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</div><h2>SL Paper 1</h2><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which changes could take place at the positive electrode (cathode) in a voltaic cell?</p>
<p class="p1">I. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{Z}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) to Zn(s)</p>
<p class="p1">II. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\) to \({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">III. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Mg(s) to \({\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I, II and III</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What occurs at the anode (positive electrode) during the electrolysis of molten strontium bromide?</p>
<p>A. Formation of bromine and oxidation</p>
<p>B. Formation of bromine and reduction</p>
<p>C. Formation of strontium and oxidation</p>
<p>D. Formation of strontium and reduction</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What happens to the manganese in the following reaction?</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{2MnO}}_4^ - {\text{(aq)}} + {\text{5}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{6}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2M}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{8}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} + {\text{5}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It is oxidized and its oxidation number increases.</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It is oxidized and its oxidation number decreases.</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It is reduced and its oxidation number increases.</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It is reduced and its oxidation number decreases.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the order of decreasing reactivity of the metals (most reactive first)?</p>
<p style="padding-left: 240px;">Zn(s) + Sn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) → Zn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + Sn(s)<br>Cu(s) + Zn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) → No Reaction<br>Sn(s) + Cu<sup>2+</sup>(aq) → Sn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + Cu(s)<br>Ag(s) + Cu<sup>2+</sup>(aq) → No Reaction</p>
<p>A. Zn > Cu > Sn > Ag</p>
<p>B. Sn > Zn > Ag > Cu</p>
<p>C. Ag > Cu > Zn > Sn</p>
<p>D. Zn > Sn > Cu > Ag</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the oxidation half-equation in the redox reaction?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup>(aq) + I<sub>2</sub>(aq) → S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub><sup>2–</sup>(aq) + 2I<sup>–</sup>(aq)</p>
<p>A. I<sub>2</sub>(aq) + 2e<sup>–</sup> → 2I<sup>–</sup>(aq)</p>
<p>B. 2I<sup>–</sup>(aq) → I<sub>2</sub>(aq) + 2e<sup>–</sup></p>
<p>C. 2S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup>(aq) → S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub><sup>2–</sup>(aq) + 2e<sup>–</sup></p>
<p>D. S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub><sup>2–</sup>(aq) + 2e<sup>–</sup> → 2S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup>(aq)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What occurs during the operation of a voltaic cell based on the following overall reaction?</p>
<p class="p1">\[2{\text{A}}{{\text{g}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{Cu(s)}} \to {\text{2Ag(s)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-01_om_17.10.22.png" alt="M12/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/25"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the name of \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Copper(I) sulfide</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Copper(I) sulfate</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Copper(II) sulfide</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Copper(II) sulfate</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the correct <strong>decreasing </strong>order of reactivity of the metals X, Y and Z based on the following equations?</p>
<p class="p2">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{XCl}} + {\text{Y}} \to {\text{YCl}} + {\text{X}}} \\ {{\text{YCl}} + {\text{Z}} \to {\text{YCl}} + {\text{Z}}} \\ {{\text{ZCl}} + {\text{X}} \to {\text{XCl}} + {\text{Z}}} \end{array}\]</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>X \( > \) Y \( > \) Z</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Y \( > \) Z \( > \) X</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Z \( > \) Y \( > \) X</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Y \( > \) X \( > \) Z</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which can describe oxidation?</p>
<p>A. Loss of hydrogen</p>
<p>B. Decrease in oxidation number</p>
<p>C. Gain of electrons</p>
<p>D. Loss of oxygen</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which element is reduced in the following decomposition?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>(s) → N<sub>2</sub>(g) + Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(s) + 4H<sub>2</sub>O(g)</p>
<p>A. N</p>
<p>B. H</p>
<p>C. Cr</p>
<p>D. O</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is produced at the positive electrode (anode) and negative electrode (cathode) during the electrolysis of molten lithium chloride and molten lead bromide?</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-03_om_14.12.25.png" alt="N11/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/24"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which of the following is <strong>not</strong> a redox reaction?</p>
