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</div><h2>SL Paper 2</h2><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Explain why:</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>first ionization energy</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why the first ionization energy of magnesium is higher than that of sodium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">calcium has a higher melting point than potassium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">sodium oxide has a higher melting point than sulfur trioxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the terms <em>acid </em>and <em>base </em>according to the Brønsted-Lowry theory <strong>and </strong>state <strong>one </strong>example of a weak acid and <strong>one </strong>example of a strong base.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe <strong>two </strong>different methods, one chemical and one physical, other than measuring the pH, that could be used to distinguish between ethanoic acid and hydrochloric acid solutions of the same concentration.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Black coffee has a pH of 5 and toothpaste has a pH of 8. Identify which is more acidic <strong>and </strong>deduce how many times the \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\) is greater in the more acidic product.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Samples of sodium oxide and sulfur trioxide are added to separate beakers of water. Deduce the equation for <strong>each </strong>reaction <strong>and </strong>identify each oxide as acidic, basic or neutral.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">the amount of energy required to remove one (mole of) electron(s);</p>
<p class="p1">from (one mole of) an atom(s) in the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">gaseous</span> state;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">greater positive charge on nucleus / greater number of protons / greater core charge;</p>
<p class="p1">greater attraction by Mg nucleus for electrons (in the same shell) / smaller atomic radius;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">calcium ionic charge is twice/greater than the potassium ionic charge / calcium has more delocalized electrons than potassium;</p>
<p class="p1">greater attraction of delocalized electrons and \({\text{C}}{{\text{a}}^{2 + }}\) / less attraction between the delocalized electrons and \({{\text{K}}^ + }\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept calcium ion has a 2</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>+ </em></span></sup><em>without comparison to </em>\({{\text{K}}^ + }\)<em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Na<span class="s1">2</span>O ionic/(stronger electrostatic) attractions between \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}^ + }\) and \({{\text{O}}^{2 - }}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) has (weak) intermolecular/van der Waals’/London/dispersion/dipoledipole attractions;</p>
<p class="p1">intermolecular/van der Waals’/London/dispersion/dipole-dipole forces are weaker/more easily broken than (strong) ionic bonds / ionic bonds are stronger/harder to break than intermolecular bond/van der Waals’/London/dispersion/dipole-dipole forces;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">acid is a proton/\({{\text{H}}^ + }\) donor <strong>and </strong>base is a proton/\({{\text{H}}^ + }\) acceptor;</p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)/\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\) <strong>and </strong>NaOH/KOH/\({\text{Ba(OH}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept any suitable examples.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Chemical</em></p>
<p class="p1">reaction with reactive metal/Mg/Zn/carbonate/hydrogen carbonate;</p>
<p class="p1">hydrochloric acid would react faster/more vigorously / ethanoic acid would react slower/less vigorously;</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1">react with alkali;</p>
<p class="p1">temperature change will be more for hydrochloric acid / temperature change will be less for ethanoic acid;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Physical</em></p>
<p class="p1">conductivity;</p>
<p class="p1">hydrochloric acid will conduct more/higher / ethanoic acid will conduct less/lower;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept other suitable examples.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">black coffee;</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{1}}{{\text{0}}^{\text{3}}}\)/1000 times;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(s)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \to {\text{2NaOH(aq)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(l)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \to {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(aq)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\): basic <strong>and</strong> \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\): acidic;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The definition of first ionisation energy given by most candidates in (a) (i) was incomplete. The word gaseous was missing from most definitions given.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Candidates also struggled to explain the differences in first ionization energies of magnesium and sodium. Candidates did not need knowledge of subshells as was suggested in one comment in the G2 forms. Candidates needed to make reference to nuclear charge and size of atomic radius and their effect on the attraction to the electrons.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (b) (i) clearly indicated that candidates were not familiar with metallic bonding.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (ii) the candidates incorrectly discussed the bonding in the sulfur trioxide molecule rather than the intermolecular forces. Many candidates incorrectly wrote words to the effect that ionic bonding was stronger than covalent bonding to explain the differences in melting point of the two compounds.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Parts (c) (i) and (iii) were well managed with candidates correctly defining acids and bases according to the <span class="s1">Brønsted-Lowry</span> theory and had a good understanding of the relationship between pH and concentration of \({{\text{H}}^ + }\) ions.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (c) (ii) was reasonably well answered but candidates did not always provided one chemical and one physical method to distinguish between the two acids.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Even though candidates were able to identify sodium oxide and sulfur trioxide as basic and acidic respectively they struggled to write correct equations for the oxides with water in part (d).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Chloroethene, C<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>H<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>Cl, is an important organic compound used to manufacture the polymer poly(chloroethene).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the Lewis structure for chloroethene and predict the H–C–Cl bond angle.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw a section of poly(chloroethene) containing six carbon atoms.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Outline why the polymerization of alkenes is of economic importance and why the disposal of plastics is a problem.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Chloroethene can be converted to ethanol in two steps. For each step deduce an overall equation for the reaction taking place.</p>
<p class="p1">Step 1:</p>
<p class="p1">Step 2:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the reagents and conditions necessary to prepare ethanoic acid from ethanol in the laboratory.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction of ethanoic acid with water. Identify a Brønsted-Lowry acid in the equation and its conjugate base.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-07_om_10.58.18.png" alt="M10/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/03.a.i/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept lines, dots or crosses for electron pairs.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Lone pairs required on chlorine.</em></p>
<p class="p1">(approximately) 120°;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept any bond angle in the range 113–</em><em>120°</em>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-07_om_11.04.14.png" alt="M10/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/03.a.ii/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Brackets not required for mark.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Continuation bonds from each carbon are required.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Cl atoms can be above or below carbon spine or alternating above and below.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">plastics are cheap/versatile/a large industry / plastics have many uses / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">plastics are not biodegradeable / plastics take up large amounts of space in landfill / pollution caused by burning of plastics / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept plastics cause litter.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow plastics don’t decompose quickly / OWTTE.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Step 1:</em></p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{CHCl}} + {{\text{H}}_2} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{Cl}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Step 2:</em></p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{Cl}} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - } \to {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{OH}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow NaOH or NaCl etc. instead of OH</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>– </em></span></sup><em>and Cl</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>–</em></span></sup><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow abbreviated formulas C</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>H</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>3</em></span></sub><em>Cl, C</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>H</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>5</em></span></sub><em>Cl, C</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>H</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>5</em></span></sub><em>OH.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\)/\({{\text{H}}^ + }\)/acidified <strong>and </strong>\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_{_{\text{7}}}^{2 - }\)/(potassium/sodium) dichromate;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept suitable oxidizing agents (e.g. KMnO</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>4 </em></span></sub><em>etc.) but only with acid.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore missing or incorrect oxidation states in reagents.</em></p>
<p class="p1">(heat under) reflux;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Second mark can be scored even if reagent is incorrect.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{COOH(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_3}{{\text{O}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{COOH(l)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_3}{{\text{O}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{COOH(aq)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">correct equation;</p>
<p class="p1">state symbols <strong>and</strong> \( \rightleftharpoons \);</p>
