCgAAAAAAbx3C0xJ7DBsRNcWlX8bDP14T6ZnuN8Wjy+5tnel+zF/FQf99z+LTAAAAAMDbi/C01NCj42+nDi8stM1W/3Cs29o2HmrbTPdfiNqlzxceD40Jn58UhwyyCwEAAADg7ciYp+W2vhRLZ9XGgpVN+RMpY+PM+i/HpZNHx6D8GcAYhkDl1BcAAMBAM+bp9hh0QExb/MN4YEld2Yz9BW0z3T95dywQnAIAAADA25qWp8BOo84AKqW+AAAABpqWpwAAAAAA20l4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAvKVsjca6E2LkviMKPzNiRdO2/PnKbWusi8OK69fEuQ2/zp+t3Ft9/cILRP2h2fqFn9qGaMqfrthbff0dLkMDvf6OlwFlUBl0DjgHnAPK4Du7DNIXwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAwrv+WJAvd5E1/13/6ob8EUDP1BlApdQXAADAQKvkvkTLUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIOFdfyzIlzsZue+IfAkAAAAA4O1p/asb8qWuug1PM1mA2tPKAKXUGUCl1BcAAMBAq+S+RLd9AAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgC8pWyNxroTYuS+Iwo/M2JF07b8+cpta6yLw4rr18S5Db/On63cW339wgtE/aHZ+oWf2oZoyp+u2Ft9/R0uQwO9/o6XAWVQGXQOOAecA8rgO7sM0hfCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAEDCu/5YkC93kTX/Xf/qhvwRQM/UGUCl1BcAAMBAq+S+RMtTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABJ2i/C0pakx7m/4RsybeECM3HdEx8/+50T98oa4v7EpWvJ/CwAAAACwKwxseLp1bayYOyk+fMQpMWvWgrhzTXP+i1zzyrjpotkxa8qRcUjtjbFq3Zb8FwAAAAAA/WvAwtOWpkdi/mlTYs6y5/Nneta88vo49/jPxvzVm7RCBQAAAAD63YCEp1lwetXZM2JZe0vToXHszC9F/fKfxC9e3RDr859fPPndqL9+Rhxbnf+zeD6WTb8wbmjcnD8GAAAAAOgfAxCevhaP3nRVe3BaPf7S+F9P/jhumX1GfLJmaKcNqhpaE5+cMjtu+emDsXDq2PzZxrjpsjuicav2pwAAAABA/9nl4WnLuvtj0bKNrQ/GXBRL6s+Nw4bu2fq4O4NGx6SrboyFE4e2Pl7ztVhwzzrd9wEAAACAfrOLw9M34pXHV8YLxeWauOCaz0bNoAo3oWp4nDTv0phQ7MLfHC/c+5N4pZietsTWxhvjxOIM/QfEiXVPxdbs6XItG2PFF47MZ/GfHSs2vVl4bm0snZTP8D9pSazrIY1tWbckTi7+jamxdN0b+bO5lqZovO8bMW9i/lrZz8S5sfS+xmhq2RqNdSe0PndoXTRuy9fp5M1oanww7q07J8a2rV/4GVtbF/cWXyP/Z+WaGuLc4r89IeobC+9667pY3ZDYjoZHY52WugAAAADQJ7s2PG35ZTxx7zOtywefFCceMqR1uUJVw46O06cMb33w3Mp44pUsxKyKQTWfjQUzawrLzbF20ZdicZcxUd+MTd+ri3kPNBWWh8aEf5odJw3bs7DqqDh59qlRzGPbXy+lJPQ9eHx8bL+9is9mihNfnXhcnH7hgrizfQzXgjXfigUXnhITzr09nvvd/5M/mdCyKVZfcVocPeULcfGilYV30KF55Q1xceE1jj7xilixbkv+bNq2jQ/F/NMmR+2sxHbMmhYTT7vZUAcAAAAA0Ae7Njzd+u+xfl0+1ulB+8b7+/zX3xM148e1hp3xq1j/b21tTIdEzTlfjAvGZL8pHxO1JbauvSvm/2NDMZisnnhpzP3U8PyNV8Xgmo/HpOILPhMNj/8yPRRAe+hbHQedfGTs17bdW1+KO+bObR2/tXp8XFD/3XjsX9smuyr8zaljo3nl9XHNsvX5CuU2R+OiC6N26fOF5bFx5vzb44EXX8knzFobjy2viwvGD41Y882YM+mK1taySWvia7PmxLJffiwuuO2heLZt0q0XS8aKXfO1mHfrz9KtcgEAAACALnZteNq8OX6TN4rc872D8xC0L6qievCQaB0h9Q/xm80lLUUHfTRqrzkvRmfLpUHh1p/F4ln/HKuyvzumNm644oQYVvquBx8YxxVbs5YOBVCqJbY++1Dc9Vz2AofG5KM+lO+0N2PTysWxcGXWmrUmLlh2XcyaXBND89euGnp4TL3qq7F4WttEV+Wy4QbuiHmLGgvLhfWXL40F08fFqPZhDPaMoTWTY9Yt32kd67W5IeZ95Ynotv1p9eTCttwcs44bFYPypzqPFdsca1e/FP+u8SkAAAAAVGSXhqfbNm2ILCqM2DtqRrwv9igu980ew0ZE1kG/q6z7/ufj1vrJUd3efb/w9279UtxU7MaejbF6fozrMjlVSWvWZNf938fTy++JtdliaZf9lg3x8O0PtbZmnXph/F1NYgiCqmExbs7sODOZEne8brfrZ7KxXi/6fBxUWGxe/qNo3JJOP6unTIqPZ0MRlKt6X+z/V/u1Lq/bEP+m6z4AAAAAVGSXhqdV7947Plhc+q/4P5v/M91FvhcdAWzKnjHsU7NjQbGlZWPcNOXYOL3YsrM6Rs/8YtQmA8rSrvulQwHktrwYjyzfWFgYGhPOPrajy/5v18Tjxdaow2PS+ANjcOuzXQ0eGYd9bO/8QYltG+PZ72ev28v6BVXv3zcOzLav+al4dn32N8vtHUccNrKb19gj3j3kPa2Lza/HfzQLTwEAAACgErs4PB0Sf15cao5X1v/7doy/2RLNWzZH68if7473D+mYuKldp1n5c2POiwXnfLSjO3u59q77G2PFyhdLusa3xJbGH8WKYvPSCXH6sX/RvsM6QtwPxsgPdPvKBUPigwdkYW6Z1zbGy69nCxvjzumHd8yOn/oZe3bcWcxMm+LljeWTYWW62RcAAAAAwHbbpeFpvG9MHHVwa6rZ/MKr8Zs+N4L8fTSuXF3sKt9TaFk1tCb+5q/bAsvqGD3hiPhw+1iiKfvEMdPOTnSN7/h71VM+HjWDU6/xnhjy7u0ZgGBn+tN472DhKQAAAADsTLs2PK36UHzs5ENbl5+7Pb756Guty5Vq70JfUDr+aCdvxqbv1cW8B7KJnDJt45+mWmx2qNrvyJicBbvNq+ORxt+3Ptn+93rqWr8+NmwqHye1L8bEBctfyGfY7+2nMW6Z/Bf5egAAAABAf9q14WnsFfsdNb7YwrPYXf3ar8fqptZO+L1q2RSrF9bl3der46CTj+wYf7REy6YfxNX/2NDaWnR8bZw3Ph//9LI7orGnyZLag922rvulXfbHxXE1+bihuY6Jq/4zfrelp/B0c/zqpbYgt0T1kHh/sRFud13xAQAAAICBtIvD08IfHDU55s3M58tfszhqz76u9wB169pYcfkXonbp862Px5wX804d1XXjWzbGfQuujYeywHNMbdxw9cVx0VX5+Kdrvhbzbv1ZD+OsdgS7zcsWx73rNuVd9qtj9DmfjMPKu+y3D0FQPk5qmS3r4+knioObdtY+zurrser2lbGuh1y3Zd2SOLk4/unUWLpuR1q5AgAAAACV2uXhaTaBUs05X4wLxrSOfVoMUI84LeYtaYjV6zpHkC1NjXH/8ro49y8/EXOW5cFp1MQF13w2arqMYbo5GhfNjjnF7vrZvzk/xg3dM6qGnRBz/2lyVBe778+ISxo2djvLf3vX/Xg5Hn/hxfjlC9mwAofG6Z88qOtkU1Uj4vizJxReNwtbb4xvJIcFKGzTbTfmrWXLvSdqxo8rrh/PfT2u++ZL6WA3C4Sv/3q8kC13O1QBAAAAALCzDUB4WjDo8Jhx+w0xtS1Ajefjzvmzo/b4gzvNMv/hI06JWRfdEKvaw8exMXXJjTGjZkj+uE1LbG28I+Ytyua/r47RM78Yte3/Zs8Y9qnZsWBi1n2/KR76x7q4b1M3LV3bu+6/Hk/e99348brCH+42sCx93ca4aerFUf/IuvYAtKXpqVg2d1qcXtymlKoYfMzn44ZpYwvLTbFqfm1cVNcQje2tcAvvad3qWHr5hR2B8BWTY9TAHDGgn21rrIvDinVfTZzb8Ov82T7Y1hj1h+b1Z21DoVbpo4Fev1B7Ntad0Lr+vjNiRdO2/PlKvdXXh77Y8fK2o3XOW339Ha6z1LkDXmcqg8rgO3v9HS+DzgHngDL4Ti+D9MWARXFVQ4+L+Xc3xC0zx7e2vuxF9fiL4paH74j544Z13eitP4vFl30t1mbLY86LBed8tHNL0arhcdK8vPt+c0PMW/CD2JRsfrpXjJpSG2cW/l3zj1bGo83dj61alL3uFVe3hsDNK+Omz02IQ4onbxb8nh7zlz1f3O7Lpo5s/fcfHRHDSifmrxoW4y7+ciycmgeoi2bH6UeMbi38++4Xhxx/dizIWtxWj4+Zd9+cCI0BAAAAgP4ysO0YB42KY2ffGs8++d2or/9SXFCc3KlE9fi44Pq6qF/+k3h28YVx7KjUfPebo/HWL8VNa7Lmqd116c9yyrbu+xHND1wbV3+vm+777WORZg6NyUd9qMedVAyBv/9I3HXjvDizvSVtwZjPxLwlD8UTi8+Og9/73/InEwaNjklX3x2PLf9qXFceJBff/1fjrlU3x4WHDx3ggwUAAAAA7yzv+mNBvtxF1gJy/asb8kfvFG/EuiW1MXH+41E9sS4evHlyDNuh1PK1WD33lKhdtjFifF08tnhylEXE8LbxzqwzgO2hvgAAAAZaJfclGjOWa/llPHHvM4WF4THpjKO7D05Lxpc4rK4xuh0hpOV3+cRT1XHQ0WPifa3PAgAAAAC7OeFpJy2x9dmH4q7nmiPGnBonH/ae/PmEPd4XIz66d3Fx80OPx/NbU4MAvBlNj97T+nrxkfjrse+3wwEAAADgLUKW1y6b3f57cW1x4qmhMeHzk+KQxNipHYbFx6ee1DpG6ZrrY/qsm2PVui3F3xRtXRerl1wVn5u+uDiRVfXEz8bph5jwCQAAAADeKox52tQQ5x4xO1blDzOVj3W6JdYuuTROm/9gZG1L06pj9NRrov6Ln4pRPYax8NZnDEOgUuoLAABgoBnztBL7DI/9W3vfF4yNM+ffHt+97lMVThI1OEZPvzmeeHhpLJz/mRidP9tqaBw780tRv/yRuO/qyYJTAAAAAHiL0fIU2GnUGUCl1BcAAMBA0/IUAAAAAGA7CU8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAwFvK1misOyFG7jui8DMjVjRty5+v3LbGujisuH5NnNvw6/zZyr3V1y+8QNQfmq1f+KltiKb86Yq91dff4TI00OvveBlQBpVB54BzwDmgDL6zyyB9ITwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJLzrjwX5chdZ89/1r27IHwH0TJ0BVEp9AQAADLRK7ku0PAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkvOuPBflyJyP3HZEvAQAAAAC8Pa1/dUO+1FW34WkmC1B7WhmglDoDqJT6AgAAGGiV3Jfotg8AAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAgLeUrdFYd0KM3HdE4WdGrGjalj9fuW2NdXFYcf2aOLfh1/mzlXurr194gag/NFu/8FPbEE350xV7q6+/w2VooNff8TKgDCqDzgHngHNAGXxnl0H6QngKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASHjXHwvy5S6y5r/rX92QPwLomToDqJT6AgAAGGiV3JdoeQoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBhF4en26KpYUaM3HdE+8/YuatjS/7b3r0R65ZMLVn/hKhv3Jr/jh2zNRrrTmjdr7UN0ZQ/y47Y0X1aer7MiBVN2/LnAQAAANgVBrzlafPyH0Xjlpb8US9afhlP3PtM/gAAAAAAoP8MfLf95tXxSOPv8wc9a3nlJ9HwXHP+CAAAAACg/wxgeDo8Ro/Zu/D/jbFi5YsVdN1/I155fGW8ENWx35iRhf+ycw2Kmtk/iPWvboj1iyfH0PxZdoR9CgAAAPBWNoDh6f5x6hkTiiFoRV3327vsH1pY75jYs/VZAAAAAIB+MYDh6X+L9xx5XEwqpqe9d91v67JfPbU2Thk7KH8WAAAAAKB/DOyYp392UBw3ZXhhobeu+5vj2