<p>A. CH<sub>4</sub>(g) + Cl<sub>2</sub>(g) → CH<sub>3</sub>Cl(g) + HCl(g)</p>
<p>B. C(s) + O<sub>2</sub>(g) → CO<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<p>C. 2CO(g) → CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + C(s)</p>
<p>D. CH<sub>3</sub>COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → CH<sub>3</sub>COONa(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which of the following is a redox reaction?</p>
<p>A. 3Mg (s) + 2AlCl<sub>3</sub> (aq) → 2Al (s) + 3MgCl<sub>2</sub> (aq)</p>
<p>B. SiO<sub>2</sub> (s) + 2NaOH (aq) → Na<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3</sub> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
<p>C. KCl (aq) + AgNO<sub>3</sub> (aq) → AgCl (s) + KNO<sub>3</sub> (aq)</p>
<p>D. 2NaHCO<sub>3</sub> (aq) → Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (aq) + CO<sub>2</sub> (g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Consider the following reaction:</p>
<p class="p1">\[3{\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}({\text{aq)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} + 2{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to 2{\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + 3{\text{Sn}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(s)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">Which statement is correct?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}\) is the oxidizing agent because it undergoes oxidation.</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}\) is the reducing agent because it undergoes oxidation.</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }\) is the oxidizing agent because it undergoes oxidation.</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }\) is the reducing agent because it undergoes oxidation.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What happens at the negative electrode in a voltaic cell and in an electrolytic cell?</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-16_om_06.43.10.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ1/24"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which statement is correct for a voltaic but <strong>not</strong> for an electrolytic cell?</p>
<p>A. An electrolyte is required.<br>B. The anode is where oxidation occurs.<br>C. Ions move in the electrolyte.<br>D. Electrons flow from the negative electrode to the positive electrode.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Consider the following reactions of three unknown metals X, Y and Z.</p>
<p class="p1">\({\rm{2XN}}{{\rm{O}}_3}{\rm{(aq)}} + {\rm{Y(s)}} \to 2{\rm{X(s)}} + {\rm{Y(N}}{{\rm{O}}_3}{)_2}{\rm{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">\({\rm{Y(N}}{{\rm{O}}_3}{)_2}{\rm{(aq)}} + {\rm{Z(s)}} \to\) No reaction</p>
<p class="p1">\(2{\rm{XN}}{{\rm{O}}_3}{\rm{(aq)}} + {\rm{Z(s)}} \to 2{\rm{X(s)}} + {\rm{Z(N}}{{\rm{O}}_3}{)_2}{\rm{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">What is the order of <span class="s1"><strong>increasing </strong></span>reactivity of the metals (least reactive first)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{X}} < {\text{Y}} < {\text{Z}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{X}} < {\text{Z}} < {\text{Y}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{Z}} < {\text{Y}} < {\text{X}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{Y}} < {\text{Z}} < {\text{X}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which is a correct statement for the reaction below? </p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2MnO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>(aq) + 6H<sup>+</sup>(aq) + 5NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>(aq) → 2Mn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + 5NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>(aq) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O(l) </p>
<p>A. MnO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> is the reducing agent and the oxidation number of Mn increases.<br>B. MnO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> is the oxidizing agent and the oxidation number of Mn decreases. <br>C. NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> is the reducing agent and the oxidation number of N decreases. <br>D. NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> is the oxidizing agent and the oxidation number of N increases.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which element has the same oxidation number in both species?</p>
<p>A. C in C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub></p>
<p>B. H in H<sub>2</sub>O and NaH</p>
<p>C. S in SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>and SO<sub>3</sub></p>
<p>D. O in H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Consider how current is conducted in an electrolytic cell. Which statement is correct?</p>
<p class="p1">A. Electrons move through the electrolyte and the external circuit.</p>
<p class="p1">B. Ions move through the electrolyte and the external circuit.</p>
<p class="p1">C. Electrons move through the external circuit and ions move through the electrolyte.</p>
<p class="p1">D. Electrons move through the electrolyte and ions move through the external circuit.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which experimental methods could be used to observe the progress of the following reaction?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>2-</sup>(aq) + 6I<sup>-</sup>(aq) + 14H<sup>+</sup>(aq) → 2Cr<sup>3+</sup>(aq) + 3I<sub>2</sub>(aq) + 7H<sub>2</sub>O(l) </p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">I. Change in colour <br>II. Change in mass <br>III. Change in electrical conductivity </p>
