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<h2>HL Paper 1</h2><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">What is the empirical formula of a hydrocarbon with 75 % carbon and 25 % hydrogen by mass?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. C<sub>3</sub>H</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. CH<sub>2</sub></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D. CH<sub>4</sub></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Well answered and straight forward.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A sample of a compound contains approximately 24.0 g C, 3.0 g H, and 1.6 g O. What is the empirical formula of the compound?</p>
<p>A. C<sub>20</sub>H<sub>30</sub>O</p>
<p>B. C<sub>84</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>6</sub></p>
<p>C. C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O</p>
<p>D. C<sub>24</sub>H<sub>30</sub>O<sub>2</sub></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">How many moles of magnesium hydroxide are produced with 0.50 mol of ammonia?</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> (s) + 6H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → 3Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> (aq) + 2NH<sub>3</sub> (aq)</span></p>
<p style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. 0.25</span></p>
<p style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. 0.33</span></p>
<p style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. 0.75</span></p>
<p style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">D<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">. 1.5</span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>90 % of the candidates were able to deduce the amount of a product given the amount of another product and the balanced equation.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">What volume of carbon dioxide, CO<sub>2</sub> (g), can be obtained by reacting 1 dm<sup>3</sup> of methane, CH<sub>4</sub> (g), with 1 dm<sup>3</sup> of oxygen, O<sub>2</sub> (g)?</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">CH<sub>4</sub> (g) + 2O<sub>2</sub> (g) → CO<sub>2</sub> (g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. 0.5 <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">dm</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">3</sup></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. 1 <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">dm</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">3</sup></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. 2 <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">dm</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">3</sup></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D. 6 <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">dm</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">3</sup></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>The concept of using volume ratios of gases as mole ratios in balanced equations was well answered.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>3.00 mol of C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> is mixed with 20.00 mol of O<sub>2</sub>. Which quantity is present at the end of the reaction?</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8 </sub>(g) + 5O<sub>2 </sub>(g) → 3CO<sub>2 </sub>(g) + 4H<sub>2</sub>O (g)</p>
<p><br>A. 1.00 mol of C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub></p>
<p>B. 5.00 mol of O<sub>2</sub></p>
<p>C. 12.00 mol of CO<sub>2</sub></p>
<p>D. 16.00 mol of H<sub>2</sub>O</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the pressure, in Pa, inside a 1.0 m<sup>3</sup> cylinder containing 10 kg of H<sub>2</sub> (g) at 25 ºC?</p>
<p><em>R</em> = 8.31 J K<sup>–1</sup> mol<sup>–1</sup>; <em>pV</em> = <em>nRT</em></p>
<p>A. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{1 \times {{10}^4} \times 8.31 \times 25}}{{1.0 \times {{10}^3}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>8.31</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>25</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1.0</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p>B. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{5 \times {{10}^2} \times 8.31 \times 298}}{{1.0}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>8.31</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>298</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1.0</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p>C. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{1 \times 8.31 \times 25}}{{1.0 \times {{10}^3}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>8.31</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>25</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1.0</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p>D. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{5 \times {{10}^3} \times 8.31 \times 298}}{{1.0}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>8.31</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>298</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1.0</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which solution neutralizes 50.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.120 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> NaOH (aq)?</p>
<p>A. 12.5 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.080 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></p>
<p>B. 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.120 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> CH<sub>3</sub>COOH</p>
<p>C. 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.120 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></p>
<p>D. 50.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.060 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> HNO<sub>3</sub></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Which diagram represents a heterogeneous mixture?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img 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" width="151" height="403"></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A few G2 forms suggested that candidates could have chosen A or B. However, homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures are usually represented in such a way while only option A shows a clear separation in the mixture. We will avoid schematic diagrams in the future for this type of questions.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">What is the sum of the integer coefficients when propene undergoes complete combustion?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">__C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub> (g) + __O<sub>2</sub> (g) → __CO<sub>2</sub> (g) + __H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. 11</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. 17</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. 21</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D. 23</span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>93 % of the candidates balanced the equation for the combustion of propene and obtained the sum of the integer coefficients.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>How much ethanol contains 1.20 × 10<sup>24</sup> atoms of carbon?</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Avogadro’s constant, <em>L</em> or <em>N<sub>A</sub></em>: 6.02 × 10<sup>23 </sup>mol<sup>−1</sup></p>
<p><br>A. 0.333 mol</p>
<p>B. 0.500 mol</p>
<p>C. 1.00 mol</p>
<p>D. 2.00 mol</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A compound with <em>M</em><sub>r</sub> = 102 contains 58.8 % carbon, 9.80 % hydrogen and 31 % oxygen by mass.<br>What is its molecular formula?</p>
<p><em>A</em><sub>r</sub>: C = 12.0; H = 1.0; O = 16.0</p>
<p>A. C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>14</sub>O<sub>4</sub></p>
<p>B. C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>4</sub></p>
<p>C. C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>2</sub></p>
<p>D. C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>14</sub>O</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">What is the volume of gas when the pressure on 100 cm<sup>3</sup> of gas is changed from 400 kPa to 200 kPa at constant temperature?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. 50.0 <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">cm</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">3</sup></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. 100 <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">cm</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">3</sup></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. 200 <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">cm</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">3</sup></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D. 800 <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">cm</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">3</sup></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>85 % of the candidates were able to deduce the new volume of a sample of gas after the pressure was halved. The most commonly chosen distractor was the value that assumed a direct proportionality between volume and pressure.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>0.02 mol of zinc is added to 10.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 1.0 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> hydrochloric acid.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) → ZnCl<sub>2 </sub>(aq) + H<sub>2 </sub>(g)</p>
<p>How many moles of hydrogen are produced?</p>
<p>A. 0.005</p>
<p>B. 0.01</p>
<p>C. 0.02</p>
<p>D. 0.04</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Higher scoring candidates managed to estimate moles of gas produced in the reaction of zinc with hydrochloric acid solution.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>2.67 g of lead (II) carbonate is decomposed by heating until constant mass.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">PbCO<sub>3 </sub>(s) → PbO (s) + CO<sub>2 </sub>(g)</p>
<p>What is the final mass of solid?</p>
<p>A. 0.44 g</p>
<p>B. 2.23 g</p>
<p>C. 2.67 g</p>
<p>D. 3.11 g</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>76% of candidates correctly identified final mass of solid in the decomposition reaction with little difficulty in using mental math to arrive at the answer.</p>
</div>
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