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</div><h2>SL Paper 2</h2><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Molten sodium chloride can be electrolysed using graphite electrodes.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the essential components of this electrolytic cell and identify the products that form at each electrode.</p>
<p class="p1">Product formed at positive electrode (anode):</p>
<p class="p1">Product formed at negative electrode (cathode):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the half-equations for the oxidation and reduction processes and deduce the overall cell reaction, including state symbols.</p>
<p class="p1">Oxidation half-equation:</p>
<p class="p1">Reduction half-equation:</p>
<p class="p1">Overall cell reaction:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Bonds can be formed in many ways.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The landing module for the Apollo mission used rocket fuel made from a mixture of hydrazine, N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>, and dinitrogen tetraoxide, N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(l) + N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(l) → 3N<sub>2</sub>(g) + 4H<sub>2</sub>O(g)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State and explain the difference in bond strength between the nitrogen atoms in a hydrazine and nitrogen molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State why hydrazine has a higher boiling point than dinitrogen tetraoxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the oxidation state of nitrogen in the two reactants.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce, giving a reason, which species is the reducing agent.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structures of ozone.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Hydrogen peroxide, \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}}\), releases oxygen gas, \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\), as it decomposes according to the equation below.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} + {{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of hydrogen peroxide solution was placed in a boiling tube, and a drop of liquid detergent was added to create a layer of bubbles on the top of the hydrogen peroxide solution as oxygen gas was released. The tube was placed in a water bath at 75 °C and the height of the bubble layer was measured every thirty seconds. A graph was plotted of the height of the bubble layer against time.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-01_om_17.56.17.png" alt="M12/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/01"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The experiment was repeated using solid manganese(IV) oxide, \({\text{Mn}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(s)}}\), as a catalyst.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to form water and oxygen is a redox reaction.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why the curve reaches a maximum.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Use the graph to calculate the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide at 120 s.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) Draw a curve on the graph opposite to show how the height of the bubble layer changes with time when manganese(IV) oxide is present.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) Explain the effect of the catalyst on the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) Deduce the oxidation numbers of oxygen present in each of the species below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-02_om_05.19.14.png" alt="M12/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/01.d"></p>
<p class="p1">(ii) State two half-equations for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.</p>
<p class="p1">Oxidation:</p>
<p class="p1">Reduction:</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Chlorine can be made by reacting concentrated hydrochloric acid with potassium manganate(VII), \({\text{KMn}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{2KMn}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{16HCl(aq)}} \to {\text{2MnC}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2KCl(aq)}} + {\text{5C}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{8}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(aq)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define oxidation in terms of electron transfer.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the oxidation number of manganese in \({\text{KMn}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\) and in \({\text{MnC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{KMn}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{MnC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce which species has been oxidized in this reaction and state the change in oxidation number that it has undergone.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Phosphine (IUPAC name phosphane) is a hydride of phosphorus, with the formula PH<sub>3</sub>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of phosphine.</p>
<p>(ii) Outline whether you expect the bonds in phosphine to be polar or non-polar, giving a brief reason.</p>
<p>(iii) Explain why the phosphine molecule is not planar.</p>
<p>(iv) Phosphine has a much greater molar mass than ammonia. Explain why phosphine has a significantly lower boiling point than ammonia.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Phosphine is usually prepared by heating white phosphorus, one of the allotropes of phosphorus, with concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide. The equation for the reaction is:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">P4 (s) + 3OH<sup>−</sup> (aq) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → PH<sub>3</sub> (g) + 3H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq)</p>
<p>(i) Identify one other element that has allotropes and list <strong>two</strong> of its allotropes.</p>
<p>Element:</p>
<p>Allotrope 1:</p>
<p>Allotrope 2:</p>
<p>(ii) The first reagent is written as P<sub>4</sub>, not 4P. Describe the difference between P<sub>4</sub> and 4P.</p>
<p>(iii) The ion H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> is amphiprotic. Outline what is meant by amphiprotic, giving the formulas of both species it is converted to when it behaves in this manner.</p>
<p>(iv) State the oxidation state of phosphorus in P<sub>4</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>.</p>
<p>P<sub>4</sub>:</p>
<p>H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>:</p>
<p>(v) Oxidation is now defined in terms of change of oxidation number. Explore how earlier definitions of oxidation and reduction may have led to conflicting answers for the conversion of P<sub>4</sub> to H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> and the way in which the use of oxidation numbers has resolved this.</p>
<div class="marks">[10]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>2.478 g of white phosphorus was used to make phosphine according to the equation:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">P<sub>4</sub>(s) +3OH<sup>−</sup>(aq)+3H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → PH<sub>3</sub>(g)+3H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>(aq)</p>
<p>(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of white phosphorus used.</p>
<p>(ii) This phosphorus was reacted with 100.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 5.00 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous sodium hydroxide. Deduce, showing your working, which was the limiting reagent.</p>
<p>(iii) Determine the excess amount, in mol, of the other reagent.</p>
<p>(iv) Determine the volume of phosphine, measured in cm<sup>3</sup> at standard temperature and pressure, that was produced.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Consider the following equilibrium.</p>