<p class="p1">BL acid is \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\) and cb is \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }\) / BL acid is \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{O}}^ + }\) and cb is \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The main G2 comments on this question related to the inclusion of organic chemistry in Section A. It should be noted that ANY Topic can be asked in Section A of P2, and there is no set-formula in relation to question setting. Organic chemistry is an integral part of the IB SL Chemistry programme, and is covered in Topic 10 of the guide (12 hours in total). Hence, candidates should be adequately prepared for questions on this topic, even in Section A. In 3(a), the Lewis structure of chlorethene was generally drawn correctly, though the weaker candidates often omitted the lone pairs on the chlorine. The bond angle was usually predicted, although right angles and 109.5°<span class="s1"> </span>were often given. Even some of the better candidates explained their choice of bond angle, based on the fact that the double bond occupies more space causing the HCCl bond angle to drop less than 120°.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates gave double bonds and some forgot to include continuation bonds.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The Aim 8 question in part (iii) was very well answered this session. Almost all candidates scored the disposal problem of plastics mark and many achieved the economics importance mark also.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In general (b) was very poorly answered, again showing a clear weakness in organic chemistry, which is an area of major concern. (i) was poorly done. Candidates who managed a correct reaction for the first step often used water instead of hydroxide ion for the second step.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In general (b) was very poorly answered, again showing a clear weakness in organic chemistry, which is an area of major concern. In (ii), candidates who mentioned dichromate(VI) or permanganate(VIII) often omitted the acid. In addition, reflux was often missing.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In general (b) was very poorly answered, again showing a clear weakness in organic chemistry, which is an area of major concern. In (iii), very few candidates scored all three marks here, even though the question itself was easy. The equation was often correct, but the equilibrium arrow was rarely given. Some candidates did not know the formula for ethanoic acid which was surprising.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The Haber process enables the large-scale production of ammonia needed to make fertilizers.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The equation for the Haber process is given below.</p>
<p class="p2">\[{{\text{N}}_2}({\text{g)}} + 3{{\text{H}}_2}({\text{g)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{2N}}{{\text{H}}_3}({\text{g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">The percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture varies with temperature.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-30_om_06.30.09.png" alt="N10/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/06.a"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Fertilizers may cause health problems for babies because nitrates can change into nitrites in water used for drinking.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">A student decided to investigate the reactions of the two acids with separate samples of \({\text{0.20 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sodium hydroxide solution.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Use the graph to deduce whether the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic and explain your choice.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State and explain the effect of increasing the pressure on the yield of ammonia.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Explain the effect of increasing the temperature on the rate of reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Define <em>oxidation </em>in terms of oxidation numbers.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Deduce the oxidation states of nitrogen in the nitrate, \({\text{NO}}_{\text{3}}^ - \), and nitrite, \({\text{NO}}_{\text{2}}^ - \), ions.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The nitrite ion is present in nitrous acid, HNO<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>, which is a weak acid. The nitrate ion is present in nitric acid, HNO<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>, which is a strong acid. Distinguish between the terms <em>strong </em>and <em>weak acid </em>and state the equations used to show the dissociation of each acid in aqueous solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A small piece of magnesium ribbon is added to solutions of nitric and nitrous acid of the same concentration at the same temperature. Describe <strong>two </strong>observations that would allow you to distinguish between the two acids.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Calculate the volume of the sodium hydroxide solution required to react exactly with a \({\text{15.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) solution of \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) nitric acid.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The following hypothesis was suggested by the student: “Since nitrous acid is a weak acid it will react with a smaller volume of the \({\text{0.20 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sodium hydroxide solution.” Comment on whether or not this is a valid hypothesis.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The graph below shows how the conductivity of the two acids changes with concentration.</p>
<p class="p2" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-30_om_08.07.40.png" alt="N10/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/06.f"></p>
<p class="p1">Identify <strong>Acid 1 </strong>and explain your choice.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Nitric acid reacts with silver in a redox reaction.</p>
<p class="p2" style="text-align: center;">__ \({\text{Ag(s)}} + \) __ \({\text{NO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}} + \) ___ \( \to \) ___\({\text{A}}{{\text{g}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + \) __ \({\text{NO(g)}} + \) ____</p>
<p class="p1">Using oxidation numbers, deduce the complete balanced equation for the reaction showing all the reactants and products.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>exothermic;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept either of the following for the second mark.</em></p>
<p class="p1">increasing temperature favours endothermic/reverse reaction;</p>
<p class="p1">as yield decreases with increasing temperature;</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>yield increases / equilibrium moves to the right / more ammonia;</p>
<p class="p1">increase in pressure favours the reaction which has fewer moles of <span style="text-decoration: underline;">gaseous</span> products;</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(rate increases because) increase in frequency (of collisions);</p>
<p class="p1">increase in energy (of collisions);</p>
<p class="p1">more colliding molecules with \(E \geqslant {E_{\text{a}}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>increase in the oxidation number;</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><em>(NO<sub>3</sub>)</em> + 5 <strong>and </strong><em>(NO<sub>2</sub><sup>–</sup>)</em> + 3;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept V and III.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not penalize missing charges on numbers.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">strong acid completely dissociated/ionized <strong>and </strong>weak acid partially dissociated/ionized;</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(aq)}} \to {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{NO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} \rightleftharpoons {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{NO}}_2^ - {\text{(aq)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow only arrows as shown.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>State symbols not needed.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept H<sub>2</sub>O and H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>With </em><em>HNO<sub>3</sub></em>:</p>
<p class="p1">faster rate of bubble/gas/hydrogen production;</p>
<p class="p1">faster rate of magnesium dissolving;</p>
<p class="p1">higher temperature change;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept opposite argument for </em><em>HNO<sub>2</sub>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>if 2 observations given but acid is not identified.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Reference to specific observations needed.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(nitric acid) \({\text{7.5 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>not valid as nitrous acid reacts with same volume/ \({\text{7.5 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">HNO<sub>3</sub>;</p>
<p class="p1">(higher conductivity for solutions with same concentration as) there are more <span style="text-decoration: underline;">ions</span> in solution;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">change in oxidation numbers: Ag from 0 to +1 <strong>and </strong>N from +5 to +2;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not penalise missing charges on numbers.</em></p>
<p class="p1">balanced equation: \({\text{3Ag}} + {\text{NO}}_3^ -<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+ {\text{4}}{{\text{H}}^ + } \to {\text{3A}}{{\text{g}}^ + } + {\text{NO}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}\)</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for correct reactants and product;</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><span class="s1"><strong>[3] </strong></span><em>for correct balanced equation.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This was the most popular question and it was well answered by the majority of candidates. The reaction was correctly described as exothermic and the reason for this explained correctly in most cases. Most candidates knew that yield would increase with increased pressure, but failed to score a second mark because they did not mention ‘gaseous’ although they did know the answer. The effect of increased temperature on rate was generally well described although some did get confused with yield and how it would affect equilibrium.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates correctly defined oxidation in 6(b)(i) but ‘hedged their bets’ by stating loss of electrons as well as an increase in oxidation number. In 6(b)(ii) the oxidation states were generally deduced correctly but sometimes written as ionic charges (5+ for instance, instead of +5).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In 6(c) most correctly defined strong and weak acids, and many also wrote correct equations. A few, though, had no idea. In (c), arrows proved to be a minefield for several candidates, especially the equilibrium sign. HA was commonly given, as were CH<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>COOH and HCl, instead of nitric and nitrous acid.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">6(d) presented problems with many candidates unable to describe observations and instead stating there would be ‘more hydrogen produced’ or just that ‘the reaction would be faster’. However, better candidates were able to answer this part correctly and scored full marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In 6(e)(i) the calculation was answered well, but 6(e)(ii), that asked for a comment on the hypothesis, was not and few candidates stated that the same volume of acid was needed.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In 6(f), the majority correctly identified the strong acid but often failed to explain its better conductivity in terms of the ions.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many could give a correct balanced equation and scored the 3 marks, and others scored 1 mark for giving the correct reactants and products. However, not many candidates used oxidation numbers to deduce the balanced equation.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Arsenic and nitrogen play a significant role in environmental chemistry. Arsenous acid, H<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>AsO<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>, can be found in oxygen-poor (anaerobic) water, and nitrogen-containing fertilizers can contaminate water.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Nitric acid, HNO<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>, is strong and nitrous acid, HNO<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>, is weak.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Define <em>oxidation </em>and <em>reduction </em>in terms of electron loss or gain.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Oxidation:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Reduction:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Deduce the oxidation numbers of arsenic and nitrogen in each of the following species.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{A}}{{\text{s}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{NO}}_3^ - \):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{As}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Distinguish between the terms <em>oxidizing agent </em>and <em>reducing agent</em>.</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>In the removal of arsenic from contaminated groundwater, \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{As}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) is often first oxidized to arsenic acid, \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{As}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">The following <strong>unbalanced </strong>redox reaction shows another method of forming \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{As}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{A}}{{\text{s}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{NO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}} \to {{\text{H}}_3}{\text{As}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{N}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">Deduce the balanced redox equation in <strong>acid</strong>, and then identify both the oxidizing and reducing agents.</p>