fvvixdieEwaf2AMzp/t0dZ1sbrhO1Ffe2Q+W3nbz6SYt6QhVq/reaCAlqbGuH/J3Dixfb0D4sS534j7G5uiZVtj1B/a+vxhdY3RMQd6yezoh9ZF47aWwmY8GisSr7Ni9brYmq+V9mY0NT4Y99adE2Pb1x0RY2vr4t77GqOpp4a6LU3ReF/X915ct+HRWLc1tXJ3M8NXOuP7r2NFbU3P6xf3Seu+XdHpfR0Z59Y1RGPTm/k62X5bHUvnTsp/n/1kx211N9teqfx4LK+Lc/dve9221+6mTGx9KuonHtD67ybeGI3Jv/9mbGqYnb+fI+PvGzYW/lKmktn2s+P8gx16r8WyWv6e9j8n6pc/WLJPAQAAAOirAZ4w6j1RM35c7133tzwb997aGFE9Lo6reU/+ZHfejKanvhbn/uWEqJ31xbhpZXlk9XzcOX921B7/2Zi/elMecpUqrL/6mjjpiFNi1vxvxdr82cIWxtplC2LWlJPjvNt/Gr/Ln+1ec/zqR/8cZxw/LeYkXmfO9MlxRt1T6QC1ZVOsvuK0OHrKF+LiRSsLa3RoXnlDXHzhKXH0iVfEimTY91IsPffkOP3Cru+9uO6saTHxL8+PpWt7H2V258v2Seu+ndPpfTXFqkWz4/Szr4vVTa/F2iXnx8eOPzsWLHs+/30mO25nx8TTbu4mwOzNlvx1C8fjohtiVad5x9rKxN/EuUte6nxMBn00aq85L0Zny2u+FvNu/VmXY9ay6Qdx9T82FN9P9cRLY+6nhld2YrUf5/O7ea/XxA83/CF/LqW1rH7qyEJZLX9PzSvjpou+EKcfcVrMa1ibLmcAAAAA9GiAw9OqGFzz8V667rfElsYfxYrmiOopH4+awT1vchZkXTXt2ljVXB2jp14Rix9+rnXCnuznX38Sdy34TGsQFs/Hsr//ejzaKbBtia1r74rL/35xMeysHj8jFi7/SfyiuP7aeGz5NXHmmC2x6ppr487XW9fo1uuLY845i+NX4y+KW9q34ZV49uG6wmsU33CsXfSlWNy4ufXft9scjYsujNqlWZg2Ns6cf3s88OIr+frZNtTFBeOHRqz5ZsyZdEWs2FTasrCw7q2Xx4IsNK0eHxfc9lA82/be27e/8LebH4wFlyyPdduTQe6I4j75dkSn4/JcPFB/Vh5Ofjuum3txXDT/2ThiZl3c9eTa1n9TOG7/66LxrZOErflaLLhnXSL07kkWnF4ap81/sLDXy8tFdkxuj3lTxxb+XVOsml8bF3UKUKtiUM1nY8HMmsJy4phtfSnuuPzaeKiYnE6OBfNOiGEVnVWlx3loHDvz6x3H+cWHYvH8QjktHOMFi1a3/vMuCmW18evxuemL4+d/7FrWf/Hkd2PhzGyfPR93zpoel7S3hgUAAACgUgMcnhYMPrCXrvu/j8aVq6O5oi77r8WjX6lrDbLGnBcLvnhWjBtVskbV0Kj57Nyon39U6+PywLbl1/FI/c2tLfjGXBRL6mfGpJqh+U7aM4bW/G1cefsNMbUYfvauemJdPHjLhXFs+zZUxaBRk+PK266JCcWX+Hn8+PnflIRaWSB2R8xb1FhYrokLli+NBdPHxahBbYcp24bJMeuW78TCiUML298Q877yRMc+2/av8eg3s3Wr46BL/iFmHDcqOkaHzdb9dFx86amtIeRzK+OJV94o/mZXqp54Tdx61fSS4zI4Rk2+MC6empWB5li78qcRM2+I62dPjpqh+bRgheN22AXzYkH2ngv/5oXH1sRvW39TkZZ1y+OLbcHptBvitk5/Pzsm42LaVV+NxdPaAtR/ju+uK903Q6LmnC/GBcXj3hg3XXZH3vq1JKyOsTH1KxfHScMqm8qsZdPqWJy1ps6C0/mLY+HsCR3HedCoGDf98ri1fnLrsUrZ+rNYfNnXYm32nmbeHt+5uvQ9ZbusJibNvjkeLL5GUzz0j7eVfVEAAAAAQG8GPjyNfeKYaWfHQYWlZNf9LS/GI8s3RkVd9tv+bVTHQWdMiEPaQ8dSe8WIsR+NIcXlP8RvNneEZC2vrIolD2RB2PA489IzoyaxftXQj8dFbQFkj4bHpDOOTrZCrBo6Jv5qVPYKzfHK+n8vaeX4+3h6+T2trV6nXhh/V9O6lV1UDY+TLvp89/usy+u2qYrB466M54utE5fFtFF75c/