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<h2>HL Paper 1</h2><div class="question">
<p>Which type of bond is formed when a Lewis acid reacts with a Lewis base?</p>
<p>A. Covalent</p>
<p>B. Dipole-dipole</p>
<p>C. Double</p>
<p>D. Hydrogen</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which salt solution has the highest pH?</p>
<p>A. NH<sub>4</sub>Cl </p>
<p>B. Ca(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2 </sub></p>
<p>C. Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3 </sub></p>
<p>D. K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which mixture is a buffer solution?</p>
<p>A. 25 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.10 mol dm<sup>-3 </sup>NH<sub>3 </sub>(aq) and 50 cm<sup>3 </sup>of 0.10 mol dm<sup>-3 </sup>HCl (aq)</p>
<p>B. 50 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.10 mol dm<sup>-3 </sup>NH<sub>3 </sub>(aq) and 25 cm<sup>3 </sup>of 0.10 mol dm<sup>-3 </sup>HCl (aq)</p>
<p>C. 25 cm<sup>3 </sup>of 0.10 mol dm<sup>-3 </sup>NaOH (aq) and 25 cm<sup>3 </sup>of 0.10 mol dm<sup>-3 </sup>HCl (aq)</p>
<p>D. 50 cm<sup>3 </sup>of 0.10 mol dm<sup>-3 </sup>NaOH (aq) and 25 cm<sup>3 </sup>of 0.10 mol dm<sup>-3 </sup>HCl (aq)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A buffer is produced by mixing 20.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.10 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> ethanoic acid, CH<sub>3</sub>COOH(aq), with 0.10 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> sodium hydroxide, NaOH(aq).</p>
<p>What is the volume of NaOH required and the pH of the buffer?</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAaUAAADVCAYAAAD3h+/bAAAgAElEQVR4Ae2dDXBT55nv/xJZ8lHjUEpukSCFAS8mOzhNsQd2c5msCImclJJlIMBOgu3EnrskAZKtL9gX10m7KQkBe0nYQAvtlWrjkAYSe0kpvbXBjunSZvFKuTTkri3HMCbBEveSoWC7CTix3jtHXz6SjuxjIQudo79mNNJ5z/vxPL/nOe9zznPeIxmEEAJ8kQAJkAAJkEAKEDCmgAwUgQRIgARIgAR8BBiU6AgkQAIkQAIpQ+CmlJFkFIIYDIZR1GZVEiABEiCBVCUQeQdJk0FJghupSKoCp1wkcL0EpJMw+vv1UmT7VCSgdIHB9F0qWooykQAJkECaEmBQSlPDU20SIAESSEUCDEqpaBXKRAIkQAJpSoBBKU0NT7VJgARIIBUJMCilolUoEwmQAAmkKQEGpTQ1PNUmARIggVQkwKCUilahTDonMABP224UmQ0wGMxYVN6Azn6vznWmeiSgjgCDkjpOrEUCiSPw1Wnsf2w9jj5cj0/at2D89vXYcLATDEuJQ8yetEtAZ0HpM7SU50F6IMuQb0dn1FHuRW9LBczSfsMq2DuvqrDcV/A0POXvs6gBHhUttFOlF51HXw2csQ/DxNOAIh8zMxZVt6E/TMFP0VCU5eOTVe3EV2H71GwMwOP8Dd6pLgrYJXj18HM0tHRGjAV85axGliRLVjWckYOF5HwKDZ7IneGyeDvtyDeYkW/vSH4wuCkXG7sE3LZl+Pqfr2AA38C0ibeGC5guW185UZ0l2XwRqp3hngUEfSsLRQ2fJoCIF/2djaguyvEfz7HsH5IpUeNKoscYu78TR+W+rzhvJUB1DXWhs6A0CXn5VpgkAzT9Fie6IoPOJTgam3yBxVT2FB6dfYuGTDUGovY6YCsqxb5QpL2IS33DTeYetG56EXuclxMkTC867E8jN28JVm7aJwv4HrRu/wesWGzB0oqj8ESdXFzv8F/h/37UhiaYcc+MybhhB4HnENbllaLV9LdYssB04+S4XpyaaX8JbbYfYNO+jwISe3Dm0p+TdFKiNHYvLrfVoEju+2cuoS/h/q4ZA/kEvWHH49hgMiIz7wEU+KLSCRw40R3ucL0forHOCSAXBfl3I3NshNBOr3++jAu+gLQSNtcXEOI9bMzNGEH+I9hU0aBwFTpCs6jdXvQ7bXi6xA4P5qKw6rdw9Q36fk5HDLrhqCmDBR60bi3CEzWJvpq5jPaTDsBkRX7epCjJklZgWo7awXbYchqwoviNBDBNmuQaHegLXL4gnVCZYLW1Y1AIdG3MRXJ+a01p7Hm4dvmS/2TMaoNrUEB0bURucgRKWRvqLCgByLwb+QW5ADxoOvAHdIXOOrzodRxDnTQJhyYj6ZK6NTx1tKgcdoW0UbgFY6QVQpf9wfRRP5zViwKpraP4z1CqLHhz+6vwdMKictQ6PbJA2ovOFjvKF5kD6YZ8lNtbVNwUH0mvQErSvAL7fIq9jZLsW2FQm55sehXbDp2TyRlOx7cVmZYw5KCougFOz4C/srcTByuq0CqZo2wnXt+Yj9kZAXc0mpBb9GO8Ub8OJsmOlfvQ2hsypMJgoyzyfobuU24gJwvTgmMqdOH1ONEgT62Yi1B9dCilOJRKfAUt/ylLCy2qQENnLxDGIB/ltW3+q77eFpSbDTCXt6D3815cCiBREEGjRfKU98/REvJ7AwxRPp4gFfs70fJOtSwVHXGs+FK738KKfWf8c0PJXRhnCB6nw8jg7UHbq8HUsuTDjbLjT66nPLUfPO4D6T/FsaWU5V/AvGKvf/CmEmSPk6ULJX3s5VjkS5v7uYXPS8E5aBFeaXgHFb454galo4fBF9cu6U/+tPby/x5rLKkHxZXmzcIECGClsLm+CFS8KJrLcqU/NBSmsmZxRQyKvvYaUWiS6kW+TcJSdVL0+Vp+Kdz1a/11CuuF21f2iagvnCWAWaKw/pMhQb50iKpZUl9rRb37SyFEn3BUWRT6l+qYhKW0NHp802bRfGVQCHFNnK9fF9AjXD5TYY1o75PqKL3U6CXTSa57SL+Ift31otBXb654rHCZXybTOlF//poQIsgCYlaVQ0hai8FuUV88V1FvU3G9OC+JfqVZlPnYW0SVw086YlTFOl86qsQsSZZZVcLhG0zWKiRnkL9sn+zroMsmrDAJq61dxKIo+k6KKotJQYe5ori+29cuJIucYfC7ZZ0oK4xkkCvKmi/6bOs+uStke1PhDtHkuiKTMPzr8P4eXjc1tmL4V5ANlogqx5/8ooaOGSU/CPpWxHEWqWTfaWGLYh04Ziw7hEM6VkK+IT+WYvhJSCZ53aHvQ8efTM+wYyd43AfkVhx7qL+h+SdQP+bxM1cU2k4H5qUgG3k/Qf+KBJS620q+rb8rJcRI4YVSd0tQumoeMqUz9ec2++6nmApr0O5LHV2Du/lH/rRRQu+dSJcDxbC1X4EQf4KjaonvbK11RxOw5TT6xCD6HDtgkU4rPO/jg48/B3pP4F/W74Yn1E5A9J2GrXAuPPtexy/aLimfhKjSqx+m5Xsg3PUo9PWyFvXuLyFql/vvxyn3DGAyvlP0DEotJsCzG+tf+DV6FC5gvF3N2Gv/CLDsgCPA9bzvqgfwHD+LC1KbUOowGzPNMe7tZZiRnSPlYj/F6XN/CpfqzCbk/YV0til7h678wquGb3nRf74Lp4e9n3QVnQersanVA1h+hGb3NQgR9I2PYF+/N+LKbS4KbRF2bN2NOmz0+1XfSVRJzOBE/Qfn8BXGwzR/HWrdwpeudNd+Hw/O1msy2YrNzed9qbJB9wnsKJwL4Ah2HPwAvWGGacWmvAnh9jQEr2zCKkZsSLZ6ESXSfSLZsTLobsJmiXlrFTbucaBfSpWKT1BfOAvALBTWfwIh9mC5aYRcWZT9MfzxFyGdb1NxbMn2X8Jdv9bforAebtGF2uVT0du6F+vtH2FoXhpEX3sNCk0fYV/lm2iLzBoEj7PB3+H5v76B6Wgl3eMo02FQUkrhyVJ31uV45DsT4e36Aw40Sbm8ldjyg9WY40vjjIfp/nV4vkxK/x3BnvfOxLGaTNkKpoLH8egcaeKZiG8vskA6NGBaiqJH/woZMCLj2/dhia/Q3/6rjz9AvSSex46Su273H6wTcvwHH5yoa/ww4qD2txtzvW5fgKeqN/kCqMduxy//d3RwNM4uRqMQGHzzPpxvOoQG+/NYs2K3P3f++SVc+VwhkiljG4PSwGKXUApXaYiL+Oj4B/7Ja0Mx7jeNB6RAcv8P8Z4QEO6XcX+m7NBRtGMuCoqW+P0q46+waEm20kD6Lytciw33T/Ut4jCa/gYlRUt9Jz6e+g/w8XBratSS8XbjxIET0sEE65ZNeMJ3jAFG02L8j+ef8KV/W/f8Dq64xpqFwjD7B+eG4MmFWiFHU+9zfPzB+75jxbPvCdw1YRwMhnGYcNcT/gVJniY0OuTHnAnWgofxHWn+Mt6GjNtkfjmaYVOorvY1UIQZuQqvJ7DqzgTr6nuRZQS8fZcgZZcxaz6+PVN+pn4Lbr9jgq/XM6fP4aJi/zEKL57DaV+n0ftvu+N23BZZfNsk3K7oRF/h4rkuv3yRbQLbnguX8WeFfWOiV9g4RmTkPolq39XeEWzauB3vfvJ5WA30fwR7UQ7GmfOwbMUKrCjZ7rt35KsU1PlrEzHFtyDFhbPuyFWSge763XCdliLznciZ/vXwMWZVwfGl/0pD+q8h3zt05RdeNWxLzf2kr/4fzv4+hiHDOgtsBHUK2zcBd9wu96uwnWmzMStnOu4IaWvEbbdPij4OfPstqHL0+e0YtGfoyibUQfQX759x6YzkI9l48NvTZCsYZWOd6cK5i/FEpUi/G5obogWRl/wJ507Hu4R9pLaXceHyF7LBbvAKUpkkifqq06AUkcJr2I8jvlV3C7F64Qz/WduESf6rlTNt+ONZ+aR4FVcu9vn4hh9QiUKuph8jvjZxkj+VpjT5SgdtjFSbMSl6TUTuP5SiTAoqrW9in5TmCr1k6RRLGWz1R+BwX8OXjio/72C9UGquFTt+0qSQBhxAz7GGwMKUv8G8v4wK6cGeRvUZvJKc9eC3MTOW99/0XzDzv0qXrZ/jwuVkLRkelRqaqXzm6B9xNnRh7MXnVy4h4hTm+nQxfg2TZkmO6MLRP56XLb6RjTUrC9PvGCFNpyhFZJ9Dc4Ni9YQU3oqJUyb6eppV5cCXoQAdPAGTUnx3ykbS38lPrMNSprRGv2bOw6pS/72bps2bsUOaN60PYWGW/+zVmHUvVlslZ34blS8dQIfvZ14G4GnZjR9vl5aNL8FTi2bFWC4adJwzOHrkP/wTqrcHLa/vDaxmu15msqB6phb/su8j30