<p class="p1">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{2S}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{2S}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(g)}}}&{\Delta {H^\Theta } = - 198{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}} \end{array}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State and explain the effect of increasing the temperature on the yield of sulfur trioxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the effect of a catalyst on the value of \({K_{\text{c}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State and explain the effect of a catalyst on the position of equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define <em>oxidation </em>in terms of oxidation numbers.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe using a labelled diagram, the essential components of an electrolytic cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity but <strong>molten </strong>sodium chloride does.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Molten sodium chloride undergoes electrolysis in an electrolytic cell. For each electrode deduce the half-equation and state whether oxidation or reduction takes place. Deduce the equation of the overall cell reaction including state symbols.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Electrolysis has made it possible to obtain reactive metals such as aluminium from their ores, which has resulted in significant developments in engineering and technology. State <strong>one </strong>reason why aluminium is preferred to iron in many uses.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Outline <strong>two </strong>differences between an electrolytic cell and a voltaic cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vi.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The element antimony, Sb, is usually found in nature as its sulfide ore, stibnite, \({\text{S}}{{\text{b}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{S}}_{\text{3}}}\). This ore was used two thousand years ago by ancient Egyptian women as a cosmetic to darken their eyes and eyelashes.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">One method of extracting antimony from its sulfide ore is to roast the stibnite in air. This forms antimony oxide and sulfur dioxide. The antimony oxide is then reduced by carbon to form the free element.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the oxidation number of antimony in stibnite.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce <strong>one </strong>other common oxidation number exhibited by antimony in some of its compounds.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the chemical equations for these <strong>two </strong>reactions.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Ammonia, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\), is a weak base.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Iron is more reactive than copper.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia and state the shape of the molecule and its bond angles.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The conjugate acid of ammonia is the ammonium ion, \({\text{NH}}_4^ + \). Draw the Lewis structure of the ammonium ion and deduce its shape and bond angles.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe <strong>two </strong>different properties that could be used to distinguish between a \({\text{1.00 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of a strong monoprotic acid and a \({\text{1.00 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of a weak monoprotic acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain, using the Brønsted-Lowry theory, how water can act either as an acid or a base. In <strong>each </strong>case identify the conjugate acid or base formed.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw a labelled diagram of a voltaic cell made from an \({\text{Fe(s)}}/{\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) half-cell connected to a \({\text{Cu(s)}}/{\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) half-cell. In your diagram identify the positive electrode (cathode), the negative electrode (anode) and the direction of electron flow in the external circuit.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the half-equations for the reactions taking place at the positive electrode (cathode) and negative electrode (anode) of this voltaic cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the overall equation for the reaction taking place in the voltaic cell and determine which species acts as the oxidizing agent and which species has been reduced.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Sodium oxide, \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\), is a white solid with a high melting point.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why solid sodium oxide is a non-conductor of electricity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Molten sodium oxide is a good conductor of electricity. State the half-equation for the reaction occurring at the positive electrode during the electrolysis of molten sodium oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the acid-base nature of sodium oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the equation for the reaction of sodium oxide with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The data below is from an experiment used to determine the percentage of iron present in a sample of iron ore. This sample was dissolved in acid and all of the iron was converted to \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{{\text{2 + }}}}\). The resulting solution was titrated with a standard solution of potassium manganate(VII), \({\text{KMn}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\). This procedure was carried out three times. In acidic solution, \({\text{MnO}}_4^ - \) reacts with \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}\) ions to form \({\text{M}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}\) and \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\) and the end point is indicated by a slight pink colour.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-04_om_09.33.47.png" alt="N09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/01_1"></p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-04_om_09.35.22.png" alt="N09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/01_2"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the balanced redox equation for this reaction in <strong>acidic </strong>solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the reducing agent in the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the amount, in moles, of \({\text{MnO}}_4^ - \) used in the titration.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the amount, in moles, of Fe present in the \(3.682 \times {10^{ - 1}}{\text{ g}}\) sample of iron ore.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the percentage by mass of Fe present in the \(3.682 \times {10^{ - 1}}{\text{ g}}\) sample of iron ore.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Vanadium, another transition metal, has a number of different oxidation states.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the oxidation state of vanadium in each of the following species.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for the reaction between VO<sup>2+</sup>(aq) and V<sup>2+</sup>(aq) in acidic solution to form V<sup>3+</sup>(aq).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Ethane-1,2-diol, HOCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH, has a wide variety of uses including the removal of ice from aircraft and heat transfer in a solar cell.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ethane-1,2-diol can be formed according to the following reaction.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2CO (g) + 3H<sub>2 </sub>(g) \( \rightleftharpoons \) HOCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH (g)</p>
<p>(i) Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, for this reaction.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) State how increasing the pressure of the reaction mixture at constant temperature will affect the position of equilibrium and the value of <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Position of equilibrium:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em>K</em><sub>c</sub>:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"> </p>
<p>(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change, Δ<em>H</em><sup>θ</sup>, in kJ, for this reaction using section 11 of the data booklet. The bond enthalpy of the carbon–oxygen bond in CO (g) is 1077kJmol<sup>-1</sup>.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) The enthalpy change, ΔH<sup>θ</sup>, for the following similar reaction is –233.8 kJ.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2CO(g) + 3H<sub>2</sub>(g) \( \rightleftharpoons \) HOCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH (l)</p>
<p>Deduce why this value differs from your answer to (a)(iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[7]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the average oxidation state of carbon in ethene and in ethane-1,2-diol.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Ethene:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Ethane-1,2-diol:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the boiling point of ethane-1,2-diol is significantly greater than that of ethene.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ethane-1,2-diol can be oxidized first to ethanedioic acid, (COOH)<sub>2</sub>, and then to carbon dioxide and water. Suggest the reagents to oxidize ethane-1,2-diol.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Brass is a copper containing alloy with many uses. An analysis is carried out to determine the percentage of copper present in three identical samples of brass. The reactions involved in this analysis are shown below.</p>