<p>A. I and II only </p>
<p>B. I and III only </p>
<p>C. II and III only </p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Metal A is more reactive than metal B. A standard voltaic cell is made as shown.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-27_om_08.19.06.png" alt="N10/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/24"></p>
<p class="p1">Which statement is correct?</p>
<p class="p1">A. Electrons flow in the external circuit from A to B.</p>
<p class="p1">B. Positive ions flow through the salt bridge from A to B.</p>
<p class="p1">C. Positive ions flow in the external circuit from B to A.</p>
<p class="p1">D. Electrons flow through the salt bridge from B to A.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Applying IUPAC rules, what is the name of MnO<sub>2</sub>?</p>
<p>A. Magnesium(II) oxide</p>
<p>B. Manganese(II) oxide</p>
<p>C. Magnesium(IV) oxide</p>
<p>D. Manganese(IV) oxide</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which statements are correct for a voltaic cell?</p>
<p style="padding-left: 90px;">\(\begin{gathered} \begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{I.}}}&{{\text{A spontaneous redox chemical reaction produces electrical energy.}}} \\ {{\text{II.}}}&{{\text{Oxidation occurs at the cathode (negative electrode).}}} \\ {{\text{III.}}}&{{\text{Electrons flow from anode (negative electrode) to cathode (positive electrode).}}} \end{array} \hfill \\ \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \)</p>
<p>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which of the following redox reactions take place?</p>
<p class="p1" style="padding-left: 30px;">I. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2NaI(aq)}} \to {{\text{I}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2NaCl(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1" style="padding-left: 30px;">II. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2NaI(aq)}} \to {{\text{I}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2NaBr(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1" style="padding-left: 30px;">III. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{I}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2NaBr(aq)}} \to {\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2NaI(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I, II and III</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Metal M has only one oxidation number and forms a compound with the formula \({\text{MC}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\). Which formula is correct?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{MN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{MN}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{MS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{MP}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which are redox reactions?</p>
<p class="p1">I. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{2FeC}}{{\text{l}}_2} + {\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2} \to 2{\text{FeC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">II. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{Mg}} + {\text{2HN}}{{\text{O}}_3} \to {\text{Mg(N}}{{\text{O}}_3}{)_2} + {{\text{H}}_2}\)</p>
<p class="p1">III. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} + {\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_3} \to {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_4}\)</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I, II and III</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the correct <strong>increasing </strong>order of reactivity of the metals X, Y and Z based on the following information?</p>
<p class="p2">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{XC}}{{\text{l}}_2} + {\text{Y}} \to {\text{YC}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{X}}} \\ {{\text{ZC}}{{\text{l}}_2} + {\text{X}} \to {\text{XC}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{Z}}} \\ {{\text{YC}}{{\text{l}}_2} + {\text{Z}} \to {\text{no reaction}}} \end{array}\]</p>
<p class="p3">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{Z}} < {\text{X}} < {\text{Y}}\)</p>
<p class="p3">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{Y}} < {\text{X}} < {\text{Z}}\)</p>
<p class="p3">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{Z}} < {\text{Y}} < {\text{X}}\)</p>
<p class="p3">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{X}} < {\text{Z}} < {\text{Y}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which statement is correct for the following reaction?</p>
<p>\[{\text{2ClO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}} + {\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2Cl}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{HSO}}_4^ - {\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<p>A. \({\text{ClO}}_3^ - \) is the oxidizing agent and it undergoes reduction.</p>
<p>B. \({\text{ClO}}_3^ - \) is the reducing agent and it undergoes oxidation.</p>
<p>C. \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is the oxidizing agent and it undergoes oxidation.</p>
<p>D. \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is the reducing agent and it undergoes reduction.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What are the products of electrolysis when molten calcium bromide is electrolysed using graphite electrodes?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-09_om_12.55.34.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ1/22"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which statement describes a reducing agent?</p>