OkXs/RwCqbPJS3fKY4yPXppdilcmHmQjy7S1odF/nqx3nXWV+haeYC5C/7LnK/eRG/qz8afuVnnI1VLwfTgOuxZnOdbGWeB87aYMrPBEvpMsyXp8sih1S9HbyflIsV86bHsK3U2R2Y+7fz/Ku06g6g1bdi0Iv+jtrA6i61D16rFky/FZsOwHaoI+C/78NWe9iXmjKtmIe/jCdORJIyzsDC1Qv9tqqsQk2H/06V19OMV35cAw9MsDx1H7LjGsuDprp9OCStpIR8bgj6j+zk8WgL3u+RllFK9ex43bfKL1JYNdtDWZ4zO36CfT59pD7/yb8Sz1yBlsh7Smq61VAd/QYlTMR3HlkOa8gYc1G8drEvdecrkk+KodztzTAv/hFaJUeuegFP5frPWEJdhL5kInvBX/tz4/YVmDbOAMO4aVh8fAC++9mhetfxJTMPT24phgkfYV9JDiYYDBhntmJrqwemwg14cn6MG5rXpddo5B2Pqcs2YVexdONa/hqBTeiekpQGLMFPbZKO0sOyhcgz3+y/dzbOjLwnpJSfCZbNtXizdD5GenpKLkHs78GHp/Ow4K5YtpVa34LZqzb6Fye0/giLfXIF8/qSTP8NDwdObmKPxT1+Ak3YvuKugP8uRKlvQcI67Hp2YYKeE5TZSnb/NXiswLIJ1U/lxe8/rVuxIlu6pxucG6T1FBV41jIZkO4FZ+fhYenMzLMbK6ZJ/ivVOwxYZDeIR+UKRmTOfwxbpAUhIX2CY89F4ZbHEnSCNiqhklpZx0EJGLpq8C8qePyBO8Nyzhm5z+Gw6z28XVU4dMYvpZyaW3F443AToTQh/wCHfQ94SvYywVJmQ/PPK7AkMVkmabUG5hS/itZmG8pCkc7/kGnr7oLAwgwlX5Em+3j1UupvmDLjdCx78Z9QHHa5pMRmHxzv/E9seHAWEHajVtLx5+iMtIGP589QL9nh5QdhSpSXBu8nWedj7jdHOHXOmI/SNw+jXu4bpkJU1R/Gm1sSKNMweHWxq3A/HI59IR82Fe5AU+vLWD5VWjySoFfGfGw83Irmt6tQGPJFK8pszXAdfg65wzyLNrwEs1D49vuBB7mlmoHjb+cyTA34pHHq97Dl8JB+8M0fe/H8EnmKbfhRovZmzEXx7no026QHyAMvyfea6rG7eG78ATbYV4p/GqQV7CkuY5R40jJgDYodpQcLSEANAe35u/RQ6Xr/g6HSUucY9z/V6M46+iag5NuJOgfVNzlqRwIkQAIkkBQCDEpJwcxBSIAESIAE1BBg+k4NJdYhgRtIQCnFcQPF4dAkkDACSr7NK6WE4WVHJEACJEAC10uAQel6CbI9CZAACZBAwggwKCUMJTsiARIgARK4XgIMStdLkO1JgARIgAQSRoBBKWEo2REJkAAJkMD1Ehjhsfbr7X7s2kurNvgigXQhQH9PF0tTT80GJf6iA503XQgoLZtNF92pp74JKJ1sMX2nb5tTOxIgARLQFAEGJU2Zi8KSAAmQgL4JMCjp277UjgRIgAQ0RYBBSVPmorAkQAIkoG8CDEr6ti+1IwESIAFNEWBQ0pS5KCwJkAAJ6JsAg5K+7UvtSIAESEBTBBiUNGUuCksCJEAC+ibAoKRv+1I7EiABEtAUAQYlTZmLwpIACZCAvgkwKOnbvtSOBEiABDRFgEFJU+aisCRAAiSgbwIMSvq2L7UjARIgAU0RYFDSlLkoLAmQAAnomwCDkr7tS+1IgARIQFMEYgYlb6cd+QYDDOYKtPR6NaUUhVVPwNvTgBJzHspbPgtr5PW0obY8H9L/nfjei8phf9cJzwiuEG+7sMG5QQIJJ+BFf2cL7CGfzkFRdSM6+0dwaPSis8WO8kXm0LFgLnoVRzt7Ey4hO/QTiBGUrqLrxG9xunQrtuYcR6PjEnnpkYD3HA698EPYPRHKSeWVz6AGa+BwX4MQ1+De9i0cf3otXmsND15hLeNtF9YJN0gg8QS8PYfwnGUbXAt2ok8ICOHEK/P+HWuX7oQzZmAaQE9DBSxrjmPKNicGpXaDbhy65xSKLBVo6BlIvKDsERBKryvNosyUK8qaPxEu20oBq024BpUq3pgyxBD7xkij1VGviHZbsZhlsYh7Idn6YkiRQZdNWLFS2FxfhMqE+MLnC6ayZnFFVir/Gm87eR/8Hk2A/h7NZHQlF0VzWW70PDbYLmzWWcJqaxeK05tvv0lE+Xys8tEJxdr+vw+P4qBwpeRFr+MY6mBFft5UZC18CNam3+JE11XGcN0Q8KLfacPTlbfilYpHkRGmlxf957tw2pSFGVPGy/aMx5QZWUDdMTgU07nxtpMNwa8kMBYEvJ+h+5QbpntmYIp8xjNOxox7JqLpwB/QpZTFM85BcaMb7m33I1NBLs+pblxQaqdQl0XqCchNFGh1CY7GJqDgAeRlGmHMuherrR/gwIlukL96sClds9+BPRv3Y+auTVg2/dYIUQdwobsLkRm9UCVPF7ovKKUt4m0X6plfSODGEDjdhfMxU3ixRLoN1tX3IkthBo3VguXqCEQh9Xb+Ctu2AwX5d/vPDowzsHD1PDRV7kOr4hmyuoFYK1UIXIZzz1YcWfIT7Fw+HVEOgH6cd52NQ9h428UxFJuQwGgI+K6IzNEtAldQ0TuGKxlAz6FdqDz9ENbmz1Q4foZry31qCETMSf4FDk0mKXU3KdD+Fn8Kz9PEBQ9qiKZ0HenGbSWWHrkP1U/lRaTtUlpwCkcC10FgMizPVuDhum14paXHn/HxetC28zUcGFAIVjFH8qK/45eoWP8xnnhjM5ZNlae3YzbijlESCA9K3m6cOHAC8GzF4tvHhZZAjssuQROcqGv8EFwIOUrCKVTd2/NrvLC+G6XVTyI3I9z0Q2JmYFr2zKFN1d/ibad6AFYkgbgJGKcuw87WUkyqfQjjpMccFr+G9vvKsbNgJpCThWkxj4fgkFJAqsO6+6uBLf+Mivun8iopiCbBn7KZyYve1n2obFoIm+sLaVWe7D2IK82bge178E4nFzwk2AZJ6u4quhrfgt1zBJvyvh51wrF98R0w5NvR6fUvaDDFkipqAUSwYrztgu35SQJjScCIjNn52Fh72j+vvbcNRbkT4HadjV4AESXGADxtPw0EpF9id/FcZhmiGCWuQBaUAgsciv8e+Vm3RIxgRGbeAygwneCChwgy2tm8BbOLD8pONPwnHYMuG6zIRVnzRYjGYsw2GpExLQs5UQsaAgsZYp5VxttOOwQpqVYJXEWnfRXM5S3hmR7fPaWbh+6fK6nn7UFLxVKYF/wKU3a9zYCkxCjBZUNBqfdDNNYBBY/fh6lDpUPDZc7DqtJ5sZdPDtXkN40TMGYtxtridlS+dAAdvlVJ0pmiDS9VnkVZ+SOYreQfAOJtp3FcFD/lCfjvi+dsD7+n5Kz7BQ5M++941jI5hgaX4dyxFou3ulFc/zNsXT6HV0gxSCW02P/kkv/BSFh2CEef4mNkvmr+hyP9D1r6vyP6wbKoR6ESX8CHCRPHVG7ToV4HRZ+rWdjKrEJi7XubCkVVvUO4Q+4R8JmwB2/VtBsahd/UEaC/q+M0fK1rwu3YJ8ospoBPW0VZzUmZPwshAg/FwrRZNF8ZFME5LnQMBI+F4Geg3vDjcu9wBJR82yA1SGiUS0Jn0m+xaVDsJJDhEHokQH/Xo1Wpk0RAybdjJGIIjARIgARIgASST4BBKfnMOSIJkAAJkEAMAgxKMcCwmARIgARIIPkEGJSSz5wjkgAJkAAJxCDAoBQDDItJgARIgASST4BBKfnMOSIJkAAJkEAMAgxKMcCwmARIgARIIPkEGJSSz5wjkgAJkAAJxCDAoBQDDItJgARIgASST4BBKfnMOSIJkAAJkEAMAgxKMcCwmARIgARIIPkEGJSSz5wjkgAJkAAJxCDAoBQDDItJgARIgASST4BBKfnMOSIJkAAJkEAMAjfFKE/5Yuknz/kigXQhQH9PF0tTT80GJf6fEp03XQgo/edMuuhOPfVNQOlki+k7fduc2pEACZCApggwKGnKXBSWBEiABPRNgEFJ3/aldiRAAiSgKQIMSpoyF4UlARIgAX0TYFDSt32pHQmQAAloigCDkqbMRWFJgARIQN8EGJT0bV9qRwIkQAKaIsCgpClzUVgSIAES0DcBBiV925fakQAJkICmCDAoacpcFJYESIAE9E2AQUnf9qV2JEACJKApAgxKmjIXhSUBEiABfRNgUNK3fakdCZAACWiKAIOSpsxFYUmABEhA3wRkQekqOu2rIP2UePQ7H+X2FnT2e/VNIw218/Y0oMSch/KWz8K093raUFueP+QLi8phf9cJzwguEG+7sMG5QQJjTCCW3ysNG+7TZiwqr4PTM6BUlWUJICALSsHeVsLm+gLS/xUF34PuFzDl+HOwPHcIPSNMSsFe+KkBAt5zOPTCD2H3RMgqlVc+gxqsgcN9DUJcg3vbt3D86bV4rTU8eIW1jLddWCfcIIExJhDL75WG7W/Djseewe8W/AyDvjmxG28sOImlj+2GkyfpSsSuu0whKEX3aTT9DUqKlgL2t9DYdTW6Aks0SKAXHTUvouzsZNwbIb23qxl77TNRULISuabxAMbDNL8EP9gyE3WNH6I3on5wM952wfb8JIGxJxDb76PH9qK37RB2uKx4/IE74Z8sx2PqA8tR4NqPg22Xopuw5LoJqApKoVFMWZgxRZqk+NI2AS/6nTY8XXkrXql4FBlhynjRf74Lp6NsPR5TZmQBdcfg6FW6XI63Xdjg3CCBMSQwnN+Pdlg3TnV/BqUjYbQ9sX44AVVByet5H7b9vdh0aAMsmaqahI/CrdQi0O/Ano37MXPXJiybfmuEbAO40N2FyIxeqJKnC90XlPLp8bYL9cwvJDC2BIb1e6Whjcicvwyl2U3Yf+zTQAAagMfxb2jL3oSXV80OXD0ptWVZvAQUIszbKMm+degGt8GAceaFKLV/jAvnr+DzeEdiuxQhcBnOPVtxZMlPsHP5dIWDqh/nXWfjkDXednEMxSYkMGoCI/l9jA4z5qN07zM4v2IGxvkWgd0M8+L/g4K9TyM3Q2H6jNENi9UTUKAavdBB9LWjvgzYvmIj9jgvq++dNVOMwAB6Giqx9Mh9qH4qLyJtl2KiUhwSSBiBeP1eSve9isWW32N1+5XAwq9B9LUvwfHvroO9I9bd1YQJnpYdKQQlBQ4Zc7CsZDWsOIIdBz+IeaNboSWLUoiAt+fXeGF9N0qrnxzmLC8D07JnxiF1vO3iGIpNSGAUBNT5vVKHl9B2cD9cBY/j0TmZgQpGZMxZgqIVf0TlLxycC5WwXWeZuqAEwDhlBu4xXedobH4DCVxFV+NbsHuOYFPe10Pp2XHZJWiCE9sX3wFDvh2dXv+ChpimjloAEVQp3nbB9vwkgbEgoNbvFcbu/RCNdU6FHf4TME/MRT8KTVikmoDqoOS90I1TnlwU5N+N4DmD6lFYMQUI3ILZxQdDz56FnkFz2WBFLsqaL0I0FmO20YiMaVnIiVrQEFjIkJOFaYq59HjbpQAaiqBjAmr9XgFB5t3IL8hV2OG/f2oqeAB5XPilwOf6itQFpf4OHLIdQJPlcayaP+n6RmTrlCdgzFqMtcXtqHzpADp8DwgOwNNmw0uVZ1FW/ghmx/CaeNulPBAKmKYEJmH+kxvw4KlGvNPSiX4fBS/6O46gtm4KSlfN4wn6GHiGwvQSvfrOMOE5nMzeAMeb60L3IrydduQbDDCXtzCvOgaGuaFdGu+EtXwntkx5E3dNGAeD4WaYl7UhZ9de/KNlckC04M9SyX6iSFW7G6oZByeB2AS8HbDnm2EwV6DF9yyedP+oALtfzwcaN2CCb/XdOMzeeglrWt/ExtyJsfvinrgJGISUx9HYS/ptPg2KrTHKFDdVCNDfU8USlCPRBJR8W+FKKdHDsj8SIAESIAESUEeAQUkdJ9YiARIgARJIAgEGpSRA5hAkQAIkQALqCDAoqePEWiRAAiRAAkkgwKCUBMgcggRIgARIQB0BBiV1nFiLBEiABEggCQQYlJIAmUOQAAmQAAmoI8CgpI4Ta5EACZAACSSBAINSEiBzCBIgARIgAXUEGJTUcWItEiABEiCBJBBgUEoCZA5BAiRAAiSgjgCDkjpOrEUCJEACJJAEAgxKSYDMIUiABEiABNQRYFBSx4m1SIAESIAEkkDgpiSMMSZDSD95zhcJpAsB+nu6WJp6ajYo8f+U6LzpQkDpP2fSRXfqqW8CSidbTN/p2+bUjgRIgAQ0RYBBSVPmorAkQAIkoG8CDEr6ti+1IwESIAFNEWBQ0pS5KCwJkAAJ6JsAg5K+7UvtSIAESEBTBBiUNGUuCksCJEAC+ibAoKRv+1I7EiABEtAUAQYlTZmLwpIACZCAvgkwKOnbvtSOBEiABDRFgEFJU+aisCRAAiSgbwIMSvq2L7UjARIgAU0RYFDSlLkoLAmQAAnomwCDkr7tS+1IgARIQFMEGJQ0ZS4KSwIkQAL6JqAclPo70fJONYrMBkg/LS69zUXVeKelE/365pFm2l2Gs/p7MJe3oDdCc6+nDbXl+SH7GxaVw/6uEx5vRMWIzXjbRXTDTRJIMAEv+jtbYA/5dA6KqhvR2T+CQ6MXnS12lKQ8T7oAAAybSURBVC8yh44Fc9GrONoZecQkWNw07i4iKEmGa0D50u/ix//xTTzrvAbpf4uEuILWNeNweI0FS6vbGJh04TC96Kjdiop//SBaG+85HKp8BjVYA4db8oFrcG/7Fo4/vRavtX4WXT9YEm+7YHt+ksAYEfD2HMJzlm1wLdiJPt+c5sQr8/4da5fuhDNmYBpAT0MFLGuOY8o2JwaldoNuHLrnFIosFWjoGRgjadO8WyF/9Z0UVRaTMBXXi/OD8h3S90HR59ghLMgVZc0XI3cmdRuQYiVf8RIYdJ8UNWXrRNXJE8JmNQlTWbO4Iuts0GUTVqwUNtcXstIvhMu2MqqurIKIt528D36PJkB/j2YyupKLorksV8BqEy75vDbYLmzWWcJqaxfy4lDfvv3Rx4eIVR5qyC9qCSj5tuxKyYvetkPY0boQW8q/i6myPf64bUTGd/4e1YeeR/608WkeyjWsvrcDNU+8CFf+ZpTmfUNBES/6z3fhtCkLM6bI7TweU2ZkAXXH4OhVSnnE205BBBaRQCIJeD9D9yk3TPfMwBT5vGacjBn3TETTgT+gS8mljXNQ3OiGe9v9yFSQx3OqGxeU2inUZZF6ArK/Q78ER2MTPCZrxGQk68xoQu7f/Z2sgF81R8A4DQ/XvAWTKQPwdiiIP4AL3V3wIEthHwBPF7ovDACZt0Tsj7ddRDfcJIFkEzjdhfP9XszOlEeskYS4DdbV9yJrNE1G6pL7fQSGkAbOJpCThWkZQ8XkpDcCGf6AFFOtfpx3nY25N/aOeNvF7pF7SCAhBHxXROboroJzXvSeYUoG0HNoFypPP4S1+TPBmXIYVHHuItM4wbEZCZCAVghMhuXZCjxctw2vtPTAl3HzetC28zUcGFAIVjHV8qK/45eoWP8xnnhjM5ZNlae3YzbijlESGApKwbOJwKXsKPthdd0QyMC07JlxaBNvuziGYhMSGCUB49Rl2Nlaikm1D2Gc9JjL4tfQfl85dhbMhLrskBSQ6rDu/mpgyz+j4v6pvEoapQ3UVh8KSpiEvHwrTMF7BjF68HqceJfPK8Wgo4di/4IGUyxVohZABCvG2y7Ynp8kMJYEjMiYnY+Ntaf9j7m8tw1FuRPgdp2NXgARJcYAPG0/DQSkX2J38VxkRNVhQaIIyIKSEZnzl6HUcgKV236DnqhVJdKZQi2ezH0Cv7p8M25LlATsJ8UIGJExLQs5UScngYUMMe85xtsuxdSnODokcBWd9lXRD4n77indjIL8uxVX1/lAeHvQUrEU5gW/wpRdbzMgJcM7wteTD4q+9hpRaDIJS9k+4XBfC+y+IlxNO/zlm5uEW3FRf3hPY7mltLZ9LMfTbd+xnrcY7Bb1xXOFqbBGtPdJxr4m3Cd3iULTCM+oxdtOt4AToxj9/fo5+p+hs4rNzef9zyQNuoWjpkxYFZ/JDI73J+GoWiKAuaK4vlv5WaZgVX7GRUDJtxWfQh10O8QhW5mwAEJqJL1NhVXi7WaX6JMN7Tc0hn2gUlY9YV+VFElY5+nUUaygJD0o7WoWtjJryP4wFYqqeofshMT/MC3CHqZW0y6dACdGV/p7IjheE27HPlFmMQV82irKak7K/Fn6fQDpYVqTgGmzaL4yGHgYfGgODM6Foc9AvURIl659KPm2QYKRjCuyRI4h/RafBsVOJAL2lUYE6O9pZOw0U1XJt2X3lNKMBtUlARIgARJIOQIMSilnEgpEAiRAAulLgEEpfW1PzUmABEgg5QgwKKWcSSgQCZAACaQvAQal9LU9NScBEiCBlCPAoJRyJqFAJEACJJC+BBiU0tf21JwESIAEUo4Ag1LKmYQCkQAJkED6EmBQSl/bU3MSIAESSDkCDEopZxIKRAIkQALpS4BBKX1tT81JgARIIOUIMCilnEkoEAmQAAmkLwEGpfS1PTUnARIggZQjwKCUciahQCRAAiSQvgRu0qrq0k+e80UC6UKA/p4ulqaemg1K/D8lOm+6EFD6z5l00Z166puA0skW03f6tjm1IwESIAFNEWBQ0pS5KCwJkAAJ6JsAg5K+7UvtSIAESEBTBBiUNGUuCksCJEAC+ibAoKRv+1I7EiABEtAUAQYlTZmLwpIACZCAvgkwKOnbvtSOBEiABDRFgEFJU+aisCRAAiSgbwIMSvq2L7UjARIgAU0RYFDSlLkoLAmQAAnomwCDkr7tS+1IgARIQFMEGJQ0ZS4KSwIkQAL6JsCgpG/7UjsSIAES0BQBBiVNmYvCkgAJkIC+CciCkhe9LRUwGwyQfk48/J2DouoDaOns1TeNtNPuMpzV34O5vAWRlvV62lBbnj/kB4vKYX/XCY93eEjxthu+V+4lgcQS8PY0oMSch/KWz0bsONynzVhUXgenZ2DEdqwQHwFZUAp2kIuy5ouQ/q8o9O6rxxr8Bmss34e9I3L6Crbjp7YI9KKjdisq/vWDaLG953Co8hnUYA0c7msQ4hrc276F40+vxWutwxzE8baLloAlJDB2BCQ/feGHsHtUDNHfhh2PPYPfLfgZBn1zYjfeWHASSx/bDWf/CGdoKrpnlWgCCkEpuhIyZuPB0hex6+E2lDxtozEUEGmpyH/mV4Ff3/UIVmdES+7tasZe+0wUlKxErmk8gPEwzS/BD7bMRF3jh1FXVcEe4m0XbM9PEhh7Ar3oqHkRZWcn494RB/Oit+0QdrisePyBO+GfLMdj6gPLUeDaj4Ntl0bsgRVGT0BdUJL6NU7HsvLvw9pKY4wecwq18Hag5okX4crfjNK8bygI5kX/+S6cNmVhxhQpIAVf4zFlRhZQdwyOXqUzxHjbBfvnJwmMNQEv+p02PF15K16peBQK52OjEMCNU92fQelIGEUnrKpAQH1QkuLSlBm4x0RjKHDUTpFxGh6ueQsv3z81cOYXKfoALnR3IWZmw9OF7gtK+fR420WOz20SGCMC/Q7s2bgfM3dtwrLpt6oYxIjM+ctQmt2E/cc+DQSgAXgc/4a27E14edXsGMeQiq5ZJSaBm2LuibnDg9MuN/oxB5kx63BH6hLIgMk0nHT9OO86CyBruEoK++Jtp9AVi0gg4QQuw7lnK44s+QkOL58OY6fKATLmo3TvM3g4ewbGhZqshM21D7kZozqnD7Xml+EJkOrwfLiXBEhA8wQG0NNQiaVH7kP1U3mjSNtJ6b5Xsdjye6xuvxJY+DWIvvYlOP7ddVz0NUZ+EUdQMiEn2zwKw46R5Ox2jAhkYFr2zDj6jrddHEOxCQmMgoC359d4YX03SqufHOXVzSW0HdwPV8HjeHROMC9kRMacJSha8UdU/sIRc9HPKMRj1QgCowhKXvQ6jqHOY8Y9MyYzlxoBUj+b/gUNMTN8UQsggprH2y7Ynp8kMBYErqKr8S3YPUewKe/roefuxmWXoAlObF98Bwz5dnQqrVjo/RCNdU4FofwnYJ6Yi34UmrBINQH1Qcn7KY7tPwyP9RmUWCarHoAVtUbAiIxpWciJWtAQWMiQk4Vpirn0eNtpjQ/l1RaBWzC7+ODQM5eB5y8HXTZYEXgms7EYs5Vmwsy7kV+Qq6Cu//6pqeAB5GUqNVRowiLVBNQR7e/E0R0vYP3/mg/bzkeVDah6SFZMdQLGrMVYW9yOypcOoMP3gOAAPG02vFR5FmXlj8S0f7ztUp0H5UtXApMw/8kNePBUI95p6US/D4MX/R1HUFs3BaWr5nGx1xi4hkJQClzSyn9qaMIGHJu0EoedP0VxKLcKeDvtyDcYFH+mZgxkZZfJImC8E9byndgy5U3cNWEcDIabYV7Whpxde/GPoavkq+i0r4LBIPupFlXtkqUExyGBURLwdsCeb4bBXIEW37N40v2jAux+PR9o3IAJvjlxHGZvvYQ1rW9iY+7EUQ7A6moIGIT0W0Iae0m/y6dBsTVGmeKmCgH6e6pYgnIkmoCSbytcKSV6WPZHAiRAAiRAAuoIMCip48RaJEACJEACSSDAoJQEyByCBEiABEhAHQEGJXWcWIsESIAESCAJBBiUkgCZQ5AACZAACagjwKCkjhNrkQAJkAAJJIEAg1ISIHMIEiABEiABdQQYlNRxYi0SIAESIIEkEGBQSgJkDkECJEACJKCOAIOSOk6sRQIkQAIkkAQCDEpJgMwhSIAESIAE1BFgUFLHibVIgARIgASSQIBBKQmQOQQJkAAJkIA6AgxK6jixFgmQAAmQQBII3JSEMcZkCOknz/kigXQhQH9PF0tTT00GJf6XEh2XBEiABPRJgOk7fdqVWpEACZCAJgkwKGnSbBSaBEiABPRJgEFJn3alViRAAiSgSQIMSpo0G4UmARIgAX0S+P8r3RRCTP5AzAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which combination will produce an alkaline buffer in water?</p>
<p>A. 0.10 mol NH<sub>3</sub> and 0.05 mol H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></p>
<p>B. 0.50 mol NH<sub>3</sub> and 0.10 mol H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></p>
<p>C. 0.10 mol CH<sub>3</sub>COOH and 0.05 mol NaOH</p>
<p>D. 0.10 mol CH<sub>3</sub>COOH and 0.50 mol NaOH</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which statements are correct?</p>
<p> I. Lewis bases can act as nucleophiles.</p>
<p> II. Electrophiles are Lewis acids.</p>
<p> III. Lewis acids are electron pair acceptors.</p>
<p>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which compound is acidic in aqueous solution?</p>
<p>A. KBr</p>
<p>B. CH<sub>3</sub>COONa</p>
<p>C. NH<sub>4</sub>Cl</p>
<p>D. Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>An indicator, HIn, has a p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> of 5.1.</p>
<p style="padding-left:150px;">HIn (aq) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> H<sup>+</sup> (aq) + In<sup>−</sup> (aq)</p>