<p class="p1">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{Step 1: Cu(s)}} + {\text{2HN}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2N}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}} \\ {{\text{Step 2: 4}}{{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2CuI(s)}} + {{\text{I}}_2}{\text{(aq)}}} \\ {{\text{Step 3: }}{{\text{I}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{S}}_2}{\text{O}}_3^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2}}{{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{S}}_4}{\text{O}}_6^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}}} \end{array}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">(a) (i) Deduce the change in the oxidation numbers of copper and nitrogen in step 1.</p>
<p class="p1">Copper:</p>
<p class="p1">Nitrogen:</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) Identify the oxidizing agent in step 1.</p>
<p class="p1">(b) A student carried out this experiment three times, with three identical small brass nails, and obtained the following results.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{Mass of brass}} = 0.456{\text{ g}} \pm 0.001{\text{ g}}\]</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-07_om_10.02.04.png" alt="M10/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01.b"></p>
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Calculate the average amount, in mol, of \({{\text{S}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_3^{2 - }\) added in step 3.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Calculate the amount, in mol, of copper present in the brass.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Calculate the mass of copper in the brass.</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Calculate the percentage by mass of copper in the brass.</p>
<p class="p1">(v) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The manufacturers claim that the sample of brass contains 44.2% copper by mass. Determine the percentage error in the result.</p>
<p class="p1">(c) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>With reference to its metallic structure, describe how brass conducts electricity.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Consider the following three redox reactions.</p>
<p class="p1">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{Cd(s)}} + {\text{N}}{{\text{i}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{d}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{Ni(s)}}} \\ {{\text{Ni(s)}} + {\text{2A}}{{\text{g}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{N}}{{\text{i}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2Ag(s)}}} \\ {{\text{Zn(s)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{d}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{Z}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{Cd(s)}}} \end{array}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Draw an annotated diagram of a voltaic cell composed of a magnesium electrode in \({\text{1.0 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) magnesium nitrate solution and a silver electrode in \({\text{1.0 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) silver nitrate solution. State the direction of electron flow on your diagram.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Deduce half-equations for the oxidation and reduction reactions.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) Deduce the order of reactivity of the four metals, cadmium, nickel, silver and zinc and list in order of <strong>decreasing </strong>reactivity.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) Identify the best oxidizing agent and the best reducing agent.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) Solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity but molten sodium chloride does. Explain this difference.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) Outline what happens in an electrolytic cell during the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride using inert electrodes. Deduce equations for the reactions occurring at each electrode.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) A state of equilibrium can exist when a piece of copper metal is placed in a solution of copper(II) sulfate. Outline the characteristics of a chemical system in dynamic equilibrium.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) For an exothermic reaction state how an increase in temperature would affect both \({K_{\text{c}}}\)<span class="s1"> </span>and the position of equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Phosphorus tribromide (\({\text{PB}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{3}}}\)) is used to manufacture alprazolam, a drug used to treat anxiety disorders. Methanal (HCHO) is used as a disinfectant.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Consider the following reaction sequence:</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-03_om_15.27.59.png" alt="N11/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/05.d"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between sodium and sulfur. State the electron arrangements of the reactants and product, and explain whether sulfur is oxidized or reduced.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the acid-base character of the oxides of the period 3 elements, Na to Cl. For the compounds sodium oxide and phosphorus(V) oxide, state the balanced chemical equations for the reaction of each oxide with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">For each of the species \({\text{PB}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{3}}}\) and HCHO:</p>
<p class="p1">• <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>deduce the Lewis structure.</p>
<p class="p1">• <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>predict the shape and bond angle.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why \({\text{PB}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{3}}}\) is a polar molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the name of <strong>A</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the redox behaviour of chromium with reference to oxidation numbers in the conversion of <strong>B </strong>to <strong>C</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>oxidizing agent </em>and identify the oxidizing agent in the following</p>
<p class="p1">reaction.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{8}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{IO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}} + {\text{4}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A hydrocarbon has the empirical formula \({{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{7}}}\). When 1.17 g of the compound is heated to 85 °C at a pressure of 101 kPa it occupies a volume of \({\text{400 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\).</p>
<p>(i) Calculate the molar mass of the compound, showing your working.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Deduce the molecular formula of the compound.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({{\text{C}}_{\text{5}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{12}}}}\) exists as three isomers. Identify the structure of the isomer with the <strong>lowest</strong> boiling point and explain your choice.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ethanol is a primary alcohol that can be oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate(VI). Distinguish between the reaction conditions needed to produce ethanal and ethanoic acid.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Ethanal:</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Ethanoic acid:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the oxidation number of carbon in ethanol and ethanal.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Ethanol:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Ethanal:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the half-equation for the oxidation of ethanol to ethanal.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the overall redox equation for the reaction of ethanol to ethanal with acidified potassium dichromate(VI) by combining your answer to part (c) (iii) with the following half-equation:</p>
<p>\[{\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{14}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{6}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{2C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{7}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe <strong>two </strong>characteristics of a reaction at equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State and explain the effect of a catalyst on the position of equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol to form the ester ethyl ethanoate.</p>
<p>\[{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH(l)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{OH(l)?????C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOC}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(l)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