<p class="p1">A. It is reduced and gains electrons.</p>
<p class="p1">B. It is reduced and loses electrons.</p>
<p class="p1">C. It is oxidized and gains electrons.</p>
<p class="p1">D. It is oxidized and loses electrons.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the reducing agent in the reaction below?</p>
<p class="p1">\[2{\text{MnO}}_4^ - ({\text{aq)}} + {\text{B}}{{\text{r}}^ - }({\text{aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \to {\text{2Mn}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{BrO}}_3^ - ({\text{aq)}} + 2{\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }({\text{aq)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{B}}{{\text{r}}^ - }\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{BrO}}_3^ - \)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{MnO}}_4^ - \)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{Mn}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>At which side of the equation are electrons, \({{\text{H}}^ + }\) ions and \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) needed to complete the half-equation?</p>
<p>\[{\text{MnO}}_4^ - {\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{M}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-16_om_08.02.01.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ1/23"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which species could be reduced to form \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{NO}}_3^ - \)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>NO</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Zinc is more reactive than copper. In this voltaic cell, which species is reduced and in which direction do negative ions flow in the salt bridge?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-16_om_09.41.57.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/24.01"></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-16_om_09.43.09.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/24.02"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A voltaic cell is made by connecting a copper half-cell, \({\text{Cu(s)}}\left| {{\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}} \right.\), to an iron half-cell \({\text{Fe(s)}}\left| {{\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}} \right.\).</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-09_om_10.35.30.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/25.01"></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Which combination correctly identifies the positive electrode and the species being oxidized?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-09_om_10.37.09.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/25.02"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which species is oxidized in the following reaction?</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{2A}}{{\text{g}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{Cu(s)}} \to {\text{2Ag(s)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{A}}{{\text{g}}^ + }\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cu</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Ag</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which equation shows oxygen undergoing reduction?</p>
<p>A. 2F<sub>2</sub> + O<sub>2</sub> → 2F<sub>2</sub>O</p>
<p>B. Na<sub>2</sub>O + H<sub>2</sub>O → 2NaOH</p>
<p>C. H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> + 2HI → 2H<sub>2</sub>O + I<sub>2</sub></p>
<p>D. 2CrO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> + 2H<sup>+</sup> \( \rightleftharpoons \) Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>2−</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>O</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which coefficients correctly balance this redox equation?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">aFe<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + MnO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>(aq) + bH<sup>+</sup>(aq) → cFe<sup>3+</sup>(aq) + Mn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + dH<sub>2</sub>O(l)</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-09_om_12.56.56.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ1/23"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which process occurs during the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride?</p>
<p class="p1">A. Oxidation occurs at the positive electrode (anode).</p>
<p class="p1">B. Electrons move through the electrolyte.</p>
<p class="p1">C. Sodium ions move through the electrolyte to the positive electrode (anode).</p>
<p class="p1">D. Chloride ions move through the electrolyte and are reduced at the negative electrode (cathode).</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which process occurs when a molten salt is electrolysed?</p>
<p>A. The metal ion is oxidized and deposited on the negative electrode (cathode).</p>
<p>B. The metal ion is reduced and deposited on the negative electrode (cathode).</p>
<p>C. The metal ion is oxidized and deposited on the positive electrode (anode).</p>
