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</div><h2>SL Paper 1</h2><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which changes could take place at the positive electrode (cathode) in a voltaic cell?</p>
<p class="p1">I. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{Z}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) to Zn(s)</p>
<p class="p1">II. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\) to \({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">III. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Mg(s) to \({\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">One respondent commented that a full cell representation should have been given in the question so that candidates could ascertain the direction of electron flow. This question is based on AS 9.4.2 which states that candidates should know that reduction takes place at the cathode and oxidation takes place at the anode. In this question, the correct answer is A, corresponding to I. and II., as in I. zinc changes from a +2 oxidation state in \({\text{Z}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) to 0 in Zn(s), which is reduction and in II. Chlorine changes from a 0 oxidation state in \({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\) to a <span class="s1">–</span>1 oxidation state in \({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\). III. is ruled out as magnesium is in a 0 oxidation state in Mg(s) and changes to a +2 oxidation state in \({\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) which is oxidation. Hence, it was not necessary to know the direction of electron flow from a representation of the voltaic cell to answer this question. The question was also well answered by candidates with 70% giving A as the correct answer.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What occurs at the anode (positive electrode) during the electrolysis of molten strontium bromide?</p>
<p>A. Formation of bromine and oxidation</p>
<p>B. Formation of bromine and reduction</p>
<p>C. Formation of strontium and oxidation</p>
<p>D. Formation of strontium and reduction</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What happens to the manganese in the following reaction?</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{2MnO}}_4^ - {\text{(aq)}} + {\text{5}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{6}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2M}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{8}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} + {\text{5}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It is oxidized and its oxidation number increases.</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It is oxidized and its oxidation number decreases.</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It is reduced and its oxidation number increases.</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It is reduced and its oxidation number decreases.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the order of decreasing reactivity of the metals (most reactive first)?</p>
<p style="padding-left: 240px;">Zn(s) + Sn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) → Zn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + Sn(s)<br>Cu(s) + Zn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) → No Reaction<br>Sn(s) + Cu<sup>2+</sup>(aq) → Sn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + Cu(s)<br>Ag(s) + Cu<sup>2+</sup>(aq) → No Reaction</p>
<p>A. Zn > Cu > Sn > Ag</p>
<p>B. Sn > Zn > Ag > Cu</p>
<p>C. Ag > Cu > Zn > Sn</p>
<p>D. Zn > Sn > Cu > Ag</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the oxidation half-equation in the redox reaction?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup>(aq) + I<sub>2</sub>(aq) → S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub><sup>2–</sup>(aq) + 2I<sup>–</sup>(aq)</p>
<p>A. I<sub>2</sub>(aq) + 2e<sup>–</sup> → 2I<sup>–</sup>(aq)</p>
<p>B. 2I<sup>–</sup>(aq) → I<sub>2</sub>(aq) + 2e<sup>–</sup></p>
<p>C. 2S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup>(aq) → S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub><sup>2–</sup>(aq) + 2e<sup>–</sup></p>
<p>D. S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub><sup>2–</sup>(aq) + 2e<sup>–</sup> → 2S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup>(aq)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What occurs during the operation of a voltaic cell based on the following overall reaction?</p>
<p class="p1">\[2{\text{A}}{{\text{g}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{Cu(s)}} \to {\text{2Ag(s)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-01_om_17.10.22.png" alt="M12/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/25"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">There were also two G2 comments on this question. One respondent stated that knowledge of this depth is off-syllabus. This is not correct. Both the movement of ions in solution and across a salt bridge should be covered in the programme. Candidates are expected to know this as part of their understanding of voltaic cells and ion movement has been asked previously in papers. 47.59% got the correct answer C. Although this was a common question with HL, certainly at SL the question was found to be more challenging and performance at HL was invariably better as discussed in the corresponding subject report for HLP1TZ2. At SL, the question was the seventh most difficult question on the paper and had an associated discrimination index of 0.46.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the name of \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Copper(I) sulfide</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Copper(I) sulfate</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Copper(II) sulfide</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Copper(II) sulfate</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the correct <strong>decreasing </strong>order of reactivity of the metals X, Y and Z based on the following equations?</p>