<div class="marks">[9]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define an <em>acid </em>according to the Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis theories.</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Brønsted–Lowry theory:</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Lewis theory:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The Lewis (electron dot) structure of nitrous acid is given below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-23_om_12.10.34.png" alt="N12/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/05.b.ii"></p>
<p class="p1">Identify which nitrogen-oxygen bond is the shorter.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the approximate value of the hydrogen-oxygen-nitrogen bond angle in nitrous acid and explain your answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Distinguish between a <em>strong acid </em>and a <em>weak acid </em>in terms of their dissociation in aqueous solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Ammonia, NH<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>, is a weak base. Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of NH<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>. State the name of the shape of the molecule and explain why NH<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>is a polar molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">When lime was added to a sample of soil, the pH changed from 5 to 7. Calculate the <strong>factor </strong>by which the hydrogen ion concentration changes.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">One common nitrogen-containing fertilizer is ammonium sulfate. State its chemical formula.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Oxidation: </em>loss of electrons <strong>and </strong><em>Reduction: </em>gain of electrons;</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><em>As</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>O</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>3</em></span></sub>: +3;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>NO</em><span class="s1"><em><sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup></em></span>: +5;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>H</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>3</em></span></sub><em>AsO</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>3</em></span></sub>: +3;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>N</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>O</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>3</em></span></sub>: +3;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Penalize incorrect notation e.g. III, V, 3+, 5+, 3, 5 once only.</em></p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Oxidizing agent: </em>substance reduced / removes electrons from another substance / causes some other substance to be oxidized / <em>OWTTE </em><strong>and</strong><em> Reducing agent</em>: substance oxidized / gives electrons to another substance / causes some other substance to be reduced / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept Oxidizing agent: electron/e/e</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>– </em></span></sup><em>acceptor / causes oxidation / oxidation number/state decreases </em><strong><em>and </em></strong><em>Reducing agent: electron/e/e</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>– </em></span></sup><em>donor / causes reduction / oxidation number/state increases.</em></p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{A}}{{\text{s}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{2NO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \to {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{As}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{N}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">correct coefficients for \({\text{A}}{{\text{s}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3}\), \({{\text{H}}_3}{\text{As}}{{\text{O}}_4}\) <strong>and </strong>\({\text{NO}}_3^ - \), \({{\text{N}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3}\);</p>
<p class="p1">correct balanced equation;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols</em>.</p>
<p class="p1"><em>M1 must be correct to award M2.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Oxidizing agent: </em>\({\text{NO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}}\) / nitrate <strong>and </strong><em>Reducing agent: </em>\({\text{A}}{{\text{s}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(s)}}\) / arsenic(III) oxide;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept HNO</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>3</em></span></sub><em>(aq)/nitric acid.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept arsenic oxide.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Species must be fully correct to score M3.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Brønsted Lowry theory</em>: proton/H<sup><span class="s1">+ </span></sup>donor;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Lewis theory</em>: electron-<span style="text-decoration: underline;">pair</span> acceptor;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">N=O;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">accept any value in range 102–105°;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Actual value is 102°.</em></p>
<p class="p1">lone/non-bonding pairs on oxygen occupy more space/repel more than bonding pairs hence decreasing the H–O–N bond angle (from 109.5<span class="s3"><em>°</em> </span>) / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Strong acid: </em>acid/electrolyte completely/100% dissociated/ionized in solution/water / <em>OWTTE </em><strong>and </strong><em>Weak acid: </em>acid/electrolyte partially dissociated/ionized in solution/water / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-23_om_12.58.49.png" alt="N12/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/05.b.v/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept any combination of lines, dots or crosses to represent electron pairs.</em></p>
<p class="p1">trigonal/triangular pyramidal;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept pyramidal (since SL)</em>.</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not allow tetrahedral</em>.</p>
<p class="p1">net dipole moment present in molecule / NH bond polarities do not cancel each other out / unsymmetrical distribution of charge /<em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept molecule has no symmetry hence polar.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">changes by 10<sup><span class="s1">2 </span></sup>/100;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow changes from 10<sup>–</sup></em><sup><span class="s1"><em>5 </em></span></sup><span class="s2"> </span><em>to 10<sup>–</sup></em><sup><span class="s1"><em>7</em></span></sup><em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({{\text{(N}}{{\text{H}}_4}{\text{)}}_2}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_4}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This was the most popular question answered in Section B.</p>
<p class="p2">The definition of oxidation and reduction, deducing oxidation numbers (although some forgot the + sign) and distinguishing between an oxidizing and reducing agent was answered very well by a majority of the candidates. However, a surprising number of candidates were unable to balance the redox equation or identify the correct oxidizing and reducing agents in the given reaction.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (b), most candidates defined an acid according to the Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis theories and identify the shorter bond in the Lewis structure given of \({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\). Many candidates were able to deduce the approximate value of the H<span class="s1">―</span>O―N bond angle, however, some candidates were unable to explain in terms of the greater space occupied by the non-bonding electron pairs compared to the bonding electron pairs. Distinguishing between strong and weak acid in terms of their dissociation in aqueous solution was handled very well. The Lewis structure and shape of ammonia was done correctly by most candidates. However, the weaker candidates stated triangular planar instead of triangular pyramidal and that the molecule has no symmetry instead of unsymmetrical distribution of charge giving rise to a net dipole moment. The change in concentration with the change in pH was done well while an overwhelming number of candidates did not write the correct formula of ammonium sulphate.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (b), most candidates defined an acid according to the Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis theories and identify the shorter bond in the Lewis structure given of \({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\). Many candidates were able to deduce the approximate value of the H<span class="s1">―</span>O―N bond angle, however, some candidates were unable to explain in terms of the greater space occupied by the non-bonding electron pairs compared to the bonding electron pairs. Distinguishing between strong and weak acid in terms of their dissociation in aqueous solution was handled very well. The Lewis structure and shape of ammonia was done correctly by most candidates. However, the weaker candidates stated triangular planar instead of triangular pyramidal and that the molecule has no symmetry instead of unsymmetrical distribution of charge giving rise to a net dipole moment. The change in concentration with the change in pH was done well while an overwhelming number of candidates did not write the correct formula of ammonium sulphate.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (b), most candidates defined an acid according to the Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis theories and identify the shorter bond in the Lewis structure given of \({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\). Many candidates were able to deduce the approximate value of the H<span class="s1">―</span>O―N bond angle, however, some candidates were unable to explain in terms of the greater space occupied by the non-bonding electron pairs compared to the bonding electron pairs. Distinguishing between strong and weak acid in terms of their dissociation in aqueous solution was handled very well. The Lewis structure and shape of ammonia was done correctly by most candidates. However, the weaker candidates stated triangular planar instead of triangular pyramidal and that the molecule has no symmetry instead of unsymmetrical distribution of charge giving rise to a net dipole moment. The change in concentration with the change in pH was done well while an overwhelming number of candidates did not write the correct formula of ammonium sulphate.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (b), most candidates defined an acid according to the Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis theories and identify the shorter bond in the Lewis structure given of \({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\). Many candidates were able to deduce the approximate value of the H<span class="s1">―</span>O―N bond angle, however, some candidates were unable to explain in terms of the greater space occupied by the non-bonding electron pairs compared to the bonding electron pairs. Distinguishing between strong and weak acid in terms of their dissociation in aqueous solution was handled very well. The Lewis structure and shape of ammonia was done correctly by most candidates. However, the weaker candidates stated triangular planar instead of triangular pyramidal and that the molecule has no symmetry instead of unsymmetrical distribution of charge giving rise to a net dipole moment. The change in concentration with the change in pH was done well while an overwhelming number of candidates did not write the correct formula of ammonium sulphate.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (b), most candidates defined an acid according to the Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis theories and identify the shorter bond in the Lewis structure given of \({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\). Many candidates were able to deduce the approximate value of the H<span class="s1">―</span>O―N bond angle, however, some candidates were unable to explain in terms of the greater space occupied by the non-bonding electron pairs compared to the bonding electron pairs. Distinguishing between strong and weak acid in terms of their dissociation in aqueous solution was handled very well. The Lewis structure and shape of ammonia was done correctly by most candidates. However, the weaker candidates stated triangular planar instead of triangular pyramidal and that the molecule has no symmetry instead of unsymmetrical distribution of charge giving rise to a net dipole moment. The change in concentration with the change in pH was done well while an overwhelming number of candidates did not write the correct formula of ammonium sulphate.