<p>D. The metal ion is reduced and deposited on the positive electrode (anode).</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which statement is correct for the electrolysis of molten lead iodide, \({\text{Pb}}{{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Chemical energy is converted into electrical energy.</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{P}}{{\text{b}}^{2 + }}\) ions are oxidized at the negative electrode (cathode).</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}\) is produced at the positive electrode (anode).</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Ions are produced at both electrodes.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Consider the following reaction.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{MnO}}_4^ - ({\text{aq)}} + 8{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + 5{\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{M}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + 5{\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + 4{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">Which statement is correct?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{MnO}}_{\text{4}}^ - \) is the oxidizing agent and it loses electrons.</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{MnO}}_{\text{4}}^ - \) is the reducing agent and it loses electrons.</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{MnO}}_{\text{4}}^ - \) is the oxidizing agent and it gains electrons.</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{MnO}}_{\text{4}}^ - \) is the reducing agent and it gains electrons.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which is the oxidizing agent in the following reaction?</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{5S}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2IO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}} + {\text{4}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \to {\text{5SO}}_4^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{I}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{8}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{IO}}_{\text{3}}^ - \)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}^{2 - }\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What are the products of the electrolysis of molten zinc bromide?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-10_om_07.36.58.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/23"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which represents a redox reaction?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{NaH(s)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \to {\text{NaOH(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\)</p>
<p class="p2">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{CaC}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(s)}} \to {\text{CaO(s)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\)</p>
<p class="p2">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{CuC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{K}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S(aq)}} \to {\text{CuS(s)}} + {\text{2KCl(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HCl(aq)}} + {\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{NH}}_{\text{4}}^ + {\text{C}}{{\text{L}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which list represents the halogens in <strong>increasing </strong>order of oxidizing strength (weakest oxidizing agent first)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\quad {{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}\quad {\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}\quad {\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}\quad {\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}\quad {\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\quad {\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\quad {\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}\quad {{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which statement about the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride is correct?</p>
<p class="p1">A. A yellow-green gas would be produced at the negative electrode.</p>
<p class="p1">B. A silvery metal is produced at the positive electrode.</p>
<p class="p1">C. Chloride ions are attracted to the positive electrode and undergo oxidation.</p>
<p class="p1">D. Sodium ions are attracted to the negative electrode and undergo oxidation.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What happens to iodine when iodate ions, \({\text{IO}}_3^ - \), are converted to iodine molecules, \({{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It undergoes reduction and its oxidation number changes from \( - 1\) to 0</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It undergoes oxidation and its oxidation number changes from \( - 1\) to 0</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It undergoes reduction and its oxidation number changes from \( + 5\) to 0</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It undergoes oxidation and its oxidation number changes from \( + 5\) to 0</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">In which species does sulfur have an oxidation number of 0?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{S}}_{\text{8}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which species can oxidize ethanol to ethanoic acid?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{I}}^ - }\)</p>
<p class="p2">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Fe</p>
<p class="p2">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{O}}^{2 - }}\)</p>