<p class="p2">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{XCl}} + {\text{Y}} \to {\text{YCl}} + {\text{X}}} \\ {{\text{YCl}} + {\text{Z}} \to {\text{YCl}} + {\text{Z}}} \\ {{\text{ZCl}} + {\text{X}} \to {\text{XCl}} + {\text{Z}}} \end{array}\]</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>X \( > \) Y \( > \) Z</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Y \( > \) Z \( > \) X</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Z \( > \) Y \( > \) X</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Y \( > \) X \( > \) Z</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">The two G2 comments on this question both stated that it would have been better if no reaction was given for the second equation, instead of repeating \({\text{YCl}} + {\text{Z}}\) as the products. This is a valid comment. The question however was generally well answered and 69% got the correct answer, D.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which can describe oxidation?</p>
<p>A. Loss of hydrogen</p>
<p>B. Decrease in oxidation number</p>
<p>C. Gain of electrons</p>
<p>D. Loss of oxygen</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which element is reduced in the following decomposition?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>(s) → N<sub>2</sub>(g) + Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(s) + 4H<sub>2</sub>O(g)</p>
<p>A. N</p>
<p>B. H</p>
<p>C. Cr</p>
<p>D. O</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is produced at the positive electrode (anode) and negative electrode (cathode) during the electrolysis of molten lithium chloride and molten lead bromide?</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-03_om_14.12.25.png" alt="N11/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/24"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which of the following is <strong>not</strong> a redox reaction?</p>
<p>A. CH<sub>4</sub>(g) + Cl<sub>2</sub>(g) → CH<sub>3</sub>Cl(g) + HCl(g)</p>
<p>B. C(s) + O<sub>2</sub>(g) → CO<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<p>C. 2CO(g) → CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + C(s)</p>
<p>D. CH<sub>3</sub>COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → CH<sub>3</sub>COONa(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which of the following is a redox reaction?</p>
<p>A. 3Mg (s) + 2AlCl<sub>3</sub> (aq) → 2Al (s) + 3MgCl<sub>2</sub> (aq)</p>
<p>B. SiO<sub>2</sub> (s) + 2NaOH (aq) → Na<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3</sub> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
<p>C. KCl (aq) + AgNO<sub>3</sub> (aq) → AgCl (s) + KNO<sub>3</sub> (aq)</p>
<p>D. 2NaHCO<sub>3</sub> (aq) → Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (aq) + CO<sub>2</sub> (g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Consider the following reaction:</p>
<p class="p1">\[3{\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}({\text{aq)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} + 2{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to 2{\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + 3{\text{Sn}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(s)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">Which statement is correct?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}\) is the oxidizing agent because it undergoes oxidation.</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}\) is the reducing agent because it undergoes oxidation.</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }\) is the oxidizing agent because it undergoes oxidation.</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }\) is the reducing agent because it undergoes oxidation.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What happens at the negative electrode in a voltaic cell and in an electrolytic cell?</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-16_om_06.43.10.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ1/24"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which statement is correct for a voltaic but <strong>not</strong> for an electrolytic cell?</p>
<p>A. An electrolyte is required.<br>B. The anode is where oxidation occurs.<br>C. Ions move in the electrolyte.<br>D. Electrons flow from the negative electrode to the positive electrode.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Consider the following reactions of three unknown metals X, Y and Z.</p>
<p class="p1">\({\rm{2XN}}{{\rm{O}}_3}{\rm{(aq)}} + {\rm{Y(s)}} \to 2{\rm{X(s)}} + {\rm{Y(N}}{{\rm{O}}_3}{)_2}{\rm{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">\({\rm{Y(N}}{{\rm{O}}_3}{)_2}{\rm{(aq)}} + {\rm{Z(s)}} \to\) No reaction</p>
<p class="p1">\(2{\rm{XN}}{{\rm{O}}_3}{\rm{(aq)}} + {\rm{Z(s)}} \to 2{\rm{X(s)}} + {\rm{Z(N}}{{\rm{O}}_3}{)_2}{\rm{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">What is the order of <span class="s1"><strong>increasing </strong></span>reactivity of the metals (least reactive first)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{X}} < {\text{Y}} < {\text{Z}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{X}} < {\text{Z}} < {\text{Y}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{Z}} < {\text{Y}} < {\text{X}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{Y}} < {\text{Z}} < {\text{X}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which is a correct statement for the reaction below? </p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2MnO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>(aq) + 6H<sup>+</sup>(aq) + 5NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>(aq) → 2Mn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + 5NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>(aq) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O(l) </p>