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (b), most candidates defined an acid according to the Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis theories and identify the shorter bond in the Lewis structure given of \({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\). Many candidates were able to deduce the approximate value of the H<span class="s1">―</span>O―N bond angle, however, some candidates were unable to explain in terms of the greater space occupied by the non-bonding electron pairs compared to the bonding electron pairs. Distinguishing between strong and weak acid in terms of their dissociation in aqueous solution was handled very well. The Lewis structure and shape of ammonia was done correctly by most candidates. However, the weaker candidates stated triangular planar instead of triangular pyramidal and that the molecule has no symmetry instead of unsymmetrical distribution of charge giving rise to a net dipole moment. The change in concentration with the change in pH was done well while an overwhelming number of candidates did not write the correct formula of ammonium sulphate.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (b), most candidates defined an acid according to the Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis theories and identify the shorter bond in the Lewis structure given of \({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\). Many candidates were able to deduce the approximate value of the H<span class="s1">―</span>O―N bond angle, however, some candidates were unable to explain in terms of the greater space occupied by the non-bonding electron pairs compared to the bonding electron pairs. Distinguishing between strong and weak acid in terms of their dissociation in aqueous solution was handled very well. The Lewis structure and shape of ammonia was done correctly by most candidates. However, the weaker candidates stated triangular planar instead of triangular pyramidal and that the molecule has no symmetry instead of unsymmetrical distribution of charge giving rise to a net dipole moment. The change in concentration with the change in pH was done well while an overwhelming number of candidates did not write the correct formula of ammonium sulphate.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Ammonia, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\), is a base according to both the Brønsted–Lowry and the Lewis theories of acids and bases.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide, NaOH, and nitric acid, \({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\), is shown below.</p>
<p class="p1">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{NaOH(aq)}} + {\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{NaN}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}}&{{\text{ }}\Delta H = - 57.6{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}} \end{array}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Distinguish between the terms <em>strong base </em>and <em>weak base</em>, and state one example of each.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the equation for the reaction of ammonia with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why ammonia can act as a Brønsted–Lowry base.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why ammonia can also act as a Lewis base.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>When ammonium chloride, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{Cl(aq)}}\), is added to excess solid sodium carbonate, \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(s)}}\), an acid–base reaction occurs. Bubbles of gas are produced and the solid sodium carbonate decreases in mass. State <strong>one </strong>difference which would be observed if nitric acid, \({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}}\), was used instead of ammonium chloride.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Deduce the Lewis structures of the ammonium ion, \({\text{NH}}_4^ + \), and the carbonate ion, \({\text{CO}}_3^{2 - }\).</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;">Ammonium ion\(\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \)Carbonate ion</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Predict the shapes of \({\text{NH}}_4^ + \) and \({\text{CO}}_3^{2 - }\).</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{NH}}_4^ + \):</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{CO}}_3^{2 - }\):</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sketch and label an enthalpy level diagram for this reaction.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Deduce whether the reactants or the products are more energetically stable, stating your reasoning.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Calculate the change in heat energy, in kJ, when \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{2.50 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sodium hydroxide solution is added to excess nitric acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">When 5.35 g ammonium chloride, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{Cl(s)}}\), is added to \({\text{100.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of water, the temperature of the water decreases from 19.30 °C to 15.80 °C. Determine the enthalpy change, in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), for the dissolving of ammonium chloride in water.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">a strong base: base/electrolyte (assumed to be almost) completely/100% dissociated/ionized (in solution/water) / <em>OWTTE </em><strong>and </strong>a weak base: base/electrolyte partially dissociated/ionized (in solution/water) / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">example of a strong base: any group I hydroxide / \({\text{Ba(OH}}{{\text{)}}_2}\);</p>
<p class="p1">example of a weak base: \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_3}\) / \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_2}\) / any reasonable answer;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_3} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{NH}}_4^ + + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">accepts a proton/\({{\text{H}}^ + }\) / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">donates an electron <span style="text-decoration: underline;">pair</span>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>more vigorous reaction / more gas bubbles / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">more heat released;</p>
<p class="p1">solid decreases more quickly;</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-02_om_06.52.03.png" alt="M12/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/06.c/M"></span></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept any combination of lines, dots or crosses to represent electron pairs.</em></p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><em>NH</em><span class="s1"><em><sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></em></span>:</p>
<p class="p1">tetrahedral;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>CO</em><span class="s1"><em><sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup></em></span>:</p>
<p class="p1">trigonal/triangular planar;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>enthalpy on <em>y</em>-axis;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept energy.</em></p>
<p class="p1">reactants higher than products;</p>
<p class="p1">\(\Delta H\) labelled;</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-02_om_07.15.35.png" alt="M12/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/06.d/M"></p>
<p class="p2"><em>Accept appropriate formulas for reactants and products.</em></p>
<p class="p2"><em>Arrow heads not needed.</em></p>
<p class="p2"><em>57.6 is acceptable as an alternative to </em><span class="s1">\(\Delta H\)</span><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>products are more stable as they are at a lower enthalpy level / energy has been given off by the reactants / reaction is exothermic / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(n{\text{(NaOH)}} = 0.125{\text{ mol}}\);</p>
<p>change in heat energy \( = ( - 57.6 \times 0.125) = - 7.20{\text{ (kJ)}}\) / heat released \( = (57.6 \times 0.125) = 7.20{\text{ (kJ)}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(q = (mc\Delta T = ){\text{ }}100.0 \times 4.18 \times 3.50/1463{\text{ J}}/1460{\text{ J}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\(n{\text{(N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{Cl)}} = \frac{{5.35}}{{53.5}}/0.100{\text{ mol}}\);</p>
<p>\(\Delta H = + 14.6/14.6{\text{ (kJ mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}{\text{)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept q = 105.35 </em>\( \times \)<em> 4.18 </em>\( \times \)<em> 3.50 / 1541 J.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept</em> \(\Delta H\) <em>= +15.4 / 15.4 (kJ</em>\(\,\)<em>mol</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>–1</em></span></sup><em>)</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (a) was answered well although some mentioned “dissolving” instead of “dissociating”.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (b), the equation was well done.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (b), the equation was well done as was (ii).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Inevitably, many omitted “pair” in (iii).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (c)(i) was generally correct. In (c)(ii) the carbonate ion was legitimately examined under AS 4.2.7; it was not well known – there were too many carbons with expanded octets and oxygens where the lone pairs had been missed. (In the HL specification, the carbonate ion‘s delocalization is considered.) In (iii), however, the shapes were well known.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">If there was to be an error made in (d)(i), it was to omit “enthalpy” from the <em>y</em>-axis and some unaccountably put the correct chemicals on the line and then reversed the names products and reactants. The calculations in (d)(iii) inevitably depended on an ability to calculate and think logically.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The calculations in (e) inevitably depended on an ability to calculate and think logically.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Predict the shape and bond angles for the following species:</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Ethanoic acid, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\), is a weak acid.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the Lewis structures for carbon monoxide, CO, carbon dioxide, \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) and methanol, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{OH}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">List, with an explanation, the three compounds in order of increasing carbon to oxygen bond length (shortest first).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{CO}}_3^{2 - }\)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{BF}}_4^ - \)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define a Brønsted-Lowry acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the two acids and their conjugate bases in the following reaction:</p>
<p class="p1">\[{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} + {\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{(aq)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{NH}}_4^ + {\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>weak acid </em>and state the equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Vinegar, which contains ethanoic acid, can be used to clean deposits of calcium carbonate from the elements of electric kettles. State the equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with calcium carbonate.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-16_om_10.36.21.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/06.a.i/M"></p>
<p class="p1"><em>All outer electron pairs must be shown for mark in each case. </em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept electrons shown as all rather than </em>\( \bullet \)<em> and x.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{CO}} < {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}} < {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{OH}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">triple bonds are shorter than double bonds which are shorter than single bonds / the more pairs of electrons that are shared the stronger the attracting so the shorter the bond / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>The order must be correct to gain the second marking point unless ECF from (a).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{(C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{)}}\)linear;</p>