<p class="p2">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Acidified \({{\text{K}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What are the correct oxidation numbers of chromium in \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}^{{\text{2}} - }\) and manganese in \({\text{KMn}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\)?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-16_om_09.40.31.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/23"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Two half-cells are connected via a salt bridge to make a voltaic cell. Which statement about this cell is correct?</p>
<p class="p1">A. Oxidation occurs at the positive electrode (cathode).</p>
<p class="p1">B. It is also known as an electrolytic cell.</p>
<p class="p1">C. Ions flow through the salt bridge.</p>
<p class="p1">D. It requires a power supply to operate.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What are the correct names for \({\text{KMn}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\) and \({{\text{K}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}}\), using oxidation numbers?</p>
<p>A. Potassium permanganate and potassium dichromate</p>
<p>B. Potassium manganate(IV) and potassium chromate(VII)</p>
<p>C. Potassium permanganate(IV) and potassium dichromate(VII)</p>
<p>D. Potassium manganate(VII) and potassium dichromate(VI)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What are the oxidation states of each element in \({{\text{K}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{Cr}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\)?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-09_om_10.17.22.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/23"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Consider the overall reaction taking place in a voltaic cell.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{A}}{{\text{g}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(s)}} + {\text{Zn(s)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \to {\text{2Ag(s)}} + {\text{Zn(OH}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(s)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">What is the role of zinc in the cell?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The positive electrode and the oxidizing agent.</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The positive electrode and the reducing agent.</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The negative electrode and the oxidizing agent.</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The negative electrode and the reducing agent.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>At which electrodes does oxidation occur in a voltaic cell and in an electrolytic cell?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-16_om_08.05.44.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ1/25"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which statement is correct about a reducing agent?</p>
<p class="p1">A. It is reduced by gaining electrons.</p>
<p class="p1">B. It is oxidized by gaining electrons.</p>
<p class="p1">C. It is oxidized by losing electrons.</p>
<p class="p1">D. It is reduced by losing electrons.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the coefficient for I<sup>–</sup> when the following equation is balanced using the smallest possible whole numbers?</p>
<p>\({\text{IO}}_{_3}^ - {\text{(aq)}} + \) ___ \({{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + \) ___ \({{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to \) ___ \({{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}} + \) ___ \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}}\)</p>
<p>A. 1</p>
<p>B. 2</p>
<p>C. 3</p>
<p>D. 5</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the name of \({\text{C}}{{\text{o}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{(P}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cobalt(II) phosphite</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cobalt(II) phosphate</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cobalt(III) phosphite</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cobalt(III) phosphate</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Consider the following reaction.</p>
<p class="p2">\[{\text{Sn(s)}} + {\text{4HN}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{Sn}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{4N}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">Which statement is correct?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) is the oxidizing agent because it undergoes oxidation.</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) is the reducing agent because the oxidation number of nitrogen changes from \( + 5\) to \( + 4\).</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sn is the oxidizing agent because it undergoes reduction.</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sn is the reducing agent because the oxidation number of tin changes from 0 to \( + 4\).</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which species of vanadium has a different oxidation number from the rest?</p>
<p>A. \({\text{VO}}_2^ + \)</p>
<p>B. \({\text{VO}}_3^ - \)</p>
<p>C. \({{\text{V}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{5}}}\)</p>
<p>D. \({\text{V}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the correct systematic name of MnO<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>?</p>
<p class="p1">A. Manganese(II) oxide</p>
<p class="p1">B. Manganese(IV) oxide</p>
<p class="p1">C. Magnesium(II) oxide</p>
<p class="p1">D. Magnesium(IV) oxide</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which statement about an electrolytic cell is correct?</p>