<p>A. MnO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> is the reducing agent and the oxidation number of Mn increases.<br>B. MnO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> is the oxidizing agent and the oxidation number of Mn decreases. <br>C. NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> is the reducing agent and the oxidation number of N decreases. <br>D. NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> is the oxidizing agent and the oxidation number of N increases.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which element has the same oxidation number in both species?</p>
<p>A. C in C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub></p>
<p>B. H in H<sub>2</sub>O and NaH</p>
<p>C. S in SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>and SO<sub>3</sub></p>
<p>D. O in H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Consider how current is conducted in an electrolytic cell. Which statement is correct?</p>
<p class="p1">A. Electrons move through the electrolyte and the external circuit.</p>
<p class="p1">B. Ions move through the electrolyte and the external circuit.</p>
<p class="p1">C. Electrons move through the external circuit and ions move through the electrolyte.</p>
<p class="p1">D. Electrons move through the electrolyte and ions move through the external circuit.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which experimental methods could be used to observe the progress of the following reaction?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>2-</sup>(aq) + 6I<sup>-</sup>(aq) + 14H<sup>+</sup>(aq) → 2Cr<sup>3+</sup>(aq) + 3I<sub>2</sub>(aq) + 7H<sub>2</sub>O(l) </p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">I. Change in colour <br>II. Change in mass <br>III. Change in electrical conductivity </p>
<p>A. I and II only </p>
<p>B. I and III only </p>
<p>C. II and III only </p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Metal A is more reactive than metal B. A standard voltaic cell is made as shown.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-27_om_08.19.06.png" alt="N10/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/24"></p>
<p class="p1">Which statement is correct?</p>
<p class="p1">A. Electrons flow in the external circuit from A to B.</p>
<p class="p1">B. Positive ions flow through the salt bridge from A to B.</p>
<p class="p1">C. Positive ions flow in the external circuit from B to A.</p>
<p class="p1">D. Electrons flow through the salt bridge from B to A.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Applying IUPAC rules, what is the name of MnO<sub>2</sub>?</p>
<p>A. Magnesium(II) oxide</p>
<p>B. Manganese(II) oxide</p>
<p>C. Magnesium(IV) oxide</p>
<p>D. Manganese(IV) oxide</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which statements are correct for a voltaic cell?</p>
<p style="padding-left: 90px;">\(\begin{gathered} \begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{I.}}}&{{\text{A spontaneous redox chemical reaction produces electrical energy.}}} \\ {{\text{II.}}}&{{\text{Oxidation occurs at the cathode (negative electrode).}}} \\ {{\text{III.}}}&{{\text{Electrons flow from anode (negative electrode) to cathode (positive electrode).}}} \end{array} \hfill \\ \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \)</p>
<p>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which of the following redox reactions take place?</p>
<p class="p1" style="padding-left: 30px;">I. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2NaI(aq)}} \to {{\text{I}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2NaCl(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1" style="padding-left: 30px;">II. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2NaI(aq)}} \to {{\text{I}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2NaBr(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1" style="padding-left: 30px;">III. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{I}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2NaBr(aq)}} \to {\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2NaI(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">One respondent stated that the wording of the question could have been better if it was stated which of the redox reactions are likely to occur, which is a fair point. The question was one of the more difficult questions on the paper, though 54% did manage to get the correct answer, namely A.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Metal M has only one oxidation number and forms a compound with the formula \({\text{MC}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\). Which formula is correct?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{MN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{MN}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{MS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{MP}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">The question proved surprisingly challenging, as indicated by a high number of blank responses and a difficulty index of 55%. This would seem to indicate that a disturbing number of candidates are not aware of the charges on the common ions. It was however a good discriminator with a discrimination index of 0.55.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which are redox reactions?</p>
<p class="p1">I. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{2FeC}}{{\text{l}}_2} + {\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2} \to 2{\text{FeC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">II. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{Mg}} + {\text{2HN}}{{\text{O}}_3} \to {\text{Mg(N}}{{\text{O}}_3}{)_2} + {{\text{H}}_2}\)</p>