<p>The esterification reaction is exothermic. State the effect of increasing temperature on the value of the equilibrium constant (\({K_{\text{c}}}\)) for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">In acidic solution, ions containing titanium can react according to the half-equation below.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{T}}{{\text{i}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">A reactivity series comparing titanium, cadmium and europium is given below.</p>
<p class="p2" style="text-align: center;">Least reactive <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cd \( < \) Ti \( < \) Eu <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Most reactive</p>
<p class="p1">The half-equations corresponding to these metals are:</p>
<p class="p1"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{E}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{Eu(s)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{T}}{{\text{i}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{Ti(s)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{d}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{Cd(s)}}\)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Some students were provided with a \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of a monobasic acid, HQ, and given the problem of determining whether HQ was a weak acid or a strong acid.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the initial and final oxidation numbers of titanium and hence deduce whether it is oxidized or reduced in this change.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-26_om_17.12.08.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/05.a.i"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Considering the above equilibrium, predict, giving a reason, how adding more acid would affect the strength of the \({\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}\) ion as an oxidizing agent.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce which of the species would react with titanium metal.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the balanced equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce which of the six species is the strongest oxidizing agent.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A voltaic cell can be constructed using cadmium and europium half-cells. State how the two solutions involved should be connected and outline how this connection works.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define a <em>Brønsted–Lowry acid</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Distinguish between the terms <em>strong acid </em>and <em>weak acid</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Neelu and Charles decided to solve the problem by determining the volume of \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sodium hydroxide solution needed to neutralize \({\text{25.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of the acid. Outline whether this was a good choice.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Neelu and Charles decided to compare the volume of sodium hydroxide solution needed with those required by known \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) strong and weak acids. Unfortunately they chose sulfuric acid as the strong acid. Outline why this was an unsuitable choice.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State a suitable choice for both the strong acid and the weak acid.</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Strong acid:</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Weak acid:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Francisco and Shamiso decided to measure the pH of the initial solution, HQ, and they found that its pH was 3.7. Deduce, giving a reason, the strength (weak or strong) of the acid HQ.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Suggest a method, other than those mentioned above, that could be used to solve the problem and outline how the results would distinguish between a strong acid and a weak acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.vii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The periodic table shows the relationship between electron arrangement and the properties of elements and is a valuable tool for making predictions in chemistry.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The word <em>redox </em>comes from a combination of the terms <em>reduction </em>and <em>oxidation</em>. Redox reactions affect our daily lives.</p>
<p class="p1">The overall reaction that takes place in a voltaic cell is shown below.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{Pb(s)}} + {\text{Pb}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2PbS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) Identify the property used to arrange the elements in the periodic table.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) Outline <strong>two </strong>reasons why electronegativity increases across period 3 in the periodic table and <strong>one </strong>reason why noble gases are not assigned electronegativity values.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) Define the term <em>first ionization energy </em>of an atom.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) Explain the general increasing trend in the first ionization energies of the period 3 elements, Na to Ar.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) Explain why sodium conducts electricity but phosphorus does not.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) Determine the oxidation number of lead in Pb, \({\text{Pb}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)<span class="s1"> </span>and \({\text{PbS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) Deduce the oxidation and reduction half-equations taking place at the negative lead electrode (anode) and the positive lead(IV) oxide electrode (cathode). Deduce the oxidizing and reducing agents and state the direction of the electron flow between the electrodes.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) In order to determine the position of three metals in a reactivity series, the metals were placed in different solutions of metal ions. The table below summarizes whether or not a reaction occurred.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-12_om_16.53.30.png" alt="M10/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/05.c"></p>
<p class="p1">State the equations for the <strong>three </strong>reactions that take place. Use this information to place the metals Ag, Cu and Pb in a reactivity series, with the strongest reducing agent first, and explain your reasoning.</p>
<div class="marks">[10]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Ethanedioic acid (oxalic acid), \({{\text{(COOH)}}_{\text{2}}}\), reacts with acidified potassium permanganate solution, \({\text{KMn}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\), according to the following equation.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{5(COOH}}{{\text{)}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2MnO}}_4^ - {\text{(aq)}} + {\text{6}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{10C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2M}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{8}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">The reaction is a redox reaction.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define <em>oxidation </em>in terms of electron transfer.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the change in oxidation numbers of carbon and manganese.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Carbon:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Manganese:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the oxidizing and reducing agents.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Oxidizing agent:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Reducing agent:</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Iron tablets are often prescribed to patients. The iron in the tablets is commonly present as iron(II) sulfate, \({\text{FeS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">Two students carried out an experiment to determine the percentage by mass of iron in a brand of tablets marketed in Cyprus.</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Experimental Procedure</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">• <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The students took five iron tablets and found that the <strong>total mass </strong>was 1.65 g.</p>
<p class="p1">• <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The five tablets were ground and dissolved in \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) dilute sulfuric acid, \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(aq)}}\). The solution and washings were transferred to a \({\text{250 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) volumetric flask and made up to the mark with deionized (distilled) water.</p>