<p>A. Chemical energy is converted to electrical energy.</p>
<p>B. Electrons move through the electrolyte.</p>
<p>C. The cathode is the negative electrode.</p>
<p>D. The negative ions move towards the negative electrode.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A voltaic cell is constructed from zinc and copper half-cells. Zinc is more reactive than copper. Which statement is correct when this cell produces electricity?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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" alt></p>
<p>A. Electrons flow from the copper half-cell to the zinc half-cell. </p>
<p>B. The concentration of Cu<sup>2+</sup> (aq) increases. </p>
<p>C. Electrons flow through the salt bridge. </p>
<p>D. Negative ions flow through the salt bridge from the copper half-cell to the zinc half-cell.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">A voltaic cell is made by connecting zinc and lead half-cells. The overall equation for the reaction occurring in the cell is shown below.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{Zn(s)}} + {\text{P}}{{\text{b}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{Pb(s)}} + {\text{Z}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">Which statements are correct when the cell produces electricity?</p>
<p class="p1">I. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The zinc is oxidized.</p>
<p class="p1">II. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Electrons move from zinc to lead in the external circuit.</p>
<p class="p1">III. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The mass of the lead electrode increases.</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I, II and III</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which statements are correct for the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide, \({\text{PbB}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(l)}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1">I. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{P}}{{\text{b}}^{2 + }}\) is reduced at the negative electrode (cathode).</p>
<p class="p1">II. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{B}}{{\text{r}}^ - }\) is oxidized at the positive electrode (anode).</p>
<p class="p1">III. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Bubbles of a brown gas are observed at the negative electrode (cathode).</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I, II and III</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What are the oxidation states of chromium in (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> (s) and Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (s)?</p>
<p><img 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6OSth4CBAgQIECAAIGFFxB8L/xbAAABAgQIECBAgMBRCYwMvh9tbVUvnXixvv14e+Oo2mI9BHovcO/u3cFnp3yGmvevvvxK77fRBhAgQKALAulv379wYdDnZjrzFAJdFxgZfN+6ebNaWlqqlldWqo2N213fBu0j0BmB1ZMnq/sPHwzdPr5ypW5jue9MgzWEAAECPRRIkvD9C+/VLS997vGlpXpenlMIdFlgZPC9cXujeu3UWnX23Nnqpzub1fb2dpe3QdsIdFogmZjPP/useufd8/Wt043VOAIECPRAIEnClOs3bgxa+4crV+p4pTw3eMIEgY4JDAXfGWaSb41ra6eq19ZOPX4jf/v4Td6xtmsOgecmkGD6qy+vTbT+T67+Y30mSdZ7Ii4LESBAoBZI4m/cUL30pz//+gspAr0UGAq+M8wkQ06SpVs7tVYPPfEtspf7VqM7IJAvs8l85/OUz5VCgAABAtMXSKD+ydWrj+OX8+envwI1EpiiwK7gO2/eDDM5c+7sYBXvnD9fZ8I372wO5pkgQGAygVs3v60PBh9cvDjZCyxFgAABAgcSePvNt+oMeeKUJDpyvZpCoMsCu4LvW9/erIeZnDl7btDmjPtO+dGFlwMTEwQmEcjwrRwM8mVW1nsSMcsQIEDg4ALf/fB9fZF77hPH5FdPFAJdFjjWbFwZXjLqjZvT5xljJYhoipleFIGPLl+uRv3sZsZ+l/LhpYv1Z6Q8zoXLKbl+QiFAgACBvQUyRC9Z7HbJz7U2S8Z6j4pF8mtTSXYkAE/yQwa8qWa6SwKD4DsZurxZE2AniGiWvJEzlir37eeay5kmMK8CX6yvV9X6061L0H38+NKen4efNu/UB4jmMK6nNZgiQIAAgaZA+anWMi9DYX93+vUDXVhZgvK8drlU5J5AxwQGw04yrCRv2oyXapcyhurHDf9wp23jMYFxAvfu3qtWT66Oe9p8AgQIEDikQM7Qv3H69aFXJ+hOLCPrPURjRocEngbftzf2HJuasd85JZSbQoDA3gI5i1RnXlz4szeUZwkQIHAIgQ8uXqrP1jd/8jVDA3PLBe4lA36Iqr2EwMwF6uA7b94ECs0LLdtrPnO2XHi5US+bMVijxma1X+cxgUUUyOcpZXnZVfeLuP9tMwECsxXITyFnOGCG9yUeye2ra9dGDp2dbUvUTuDgAi/s7OzsHPxls39FPkj5l7EKAQIECMxOQF87O1s1EyBAIALtfnYw7AQPAQIECBAgQIAAAQKzFRB8z9ZX7QQIECBAgAABAgQGAoLvAYUJAgQIECBAgAABArMVEHzP1lftBAgQIECAAAECBAYCgu8BhQkCBAgQIECAAAECsxUQfM/WV+0ECBAgQIAAAQIEBgKC7wGFCQIECBAgQIAAAQKzFRB8z9ZX7QQIECBAgAABAgQGAoLvAYUJAgQIECBAgAABArMVEHzP1lftBAgQIECAAAECBAYCgu8BhQkCBAgQIECAAAECsxUQfM/WV+0ECBAgQIAAAQIEBgKC7wGFCQIECBAgQIAAAQKzFRB8z9ZX7QQIECBAgAABAgQGAscGUx2ceOnEix1slSYRIEBgvgT0tfO1P20NAQLdFuh08H3/4YNu62kdAQIEei6QwFtf2/OdqPkECHRaoJ3gMOyk07tL4wgQIECAAAECBOZJQPA9T3vTthAgQIAAAQIECHRaQPDd6d2jcQQIECBAgAABAvMkIPiep71pWwgQIECAAAECBDotIPju9O7ROAIECBAgQIAAgXkSEHzP0960LQQIECBAgAABAp0WEHx3evdoHAECBAgQIECAwDwJCL7naW/aFgIECBAgQIAAgU4LCL47vXs0jgABAgQIECBAYJ4EBN/ztDdtCwECBAgQIECAQKcFBN+d3j0aR4AAAQIECBAgME8Cgu952pu2hQABAgQIECBAoNMCgu9O7x6NI0CAAAECBAgQmCcBwfc87U3bQoAAAQIECBAg0GmBQfD94+2N6qUTL468vX/hQnXv7t1Ob4jGEeiSwPb2dvXR5cuDz9Mbp1+v8hlTCBAgQGA6AolLEp+U2EWsMh1XtcxeYBB8l1V9fOVKdf/hg8Ht519/qZ96/8J7VQIKhQCBvQXyOXn7zbeqpaWlwedo7dRaHYxv3tnc+8WeJUCAAIF9BR5tbVWJS1JKzHJ8aamel+cUAl0WGAq+241NAPHBxUt14H3r25vtpz0mQKAl8PW1a9Vv29vVHz/9dPBMpvNZ+nHj9mCeCQIECBA4nMCtm4/jkes3bgwq+MOVK49jlSfPDZ4wQaBjAvsG3832rqysNB+aJrCwAp9/9ln11ZfXRm7/xu2N6sy5s0PP5SxSMyAfWsAMAgQIEBgI5Cziqy+/MnjcnMhZ+nJmvjnfNIE+COwbfOf0zdfXvqzeeff8yICiDxupjQSOUiBZ7+XllTo4L2MRMwzFmO+j3AvWRYDAIgkkUP/k6tX6DOM7588v0qbb1h4KHGu3ORm93NrlzLml9iyPCRBoCeTLag4CGXqyenK1HouYRZIlzwWY15duVBn/rRAgQIDAdASS3Cg/CvHhpYvVsrP004FVy8wEhjLf7QsucyFDTqEnazcqKJ9Zy1RMoIcCCbxTcuFPcyxiOSDkLJJCgAABAtMT+O6H7+tER+5zbVp+9UQh0GWBocz3qMZ+sb5evXrnlSpjWROcKwQWTSBZ61HDRppfSBNgf3DxYk2TrHe7ZN5Pfu2kzeIxAQIEaoFkr5PFbpcM32uWjPXOBeztsnryZJ0sTACes5Ay4G0hj7siMFHwXRqbsawKgUUUyBfQav3plifoPn58qUrA3S45KIz7rCQjrhAgQIDAsECC55xtLyVnEn93+vUDXVhZgvK8drlU5J5AxwSGhp2Mal8ZxzoqmzdqefMILLLAa6fWqnt37w39Ln7mGe+9yO8M206AwLQEMrQk/7ysXRJ0JwCX9W7LeNwlgYmC71xBnJLf+1YIENhbIL81m9IckpILLpMN//DJsJS9a/AsAQIECOwlkHgkicHmT75maGBuGf5XMuB71eE5As9LYCj4TsBQfh6t3KdxOe1esnb5ZpnnRo3Nel4bYr0EuiKQjEsu/MmBoXyGftq8U12/8Y1sTFd2knYQINBrgcQjiUvSt5Z+9qtr1+rr0kYNB+z1xmr83Am8sLOzs9PFrcqHqTn2q4tt1CYCBAj0XUBf2/c9qP0ECHRdoN3PDmW+u74B2keAAAECBAgQIECgrwKC777uOe0mQIAAAQIECBDonYDgu3e7TIMJECBAgAABAgT6KiD47uue024CBAgQIECAAIHeCQi+e7fLNJgAAQIECBAgQKCvAoLvvu457SZAgAABAgQIEOidgOC7d7tMgwkQIECAAAECBPoqIPju657TbgIECBAgQIAAgd4JCL57t8s0mAABAgQIECBAoK8Cgu++7jntJkCAAAECBAgQ6J2A4Lt3u0yDCRAgQIAAAQIE+iog+O7rntNuAgQIECBAgACB3gkIvnu3yzSYAAECBAgQIECgrwKC777uOe0mQIAAAQIECBDoncCxLrf4pRMvdrl52kaAAIG5ENDXzsVutBEECPREoNPB9/2HD3rCqJkECBDop0ACb31tP/edVhMg0A+BdoLDsJN+7DetJECAAAECBAgQmAMBwfcc7ESbQIAAAQIECBAg0A8BwXc/9pNWEiBAgAABAgQIzIGA4HsOdqJNIECAAAECBAgQ6IeA4Lsf+0krCRAgQIAAAQIE5kBA8D0HO9EmECBAgAABAgQI9ENA8N2P/aSVBAgQIECAAAECcyAg+J6DnWgTCBAgQIAAAQIE+iEg+O7HftJKAgQIECBAgACBORAQfM/BTrQJBAgQIECAAAEC/RAQfPdjP2klAQIECBAgQIDAHAgIvudgJ9oEAgQIECBAgACBfggIvvuxn7SSAAECBAgQIEBgDgQE33OwE20CAQIECBAgQIBAPwRGBt+ff/ZZ9cbp16uXTrxY3159+ZUq8xQCBCYT2N7erj66fHnwGcrn6cfbG5O92FIECBAgMJHAV19eG/SziVnyWCHQdYFdwfejra066N68s1n94cqV6v7DB/Xt4ytXqo3bG9Xbb75VJahQCBAYL5DPSD4rS0tLg8/Q2qm1OhjPZ0shQIAAgWcXeP/CheqnzTvVz7/+Uve1f/z00zpRKAB/dls1zFZgV/D90eV/qNd2/cY31ZlzZwdrfufd83Uwfu/u3erra75VDmBMEBghkM/Ib9vbVQ4EpWQ6wfiPG7fLLPcECBAgcEiBnElMMuODi5fqvjXVJFZJouPWzZuHrNXLCByNwLGymlvf3qwSXCfLnSChXRKMf7x1pT3bYwILKZBhWMePL1UfXro4tP05S9T88loWSHZGIUCAAIHJBHIW8XenX68z2+1XbG7eqZZXVupgu/nc9Rs3mg9NE+ikwCDzfe/e3bqBqydPjm1oAo1RwcbYF3iCwAIKJOu9vLxSjz0s101kGIox3wv4ZrDJBAjMRCDDZFdWlqskDss1ark+zZCTmXCrdMoCg8x3GcudN7NCgMDhBHJAyGcpQ09WT67W4xBTUw4IuQDz+tKNoUzN4dbkVQQIEFhcga2tR/Xwvu3t36o/3fimzoLn7P37F96rUSQKF/e90YctH2S++9BYbSTQdYHyJfb40lLVPP2ZA0FOkX597cuub4L2ESBAoPMCOcOY/vaPn/5T3bemwTlznyF/rk3r/O5b+AYOMt9lnHe+TSZIUAgQeCqQrPWoYSPNn+BMgP3BxcdjwJP1bpfM+8mvnbRZPCZAgEAtkMx1hui1S4bvNUuun6njlK2tOuBuPpchfwnKU9dew2ibrzFN4KgFBsH32tqpeuxU3rC5WnhUySn1XEWcizIVAosk8MX6elWtP93ivS64zBfZZGVGlWTEFQIECBAYFkiwnJ84LiVB9LgLLpdXlqvEJONKSSiOe958As9TYDDsJKdq8sZPcF1OnTcbljf57y+8V23t8WZvLm+awKIKvHZqrbp3997Q5yjzxn2xXVQr202AAIHDCKyunqz72PYZyUePtuqsuDP4h1H1mqMSGATfWeEX6/9WrzcXLOQK4lIyXU4FNX+7uDzvngCBpwL5B1UpzSEpueAy2fAPnwxLebq0KQIECBA4qECG+SVh+FXjf4/kzH2Ccf3sQTUtf9QCu4LvfFP87ofv6+zcJ1evDv5la4KI/Hj9n//6l8FvgCc7nnFYJSg/6oZbH4GuCpTPUc4WlZ8azH9hyz+vko3p6l7TLgIE+iaQeCXX0pR+Nv8oMMNiE68oBLos8MLOzs5OFxuYD1Nz7FcX26hNBAgQ6LuAvrbve1D7CRDoukC7n92V+e5647WPAAECBAgQIECAQJ8FBN993nvaToAAAQIECBAg0CsBwXevdpfGEiBAgAABAgQI9FlA8N3nvaftBAgQIECAAAECvRIQfPdqd2ksAQIECBAgQIBAnwUE333ee9pOgAABAgQIECDQKwHBd692l8YSIECAAAECBAj0WUDw3ee9p+0ECBAgQIAAAQK9EhB892p3aSwBAgQIECBAgECfBQTffd572k6AAAECBAgQINArAcF3r3aXxhIgQIAAAQIECPRZQPDd572n7QQIECBAgAABAr0SEHz3andpLAECBAgQIECAQJ8FBN993nvaToAAAQIECBAg0CuBY11u7UsnXuxy87SNAAECcyGgr52L3WgjCBDoiUCng+/7Dx/0hFEzCRAg0E+BBN762n7uO60mQKAfAu0Eh2En/dhvWkmAAAECBAgQIDAHAoLvOdiJNoEAAQIECBAgQKAfAoLvfuwnrSRAgAABAgQIEJgDAcH3HOxEm0CAAAECBAgQINAPAcF3P/aTVhIgQIAAAQIECMyBgOB7DnaiTSBAgAABAgQIEOiHgOC7H/tJKwkQIECAAAECBOZAQPA9BzvRJhAgQIAAAQIECPRDQPDdj/2klQQIECBAgAABAnMgIPieg51oEwgQIECAAAECBPohIPjux37SSgIECBAgQF88nuEAAAUcSURBVIAAgTkQEHzPwU60CQQIECBAgAABAv0QEHz3Yz9pJQECBAgQIECAwBwICL7nYCfaBAIECBAgQIAAgX4IHCvN/PH2RvXR5cvl4a77tVNr1Zmz56p33j2/a74HBAgQIECAAAECBAhMLjCU+f7w0sXq/sMHu27Hl5aqT65erb768trkNVuSwAIK3Lt7t3rpxItjb6++/MoCqthkAgQIzEYgcUmzzxWnzMZZrdMVGGS+96r2i/X16qPqcvX5Z59VyYKvnjy51+KeI7CwAvls5Mtru+SAkM/Px1eutJ/ymAABAgQOIfD+hQv1q37+9ZdqaWmpuvXtzTpRmJlJJCoEuiowlPke19APLz5+I9+6eXPcIuYTIDBCINnwBN4ZtmXo1gggswgQIHBAgQyV3byzWX1w8VIdeOfl6V+TIBSnHBDT4kcuMHHwnYxevlnmza4QWHSBBNOTnt785Oo/1p8dWe9Ff9fYfgIEDiKwvb1djRuqt7l5p1peWamD7Wad12/cqP781780Z5km0DmBiYPv0vLftrfLpHsCBPYRSHYmme9kZPLlVSFAgACBZxd4tLVVraws10NN3jj9ej3uO4H6pEmRZ2+BGggcXmCiMd+Hr94rCSy2wK2b39ZB9wdPhm0ttoatJ0CAwHQEtrYeVUkGbm//Vv3pxjd1FjyJjvcvvFevwJjv6TirZTYCB8585zSPQoDA/gLJzGSY1plzZ2W99+eyBAECBCYWeBx4b1d//PSf6sA7L8zw2PS3X1/zy2wTQ1rwuQhMnPlOEJHxV++cWnsuDbVSAs9TIL+BnyEk7ZKx36Uk09Ic173xZPm1tVNlEfcECBAgMEYgmeu333xr6Nn8lGCz5NdN6kTg1tbQr68tL6/UsUrq8stsTTXTXRKYOPjO6fOUM2fPdqn92kLgSATyc5vV+tNVJeg+fnxpz5+z+mnzTp3xTiZGIUCAAIG9Bdo/1ZqE3+9Ov14l2G6X5ZXlKmcXxxXX2IyTMb8LAvsOO8mbv2T9ktXzTbILu00b+iBw7+69avXkah+aqo0ECBDolcDq6sk6w90+I/no0VadFTdEtle7c+EaOxR850rh5n+LytXDGVuVzF/zAoYE5Vlu1CmihVO0wQRaAsnI5DPiANCC8ZAAAQJTEEg8kmTgV43x3RlqkmC8/F+SKaxGFQRmIjAYdpJT4/fPDf9nvnFrzSmdUf/Jb9zy5hNYJIEE3ikZf6gQIECAwPQFvvvh+/o/WpYx4Ul25Ay9f2Y2fWs1TlfghZ2dnZ3pVjmd2vJhEtxPx1ItBAgQGCegrx0nYz4BAgSmI9DuZ4eGnUxnNWohQIAAAQIECBAgQKAtIPhui3hMgAABAgQIECBAYEYCgu8ZwaqWAAECBAgQIECAQFtA8N0W8ZgAAQIECBAgQIDAjAQE3zOCVS0BAgQIECBAgACBtoDguy3iMQECBAgQIECAAIEZCQi+ZwSrWgIECBAgQIAAAQJtAcF3W8RjAgQIECBAgAABAjMSEHzPCFa1BAgQIECAAAECBNoCgu+2iMcECBAgQIAAAQIEZiQg+J4RrGoJECBAgAABAgQItAUE320RjwkQIECAAAECBAjMSEDwPSNY1RIgQIAAAQIECBBoCwi+2yIeEyBAgAABAgQIEJiRwLEZ1TuVal868eJU6lEJAQIECIwX0NeOt/EMAQIEpi3wws7Ozs60K1UfAQIECBAgQIAAAQLDAoadDJuYQ4AAAQIECBAgQGAmAv8fPJq8v4WbMTkAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which of the following does <strong>not</strong> react with dilute HCl(aq)?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>A. Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></p>
<p>B. Cu</p>
<p>C. Zn</p>
<p>D. CuO</p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the reaction type and major product at the <strong>anode</strong> (positive electrode) when molten sodium chloride is electrolysed using platinum electrodes?</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
</div>
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