<p class="p1">III. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} + {\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_3} \to {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_4}\)</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the correct <strong>increasing </strong>order of reactivity of the metals X, Y and Z based on the following information?</p>
<p class="p2">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{XC}}{{\text{l}}_2} + {\text{Y}} \to {\text{YC}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{X}}} \\ {{\text{ZC}}{{\text{l}}_2} + {\text{X}} \to {\text{XC}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{Z}}} \\ {{\text{YC}}{{\text{l}}_2} + {\text{Z}} \to {\text{no reaction}}} \end{array}\]</p>
<p class="p3">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{Z}} < {\text{X}} < {\text{Y}}\)</p>
<p class="p3">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{Y}} < {\text{X}} < {\text{Z}}\)</p>
<p class="p3">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{Z}} < {\text{Y}} < {\text{X}}\)</p>
<p class="p3">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{X}} < {\text{Z}} < {\text{Y}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which statement is correct for the following reaction?</p>
<p>\[{\text{2ClO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}} + {\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2Cl}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{HSO}}_4^ - {\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<p>A. \({\text{ClO}}_3^ - \) is the oxidizing agent and it undergoes reduction.</p>
<p>B. \({\text{ClO}}_3^ - \) is the reducing agent and it undergoes oxidation.</p>
<p>C. \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is the oxidizing agent and it undergoes oxidation.</p>
<p>D. \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is the reducing agent and it undergoes reduction.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What are the products of electrolysis when molten calcium bromide is electrolysed using graphite electrodes?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-09_om_12.55.34.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ1/22"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which statement describes a reducing agent?</p>
<p class="p1">A. It is reduced and gains electrons.</p>
<p class="p1">B. It is reduced and loses electrons.</p>
<p class="p1">C. It is oxidized and gains electrons.</p>
<p class="p1">D. It is oxidized and loses electrons.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the reducing agent in the reaction below?</p>
<p class="p1">\[2{\text{MnO}}_4^ - ({\text{aq)}} + {\text{B}}{{\text{r}}^ - }({\text{aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \to {\text{2Mn}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{BrO}}_3^ - ({\text{aq)}} + 2{\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }({\text{aq)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{B}}{{\text{r}}^ - }\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{BrO}}_3^ - \)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{MnO}}_4^ - \)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{Mn}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>At which side of the equation are electrons, \({{\text{H}}^ + }\) ions and \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) needed to complete the half-equation?</p>
<p>\[{\text{MnO}}_4^ - {\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{M}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-16_om_08.02.01.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ1/23"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which species could be reduced to form \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{NO}}_3^ - \)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>NO</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Zinc is more reactive than copper. In this voltaic cell, which species is reduced and in which direction do negative ions flow in the salt bridge?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-16_om_09.41.57.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/24.01"></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-16_om_09.43.09.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/24.02"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A voltaic cell is made by connecting a copper half-cell, \({\text{Cu(s)}}\left| {{\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}} \right.\), to an iron half-cell \({\text{Fe(s)}}\left| {{\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}} \right.\).</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-09_om_10.35.30.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/25.01"></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Which combination correctly identifies the positive electrode and the species being oxidized?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-09_om_10.37.09.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/25.02"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Questions such as this have been set in the past and we would expect a chemist at this level to have a rudimentary knowledge of metals in an activity series, particularly those as far apart as iron and copper. It was disappointing that less than 50% got this right. </p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which species is oxidized in the following reaction?</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{2A}}{{\text{g}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{Cu(s)}} \to {\text{2Ag(s)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{A}}{{\text{g}}^ + }\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cu</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Ag</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which equation shows oxygen undergoing reduction?</p>