<p class="p1">• <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{25.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of this \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) solution was transferred using a pipette into a conical flask. Some dilute sulfuric acid was added.</p>
<p class="p1">• <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>A titration was then carried out using a \(5.00 \times {10^{ - 3}}{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) standard solution of potassium permanganate, \({\text{KMn}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(aq)}}\). The end-point of the titration was indicated by a slight pink colour.</p>
<p class="p1">The following results were recorded.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-18_om_08.33.09.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/01"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">This experiment involves the following redox reaction.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{5F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{MnO}}_4^ - {\text{(aq)}} + {\text{8}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{5F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{M}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{4}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">When the \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) solution was made up in the \({\text{250 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) volumetric flask, deionized (distilled) water was added until the bottom of its meniscus corresponded to the graduation mark on the flask. It was noticed that one of the two students measured the volume of the solution from the top of the meniscus instead of from the bottom. State the name of this type of error.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State what is meant by the term <em>precision</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">When the students recorded the burette readings, following the titration with KMnO<sub><span class="s1">4 </span></sub>(aq),the top of the meniscus was used and not the bottom. Suggest why the students read the top of the meniscus and not the bottom.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>reduction </em>in terms of electrons.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the oxidation number of manganese in the \({\text{MnO}}_{\text{4}}^ - {\text{(aq)}}\) ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the amount, in mol, of \({\text{MnO}}_{\text{4}}^ - {\text{(aq)}}\), used in each accurate titre.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the amount, in mol, of \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) ions in \({\text{250 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of the solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the total mass of iron, in g, in the \({\text{250 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the percentage by mass of iron in the tablets.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">One titration was abandoned because a brown precipitate, manganese(IV) oxide, formed. State the chemical formula of this compound.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Bromomethane was used as a pesticide until it was found to be ozone-depleting.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equation for the reaction between methane and bromine to form bromomethane.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain, using equations, the complete free-radical mechanism for the reaction of methane with bromine, including necessary reaction conditions.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Bromine can be produced by the electrolysis of <strong>molten </strong>sodium bromide. Deduce the half-equation for the reaction at each electrode.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Positive electrode (anode):</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Negative electrode (cathode):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Bromine reacts with aqueous sodium iodide:</p>
<p>\[{\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2NaI(aq)}} \to {{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2NaBr(aq)}}\]</p>
<p>Identify the oxidizing agent in this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Electrolysis is an important industrial process used to obtain very reactive elements from their common ores.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Molten magnesium chloride can be electrolysed using inert graphite electrodes at 800 °C.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe, using a labelled diagram, the essential components of this electrolytic cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p align="LEFT">Molten magnesium chloride can be electrolysed using inert graphite electrodes at 800 °C.</p>
<p>Deduce the half-equations, including state symbols, for the reactions occurring at each electrode. (The melting points of MgCl<sub>2</sub> and Mg are 714 °C and 649 °C respectively.)</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Positive electrode (anode):</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Negative electrode (cathode):</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why solid magnesium chloride does not conduct electricity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Aluminium can also be obtained by electrolysis. Suggest <strong>one </strong>reason why aluminium is often used instead of iron by engineers.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Both sodium and sodium chloride can conduct electricity.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: left;"> </p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Compare how electric current passes through sodium and sodium chloride by completing the table below.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-14_om_17.26.11.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/03.a"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Sodium can be obtained by electrolysis from molten sodium chloride. Describe, using a diagram, the essential components of this electrolytic cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Oxidation and reduction can be defined in terms of electron transfer or oxidation numbers.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Alcohols with the molecular formula \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{OH}}\) occur as four structural isomers. Three of the isomers can be oxidized with acidified potassium dichromate solution to form compounds with the molecular formula \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{8}}}{\text{O}}\). The half-equation for the dichromate ion is:</p>
<p>\[{\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{14}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{6}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{2C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{7}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Electrolysis has made it possible to obtain reactive metals from their ores.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A reactivity series can be experimentally determined by adding the metals W, X, Y and Z to solutions of these metal ions. The following reactions were observed:</p>
<p> \({{\text{W}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{X(s)}} \to {\text{W(s)}} + {{\text{X}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p> \({\text{Y(s)}} + {{\text{W}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} \to {{\text{Y}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{W(s)}}\)</p>
<p> \({{\text{Z}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{W(s)}} \to {\text{Z(s)}} + {{\text{W}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p> \({\text{Y(s)}} + {{\text{X}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} \to {{\text{Y}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{X(s)}}\)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Define <em>oxidation</em> in terms of electron transfer.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Deduce the oxidation number of chromium in \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}^{2 - }\).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Deduce the half-equation for the oxidation of the alcohol \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{OH}}\).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) Deduce the overall equation for the redox reaction.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) Two of the isomers with the molecular formula \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{OH}}\) can be oxidized further to form compounds with the molecular formula \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{8}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\). Deduce the structural formulas of these two isomers.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(v) One isomer cannot be oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate solution.</p>