<p class="p1">180°;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{(CO}}_3^{2 - }{\text{)}}\) trigonal planar/triangular planar;</p>
<p class="p1">120°;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{(BF}}_4^ - {\text{)}}\) tetrahedral;</p>
<p class="p1">109.5° / 109° / 109° \(28'\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">donates a proton / \({{\text{H}}^ + }\) ion;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{\text{(acid)}}}&{{\text{(conjugate base)}}} \\ {{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}}&{{\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{;}}} \\ {{\text{NH}}_4^ + }&{{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{;}}} \end{array}\]</p>
<p class="p1"><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>if all four acids and bases given but not clearly paired.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">partially dissociated or ionized;</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{COOH}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - } + {{\text{H}}_3}{{\text{O}}^ + }/{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{COOH}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - } + {{\text{H}}^ + }\);</p>
<p class="p1">\( \rightleftharpoons \) <em>required for mark.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{2C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{COOH}} + {\text{CaC}}{{\text{O}}_3} \to {\text{Ca(C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{COO}}{{\text{)}}_2} + {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}\)</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for correct reactants and products and </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for balancing.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This was, by far, the most popular choice of question in Section B.</p>
<p class="p1">Part (a)(i) was well answered, though the weaker candidates often drew a double bond in carbon monoxide or missed out lone pairs.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">These errors then gave rise to problems in attempting to answer (a)(ii).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The better candidates scored all six marks for Part (b), the weaker candidates commonly giving the correct names more often than the correct angles.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The better candidates scored all six marks for Part (b), the weaker candidates commonly giving the correct names more often than the correct angles.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The better candidates scored all six marks for Part (b), the weaker candidates commonly giving the correct names more often than the correct angles.\[28'\]</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In Part (c) the definition was generally well answered and the acids and bases were usually correctly identified though not always paired as asked for in the question.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In Part (c) the definition was generally well answered and the acids and bases were usually correctly identified though not always paired as asked for in the question.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In the final equation it was rare to see a correct formula for calcium ethanoate, and even when present, the equation was not usually balanced.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In the final equation it was rare to see a correct formula for calcium ethanoate, and even when present, the equation was not usually balanced.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Phosphine (IUPAC name phosphane) is a hydride of phosphorus, with the formula PH<sub>3</sub>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of phosphine.</p>
<p>(ii) Outline whether you expect the bonds in phosphine to be polar or non-polar, giving a brief reason.</p>
<p>(iii) Explain why the phosphine molecule is not planar.</p>
<p>(iv) Phosphine has a much greater molar mass than ammonia. Explain why phosphine has a significantly lower boiling point than ammonia.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Phosphine is usually prepared by heating white phosphorus, one of the allotropes of phosphorus, with concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide. The equation for the reaction is:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">P4 (s) + 3OH<sup>−</sup> (aq) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → PH<sub>3</sub> (g) + 3H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq)</p>
<p>(i) Identify one other element that has allotropes and list <strong>two</strong> of its allotropes.</p>
<p>Element:</p>
<p>Allotrope 1:</p>
<p>Allotrope 2:</p>
<p>(ii) The first reagent is written as P<sub>4</sub>, not 4P. Describe the difference between P<sub>4</sub> and 4P.</p>
<p>(iii) The ion H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> is amphiprotic. Outline what is meant by amphiprotic, giving the formulas of both species it is converted to when it behaves in this manner.</p>
<p>(iv) State the oxidation state of phosphorus in P<sub>4</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>.</p>
<p>P<sub>4</sub>:</p>
<p>H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>:</p>
<p>(v) Oxidation is now defined in terms of change of oxidation number. Explore how earlier definitions of oxidation and reduction may have led to conflicting answers for the conversion of P<sub>4</sub> to H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> and the way in which the use of oxidation numbers has resolved this.</p>
<div class="marks">[10]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>2.478 g of white phosphorus was used to make phosphine according to the equation:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">P<sub>4</sub>(s) +3OH<sup>−</sup>(aq)+3H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → PH<sub>3</sub>(g)+3H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>(aq)</p>
<p>(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of white phosphorus used.</p>
<p>(ii) This phosphorus was reacted with 100.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 5.00 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous sodium hydroxide. Deduce, showing your working, which was the limiting reagent.</p>
<p>(iii) Determine the excess amount, in mol, of the other reagent.</p>
<p>(iv) Determine the volume of phosphine, measured in cm<sup>3</sup> at standard temperature and pressure, that was produced.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i)<br><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<div class="page" title="Page 5">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><em>Accept structures using dots and/or crosses to indicate bonds and/or lone pair.</em></p>
<p>(ii)<br>non-polar <em><strong>AND</strong></em> P and H have the same electronegativity</p>
<div class="page" title="Page 5">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><em>Accept “similar electronegativities”.</em><br><em> Accept “polar” if there is a reference to a small difference in electronegativity and apply <strong>ECF</strong> in 1 a (iv).</em></p>
<p>(iii)<em><br></em>4 electron domains/pairs/negative charge centres <strong>«</strong>around the central atom<strong>»</strong><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>a lone/non-bonding pair <strong>«</strong>and three bonding pairs around the central atom<strong>»</strong><br>repulsion between electron domains/pairs/negative charge centres <strong>«</strong>produces non-planar shape<strong>»</strong><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br><strong>«</strong>repulsion causes<strong>»</strong> tetrahedral orientation/pyramidal shape</p>
<p>(iv)<em><br></em>PH<sub>3</sub> has London <strong>«</strong>dispersion<strong>»</strong> forces</p>
<p>NH<sub>3</sub> forms H-bonds</p>
<p>H-bonds are stronger<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>London forces are weaker</p>
<div class="page" title="Page 5">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><em>Accept van der Waals’ forces, dispersion forces and instantaneous dipole – induced dipole forces.</em><br><em> Accept “dipole-dipole forces” as molecule is polar.</em></p>
<p><em>H-bonds in NH<sub>3</sub> (only) must be mentioned to score<strong> [2]</strong>.</em><br><em> Do not award M2 or M3 if:</em><br><em> • implies covalent bond is the H-bond<br></em><em>• implies covalent bonds break.</em></p>
<p><em> Accept “dipole-dipole forces are weaker”.</em></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i)<br><strong>Element</strong><em><strong><br></strong></em>carbon/C<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>oxygen/O/O<sub>2</sub> </p>
<div class="page" title="Page 6">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><strong>Allotropes</strong><em><strong><br></strong></em>Award <em><strong>[1]</strong></em> for two of: <br>diamond<br>graphite<br>graphene<br>C<sub>60</sub> / buckminsterfullerene<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>ozone/O<sub>3</sub> <em><strong>AND</strong></em> «diatomic/molecular» oxygen/O<sub>2</sub></p>
<div class="page" title="Page 6">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><em>Accept <strong>two</strong> correctly named allotropes of any other named element (S, Se, Sn, As, etc.).</em></p>
<p><em>Accept fullerene, “buckyballs” etc. instead of buckminsterfullerene.</em></p>
<p>(ii)<em><br></em>P<sub>4</sub> is a molecule «comprising 4P atoms» <em><strong>AND</strong></em> 4P is four/separate <strong>«</strong>P<strong>»</strong> atoms<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>P<sub>4</sub> represents <strong>«</strong>4P<strong>»</strong> atoms bonded together <em><strong>AND</strong></em> 4P represents <strong>«</strong>4<strong>»</strong> separate/non-bonded <strong>«</strong>P<strong>»</strong> atoms</p>
<p>(iii)</p>
<p>can act as both a «Brønsted–Lowry» acid and a «Brønsted–Lowry» base<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>can accept and/or donate a hydrogen ion/proton/H<sup>+</sup></p>
<p>HPO2<sup>2−</sup> <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>2</sub></p>
(iv)</div>
<div class="column">P<sub>4</sub> : 0<br>H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> : +1</div>
<div class="column"> </div>
<div class="column"><em>Do not accept 1 or 1+ for H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup></em>.</div>
<div class="column"> </div>
<div class="column">(v)</div>
<div class="column">oxygen gained, so could be oxidation</div>
<div class="column"> </div>
<div class="column">hydrogen gained, so could be reduction<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>negative charge «on product/H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> » /gain of electrons so could be reduction</div>
<div class="column"> </div>
<div class="column">oxidation number increases so must be oxidation</div>
<div class="column"> </div>
<div class="column"><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for M1 and M2 if candidate displays knowledge of at least two of these definitions but does not apply them to the reaction.</em><br><em>Do not award M3 for “oxidation number changes”.</em></div>
<div class="column"> </div>
<div class="column"> </div>
<div class="column"> </div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i)</p>
<p>«\(\left\langle {\frac{{2.478}}{{4 \times 30.97}}} \right\rangle \)»= 0.02000«mol»</p>
<p>(ii)<br><em>n</em>(NaOH)=«0.1000×5.00=»0.500«mol» <em><strong>AND</strong></em> P<sub>4</sub>/phosphorus is limiting reagent</p>
<p><em>Accept n(H<sub>2</sub>O) =\(\frac{{100}}{{18}}\) = 5.50 <strong>AND</strong> P<sub>4</sub> is limiting reagent.</em></p>
<p>(iii)<br>amount in excess «= 0.500 - (3 × 0.02000)» = 0.440 «mol»</p>
<p>(iv)</p>
<p>«22.7 × 1000 × 0.02000» = 454 «cm<sup>3</sup>»</p>
<p><em>Accept methods employing pV = nRT, with p as either 100 (454 cm<sup>3</sup>) or 101.3 kPa (448 cm<sup>3</sup>).</em></p>
<p><em>Do not accept answers in dm<sup>3</sup>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Acids play a key role in processes in everyday life.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The wine industry is important to the economy of many countries. Wine contains ethanol. In a laboratory in Chile, chemists tested the pH of a bottle of wine when opened and found it to have a pH of 3.8. After a few days, the pH had decreased to 2.8.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the change in hydrogen ion concentration, \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the name of the compound formed that is responsible for this decreased pH value.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Sulfuric acid present in acid rain can damage buildings made of limestone. Predict the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between limestone and sulfuric acid including state symbols.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\) increased by factor of 10;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow a difference of 1.426</em><span class="s1"> \( \times \) </span><em>10<sup>–3</sup>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">ethanoic acid;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow acetic acid.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{CaC}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(s)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{CaS}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(s)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}}\)</p>