<p>A. 2F<sub>2</sub> + O<sub>2</sub> → 2F<sub>2</sub>O</p>
<p>B. Na<sub>2</sub>O + H<sub>2</sub>O → 2NaOH</p>
<p>C. H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> + 2HI → 2H<sub>2</sub>O + I<sub>2</sub></p>
<p>D. 2CrO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> + 2H<sup>+</sup> \( \rightleftharpoons \) Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>2−</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>O</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which coefficients correctly balance this redox equation?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">aFe<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + MnO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>(aq) + bH<sup>+</sup>(aq) → cFe<sup>3+</sup>(aq) + Mn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + dH<sub>2</sub>O(l)</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-09_om_12.56.56.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ1/23"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which process occurs during the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride?</p>
<p class="p1">A. Oxidation occurs at the positive electrode (anode).</p>
<p class="p1">B. Electrons move through the electrolyte.</p>
<p class="p1">C. Sodium ions move through the electrolyte to the positive electrode (anode).</p>
<p class="p1">D. Chloride ions move through the electrolyte and are reduced at the negative electrode (cathode).</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which process occurs when a molten salt is electrolysed?</p>
<p>A. The metal ion is oxidized and deposited on the negative electrode (cathode).</p>
<p>B. The metal ion is reduced and deposited on the negative electrode (cathode).</p>
<p>C. The metal ion is oxidized and deposited on the positive electrode (anode).</p>
<p>D. The metal ion is reduced and deposited on the positive electrode (anode).</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which statement is correct for the electrolysis of molten lead iodide, \({\text{Pb}}{{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Chemical energy is converted into electrical energy.</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{P}}{{\text{b}}^{2 + }}\) ions are oxidized at the negative electrode (cathode).</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}\) is produced at the positive electrode (anode).</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Ions are produced at both electrodes.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Consider the following reaction.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{MnO}}_4^ - ({\text{aq)}} + 8{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + 5{\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{M}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + 5{\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + 4{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">Which statement is correct?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{MnO}}_{\text{4}}^ - \) is the oxidizing agent and it loses electrons.</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{MnO}}_{\text{4}}^ - \) is the reducing agent and it loses electrons.</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{MnO}}_{\text{4}}^ - \) is the oxidizing agent and it gains electrons.</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{MnO}}_{\text{4}}^ - \) is the reducing agent and it gains electrons.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which is the oxidizing agent in the following reaction?</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{5S}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2IO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}} + {\text{4}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \to {\text{5SO}}_4^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{I}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{8}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{IO}}_{\text{3}}^ - \)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}^{2 - }\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What are the products of the electrolysis of molten zinc bromide?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-10_om_07.36.58.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/23"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which represents a redox reaction?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{NaH(s)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \to {\text{NaOH(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\)</p>
<p class="p2">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{CaC}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(s)}} \to {\text{CaO(s)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\)</p>
<p class="p2">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{CuC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{K}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S(aq)}} \to {\text{CuS(s)}} + {\text{2KCl(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HCl(aq)}} + {\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{NH}}_{\text{4}}^ + {\text{C}}{{\text{L}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which list represents the halogens in <strong>increasing </strong>order of oxidizing strength (weakest oxidizing agent first)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\quad {{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}\quad {\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}\quad {\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}\quad {\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}\quad {\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\quad {\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\quad {\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}\quad {{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which statement about the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride is correct?</p>
<p class="p1">A. A yellow-green gas would be produced at the negative electrode.</p>
<p class="p1">B. A silvery metal is produced at the positive electrode.</p>
<p class="p1">C. Chloride ions are attracted to the positive electrode and undergo oxidation.</p>
<p class="p1">D. Sodium ions are attracted to the negative electrode and undergo oxidation.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What happens to iodine when iodate ions, \({\text{IO}}_3^ - \), are converted to iodine molecules, \({{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It undergoes reduction and its oxidation number changes from \( - 1\) to 0</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It undergoes oxidation and its oxidation number changes from \( - 1\) to 0</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It undergoes reduction and its oxidation number changes from \( + 5\) to 0</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It undergoes oxidation and its oxidation number changes from \( + 5\) to 0</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">In which species does sulfur have an oxidation number of 0?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{S}}_{\text{8}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which species can oxidize ethanol to ethanoic acid?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{I}}^ - }\)</p>
<p class="p2">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Fe</p>
<p class="p2">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{O}}^{2 - }}\)</p>
<p class="p2">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Acidified \({{\text{K}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What are the correct oxidation numbers of chromium in \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}^{{\text{2}} - }\) and manganese in \({\text{KMn}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\)?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-16_om_09.40.31.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/23"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Two half-cells are connected via a salt bridge to make a voltaic cell. Which statement about this cell is correct?</p>
<p class="p1">A. Oxidation occurs at the positive electrode (cathode).</p>
<p class="p1">B. It is also known as an electrolytic cell.</p>
<p class="p1">C. Ions flow through the salt bridge.</p>
<p class="p1">D. It requires a power supply to operate.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What are the correct names for \({\text{KMn}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\) and \({{\text{K}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}}\), using oxidation numbers?</p>
<p>A. Potassium permanganate and potassium dichromate</p>
<p>B. Potassium manganate(IV) and potassium chromate(VII)</p>
<p>C. Potassium permanganate(IV) and potassium dichromate(VII)</p>
<p>D. Potassium manganate(VII) and potassium dichromate(VI)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Many justified comments were made on this question, as there was indeed an unfortunate mistake in the answer D of the question, where dichromate became chromate. This question was therefore not taken into account and will be corrected for publication.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What are the oxidation states of each element in \({{\text{K}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{Cr}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\)?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-09_om_10.17.22.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/23"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Consider the overall reaction taking place in a voltaic cell.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{A}}{{\text{g}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(s)}} + {\text{Zn(s)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \to {\text{2Ag(s)}} + {\text{Zn(OH}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(s)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">What is the role of zinc in the cell?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The positive electrode and the oxidizing agent.</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The positive electrode and the reducing agent.</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The negative electrode and the oxidizing agent.</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The negative electrode and the reducing agent.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">One G2 comment suggested that it would have been better if other examples were used in this voltaic cell, instead of the salts chosen. Although a valid comment, candidates simply had to realise that zinc changes its oxidation number from 0 to \( + 2\) and hence is oxidized, so therefore must be the negative electrode and the reducing agent. The question itself was answered correctly by only 39.27% of candidates.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>At which electrodes does oxidation occur in a voltaic cell and in an electrolytic cell?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-16_om_08.05.44.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ1/25"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which statement is correct about a reducing agent?</p>
<p class="p1">A. It is reduced by gaining electrons.</p>
<p class="p1">B. It is oxidized by gaining electrons.</p>
<p class="p1">C. It is oxidized by losing electrons.</p>
<p class="p1">D. It is reduced by losing electrons.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the coefficient for I<sup>–</sup> when the following equation is balanced using the smallest possible whole numbers?</p>