<p>Deduce its structural formula, state its name and identify it as a primary, secondary or tertiary alcohol.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Name:</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Alcohol:</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(vi) All isomers of the alcohol \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{OH}}\) undergo complete combustion. State an equation for the complete combustion of \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{OH}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[10]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Draw a labelled electrolytic cell for the electrolysis of molten potassium bromide, KBr. Include the direction of electron flow, the positive electrode (anode) and the negative electrode (cathode), the location of oxidation and reduction, and the electrolyte.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Deduce a half-equation for the reaction that occurs at each electrode.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Positive electrode (anode):</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Negative electrode (cathode):</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) Describe how current is conducted in a molten electrolyte.</p>
<div class="marks">[7]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Deduce the order of reactivity of these four metals, from the least to the most reactive.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) A voltaic cell is made by connecting a half-cell of X in \({\text{XC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}}\) to a half-cell of Z in \({\text{ZC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}}\). Deduce the overall equation for the reaction taking place when the cell is operating.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The Haber process enables the large-scale production of ammonia needed to make fertilizers.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The equation for the Haber process is given below.</p>
<p class="p2">\[{{\text{N}}_2}({\text{g)}} + 3{{\text{H}}_2}({\text{g)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{2N}}{{\text{H}}_3}({\text{g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">The percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture varies with temperature.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-30_om_06.30.09.png" alt="N10/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/06.a"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Fertilizers may cause health problems for babies because nitrates can change into nitrites in water used for drinking.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">A student decided to investigate the reactions of the two acids with separate samples of \({\text{0.20 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sodium hydroxide solution.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Use the graph to deduce whether the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic and explain your choice.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State and explain the effect of increasing the pressure on the yield of ammonia.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Explain the effect of increasing the temperature on the rate of reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Define <em>oxidation </em>in terms of oxidation numbers.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Deduce the oxidation states of nitrogen in the nitrate, \({\text{NO}}_{\text{3}}^ - \), and nitrite, \({\text{NO}}_{\text{2}}^ - \), ions.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The nitrite ion is present in nitrous acid, HNO<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>, which is a weak acid. The nitrate ion is present in nitric acid, HNO<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>, which is a strong acid. Distinguish between the terms <em>strong </em>and <em>weak acid </em>and state the equations used to show the dissociation of each acid in aqueous solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A small piece of magnesium ribbon is added to solutions of nitric and nitrous acid of the same concentration at the same temperature. Describe <strong>two </strong>observations that would allow you to distinguish between the two acids.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Calculate the volume of the sodium hydroxide solution required to react exactly with a \({\text{15.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) solution of \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) nitric acid.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The following hypothesis was suggested by the student: “Since nitrous acid is a weak acid it will react with a smaller volume of the \({\text{0.20 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sodium hydroxide solution.” Comment on whether or not this is a valid hypothesis.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The graph below shows how the conductivity of the two acids changes with concentration.</p>
<p class="p2" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-30_om_08.07.40.png" alt="N10/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/06.f"></p>
<p class="p1">Identify <strong>Acid 1 </strong>and explain your choice.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Nitric acid reacts with silver in a redox reaction.</p>
<p class="p2" style="text-align: center;">__ \({\text{Ag(s)}} + \) __ \({\text{NO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}} + \) ___ \( \to \) ___\({\text{A}}{{\text{g}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + \) __ \({\text{NO(g)}} + \) ____</p>
<p class="p1">Using oxidation numbers, deduce the complete balanced equation for the reaction showing all the reactants and products.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Iron rusts in the presence of oxygen and water. Rusting is a redox process involving several steps that produces hydrated iron(III) oxide, \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}} \bullet {\text{n}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\), as the final product.</p>
<p>The half-equations involved for the first step of rusting are given below.</p>
<p> Half-equation 1: \({\text{Fe(s)}} \to {\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - }\)</p>
<p> Half-equation 2: \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{4}}{{\text{e}}^ - } + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \to {\text{4O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A voltaic cell is made from a half-cell containing a magnesium electrode in a solution of magnesium nitrate and a half-cell containing a silver electrode in a solution of silver(I) nitrate.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-23_om_10.08.47.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/08.c"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Hydrogen peroxide decomposes according to the equation below.</p>
<p>\[{\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} + {{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\]</p>
<p>The rate of the decomposition can be monitored by measuring the volume of oxygen gas released. The graph shows the results obtained when a solution of hydrogen peroxide decomposed in the presence of a CuO catalyst.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-23_om_10.25.17.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/08.e"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Identify whether half-equation 1 represents oxidation or reduction, giving a reason for your answer.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Identify the oxidation number of each atom in the three species in half-equation 2.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-23_om_09.41.52.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/08.a.ii"></p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) Deduce the overall redox equation for the first step of rusting by combining half-equations 1 and 2.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) Identify the reducing agent in the redox equation in part (iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The oxygen in half-equation 2 is atmospheric oxygen that is found dissolved in water in very small concentrations. Explain, in terms of intermolecular forces, why oxygen is not very soluble in water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Given that magnesium is more reactive than silver, deduce the half-equations for the reactions occurring at each electrode, including state symbols.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Negative electrode (anode):</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Positive electrode (cathode):</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Outline <strong>one </strong>function of the salt bridge.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State the property that determines the order in which elements are arranged in the periodic table.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) State the relationship between the electron arrangement of an element and its group and period in the periodic table.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) The experiment is repeated with the same amount of a more effective catalyst, \({\text{Mn}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\), under the same conditions and using the same concentration and volume of hydrogen peroxide. On the graph above, sketch the curve you would expect.</p>