<p style="padding-left:150px;">colour A colour B</p>
<p>Which statement is correct?</p>
<p> </p>
<p>A. At pH = 7, colour B would be observed<br>B. At pH = 3, colour B would be observed<br>C. At pH = 7, [HIn] = [In<sup>−</sup>]<br>D. At pH = 3, [HIn] < [In<sup>−</sup>]</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which species are <strong>both</strong> Lewis and Brønsted–Lowry bases?</p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;">I. CN<sup>−</sup><br>II. OH<sup>−</sup><br>III. NH<sub>3</sub></p>
<p><br>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>45% of candidates chose all three species as Lewis and Brønsted-Lowry bases. The most commonly chosen distractor excluded CN<sup>-</sup>.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Which is a Lewis acid but not a Brønsted−Lowry acid?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. AlCl<sub>3</sub></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. CH<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>H</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. HF</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D. CCl<sub>4</sub></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Identifying a Lewis acid seemed relatively easy for the majority of candidates.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the order of increasing pH for the following solutions of the same concentration?</p>
<p> </p>
<p>A. NaCl < NH<sub>4</sub>Cl < Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> < CH<sub>3</sub>COONa</p>
<p>B. CH<sub>3</sub>COONa < NH<sub>4</sub>Cl < NaCl < Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></p>
<p>C. NH<sub>4</sub>Cl < NaCl < CH<sub>3</sub>COONa < Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></p>
<p>D. Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> < CH<sub>3</sub>COONa < NaCl < NH<sub>4</sub>Cl</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The following equation represents the dissociation of water at 25 °C.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">2H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> (aq) + OH<sup>−</sup> (aq) <em>ΔH</em> = +56 kJ</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Which changes occur as the temperature increases?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. [<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: center;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">H</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: center;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">3</sub><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: center;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">O</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: center;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">+</sup>] increases and pH will decrease.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. [<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: center;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">H</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: center;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">3</sub><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: center;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">O</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: center;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">+</sup>] decreases and pH will increase.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. [<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: center;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">H</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: center;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">3</sub><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: center;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">O</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: center;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">+</sup>] increases and pH will increase.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D. [<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: center;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">H</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: center;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">3</sub><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: center;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">O</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: center;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">+</sup>] decreases and pH will decrease.</span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>This is one of the more challenging questions on the paper. 62 % of the candidates obtained the correct answer. The most commonly chosen distractor was C, where the increase in the concentration of H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> was recognized by applying Le Chatelier’s principle but the effect on pH was incorrect.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the order of increasing acidity?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-08_om_11.25.10.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HPM/ENG/TZ2/27"></p>
<p>A. HClO < CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH < HF < HIO<sub>3</sub></p>
<p>B. HClO < HF < CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH < HIO<sub>3</sub></p>
<p>C. HIO<sub>3</sub> < HF < CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH < HClO</p>