<p class="p2">correct chemical equation;</p>
<p class="p2">correct state symbols;</p>
<p class="p2"><em>Allow CaSO</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>4</em></span></sub><em>(aq) instead of CaSO</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>4</em></span></sub><em>(s).</em></p>
<p class="p2"><em>M2 can only be scored if M1 is correct</em>.</p>
<p class="p2"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1max] </em></strong><em>if H</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>CO</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>3</em></span></sub><em>(aq) is given instead of H</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>O(l) + CO</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>(g).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Question 3 a)(i) presented difficulties to some candidates who attempted to calculate the concentration of \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\) ions even though this is not on the SL course. Simply recognizing that a decrease in pH of 1 unit is equivalent to an increase in \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\) by a factor of 10 was sufficient here (A.S. 8.4.3).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In a) (ii) many candidates correctly identified ethanoic acid as the cause of the decrease in pH. Some simply stated carboxylic acid, which is a class of compound and not a name of a compound.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part b) was a challenge to candidates who did not know the formula of limestone. This reaction is mentioned in teachers’ notes in 8.3.1. State symbols were also required. Some candidates mistakenly identified sulfuric acid in acid rain as H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>SO<sub><span class="s1">4</span></sub>(l) and did not score the second mark.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Aspirin, one of the most widely used drugs in the world, can be prepared according to the equation given below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-19_om_08.15.13.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/01"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">A student reacted some salicylic acid with excess ethanoic anhydride. Impure solid aspirin was obtained by filtering the reaction mixture. Pure aspirin was obtained by recrystallization. The following table shows the data recorded by the student.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-19_om_08.18.46.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/01.b"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the names of the <strong>three </strong>organic functional groups in aspirin.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the amount, in mol, of salicylic acid, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{6}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(OH)COOH}}\), used.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the theoretical yield, in g, of aspirin, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{6}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(OCOC}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{)COOH}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the percentage yield of pure aspirin.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the number of significant figures associated with the mass of pure aspirin obtained, and calculate the percentage uncertainty associated with this mass.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Another student repeated the experiment and obtained an experimental yield of 150%. The teacher checked the calculations and found no errors. Comment on the result.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The following is a three-dimensional computer-generated representation of aspirin.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-19_om_09.08.18.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/01.b.vi_1"></p>
<p class="p1">A third student measured selected bond lengths in aspirin, using this computer program and reported the following data.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-19_om_09.09.34.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/01.b.vi_2"></p>
<p class="p1">The following hypothesis was suggested by the student: “<em>Since all the measured </em><em>carbon-carbon bond lengths are equal, all the carbon-oxygen bond lengths must </em><em>also be equal in aspirin. Therefore, the C8–O4 bond length must be 1.4 </em>\( \times \)<em> 10</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>–10 </em></span></sup><em>m</em>”. Comment on whether or not this is a valid hypothesis.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The other product of the reaction is ethanoic acid, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\). Define an acid according to the Brønsted-Lowry theory and state the conjugate base of \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">Brønsted-Lowry definition of an acid:</p>
<p class="p1">Conjugate base of \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">carboxylic acid / carboxyl;</p>
<p class="p1">ester;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not allow carbonyl / acid / ethanoate / formula(–COOH). </em></p>
<p class="p1">aryl group / benzene ring / phenyl;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({M_{\text{r}}}{\text{(}}{{\text{C}}_7}{{\text{H}}_6}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{)}} = {\text{138.13}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\(n = \left( {\frac{{3.15}}{{138.13}} = } \right){\text{ }}2.28 \times {10^{ - 2}}{\text{ (mol)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for the correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({M_{\text{r}}}{\text{(}}{{\text{C}}_9}{{\text{H}}_8}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{)}} = 180.17\);</p>
<p class="p1">\(m = (180.17 \times 2.28 \times {10^{ - 2}} = ){\text{ }}4.11{\text{ (g)}}\);</p>
<p class="p2"><em>Accept range 4.10–4.14</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for the correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{(percentage yield}} = \frac{{2.50}}{{4.11}} \times 100 = ){\text{ }}60.8\% \);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept 60–61%.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">3;</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{(percentage uncertainty }} = \frac{{0.02}}{{2.50}} \times 100 = {\text{) }}0.80\% \);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow 0.8%</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">sample contaminated with ethanoic acid / aspirin not dry / impure sample;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept specific example of a systematic error.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept error in reading balance/weighing scale. </em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept yield greater than 100%. </em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">hypothesis not valid/incorrect;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept any of the following for the second mark </em></p>
<p class="p2">C–O and C=O bond lengths will be different;</p>
<p class="p2">C2–O3 bond is longer than C8–O4 bond;</p>
<p class="p2">C8–O4 bond shorter than C2–O3 bond;</p>
<p class="p2">a CO single bond is longer than a CO double bond;</p>
<p class="p2"><em>Accept C8–O4 is a double bond hence shorter.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Brønsted-Lowry definition of an acid</em></p>
<p class="p1">proton/H<span class="s1">+</span>/hydrogen ion donor;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Conjugate base of </em><span class="s3"><em>CH<sub>3</sub>COOH </em></span></p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }{\text{/C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{CO}}_2^ - \);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub><sup>–</sup>/ethanoate.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (a) Some candidates gave the correct three names of the functional groups; however some candidates gave answers such as alkene, ketone, aldehyde, ether, and carbonyl.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Candidates did not have problems determining the number of moles of salicylic acid used in (b) (i), although a few gave the answer with one significant digit only.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">For (ii) the majority of candidates correctly used the value obtained in (i) to calculate the theoretical yield of aspirin.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (iii) the percentage yield was calculated correctly in most cases.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The calculation of the percentage uncertainty (part (iv) proved to be a little more difficult, but many candidates gave the correct answer of 0.80%.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (v) was correctly answered by only a few candidates who stated that aspirin was contaminated or that the aspirin was not dry.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Nearly all the candidates correctly stated that the suggested hypothesis was not valid in (vi), giving the right reasons.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (vii) most candidates gave the correct definition of an acid according to Brønsted-Lowry theory, although a few defined the acid according to Lewis theory. The conjugate base of the ethanoic acid was not always correct.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The boiling points of the isomers of pentane, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{5}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{12}}}}\), shown are 10, 28 and 36 °C, but not necessarily in that order.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-04_om_09.39.27.png" alt="N09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/04.a"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the boiling points for each of the isomers <strong>A</strong>, <strong>B </strong>and <strong>C </strong>and state a reason for your answer.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-05_om_15.50.19.png" alt="N09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/04.a.i"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the IUPAC names of isomers <strong>B </strong>and <strong>C</strong>.</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>B</strong>:</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>C</strong>:</p>
<div class="marks">[[N/A]]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Both \({{\text{C}}_{\text{5}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{12}}}}\) and \({{\text{C}}_{\text{5}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{11}}}}{\text{OH}}\) can be used as fuels. Predict which compound would release a greater amount of heat per gram when it undergoes complete combustion. Suggest <strong>two</strong> reasons to support your prediction.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In many cities around the world, public transport vehicles use diesel, a liquid hydrocarbon fuel, which often contains sulfur impurities and undergoes incomplete combustion. All public transport vehicles in New Delhi, India, have been converted to use compressed natural gas (CNG) as fuel. Suggest <strong>two </strong>ways in which this improves air quality, giving a reason for your answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-05_om_15.51.14.png" alt="N09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/04.a.i/M"></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>if correct boiling points are assigned to 3 isomers.</em></p>
<p class="p1">increase in branching / more side chains / more spherical shape / reduced surface contact / less closely packed;</p>
<p class="p1">weaker intermolecular force/van der Waals’/London/dispersion forces;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept the opposite arguments</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>B</em>: 2-methylbutane/methylbutane;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>C</em>: 2,2-dimethyl propane/dimethyl propane;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not penalize missing commas, hyphens or added spaces.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept 2-dimethylpropane, or 2,2-methylpropane.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({{\text{C}}_5}{{\text{H}}_{12}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept any two of the following explanations.</em></p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{C}}_5}{{\text{H}}_{11}}{\text{OH}}\) has greater molar mass / produces less grams of \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}\) and \({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}\) per gram of the compound / suitable calculations to show this;</p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{C}}_5}{{\text{H}}_{11}}{\text{OH}}\) contains an O atom which contributes nothing to the energy released / partially oxidized / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">analogous compounds such as butane and butan-1-ol show a lower value for the alcohol per mole in the data book / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">the total bond strength in the pentanol molecule is higher than the total bond strength in pentane;</p>