<p>(ii) Outline how the initial rate of reaction can be found from the graph.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) Outline a different experimental procedure that can be used to monitor the decomposition rate of hydrogen peroxide.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) A Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curve is drawn below. Label both axes and explain, by annotating the graph, how catalysts increase the rate of reaction.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-23_om_10.32.00.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/08.e.iv"></p>
<div class="marks">[7]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Group 7 of the periodic table contains a number of reactive elements such as chlorine, bromine and iodine.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Bleaches in which chlorine is the active ingredient are the most common, although some environmental groups have concerns about their use. In aqueous chlorine the equilibrium below produces chloric(I) acid (hypochlorous acid), HOCl, the active bleach.</p>
<p>\[{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{HOCl (aq)}} + {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Aqueous sodium chlorate(I), NaOCl, the most common active ingredient in chlorine based bleaches, oxidizes coloured materials to colourless products while being reduced to the chloride ion. It will also oxidize sulfur dioxide to the sulfate ion.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Describe the colour change that occurs when aqueous chlorine is added to aqueous sodium bromide.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Outline, with the help of a chemical equation, why this reaction occurs.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The colour change in the reaction between aqueous chlorine and aqueous sodium iodide is very similar, but it differs with an excess of aqueous chlorine. Describe the appearance of the reaction mixture when <strong>excess </strong>aqueous chlorine has been added to aqueous sodium iodide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Chloric(I) acid is a weak acid, but hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. Outline how this is indicated in the equation above.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State a balanced equation for the reaction of chloric(I) acid with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, in terms of the equilibrium above, why it is dangerous to use an acidic toilet cleaner in combination with this kind of bleach.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why a covalent molecule, such as chloric(I) acid, is readily soluble in water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of chloric(I) acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the H–O–Cl bond angle in this molecule and explain this in terms of the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Deduce the coefficients required to balance the half-equations given below.</p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: center;">___ \({\text{Cl}}{{\text{O}}^ - } + \) ___ \({{\text{H}}^ + } + \) ___ \({{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons \) ___ \({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} + \) ___ \({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }\)</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">___ \({\text{SO}}_4^{2 - }\) ___ \({{\text{H}}^ + } + \) ___ \({{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons \) ___ \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_2} + \) ___ \({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}\)</p>
<p>(ii) State the initial and final oxidation numbers of both chlorine and sulfur in the equations in part (i).</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-17_om_12.00.52.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/04.d.ii"></p>
<p>(iii) Use the half-equations to deduce the balanced equation for the reaction between the chlorate(I) ion and sulfur dioxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The boiling points of the isomers of pentane, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{5}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{12}}}}\), shown are 10, 28 and 36 °C, but not necessarily in that order.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-04_om_09.39.27.png" alt="N09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/04.a"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the boiling points for each of the isomers <strong>A</strong>, <strong>B </strong>and <strong>C </strong>and state a reason for your answer.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-05_om_15.50.19.png" alt="N09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/04.a.i"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the IUPAC names of isomers <strong>B </strong>and <strong>C</strong>.</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>B</strong>:</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>C</strong>:</p>
<div class="marks">[[N/A]]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Both \({{\text{C}}_{\text{5}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{12}}}}\) and \({{\text{C}}_{\text{5}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{11}}}}{\text{OH}}\) can be used as fuels. Predict which compound would release a greater amount of heat per gram when it undergoes complete combustion. Suggest <strong>two</strong> reasons to support your prediction.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In many cities around the world, public transport vehicles use diesel, a liquid hydrocarbon fuel, which often contains sulfur impurities and undergoes incomplete combustion. All public transport vehicles in New Delhi, India, have been converted to use compressed natural gas (CNG) as fuel. Suggest <strong>two </strong>ways in which this improves air quality, giving a reason for your answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>An acidic sample of a waste solution containing Sn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) reacted completely with K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> solution to form Sn<sup>4+</sup>(aq).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the oxidation half-equation.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the overall redox equation for the reaction between acidic Sn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) and Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>2–</sup>(aq), using section 24 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the percentage uncertainty for the mass of K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>(s) from the given data.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The sample of K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>(s) in (i) was dissolved in distilled water to form 0.100 dm<sup>3 </sup>solution. Calculate its molar concentration.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>10.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of the waste sample required 13.24 cm<sup>3</sup> of the K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> solution. Calculate the molar concentration of Sn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) in the waste sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Arsenic and nitrogen play a significant role in environmental chemistry. Arsenous acid, H<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>AsO<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>, can be found in oxygen-poor (anaerobic) water, and nitrogen-containing fertilizers can contaminate water.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Nitric acid, HNO<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>, is strong and nitrous acid, HNO<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>, is weak.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Define <em>oxidation </em>and <em>reduction </em>in terms of electron loss or gain.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Oxidation:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Reduction:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Deduce the oxidation numbers of arsenic and nitrogen in each of the following species.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{A}}{{\text{s}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{NO}}_3^ - \):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{As}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Distinguish between the terms <em>oxidizing agent </em>and <em>reducing agent</em>.</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>In the removal of arsenic from contaminated groundwater, \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{As}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) is often first oxidized to arsenic acid, \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{As}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">The following <strong>unbalanced </strong>redox reaction shows another method of forming \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{As}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{A}}{{\text{s}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{NO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}} \to {{\text{H}}_3}{\text{As}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{N}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">Deduce the balanced redox equation in <strong>acid</strong>, and then identify both the oxidizing and reducing agents.</p>