<p>D. HIO<sub>3</sub> < CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH < HF < HClO</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the order of increasing acidity of the following acids?</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAnQAAABPCAYAAABiS1iIAAAgAElEQVR4Ae2dD1RU173vvwy51jaILmtencE0LuSCZkGuCYT2Nb4lQjLEm2t0YdVe5Y+FZWiqxsaLTCDG5kXF8GeRkmgb42IKQb3RhLla4lVGoWOupisUeGn0RphHXaTBGfq0Rv7EKHXmvLXPnDOcOfMXGP7MzG/WgvNv79/+7c/e53f22b+99wnjOI4D/YgAESACRIAIEAEiQAQCloAiYDUnxYkAESACRIAIEAEiQAR4Avex/2FhYYSDCBABIhCwBMbiaCD7F7DFTooTASIAQLR/fIOOERFPEB0i4G8C7IFJ9cvfVEkeI+CPusXqpj/kUIkQAVcEqG65okLn/EWA1S/xRy5XkQRtiQARIAJEgAgQASIQoASoQRegBUdqEwEiQASIABEgAkRAJEANOpEEbYkAESACRIAIEAEiEKAEqEEXoAVHahMBIkAEiAARIAJEQCRADTqRBG2JABEgAkSACBABIhCgBEK3QWftgDZdxc9uY7NEVJpm9I+2EM065ISFISzsZ9CZ73mQMoi2imV8mjEVbfAU0oMQuhQMBOx1Zi20xjuSHFkx2FGLHBWrT2FQ5RxAi3lIcp12iYB/CFiNWqTzdovVtSRomm+MUvCX0OXEICwsBjm6Lz3KuNdWgRiWZkwF2sgAemQVehfvwaz7me2ZnK6F0Sol0I8ObR5UfH1NQM4bF2F2uC4NG7r7Idugs3Z9jGN6s73kzWVv4wOHB6v9Eu0QAb8TuGe6iotMqjIG8+dOE+QPwdy8GysWbcS7ZiVSCuthOPA8kpXidb+rQQJDlsAddF04A709/20oK/2d7CFqv0g7RGACCNyB6Wonn45y8XzMFVsn1mtoLl6DRXlamKFGYf37OPDiE1CK1ydAs0BJIkSRDBsz5fb9eCc3HsAFHLvQjVE1+pUZqOU4cNzbyFDal/YLlDpAek44gXu4/kUX/szSTYjBvAh2G/bDqHsV69NehQHxyK58H0f3ZSCWvzbhClKCwU7A2o0Lxy4ASMT2d6qQqwSgP4MLXdLeYl8hPIiM2i5wXBdqMx70NRKFIwIyAl/hi0ush1eJhDgVItjVwQ7oinKRtk8PKLNR+UkN9mUstF2TxaZDIDQbdBJjlvXMGqzbsAJKmKE/9jG6XLTorOY26CpyhO7eMISpclBx1ohBsQbZ3WdSl6sVg8ZGVOQk2LqQ+Tid6BPj0DaECcjfRJk74UWkrN4HA72BhnC9mLis2z0USjWeWfcTbMhKdP9SazWjTVdhHwYQFpaAnIpGGAdFY+nG5TpoxFm73RTi9JGfdeJKebJTkrhQcw6h+ewbw3VomQa1bWbHDpR7/w9XL7LXXBUWz58DxeBlaDevweoyPZBShHrDW3gxWRmijRYfy5KzLeHPNiHzs3RWc2qAg7KIa+qzcFxfE1eoBAc8w5W3fuXIYeATrjxFybGPaTj+xXO59d2chYU21XPZ/PV8rt70dz6+paeey+VlyuPZjheUt3K2kI7JBeOR7UMkwZiz0ebpL1x99gIOUHLqd85w+iK1ULeUnLr6iq1OjVZ0iMXzV93yl5zAwP8N11m9hq9zysImro+zcH1NRZyS2bCUSq51gLdqQla+4lrLn5HZPpsNU+bWcz18ULE+L+Cy6/9ii2fp5upz413G4+3ognKuNUQMYGjVLekd8HfOVJ/vvg7In7f25+ga7p2mE1yR/bm7hqvu/EYqmPYlBKT1KwR76CTu1qwnkRSpACIfQTr/hnoKlcfbJZMj7sB4vAI7DGYg5VU0me6C4+7C1PQqUnAZ2i0HYegX31KlLegbMLxZAi0boieN98l+ZDPXBv1Cm4D9TdQM/XNPQ83cCfzPfS9xaAOj3PuVgNRDkf4IIqFAZNKTyGK2yXAEx1tu2pOzGnUo3nEKgBpFTT2wcBwsJj2KUpQwa0vwpsHVRAor+g0HsUV7WRbvAiqz2fAW+oUeAWn9EeuB4/PWPq4Y7+O5tFXYx567/G8Mw6FCDHToNegGP8Pv6mxjR7J4Y8ZKfDaS0tVg9sxcdw6t9kbadVw+3w5gAbK35iKVH5w+DcrUX+L3bMycqQSprEEo/1lvoPtTk3O85HXI4RuO8gh0HFIErn+BS/wAOiHXKa9C37Qfanao/zWqXT4kQ4oQZXbcCFgx+H9Oo45NCFOqkZ4025aS/aW2DXWNnwkvtffw18sttokT2fnYmhrFu7sUyqdQ8nsTOK4VpalzXGg6hN7uLvCPY4d4/xN5OWx4C/1CjoCbemCub8f/5b3wknHFPBwlUopOoOmdNeypDP3Od910noQcSY8ZdtEa8Rg+wC9a0d9yApV8y78NZWkP2Ma3hYVjZto+mwEy69HYKryh2ntSRpht69e4+WdmzmZh7qxvSyJPx8wHZkiOaTcUCQy/ibJxvjW40vAKnkpdB00hG8dEsw1DsU5MXJ5vouX4ERhYguZ9SJsZLtjAB5BW1sarMfxSOzzWc2T63cPAzet8FOXcWbjfHlmB78ycje/Yj2knVAgsSHgID9gz66oeSOtaPLKr9WgoWYnUdT9DId/TUoPSD4yOY+7s8mhHJBBiDbqbaG3U2xpuIgGnbRvqjnyEa8yTet//QPQTCwDcRu+tr32vTIr7MXsBq4UmfNp9QxLvDvquDzilSCdCiYDkTVRdDcNvc7CQn8k6Byl5P6deulCqCpOR1/7P0Fhna7i5Td7cgCPnvoQV06GKjrMF672FAVejS1wKuQ8zZtse3+ZPu9Frj2fF7b6buO0yDp0MZgJ/PvsnXPVYD4ZnuKqr38dvc+NtM1kjf4S8PdRL52vdCK0Gnd2YJaKw6TrYfJDhPwv6mopsblfte2jkp+8/gPilj9m6fOuOwcAv8Cpd+FW+KKyAXTEfS9YtkcUbgrnlGGq9GVNfS47CBSiB4TdRh7WWAChin6VeugAt1cBQ24r+1nOoY84DZRGa+iwS+8ds4XU08b3El6E92IQu6334Xnyy8JJxDDWGa7aXUzb7kJ+9r0K6tkPywipSmI6YJU87xbOa/4Dq2gYvL9SiDNoGFQH9MVSf6OBXhpDWA+Xqx/CPbKUvuzdMmOFqz/x0xP6YeunsOLztsMkS0lkSkskTQbYrmcmF4dmoDpm0z3aVzDZ0O8tVyaUU6TkTm+Vln50zLJdmuQ6TDY36NZxfz3vijEBJHbNHsHADrZVcCj9jOpErbLpuv0I7rgn4q275S45rLafK2etcU2GibdZhdj1nclJLaiPFmYXuZ7ki5VWuyXSX4zixTtMsVyekIfN8dZVzL7NclZu5+h5Wf6TPULHeSeVJ6qC4MoX0cojvS21XCPXQSdyt6mTEf8/FAsD2gcGS2YYRydh+tAH15dnDg3mV2Sivb8DRPU+5Xa1aEbUKVYYzKBdndbE4+lY0lad4a2PT9WAm4PZNlGVagYhHM7CVX+haGEvX3wGdJl0Y50SfAgvmqjHuebN7KJRQL30Y33NKUDLb1b7Q+iwkbj+E1vpyyQz9eGSX16P1aJEwUcxJEKB4CBlV9dDb7SaLcwb/3bQPbBAL/UKMQPYRtLa+i8IU25QYZXYl9IYSZETZvoJjH1fs8OUckdEsPPqvubbFr81sLF0H+o06aJaJn+6kT4GJpMJY45Z9M9L2IiGepi0R8B8Bql/+YGlFf/NOLEzTI6vpjJvZhf5IJ7Bk+Ktu+UtOYNEjbSeCQOjWLbaw8BaoVh8Esuthqs0Y7hTxG/gbaNY8jbQ6NZo69rhedcJvaU1NQdL65aKbamoqTVoRgZAkwFbpb7iIP318CHlsxXQsQO+tb0ISBWWaCBABIsAIsK83NfyhHR+/9UuU8atWJOHW11bA1TJiIYQshFyuIVSqlNUgIcAWaH0LK1b9b1z8wdv4Spi0EySZo2wQASJABEZB4AYMv8rHqi1/wg8O/1GYyDMKMUEYhRp0QViolKVgIaBAxKJl2JjyN2hXR+Ph6mtYphzhEjrBgoLyQQSIQIARuA/KjLdtM6n96m6NxKL0FUgxH8DqeU+juvdBKHETtwboO8E0hi7AbpFAVFfq4w9E/UnnqUvAX3XLX3KmLinSbLIIUN2aLPKhka60ftkbdKGRdcolESACwUhgLJO6mEGkHxEgAkQgUAmI9s8+KUI8EagZIr2nLgHpG8TU1ZI0C0QC/qhbzPb5Q04g8iOdx58A1a3xZxzKKbD6Jf5oDJ1IgrZEgAgQASJABIgAEQhQAtSgC9CCI7WJABEgAkSACBABIiASoAadSIK2RIAIEAEiQASIABEIUALUoAvQgiO1icC4EBiUfGpsWTF0xv5xSYaEEgEiQASIgH8JUIPOvzxJGhEIYAJ3YDy+C1tu5KPHchc9W/uxZe85mAM4R6Q6ESACRCBUCIy9QWftgDZdBZWmGe7f5e/AqF2LsHQtjNaphLYfxrNvori2Aza1BD1VxWjunzqKWo1apIclQdN8YyrBC1JdrBhsewPLfK0Dg0acrciBKiyMnympynkDZyesV+sW2ir+xeW9ZzW3oFaTzuvEZkGFLdNAe7INZlat77WhIsamL39N0D0sZj8Gso/DVJ2BKMUdDNz6Bt+ZOwv3B2lJ+5Qtn+ybT5JcBGLf5y2GKmwttMY7Lq4H4CnrNTQXi/VuLQ7p3pxQ2+WTrexvhkalQrpWtPsByDkQVR6trRxtvEBkNEadx96gG6MCkxq9vxXVOa+jzTKpWnhNXBGbi0aulT7I7pXUWANYMdjxHnYXH4HBF1HWL6Dbth4l11fCMGABx/XBsPI6SuLWo6Ltli8SxhCmHx21+1D8H+3OMqxf4MTOn6MGmWg13QXH3YWp9Ps4/3w+fmW4AdyXiIIuzraCOyfZdhUgkS1kxDf4ZmJRXg/WpschwjkFOkMEXBBgn6o7gMyaf0R9D6t3x5EXP7G1h2yli2KZCqdGaytHG28q5HkSdAjtBt0kAKckpygBqxlttTux+UMV1q6L9kFJ9vA6iC2n1Xjl5VWIjWC3UiRiV2UjS92OyuPtHnqsfRDvIYit960YHy56FutcPC+tXU04qI1GVt4aJCqnAZgGZXIeXt4TjbrGz7zrJTT4LD35+Gvmbpww0yd1PBQHXbITGEJvdxfMiMSsGfYlTu1XaSdUCYzWVo42XqhyBnxr0PEPOw2WeXIr9bbj9IhcT/0wNmuhWaYS3ELp0GibYRwUXZ030KxJ4l1Fh0S5djeYt7i2AnV0O6mwTKNFs+gOY93uC9NQZjZDn7cI4XbZLO41tJ+uRI5KcEupclBx1ohBST2xmtugE/Xiucj0F7v1D51FS60ndlYMGpuhtbvHZHoCcOlG8KVMJPrSricCd2CsKUBB5zK8vv2HmOEpqP2aApGpJTCZSpAa6dttZI86lh1rB2o2vobO9CJsT/quC0lWDPZ04ZIyBvPnssac+JuGufNjgLpzaHU7nIANOdhgd0UpZszCnO/Mxqz7JzB/orpTbevWvg3hmm4LVA72Q1CetwGSoRLsntVV2O2KKqcSp9uvSXI6VpvHbEkjKnISbDaV2a0PDvE21mFIjMx28O74Zol989l2SVTnXdPRiMt7HzDvQ9rMcBdDAYT8yVnx6YU5hh80olk7bDfd6bhM86Y9vyyPXzkNTxmCuU1nDxPGmJxuR69EdX7XGxN5eDoeAYHR2srRxhuBakEW1LulZl2em9RIqgnH1s4+3q3UvPQyclKKobs2ZMdhfvcs2qOLYGQuHEsPDkedgTq/Gm32Bpo9KIB+dGhfRErmecwtbYOF42Ax7cLc89sQt6LKMY7hP3Fh9g4YmdvIkI/kyEGf4lqv6bApMQ/Nc3fBZGFupQ78Ju4iMkW9I1NR2tGEQqUS6uorsEgfzOazONUejZeNzI12F6bD0Til3o63RTfaYAsq1+fjZPhzaONlM/0LEF73HPLfbpU0/MzQP1eB+hk/RYNLLszFV4fNKdtwXtTT0obSueeR6clt52OZSInTvicC06Ba/gYaSp6C0vsd4V6Q1YyWqn3YeSkD+19Ygkh3Ic065OXUokN+b/DjjzZ4HiupmIflNe+hJDXKzduY2EviJnFzF7p7h+9bx1DTEbu2COvOr0E4e0lZWIu5R7ciZSIbrI4KTZkj9/btPkQ9mYEsNODIuS+FsbhMbSv6W8+hDmqkJ80GcAttlZuQ9NZNrDQwO2qB8eVotJ866zzpZNQ27wS2pRTg0tJ/xwCzN8YdmN3wJsoMkmktgu1Y0fx9lPLueAsGfvMwzmeuxjbdFxL9vdkuWdEoFiK38So6q9cAyiI09VlgKk11fw/IojscDl6GdvNqZJ4XdRSGDGSmYEVFi4N9NdT9CbOLLoKz/BWG55Iw00EQGw97AOuTDuL6yvcFJkWIbj+LdyVI4DMTB+F0MBYCvtpKeRqjjSeXE6zHnO2bX2zj8mfprObUSOQKm64PX+9r4gqVSk5dfYWzWK5w1Wolpyxs4vqGQ3C2eGu46s5vOI77huusXsNBXc11WjiO4+PHc7n13Rw7tP+kcrnrXFNhIgdlEdfUJwk1krhievYEbDLtujqkxwIJesrT5PO4wJZfzsL1NRVxSnkYMa6YJi8bMi5CXIhcBH1y67keSRY5Me+CLHkZyI/57DnlxZ7pSd8B2HCtQPm5qQMe1RfiABwQz2VXXuBMDuUpj3yXMzW9yqmza7grA2LAr7jW8vVcdvUlbkAe3N2xy3vPzX0j1lt73XMnNLDO+6tuuZXjkjEns2+s7J4Ztm88Qle2RmZHncrETdmNwOYp5bbEwQ7J7Y9Y1jKb5hBHFsZj/XG+dxxtlaf8ibZS1GUzV99zV0yc4+SsXOoolovIWVYGojQ+rvD8kssVw4jnney8PYDPO27rls8SgingSG2lmPfRxhPjB+9WWr+89EfcQdeFM9AjGnHzJIN1WO+WyYTG3IVuegnE5u9VdPZIHZXsvPDmal6EJ+K/5xg/QoW4BOBSp0nyFibKGkHc/s/QWNcG5eL5mOuQwwjMi4uG2aPbSZqedP+2oJfYDbwHyb0fQafTQaf7AFrNSpu7QRrFaV+BiHkxSIDAhdfThIQnHpb1DNn0xKUu9Mh7cTDWMnFSik6MmcB0xOYe5ycZWEyViPrdGiRu0uGaOHrASf40KFOLUJPTjW3bTuCalfVYv4Timxvx+sZ4moTgxGuqnhDt2yw8+mwG1PozuNAlzFbl720gK/0RRNptnsyOQrQHnvLno710Z0t4m6oUEriJ1kY9zE7ueEEPsx6NrTfdKCPqKubZTbAxnxZ0THgM8fz4T1HgKNIXmcSpHO8pnsl3BMFjYSLqRlvfCYzUVoqSRxtPjB8aW4fmzsRk2YtLCID50270unwY+hhXmLVqLkvDTHFJBn77bR8aXT5QYC6BnH/CjLj1eOuTv4ENRZyVXoZW5m5w2QhzLdPa241PpV3/8mAe3WPywHQ8FQgolGl46ZWNgPY9NIoPd5eKsUbdi6h6Qo/MtJXY1rUaNXvG6PLl0xFeBlymSSfHi4AiJg35uVews/pj9IsNuLgNWJvM3K3e7ZZ7vbzH5e3lSGbqC2PcpEvWhMflQe9eiYm7Yr2B7k9NHtIz4dPuGxLXsPugXu2rNOpUZiLVM4j2fbeVjpkebTxHKcF5NAkNOtvgbPGd0RVW5541MZSPccNZeGFsnHRZBnFfOl5OFO3zli2++hryzi5FfU83fl+6CRkZGchIjUJf51WfpbCAirnzsdgjCPnA9hGJp8CTSmC8ezLcZc7LPeLUO+NODp0fEQHFg3hywwph0skNtDaeR0LWcjzKz372UiYeE/Iel7eXvM3zKGj4oroancLYXzbiZvhvCiyNpJiD+YtVw7o67amweP4cR8+OUxjbCa/2VRpvKjOR6hmU+6O1laONF5QQ+Ux5adBNR8ySp6EWXYQiB2GxzdEtFKxAZNKTyFJewcXLf3V80xo0ofMSkCDvIhfThY9xIx9BepYKly5+bltI1R7fthDr6PQWhQyihzXc5C4B69e4deOuGMi3rVs9xTRiMI9/IEjFjUeZSOXTvm8EvCxCrRQHw7uTxmZH7uJ75o42nURVTD027jwrq6/u4no6L7rP5JMfhJ6eBFd1ypM8uuYbAQUik1dhe5weR469j1N1UVi3ZL7Q8BDtlvwBJMxI9piAGNeLvRRtiXy4Cm9TRTfAbCSlq6G81I7LZunEGGEx7XFf4NiX3mMPOrLZ2/LhP57YeWRyW4jpIT22wPi4M/GUgWC5NlpbOdp4wcJt5Pnw0qADFDHp0BR9F2W7D6CZNwJDMBuOoU7/GMpLMhDrVYILpSKT8NM9yTi9ZReqWsy2Rh1zY27dhrK4HShZG+v+DcynuHOQ8kIxlp/+JYqrLgoPyX4YdWUo2IFhvaVjKW4Pwmm4mgvVAcEA6I+hxnDNpjs/82YXtmgvu4zh/uRsJP90K56S6dmh1SCzbO6wnjIB41ImsjTo0BsBNiO0AOVxetR+8Ll9zKfV3ITXd+vx1J71SHY7O3QI5uZ9yD35KKqK06BURGJhbhmqYk5hZ81luyxvGri7bnf/7T0mzKQdgrmlGnt3XkWh5tnR3bPuEqPzwwQiHsGzWdHQPrcFlQlPY0nM9OFrkUvwwv4foi5TA20H+6YOW2LkBPburnGe5Tocy7Y3EptXV4q9ug5bHWLf5d1bijKxPcdeiFPysX/5eWwpPoQW3p7b9NhdcAAoL8DaWInOcj3GfCy8jJobhu8ZVzomr8eep2Q6dtRha2YN4kako/AcqNuGrVrhvnKV3qQyGTPUABAwWls52ngBgGScVPTeHFNEIXVPDVo33sZu1bcQFvYtqHbfxsbWQ9ieOGuUarEH2BswHF6KXk2ibYmEGf+GzqVV6GzYhkSnXilpMr7FVUStQpWhCkt7X4MqnK0nNxMpJ2djq1RvRTSWa7IwxNahuz8Xxz2OeRJ1YEZxKxpqFuMPafNsus97CR89mIMT9YXw5EEVJQxvFYhYmIUDDnouxPOdT+Bw51EUuOM7LmUyrBXtuSIgvC1KP8EWkYztRw9i5c1yxApjNcPXn0PMK0dxINfD5Abzh9hZOx9VB7Kw0F7XI7Fw4w5s6NqH3WP9xJviQag1Vdgz9ygWzQi33bOrWpCw/yB+kTLHVebonF8ITEdM+k+Qy5ZCWvcjxDhY12mIyiiBoTYe51NnIiwsHDPyW/H41heg9pr2SGzedjxwcg1msPoYuw9XUzehXC2xSoqHkFFVj8NL/wINb8/DMSPlJB7YegxHtyc7Th7wqtfIAyhif4y39LnAzgSbjit+i4HVBXhHqmNEPHIPyHR8/nMsPWxAQ8HIdLQ9ByqQcP5fbenN2IZPHs9FuVqcFMHGvkwuk5FTDMAYPtlKP9rYAETkD5XD2GReNjjWtnqJP0SSDCLgSIDqlyMPOvIfAX/VLX/JYYuAL09pR/4fK5ERJV3Y2X95HpEkNjxmeR46NSfp04EjAue/wP6qW/7TiCQFEwFp/XJ4hwymTFJeiAARIAITSsB6DYYaHYa2Z0M94Y0521cYVNIFq8VFWId+LMy2nVAalBgRIAITTIAadBMMnJIjAkQg2AgIrqLwx7HbkouDP0sad9elM8E5SPnFQexPaEYq72YPQ1i4GgcsK9FwdLOXYSzO0ugMESACgUeAXK6BV2YBp7G0SzjglCeFpzQBf9Utf8mZ0rBIuUkhQHVrUrCHTKLS+kU9dCFT7JRRIkAEiAARIAJEIFgJUIMuWEuW8kUEiAARIAJEgAiEDAG7yzVkckwZJQJEIOgIjGWWPnNZ0I8IEAEiEKgERPt3n5gB8YR4TFsi4C8CUh+/v2SSHCLACPijbjHb5w85VCJEwBUBqluuqNA5fxFg9Uv8kctVJEFbIkAEiAARIAJEgAgEKAFq0AVowZHaRIAIEAEiQASIABEQCVCDTiRBWyJABIgAESACRIAIBCgBatAFaMGR2kRgXAjca0NFDPv2sfCXo/P+8fhxUYSEEgEiQASIwEgIUINuJLQoLBEIdgLXv8ClP+ej3vR3/vvOXG0GJJ92D/bcU/6IABEgAgFLwE8NOisGjY2oKD4Ko9XGgn2kOj0sCZrmG1MHDvtQdboKKk0z+qeOVqTJlCJgxWDbG1imKkZzv1CZXepn+3amvSdL7NGybyei7t9CW8W/uKzPVnMLajXpwz1tyzTQnmyDmWVJ3gsn6hxTgZa/XMVFHMRq1T8gLCwdxc3X4ImCSzTBdHJcbYYV/c3FUIWthdZ4J5ioTYG8CJ9j83gfE/8JLahBI5q1GiwT7I0q5w2cNfrwJB404mxFDlQjjTehmZsaifmpQXcTLdUvY0fbFDdKioXIbTTBVJqKyKnBn7SYUgSsGOx4D7uLj8DgVa85SC1ttfVicdzwduATlKcsQEr5r/FK6hyvUkYfoB8dtftQ/B/tziKsX+DEzp+jBploNd0Fx92FqfT7OP98Pn5luAHcl4iCLonOov5dWzDrv1twu7AJfezc30swe9sBGDw2bJ2TpzNEYPIJTEds7nFwphKkRvrpMTf5mQpcDaxfQLdtPXZ3/gAHByy8vex5PR6/z89BRdst9/kS4pVcXwkDH68PhpXXURK33nM89xKD+grV9KAuXsqczwSsZrTV7sTmD1VYuy7a52iOAW+h7e3XsAObUTGOH2i39b4V48NFz2JdhKMG7Mja1YSD2mhk5a1BonIagGlQJufh5T3RqGv8zEPvtO0h6PDC881N3Po6pPvonAHTGSJABEZAwIp+w0Fs4W3SPyM2wtbsUCj/FzZm/QN2FOvsnj1HoUK802q88vIqIV4kYldlI0vdjsrj7R5smaOkUDnyrUHHP+yGu0rDmPum2YhBnhJzPT2NtLI2QJ+HuHCpq+kuett/h4qcBMH1k4CcikYYByUPCCZbV4EclTgQW4VlGi2a7V2xgmsr/QCaW+qgWaayyVLloOKsqINQXLIuXUc92ZPOhctVljefu4FDpYaERD7vwFhTgILOZXh9+w8xY1R5Zq7a36JgRy8KX9/QSfMAAA2USURBVMlComC0RiXKUyRrB2o2vobO9CJsT/qui5BWDPZ04ZIyBvPnssac+JuGufNjgLpzaHXb4zaItop0pGs7bG7W2324viAOD83wzUyIKQXltrcdp126fYZwTbcFKleuvf5maFQSeyizdaqcSpxuvybBJdi6ZRocEtOyy+2HsVk7bP/C0qHRNjvaUghDX0R7y2zkB4f4OA7DTGQ2z8lO8nqrkH7oLFpqh+2+b7ZxCOY2V3bad05Wcxt0Yv55N5ssrz7p58Ll6pW/rSgchyvIn0eS4qJdHwkMobe7C2Y3NkmpP4MLXa68ewpEppbARL2sPnIGvFtq1uW5SY0Vzd9HKe++sWDgNw/jfOZqbNN9ASuY6+kMmgoTAXU1Oi2tKLW7mi7j3VNdiH75It/FajFVIurUZuS/3So0Bm+hrXITVpz8Nja3MdcQB87yR7wSfgxp+dVokzb89Huxu/5+5DX02FxIh6NxSr0db4vdtYOXod28GpnnRT0FN1NmClZUtAjpybgIeUuqCcfWzj5wXB+al15GTkoxdNeGZIHpMHgJTINq+RtoKHkKSu93hGsM1i+h/7UWnbnFeCHFi6vVrENeTi06pPWbSbVeQ3PxBs/jThXzsLzmPZSkRrm5eQXj6VpLwNyF7l53dTsCj27YhafPr0E4e5AuPIK4qrzxa5y603EKnje/exbt0UUw8jaqB4ejzkDN26j7EPVkBrLQgCPnvpSMN7Siv/Uc6qBGetJsADZbl/TWTaw0MFtjgfHlaLSfOus8i9jwn7gweweMzFVuyEdy5CA6tC8iJfM85pa2wcJxsJh2Ye75bYhbUWW3k9ZrJ7AtpQCXlv47Bpiexh2Y3fAmygzmYaJe7bkY1Az9cxWon/FTNDjlWfJCLgbnt6zRth2JSYeBrc0Y4CwYaE7FpRz2rDBD6QunwRZUrs/HyfDn0GaxDQuwmAoQXvec5LnBEhupfr7xt17TYVNiHprn7oKJT78Dv4m7iEx6JjiUtH8PrqKzx9Y95FWu1YyWqn3YeSkD+19YQkOn5MA42ze/2MbFz8L1NRVxSqzhqju/kVwXziuLuKY+C8dx17mmwkQO6mqukx1yHGfprObUSOQKm65L4n3DdVavGQ7X18QVKuVhxLhimoJse1qCOD6uklNXX+EsnKjPZq6+564kPZn+litctVrJKQubuD53OjrIlYii3VETAFhbPVB+Qh2V1zcv6ruu7+4i3eVMTa9y6uwa7sqAcMNwX3Gt5eu57OpL3IC7aPLzsvpsu+zmfhHvEad7WS40sI79VbfcynHJWG6jWNk9M2zXeIS2chBtDefS1snsk2hH5XWPjxvP5dZ3c2Jt4ZNwsFVCern1XI80EB8Ggs2TpyeWtWg/BXvuEEcWxlP9cclKqI/8s8EbJ5keYtKcq+eGmCcxkDxvsvuYz5P8WSOPI9VVlMu2srKUXvJh323d8iFucATxUq5O7QRXuRbKE+CAeC678gJnktZzV1FC5Jy0fnnpj7iJ1ka9i65SBSLmxSDBrEdj6015G9H78aUu9LDeichUlJpaUZp8E806HXTsT6tBWlwe9N6kRKgQlwBc6jRhEIKeCY8hnh8zJEYW9ISrN4A76LpwBnpEI26eZCASr5MJjbkL3fSAiLJpSwREAkJdStmAtcmsN8bbbxqUqUWoyenGtm0ncM3ajw7tSyi+uRGvb4yHpDZ6E0TXJ5WAaFdm4dFnM6CWuo76P0NjHZCV/ggiIfTWmWW2BqJ98pQJMe4iPBH/PUebJLWBfHomJDzxsGMvMx9GXHhmLPZc1FXMs7PO1q6PcUwPJMSpJHVYmDzUmItYhTdOoottD5J7P7I9D3QfQKtZibi8950TdDjjST+RoRf+PMM2KBfPx1yHJ2ME5sVFw+xxuIKDMnTgQECByJR87F+ux+7Xm2wz7TEEc0s1So9dx48cwro7ECa58L3TlYj63RokbtLhmrvOYndigvy8Q7V1m1fzPqTNDB9eAiEsDOG+NLrcChQvsAdZHlQz4pD21ifg57rMWo7ftL4DtctGmBhPtrXeQPenJtlJ6aEJn3bfkLhDpNdonwiMkYC1GxeOtUOdtRyP+jx2jjXqXkTVE3pkpq3Etq7VqNkzBpevPQu2h4/9kHYmhIAiJg35uVews/pj9IsNuDixge/FDe5RQ+9xzZ92o9fiUYjjxXGz547JuDryzAkAGzqT80+YEbceb33yN7BRQbPSy9BavQYQOwJcCfZ4zjtDaXRzWRpmCktk2JYl+rYPDUqpBNp3IqB4CBlVR1E8+zASw9l4+RX41ZXH8VpVFiLknSpOkR1PKJRpeOmVjYD2PTS6HHvnGD6Uju7zKbNsbNxp9oblLvTo1pqzGj/AtrwWLK/vxqGMh4S3T7Y2kB6XACx2l5z8vGIO5i9WAZ/KL4jHKiyePwcKjE5PUQptiYArAraeiVlYrGF1bLJ/tskPYp+MkzZOA5OdQtCJ0RBQPIgnN6wAMs+h9eV4oPE8ErKqhQa+WCZdo5DsPS7foxQ+AtHe7LkPS4ONIDXHoB453YHx+GvIO7sU9T2VyIgSJ/WwySJXAcQ4yvL5yDvDYVFKqKubcZo8NMNI/LUXEYunCmphKqgVJLJn/Ql+ApfGYQKXrwkKvcWx032NEPThvDx/ZiMpXQ3lpXZcNksHUguLr45pQUxhNh7kroR7GLg1UoviQU8248/lG8B0xCx52rknUJgJG5audTOVOujrBGVwRAQEd6tSHPzua2Q2gHwX3zN3tOkkqmLqsXHnWcEd4asMV+EE15PT5AehlyIhBvN87kV0JZ/OuSagQGTyKmyP0+PIsfdxqi4K65bMFxr4CkQmPYkspdxdKdpA1xJtZ8W4V3Dx8l8dvQyDJnReElyckY8gPUslDEGRyOPDiJMiPNhJtpj2mOw5oIj5EdapxWEwog7CbFO7bE+cBtHTeRWQD52xfo1bN+6KAkexFRl64S8yvPi57D60LeBNz4RRoBei8B8asM/YFuXYbBKynkSSy7UCXcxUFqOy7YhtrjRycO57adCJvu/z2FJ8CC18o45NjT+B3QUHgPICrOVbx1I3zx0MDt7zgZZ4k11AXc1/Sfzqh1C85YDzzC+PEpmRWI89T8n07KjD1swaxNn1dBSiiEmHpui7KNt9AM183oZgNhxDnf4xlJdkeOiRdJRDR6FMQHwIjaShNARz8z7knnwUVcVpUCoisTC3DFUxp7Cz5rLrGdkjQGx3a+09JsyktY1X2bvzKgo1z1K9HgHLEQWNeATPZkVD+9wWVCY8jSUxkp6DyCV4Yf8PUZepgbaDvbDa7Oje3TXebV1kEn66Jxmnt+xCVYvZ1qhjrsmt21AWtwMla2OhwBykvFCM5XWl2KvrsNWhwQ7o9paiTGzPwVd7PqJcDwdWRGO5Jh9xZaV4XfjCiNX8X6ipa0eK1Aa75SQ0OPXHUGMQvlDCz2rchS3ay8PpjGbPJ/4Cw9O/RHHVReGZ1A+jrgwFO0DPhNFwF+Lwjf2E445j6NreR/UxlYfZqtMRu7YA5XF61H7wud0uWs1NeH23Hk/tWY9klw3BMSga4FG9NOjYEAbm+67H4aV/gUb1LYSFhWNGykk8sPUYjm5PFga/TkfM8k0oGtqJuPBorD7e5fgm6Q5S5BL8oqEUyX/IgYr3qyfipY/mIOfE+yh06zNyIywiHrkHZHo+/zmWHjagoUDUUxZXEYXUPTVo3Xgbu/m8fQuq3bexsfUQtifOkgWmw9AmIPY0SNYVGy0Q84fYWTsfVQeysNDeWxaJhRt3YEPXPuwe6+fyFA9CranCnrlHsWgGG/v6LahWtSBh/0H8wtuSKqPNE8UDMB0x6T9BrlIJ9bofIcbBuk5DVEYJDLXxOJ8602ZH81vx+NYXoPbKjjX434Dh8FL0ahJtS8rM+Dd0Lq1CZ8M2+7IyiqhVqDJsxwMn12AGGwMWuw9XUzehXC0xpj7Zc68KuQlgm+xztDUTlt2P83qGqypg2XhU8qxgUd1xYg3OrWioWYw/pM2z5XPeS/jowRycqC8c4zeFfeNvY1iFpb2vCc+kmUg5ORtb6Zngpsx9PK1YiI01R7HRUiFwnY/1x4G1NWUS17oLGxuRjO1HD2LlzXLECuMaw9efQ8wrR3EglyaQyemHsZm9bOCnbfUS+WU6JgJjJ0D1a+wMSYJrAv6qW/6Sw1xLy1Pakf9H6Rgw17pPyFk2hGR5Hjo1JyXrg05Iyh4TmXKcPGo7tov+qltj04JiBysBaf1yeIcM1gxTvogAESAC407Aeg2GGh2GtmdDbR/QP+6pCgnYvjKhki5YLS7COvRjH5fTmSBdJ5XTBOWRkiECk0CAGnSTAJ2SJAJEIJgICK6i8Mex25KLg+P4HV/31OYg5RcHsT+hGam8mz0MYeFqHLCsRMPRzXa3rPv4E3FlKnCaiHxSGkRgcgiQy3VyuIdUqtIu4ZDKOGV23An4q275S864Z5gSCDgCVLcCrsgCSmFp/aIeuoAqOlKWCBABIkAEiAARIALOBKhB58yEzhABIkAEiAARIAJEIKAI2F2uAaU1KUsEiAARkBAYyyx95rKgHxEgAkQgUAmI9o9v0AVqJkhvIkAEiAARIAJEgAgQAfblY/oRASJABIgAESACRIAIBDSB/w+YWzLvC0dVjQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="></p>
<p>A. chloroethanoic < ethanoic < hydrogen fluoride < hydrogen cyanide</p>
<p>B. ethanoic < chloroethanoic < hydrogen fluoride < hydrogen cyanide</p>
<p>C. chloroethanoic < ethanoic < hydrogen cyanide < hydrogen fluoride</p>
<p>D. hydrogen cyanide < ethanoic < hydrogen fluoride < chloroethanoic</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>In which set are the salts arranged in order of increasing pH?</p>
<p>A. HCOONH<sub>4</sub> < KBr < NH<sub>4</sub>Br < HCOOK</p>
<p>B. KBr < NH<sub>4</sub>Br < HCOOK < HCOONH<sub>4</sub></p>
<p>C. NH<sub>4</sub>Br < HCOONH<sub>4</sub> < KBr < HCOOK</p>
<p>D. HCOOK < KBr < HCOONH<sub>4</sub> < NH<sub>4</sub>Br</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Not very well done in identifying the set of ionic compounds that were arranged in correct order of increasing pH, with no clear misconception based on the other choices.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which is an example of a Lewis base?</p>
<p>A. an electrophile</p>
<p>B. BF<sub>3</sub></p>
<p>C. CH<sub>4</sub></p>
<p>D. a nucleophile</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which of the following will form a buffer solution if combined in appropriate molar ratios?</p>
<p>A. HCl and NaCl</p>
<p>B. NaOH and HCOONa</p>
<p>C. NH<sub>4</sub>Cl and HCl</p>
<p>D. HCl and NH<sub>3</sub></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which species is <strong>not</strong> a Lewis base?</p>
<p> </p>
<p>A. OH<sup>−</sup></p>
<p>B. NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></p>
<p>C. H<sub>2</sub>O</p>
<p>D. PH<sub>3</sub></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which indicator is appropriate for the acid-base titration shown below?</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>A. Thymol blue (p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> = 1.5)<br>B. Methyl orange (p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> = 3.7)<br>C. Bromophenol blue (p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> = 4.2)<br>D. Phenolphthalein (p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> = 9.6)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Which can act as a Lewis acid but not a Brønsted–Lowry acid?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. BF<sub>3</sub><br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. H<sub>2</sub>O<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. NF<sub>3</sub><br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D. NH<sub>3</sub></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which combination of acid and base is most likely to have a pH of 8.5 at the equivalence point in a titration?</p>