vKt3tk0HxgZEfzJcPjdM/eVBJ6Jurek988MN7ty7/bENs6m7o1S7eiFceXxkvZIvVp8bFcz4eQ1PFompYjJszO84sHthnouHxX3ZuqTno8JjRFnoXu+8/FU3tQXcWYM6Nfxg3rMITqrBND92Tt1adEH87ZUy8u/UXJfaMYZ86L+YcnCppLbHl6fvjG2uy5tinxj/83Ue77q+ikteoYFI2AAAAADqrLOvpZ1X7HRmTkwFP37rsx+BxseDlLBh8Ke6dPrrbN1f17r2jLarrsC1++1JjHrL1FNRWxeCPHBpH5I+6d3Ac9pHuws8/jSF//ifFxeamzZFlaEXbNsaz38/C395b2Va9f984MMvVmp+KZ9fnr7DH8DjkxKwFZ+HpZefHmdnEVN1OEDUQutsne8S7h+T7u3q/+ND7K2u9WZGWX8YT9z5TXOy1DLW3gm6OF+79SbxSttuqhp0Qc/8pa8mZdd//dBw95frWsWyzVs7ndBdgprwWLz/2cnGpx22q+lB87ORD8welmmP9M08Vy03r+v9X69MpVe+NDx20T2FhYzzwzMaSyc0AAAAA6M1uEZ52hETlXff70mW/e8XZyBsaYkX2s2RunHT8la0haSdvxKYN61sXR42IDyRbreb2GR77540gu1W9d/xZdR9372sb4+XiWKob487ph5fMvp74GXt23FnMTJvi5Y1tY3DuE8dccHk+rEA+MVU2QdSB++WzrzfE/Y1NnVtU7kqV7JM/GRKD+7rfetLyn/H6xtZwec/3Du6lxfBeMfi9f9q6uPH1+EOXHZW15JydDx/QpiYuuOazyVbK3Sps0+b/81/FxZ63ac94/777JX6/OX71UutkYM3Lzo6PjkiUj/afw6N2WRbIF9Z6aWO8VlwCAAAAoBI7MaXaEXvFfkeN79oNvS9d9tu1xNZ1j8a9defE2DxA+nA2c/6s2TEn++k08303/nxIvHtH98zODgErVDX0uJh/d0Msvn5GHFuauhVnX58ds6YcGR/OgtRH1u36GdgHaJ+02jtqRrwv9sgfpe0Vw0aMzJe7UTU0Dv+bIzoCzTHj4pgP9zHWbw90e9umqqgePCR2YjtcAAAAAPpgNwlPCxvSpet+H7vsF70ZTav/Oc44flpcvGhlsVtzq2zW+oWxsL4uFi55KBofvqIY1HarT2Nq9ocxccHyF9pnTu/5pzFumfwX+Xq5bMKhKbPjlpdbZ12vr1+Yzyafy4LUz531DpuB/fVo3PDbXrqtl7Q+7kbLph/E1f/Y0FG2iuOf/qxvQXTVn8bew7P4tZJt6tmQmd+NNclykfhZPDlK28wCAAAA0LPdJjzt2nW/7132s2Drqr9f3DoD+dRr4q4n1+bB0YpYMH1KTJo8OSaNGxXVf3g9fpWv06Gk1eF/bY4tzT3Eiu3d63ey6iHx/mKTxtKu+Dsmm3X9k5OnxLSrVxT2w3PxwJIr4sxit/6dPAN7SVf03Up7UBnx5u+2lATqKW/Elt/9Z+vi8L27tj5u2Rj3Lbg2n+hpfJx3/vhCScvGP/1SLG7sw/FqH4e0t23aVihqG6LrK+8Vfza0dYqpYlf8PxYXAQAAANjJdp/wtLzr/q+f62OX/W3x25+uyoOtU+PiSz4dNUNTHZ7fiA3P/ywRSO0R7zugprVFao8zk7fElp8/E0/mj3aq9gmLXo9Vt6+MdT3kmi3rlsTJxWEJpsbSdW8Un9vWWBeHlT3X2eAYNe6suPjSU1u7nTe/Hv/RU0jcF1v/Pdav6zmaHBAlky51GhIipW2YiMLeOejkI2O/TmfHm7Hpe3Ux74FsrNGxMfUrV8ZFc+bl4582xk2X3RE/6zpIajcGxQdGtk5Z1vM2bY6fP/1cvlzqPVEzflzrMVx5T/xw3f+/+GxSy9pYOumAQpk4IE5esvYd1NIYAAAAYMftRuFpYWPau+4/FN+cv7iPXfYr09L0eHzrO62zr5er2u/YmF4MwzbGndfeGY2pWeq3/iy+ce09vbRg3F4lodhzX4/rvvlSujt41gLy+q+3Tnp18Pj42H57FZ/eY+ShMbG48jNx1/0vdNOV/M34zauvtG7/3iPig/v0PApoFirvM3xEtM6R/1T88MlNiQBuczTedmM+gdXupiOUj+Z74rqFP4qmVILYsilWL6zL38OhMfmoD5WcHC2xtfHrcc6srLt+dYyeOTf+YdywqKoaHifNuzQmZPt8zfVx9iUrYlNF6eReMWpKbZyZrZdt020/iz+0/qJE9jfvjOvyyZ46q4rBNR+PScVj/Xhc/+V7Ym2qrBYD36/FwueyN1X+ngAAAADoze6VpbS3EmyKR1c+GX2bZb+05eg3Y8ZFt8TTTW8Wf1O0dV2sXl4X5x1bG8vWtKV8ZWNOloVh02fdHKvWtc39/2Y0NX475p02PW5qX39nq4rBx3w+bpiWjU/aFKvm18ZFdQ3R2P4+ssmwVsfSyy+MOcUWkDVxwRWTY1TbURz8sfjCP02O1q7kM8rWLcj2wZKrY9b8xwsPquOgmSfEIb1lpwV7fPjofAb/rKv/grihZLKplqbGWFF3cUxf9FqMHrN3/uzupWrUlPjS/E+07pelM+Jzly+J1e3HtW2ffiFqlz5feDw0jp3/P+OUUa2BdNHWn8Xiy77WOtHYmPNiwTkfjUHFXxRee9gJMbe4zwvF7oEvx9Xfq3Ac2U7Hanp8eu63Oo5VS1M03nF5nDHl+u4nNyusf/5XamN0YbF55eVx2qxFsaKxqeNvF4/1VSWB78zO74ndTkfL8Zo4t+HX+bN9sK0x6g9tnSRvZG1D4Wzto7L1/72vw0F0Wv/evv/9Qq3SWHdCjCrugxmxoqmvowFn65/Y+ve3e/0TBnB96IsdL287Wue81dfvXGfteJ35llt/wOs8ZXjAy4Ay6BxwDjgHlMF3eBmkL3azhmglrQQzB58dZx3TOjZkJTpCsixQujY+fcTo1oKU/Rw4IWovuiFWfegzMf/uxXFZ1sK1oHzMySwMu7w9lLo+zj3+4Pw1RsfRUy6LO9cMjmMvuzTOLOaElczg3kdVw2LcxV+OhcUJnppi1aLZcXr7+9gvDjn+7Fiw7PnIxtyceffNMaOmtU1oqz1j2Kcu7ghfO62b74P532odE3baDfHVs0ZXVgAGfTRqrzmvuE9aJ5uaEIfkr/nhI06JOYt+G5Pq/yUunrC7Tkc0OEZPvzbubgtQl10Zte3HtWSfFoPTxXH99APaw9Fiq9pbv5QH5jVxwTWfjZpBpXst2+ezi93331XY5w/9Y13ct6kksO5WYb3JV5Zs09yOY/X/OzJOn1c4TmPOinkzx+X/vtyeMXTchVFff1Z85F3ZYbkh5kw5Mj6cH5eOY114TxctjttmHl7yngAAAACoxG4WnhY2qK3rfqTGnexNFpItioeW39x5dvksLJw6Lxbe+N147PtXx9TD/0f8zdkTCs9GYszJLJS6LO7LZqmf/5nWwLAoe40rYvHDP4xbzv7LeG/+bL8YNDomXX13PLb8q3HdzGxSohLV4+OC678ad626OS48fGjXA5iFr1d2s26MjTPnL4z65Y/EfVceF0Mr3rdVMajmwsQ+GRrHzvxyYZ/cEQsmj6mwhfBAycrGzfHEw0tjYaf3UNC2T5/8cdzSKTjNus7fEfMWNRaWs9abX4zaTmF1rq3F8p9mKWZDzFvwgwq773dsU+djlR2n2+OBuy+LvxnROjFU2uAYNfnK+N5PCsfl+hlxbKeDnR2bLxWO9b3xtRlH9uFYAwAAANDmXX8syJe7yFqwZbPVU2bL6ph3xNlxZ/PecWz99+KWyX+R/wLe2dQZQKXUFwAAwECr5L5Ee7QSHWNmnBD1jenpljItv3k1Xiz29d8/jjqg8mEFAAAAAIC3DuFpiT2GjYia4tIv4+Efr4n0TPeb4tFl97bOdD/mr+Kg/75n8WkAAAAA4O1FeFpq6NHxt1OHFxbaZqt/ONZtbRu8suus7BM+PykO6TR5EAAAAADwdmHM03JbX4qls2pjwcqm/ImUsXFm/Zfj0smjzWAOJYxhCFRKfQEAAAw0Y55uj0EHxLTFP4wHltSVzdhf0D4r+92xQHAKAAAAAG9rWp4CO406A6iU+gIAABhoWp4CAAAAAGwn4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAPCWsjUa606IkfuOKPzMiBVN2/LnK7etsS4OK65fE+c2/Dp/tnJv9fULLxD1h2brF35qG6Ipf7pib/X1d7gMDfT6O14GlEFl0DngHHAOKIPv7DJIXwhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnv+mNBvtxF1vx3/asb8kcAPVNnAJVSXwAAAAOtkvsSLU8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAICEd/2xIF/uZOS+I/IlAAAAAIC3p/WvbsiXuuo2PAUAAAAAeCfTbR8AAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACALiL+P2FvnW+CrA6eAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" width="644" height="367"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Titanium is a transition metal.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>TiCl<sub>4</sub> reacts with water and the resulting titanium(IV) oxide can be used as a smoke screen.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in metals.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Titanium exists as several isotopes. The mass spectrum of a sample of titanium gave the following data:</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<p>Calculate the relative atomic mass of titanium to two decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{22}^{48}{\text{Ti}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>22</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>48</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Ti</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> atom.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electron configuration of the <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{22}^{48}{\text{Ti}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>22</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>48</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Ti</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span><sup>2+</sup> ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why an aluminium-titanium alloy is harder than pure aluminium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of bonding in potassium chloride which melts at 1043 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A chloride of titanium, TiCl<sub>4</sub>, melts at 248 K. Suggest why the melting point is so much lower than that of KCl.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>one</strong> disadvantage of using this smoke in an enclosed space.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>