<div class="marks">[9]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define an <em>acid </em>according to the Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis theories.</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Brønsted–Lowry theory:</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Lewis theory:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The Lewis (electron dot) structure of nitrous acid is given below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-23_om_12.10.34.png" alt="N12/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/05.b.ii"></p>
<p class="p1">Identify which nitrogen-oxygen bond is the shorter.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the approximate value of the hydrogen-oxygen-nitrogen bond angle in nitrous acid and explain your answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Distinguish between a <em>strong acid </em>and a <em>weak acid </em>in terms of their dissociation in aqueous solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Ammonia, NH<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>, is a weak base. Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of NH<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>. State the name of the shape of the molecule and explain why NH<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>is a polar molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">When lime was added to a sample of soil, the pH changed from 5 to 7. Calculate the <strong>factor </strong>by which the hydrogen ion concentration changes.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">One common nitrogen-containing fertilizer is ammonium sulfate. State its chemical formula.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The rate of the acid-catalysed iodination of propanone can be followed by measuring how the concentration of iodine changes with time.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">I<sub>2</sub>(aq) + CH<sub>3</sub>COCH<sub>3</sub>(aq) → CH<sub>3</sub>COCH<sub>2</sub>I(aq) + H<sup>+</sup>(aq) + I<sup>−</sup>(aq)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest how the change of iodine concentration could be followed.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A student produced these results with [H<sup>+</sup>] = 0.15 mol\(\,\)dm<sup>−3</sup>. Propanone and acid were in excess and iodine was the limiting reagent.</p>
<p>Determine the relative rate of reaction when [H<sup>+</sup>] = 0.15 mol\(\,\)dm<sup>−3</sup>.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-22_om_15.59.41.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01.a.ii"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The student then carried out the experiment at other acid concentrations with all other conditions remaining unchanged.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
<p>State and explain the relationship between the rate of reaction and the concentration of acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The diagram shows an incomplete voltaic cell with a light bulb in the circuit.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><img 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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the missing component of the cell and its function.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the half-equations for the reaction at each electrode when current flows.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Annotate the diagram with the location and direction of electron movement when current flows.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The emission spectrum of an element can be used to identify it.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Elements show trends in their physical properties across the periodic table.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the first four energy levels of a hydrogen atom on the axis, labelling n = 1, 2, 3 and 4.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the lines, on your diagram, that represent the electron transitions to n = 2 in the emission spectrum.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why atomic radius decreases across period 3, sodium to chlorine.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why the ionic radius of K<sup>+</sup> is smaller than that of Cl<sup>−</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Copper is widely used as an electrical conductor.</p>
<p>Draw arrows in the boxes to represent the electronic configuration of copper in the 4s and 3d orbitals.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Impure copper can be purified by electrolysis. In the electrolytic cell, impure copper is the anode (positive electrode), pure copper is the cathode (negative electrode) and the electrolyte is copper(II) sulfate solution.</p>
<p>Formulate the half-equation at each electrode.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline where and in which direction the electrons flow during electrolysis.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Magnesium is a group 2 metal which exists as a number of isotopes and forms many compounds.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the nuclear symbol notation, \({}_Z^AX\), for magnesium-26.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Mass spectroscopic analysis of a sample of magnesium gave the following results:</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>Calculate the relative atomic mass, <em>A</em><sub>r</sub>, of this sample of magnesium to two decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium burns in air to form a white compound, magnesium oxide. Formulate an equation for the reaction of magnesium oxide with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the trend in acid-base properties of the oxides of period 3, sodium to chlorine.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>In addition to magnesium oxide, magnesium forms another compound when burned in air. Suggest the formula of this compound</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the structure and bonding in solid magnesium oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium chloride can be electrolysed.</p>
<p>Deduce the half-equations for the reactions at each electrode when <strong>molten</strong> magnesium chloride is electrolysed, showing the state symbols of the products. The melting points of magnesium and magnesium chloride are 922 K and 987 K respectively.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Anode (positive electrode):</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Cathode (negative electrode):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Trends in physical and chemical properties are useful to chemists.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The Activity series lists the metal in order of reactivity.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the general increasing trend in the first ionization energies of the period 3 elements, Na to Ar.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State an equation for the reaction of phosphorus (V) oxide, P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> (s), with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the emission spectrum of hydrogen.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the strongest reducing agent in the given list.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A voltaic cell is made up of a Mn<sup>2+</sup>/Mn half-cell and a Ni<sup>2+</sup>/Ni half-cell.</p>
<p>Deduce the equation for the cell reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The voltaic cell stated in part (ii) is partially shown below.</p>
<p>Draw and label the connections needed to show the direction of electron movement and ion flow between the two half-cells.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>