<p>A. Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide</p>
<p>B. Hydrochloric acid and ammonia</p>
<p>C. Nitric acid and ammonia</p>
<p>D. Methanoic acid and sodium hydroxide</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Which has the strongest conjugate base?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. HCOOH (K<sub>a</sub> = 1.8 × 10<sup>−4</sup>)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. HNO<sub>2</sub> (<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">K</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">a</sub> = 7.2 × 10<sup>−4</sup>)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. HCN (<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">K</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">a</sub> = 6.2 × 10<sup>−10</sup>)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D. HIO<sub>3</sub> (<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">K</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">a</sub> = 1.7 × 10<sup>−1</sup>)</span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Strength of conjugate bases appeared to be another good discriminator, with higher scoring candidates performing better.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Which species is a Lewis acid but </span><span class="fontstyle2"><strong>not</strong> </span><span class="fontstyle0">a Brønsted–Lowry acid?</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">A. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msup><mi>Cu</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math></span><span class="fontstyle3"><br></span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">B. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msup><msub><mi>NH</mi><mn>4</mn></msub><mo>+</mo></msup></math></span><span class="fontstyle3"><br></span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">C. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>Cu</mi></math><br></span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">D. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mi>COOH</mi></math></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Vast majority of candidates understood the difference between Lewis and Brønsted Lowry acids.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which statement explains the Lewis acid–base nature of the chloride ion in this reaction?</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub><sup>+</sup> + Cl<sup>–</sup> → C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>Cl</p>
<p>A. Lewis base because it donates a pair of electrons</p>
<p>B. Lewis base because it accepts a pair of electrons</p>
<p>C. Lewis acid because it donates a pair of electrons</p>
<p>D. Lewis acid because it accepts a pair of electrons</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A discriminating question in which high scoring candidates had much greater success in explaining the Lewis acid-base nature of the chloride ion in the given reaction. The next two common incorrect answers were B and D showing a lack of understanding of the Lewis acid-base concept.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p> Which is correct?</p>
<p>A. Electrophiles are Brønsted–Lowry acids.</p>
<p>B. Nucleophiles are Brønsted–Lowry acids.</p>
<p>C. Electrophiles are Lewis acids.</p>
<p>D. Nucleophiles are Lewis acids.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">What is the order, in increasing pH, of the following solutions of equal concentration?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img style="display: block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" 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" width="436" height="97"></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. H<sub>3</sub>BO<sub>3</sub> < CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH < CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH < CHCl<sub>2</sub>COOH<br></span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. H<sub>3</sub>BO<sub>3</sub> < CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH < CHCl<sub>2</sub>COOH < CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH<br></span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH < CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH < CHCl<sub>2</sub>COOH < H<sub>3</sub>BO<sub>3</sub><br></span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D. CHCl<sub>2</sub>COOH < CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH < CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH < H<sub>3</sub>BO<sub>3</sub></span></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Where is the buffer region for the titration of a weak acid with a strong base?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img 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" width="728" height="338"></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>There was a mistake on this question and it had to be annulled (39 marks paper). Grade boundaries were lowered accordingly. The x-axis was incorrectly labelled as “volume of weak acid” instead of “volume of strong base”. We sincerely apologize for this mistake which will be corrected before publication.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A weak base is titrated with a strong acid. Which value of p<em>K</em><sub>b</sub> can be estimated from this titration curve?</p>
<p><img style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" 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" width="321" height="319"></p>
<p>A. 11.3</p>
<p>B. 9.2</p>
<p>C. 4.8</p>
<p>D. 1.8</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Only 29% of candidates determined p<em>K</em><sub>b</sub> from the titration curve. The majority of the candidates made the mistake of using the pH without calculating the corresponding pOH.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br>