<p class="p1">the total amount of energy produced in bond formation of the products per mole is the same;</p>
<p class="p1">fewer moles of pentanol in 1 g;</p>
<p class="p1">pentanol requires more energy to break intermolecular forces/hydrogen bonding / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Improvements <strong><em>[2]</em></strong></em></p>
<p class="p1">less/no particulates/C/CO/VOC’s produced with CNG;</p>
<p class="p1">less/no SO<sub>2</sub>/SO<sub>x</sub> produced;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Reasons </em><strong><em>[1 max]</em></strong></p>
<p class="p1">CO/SO<sub>2</sub> toxic/poisonous;</p>
<p class="p1">SO<sub>2</sub> causes acid rain;</p>
<p class="p1">CNG is likely to undergo complete/more combustion;</p>
<p class="p1">CNG has no/less sulfur impurities;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This question also featured on the G2 forms, as some teachers thought that the inclusion of Aim 8 type questions such as this would disadvantage candidates. However performance by the majority was very good. It should be noted that questions of this type will always be asked in future papers<strong>. </strong>In (a), most candidates correctly identified the boiling points although some reversed the order and a few had B with the highest boiling point. Explanations for this trend were not so well answered. Some candidates referred to breaking bonds in the carbon chain and several answers referred to the length of the carbon chain rather than the degree of branching.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The IUPAC names were generally well known, with the most common errors being the use of “pent” instead of “prop” and the omission of one of the locants, or “di” in “2,2-dimethylpropane”.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates scored 0 in part b) as they incorrectly suggested that pentan-1-ol would have a larger energy density than pentane. It is clear from the variety of wrong answers and reasons that candidates are not familiar with the ideas tested in this question. Many candidates referred to hydrogen bonds between molecules, as a reason for pentan-1-ol releasing more energy, only a few consulted their Data Booklet and made reference to this.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In c) there were 2 marks for improvements to air quality and 1 mark for a reason. Most candidates included the idea that there would be less carbon monoxide formed and that this was a poisonous gas. There were fewer references to oxides of sulfur, although many said that CNG has fewer S impurities rather than to say that less SO<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>/SO<sub>x</sub> is released, in this case as they had already scored their explanation mark they could not score for this and ended up with 2 marks out of 3. Some candidates did not centre their answer on what was being asked. Also, some candidates said that natural gas is a natural fuel while diesel is not, and that natural gas, when it burns does not produce carbon dioxide.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">In acidic solution, ions containing titanium can react according to the half-equation below.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{T}}{{\text{i}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">A reactivity series comparing titanium, cadmium and europium is given below.</p>
<p class="p2" style="text-align: center;">Least reactive <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cd \( < \) Ti \( < \) Eu <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Most reactive</p>
<p class="p1">The half-equations corresponding to these metals are:</p>
<p class="p1"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{E}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{Eu(s)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{T}}{{\text{i}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{Ti(s)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{d}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{Cd(s)}}\)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Some students were provided with a \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of a monobasic acid, HQ, and given the problem of determining whether HQ was a weak acid or a strong acid.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the initial and final oxidation numbers of titanium and hence deduce whether it is oxidized or reduced in this change.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-26_om_17.12.08.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/05.a.i"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Considering the above equilibrium, predict, giving a reason, how adding more acid would affect the strength of the \({\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}\) ion as an oxidizing agent.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce which of the species would react with titanium metal.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the balanced equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce which of the six species is the strongest oxidizing agent.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A voltaic cell can be constructed using cadmium and europium half-cells. State how the two solutions involved should be connected and outline how this connection works.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define a <em>Brønsted–Lowry acid</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Distinguish between the terms <em>strong acid </em>and <em>weak acid</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Neelu and Charles decided to solve the problem by determining the volume of \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sodium hydroxide solution needed to neutralize \({\text{25.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of the acid. Outline whether this was a good choice.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Neelu and Charles decided to compare the volume of sodium hydroxide solution needed with those required by known \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) strong and weak acids. Unfortunately they chose sulfuric acid as the strong acid. Outline why this was an unsuitable choice.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State a suitable choice for both the strong acid and the weak acid.</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Strong acid:</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Weak acid:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Francisco and Shamiso decided to measure the pH of the initial solution, HQ, and they found that its pH was 3.7. Deduce, giving a reason, the strength (weak or strong) of the acid HQ.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Suggest a method, other than those mentioned above, that could be used to solve the problem and outline how the results would distinguish between a strong acid and a weak acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.vii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-26_om_17.13.23.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/05.a.i/M"></p>
<p class="p2"><em>+ sign must be present. Do not award mark for incorrect notation 4, 4+, 3, 3+ etc.</em></p>
<p class="p2"><em>Do not award M2 if inconsistent with M1.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">increases / makes it stronger;</p>
<p class="p1">(more \({{\text{H}}^ + }\) would) drive/shift equilibrium to the right/towards products</p>
<p class="p1">(accepting more electrons);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{d}}^{2 + }}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not allow incorrect notation such as Cd, Cd(II), or Cd<sup>+2</sup>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{2Ti(s)}} + {\text{3C}}{{\text{d}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2T}}{{\text{i}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{3Cd(s)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow ECF from (b)(i) for a correct equation.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{d}}^{2 + }}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Charge must be given.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not allow incorrect notation such as Cd, Cd(II), or Cd<sup>+2</sup></em> <em>but penalize</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>only once in b(i) and b(iii) .</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow ECF, if Eu<sup>2+</sup></em> <em>is written both in part (i) and part (iii).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">salt bridge;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept specific examples of salt bridges, such as filter paper dipped in aqueous KNO<sub>3</sub>.</em></p>
<p class="p1">allows the movement of ions (between the two solutions) / completes the circuit / maintains electrical neutrality;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept movement of charges/negative ions/positive ions.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">donates \({{\text{H}}^ + }\)/protons;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">strong acid completely/100%/fully dissociated/ionized <strong>and </strong>weak acid partially/slightly dissociated/ionized;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">not a good choice / poor choice;</p>
<p class="p1">requires same volume of the base / the amount/volume to react/for neutralization does not depend on the acid strength;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">sulfuric acid is diprotic/dibasic/liberates two protons/\({{\text{H}}^ + }\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept “reacts with 2 moles of alkali/base”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Strong acid</em>: hydrochloric acid/HCl / nitric acid/\({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Weak acid</em>: ethanoic acid/\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow acetic acid for weak acid.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept any other strong/weak </em><strong><em>monobasic </em></strong><em>acids as appropriate.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept non-monobasic acids, such as phosphoric acid and carbonic acid.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">weak;</p>
<p class="p1">strong \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) acid has a pH of 1/lower than that observed;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept “pH value of 3.7 means that it produces only 10<sup>–3.7</sup>/2.0 </em>\( \times \)<em> 10<sup>–</sup></em><sup><span class="s2"><em>4</em></span></sup> <em>[H</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>+</em></span></sup><em>] in water”</em><span class="s3"><em>.</em></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">measure the rate of reaction with reactive metal/(metal) carbonate/metal oxide;</p>
<p class="p1">strong acid would react faster/more vigorously / weak acid would react slower/less vigorously;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept specific substances, such as Mg and CaCO<sub>3</sub>, which react with acids.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1">measure conductivity;</p>
<p class="p1">higher for strong acid / lower for weak acid;</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1">measure heat/enthalpy of neutralization;</p>