<p>\({\text{IO}}_{_3}^ - {\text{(aq)}} + \) ___ \({{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + \) ___ \({{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to \) ___ \({{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}} + \) ___ \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}}\)</p>
<p>A. 1</p>
<p>B. 2</p>
<p>C. 3</p>
<p>D. 5</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>We accept that this is a difficult question but many candidates will have come across the reaction in their laboratory work – and they should know that an equation must be balanced for charge as well as for species. It was the most difficult question on the paper but there do need to be questions that will differentiate the grade 7 candidates from those who achieve grade 6.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the name of \({\text{C}}{{\text{o}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{(P}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cobalt(II) phosphite</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cobalt(II) phosphate</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cobalt(III) phosphite</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cobalt(III) phosphate</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Consider the following reaction.</p>
<p class="p2">\[{\text{Sn(s)}} + {\text{4HN}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{Sn}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{4N}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">Which statement is correct?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) is the oxidizing agent because it undergoes oxidation.</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) is the reducing agent because the oxidation number of nitrogen changes from \( + 5\) to \( + 4\).</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sn is the oxidizing agent because it undergoes reduction.</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sn is the reducing agent because the oxidation number of tin changes from 0 to \( + 4\).</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which species of vanadium has a different oxidation number from the rest?</p>
<p>A. \({\text{VO}}_2^ + \)</p>
<p>B. \({\text{VO}}_3^ - \)</p>
<p>C. \({{\text{V}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{5}}}\)</p>
<p>D. \({\text{V}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the correct systematic name of MnO<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>?</p>
<p class="p1">A. Manganese(II) oxide</p>
<p class="p1">B. Manganese(IV) oxide</p>
<p class="p1">C. Magnesium(II) oxide</p>
<p class="p1">D. Magnesium(IV) oxide</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which statement about an electrolytic cell is correct?</p>
<p>A. Chemical energy is converted to electrical energy.</p>
<p>B. Electrons move through the electrolyte.</p>
<p>C. The cathode is the negative electrode.</p>
<p>D. The negative ions move towards the negative electrode.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A voltaic cell is constructed from zinc and copper half-cells. Zinc is more reactive than copper. Which statement is correct when this cell produces electricity?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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" alt></p>
<p>A. Electrons flow from the copper half-cell to the zinc half-cell. </p>
<p>B. The concentration of Cu<sup>2+</sup> (aq) increases. </p>
<p>C. Electrons flow through the salt bridge. </p>
<p>D. Negative ions flow through the salt bridge from the copper half-cell to the zinc half-cell.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">A voltaic cell is made by connecting zinc and lead half-cells. The overall equation for the reaction occurring in the cell is shown below.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{Zn(s)}} + {\text{P}}{{\text{b}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{Pb(s)}} + {\text{Z}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">Which statements are correct when the cell produces electricity?</p>
<p class="p1">I. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The zinc is oxidized.</p>
<p class="p1">II. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Electrons move from zinc to lead in the external circuit.</p>
<p class="p1">III. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The mass of the lead electrode increases.</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which statements are correct for the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide, \({\text{PbB}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(l)}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1">I. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{P}}{{\text{b}}^{2 + }}\) is reduced at the negative electrode (cathode).</p>
<p class="p1">II. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{B}}{{\text{r}}^ - }\) is oxidized at the positive electrode (anode).</p>
<p class="p1">III. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Bubbles of a brown gas are observed at the negative electrode (cathode).</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What are the oxidation states of chromium in (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> (s) and Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (s)?</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which of the following does <strong>not</strong> react with dilute HCl(aq)?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>A. Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></p>
<p>B. Cu</p>
<p>C. Zn</p>
<p>D. CuO</p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the reaction type and major product at the <strong>anode</strong> (positive electrode) when molten sodium chloride is electrolysed using platinum electrodes?</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br>