<p class="p1">greater for strong acid / lower for weak acid;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept pH/universal indicator paper.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.vii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (a) (i), most candidates scored full marks although some candidates continue to write incorrect notation (4, 4+) for oxidation states.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (ii), some candidates missed the word equilibrium in the question and hence could not state that equilibrium will shift towards right and strength of oxidizing agent will increase.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (b) (i), (iii), the correct answer was \({\text{C}}{{\text{d}}^{2 + }}\) but many candidates wrote Cd, Eu or Ti.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (ii), the better candidates wrote the correct balanced chemical equation. Some included electrons in the equation which was surprising and some did not read the question where the reaction with Ti metal was asked.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (b) (i), (iii), the correct answer was \({\text{C}}{{\text{d}}^{2 + }}\) but many candidates wrote Cd, Eu or Ti.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (iv), many candidates identified the salt bridge but some missed the reference to the movement of ions.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (c), most candidates were able to define a <em>Bronsted-Lowry </em>acid. The difference between strong and weak was usually correctly stated although only better candidates stated that strong acid is <em>assumed </em>to be 100% dissociated. Part (iii) proved to be difficult where very few candidates stated correctly that it is not a good choice because it requires the same volume of the base. Many candidates, however, knew the fact that sulfuric acid is diprotic in part (iv). In part (v), majority of candidates correctly identified the strong and weak acid whereas weaker candidates stated NaOH as a weak acid. Part (vi) was poorly done with many candidates stating pH 3.7 as strong acid. In part (vii), many candidates scored full marks but universal indicator paper was often suggested, which of course, scored no marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (c), most candidates were able to define a <em>Bronsted-Lowry </em>acid. The difference between strong and weak was usually correctly stated although only better candidates stated that strong acid is <em>assumed </em>to be 100% dissociated. Part (iii) proved to be difficult where very few candidates stated correctly that it is not a good choice because it requires the same volume of the base. Many candidates, however, knew the fact that sulfuric acid is diprotic in part (iv). In part (v), majority of candidates correctly identified the strong and weak acid whereas weaker candidates stated NaOH as a weak acid. Part (vi) was poorly done with many candidates stating pH 3.7 as strong acid. In part (vii), many candidates scored full marks but universal indicator paper was often suggested, which of course, scored no marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (c), most candidates were able to define a <em>Bronsted-Lowry </em>acid. The difference between strong and weak was usually correctly stated although only better candidates stated that strong acid is <em>assumed </em>to be 100% dissociated. Part (iii) proved to be difficult where very few candidates stated correctly that it is not a good choice because it requires the same volume of the base. Many candidates, however, knew the fact that sulfuric acid is diprotic in part (iv). In part (v), majority of candidates correctly identified the strong and weak acid whereas weaker candidates stated NaOH as a weak acid. Part (vi) was poorly done with many candidates stating pH 3.7 as strong acid. In part (vii), many candidates scored full marks but universal indicator paper was often suggested, which of course, scored no marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (c), most candidates were able to define a <em>Bronsted-Lowry </em>acid. The difference between strong and weak was usually correctly stated although only better candidates stated that strong acid is <em>assumed </em>to be 100% dissociated. Part (iii) proved to be difficult where very few candidates stated correctly that it is not a good choice because it requires the same volume of the base. Many candidates, however, knew the fact that sulfuric acid is diprotic in part (iv). In part (v), majority of candidates correctly identified the strong and weak acid whereas weaker candidates stated NaOH as a weak acid. Part (vi) was poorly done with many candidates stating pH 3.7 as strong acid. In part (vii), many candidates scored full marks but universal indicator paper was often suggested, which of course, scored no marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (c), most candidates were able to define a <em>Bronsted-Lowry </em>acid. The difference between strong and weak was usually correctly stated although only better candidates stated that strong acid is <em>assumed </em>to be 100% dissociated. Part (iii) proved to be difficult where very few candidates stated correctly that it is not a good choice because it requires the same volume of the base. Many candidates, however, knew the fact that sulfuric acid is diprotic in part (iv). In part (v), majority of candidates correctly identified the strong and weak acid whereas weaker candidates stated NaOH as a weak acid. Part (vi) was poorly done with many candidates stating pH 3.7 as strong acid. In part (vii), many candidates scored full marks but universal indicator paper was often suggested, which of course, scored no marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (c), most candidates were able to define a <em>Bronsted-Lowry </em>acid. The difference between strong and weak was usually correctly stated although only better candidates stated that strong acid is <em>assumed </em>to be 100% dissociated. Part (iii) proved to be difficult where very few candidates stated correctly that it is not a good choice because it requires the same volume of the base. Many candidates, however, knew the fact that sulfuric acid is diprotic in part (iv). In part (v), majority of candidates correctly identified the strong and weak acid whereas weaker candidates stated NaOH as a weak acid. Part (vi) was poorly done with many candidates stating pH 3.7 as strong acid. In part (vii), many candidates scored full marks but universal indicator paper was often suggested, which of course, scored no marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (c), most candidates were able to define a <em>Bronsted-Lowry </em>acid. The difference between strong and weak was usually correctly stated although only better candidates stated that strong acid is <em>assumed </em>to be 100% dissociated. Part (iii) proved to be difficult where very few candidates stated correctly that it is not a good choice because it requires the same volume of the base. Many candidates, however, knew the fact that sulfuric acid is diprotic in part (iv). In part (v), majority of candidates correctly identified the strong and weak acid whereas weaker candidates stated NaOH as a weak acid. Part (vi) was poorly done with many candidates stating pH 3.7 as strong acid. In part (vii), many candidates scored full marks but universal indicator paper was often suggested, which of course, scored no marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.vii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Some of the most important processes in chemistry involve acid-base reactions.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the acid-base character of the oxides of each of the period 3 elements, Na to Cl.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State <strong>one </strong>example of an acidic gas, produced by an industrial process or the internal combustion engine, which can cause large-scale pollution to lakes and forests.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Suggest <strong>one </strong>method, other than measuring pH, which could be used to distinguish between solutions of a strong acid and a weak acid of the same molar concentration. State the expected results.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Na, Mg: basic;</p>
<p class="p1">Al: amphoteric;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept amphiprotic. </em></p>
<p class="p1">Si to Cl: acidic;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for stating oxides become more basic towards left/Na and more acidic towards right/Cl.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not penalize incorrect formulas of oxides. </em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)/nitrogen dioxide / \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\)/dinitrogen tetroxide / \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)/sulfur dioxide / \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)/sulfur trioxide;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept NO/NOx/CO</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>/CO.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">measure electrical conductivity;</p>
<p class="p1">strong acids are good conductors/better conductors than weak acids / weak acids are poor conductors;</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR </strong></p>
<p class="p2">react with magnesium or a named active metal/metal carbonate/hydrogen carbonate/bicarbonate;</p>
<p class="p2"><em>Do not accept Na/K </em></p>
<p class="p2">strong acids react faster/more gas bubbles (per unit time)/more heat produced / weak acids react slower/less gas bubbles (per unit time)/less heat produced;</p>
<p class="p2"><em>Do not accept answers based on titration curves as they are based on pH.</em></p>
<p class="p2"><em>Accept Neutralization: weak acid would produce less energy/less temperature increase compared to a strong acid. </em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The majority of candidates gave the correct answers to (a), but a few were confused about the acid-base character of the oxides of aluminium and silicon.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (b) proved to be a difficult question. Not many candidates gave the name or formula of an acidic gas produced by an industrial process. Some wrong answers were: CO, SO, \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\), CFCs, Methane, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">There were a few good answers to (c); measuring the conductivity or the reaction with magnesium or calcium carbonate was a possible method for distinguishing between a strong and a weak acid of the same concentration.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>0.100 g of magnesium ribbon is added to \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{1.00 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sulfuric acid to produce hydrogen gas and magnesium sulfate.</p>
<p>\[{\text{Mg(s)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(aq)}} \to {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{MgS}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Magnesium sulfate can exist in either the hydrated form or in the anhydrous form. Two students wished to determine the enthalpy of hydration of anhydrous magnesium sulfate. They measured the initial and the highest temperature reached when anhydrous magnesium sulfate, \({\text{MgS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(s)}}\), was dissolved in water. They presented their results in the following table.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-16_om_10.27.16.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01.0b"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The students repeated the experiment using 6.16 g of solid hydrated magnesium sulfate, \({\text{MgS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}} \bullet {\text{7}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(s)}}\), and \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of water. They found the enthalpy change, \(\Delta {H_2}\), to be \( + 18{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\).</p>
<p>The enthalpy of hydration of solid anhydrous magnesium sulfate is difficult to determine experimentally, but can be determined using the diagram below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-16_om_11.08.23.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01.c"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Magnesium sulfate is one of the products formed when acid rain reacts with dolomitic limestone. This limestone is a mixture of magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) The graph shows the volume of hydrogen produced against time under these experimental conditions.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-16_om_10.18.50.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01.a"></p>
<p>Sketch two curves, labelled <strong>I</strong> and <strong>II</strong>, to show how the volume of hydrogen produced (under the same temperature and pressure) changes with time when:</p>
<p>I. using the same mass of magnesium powder instead of a piece of magnesium ribbon;</p>
<p>II. 0.100 g of magnesium ribbon is added to \({\text{50 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.500 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sulfuric acid.</p>
<p>(ii) Outline why it is better to measure the volume of hydrogen produced against time rather than the loss of mass of reactants against time.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of anhydrous magnesium sulfate.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change, \(\Delta {H_1}\), for anhydrous magnesium sulfate dissolving in water, in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). State your answer to the correct number of significant figures.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Determine the enthalpy change, \(\Delta H\), in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), for the hydration of solid anhydrous magnesium sulfate, \({\text{MgS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\).</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) The literature value for the enthalpy of hydration of anhydrous magnesium sulfate is \( - 103{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). Calculate the percentage difference between the literature value and the value determined from experimental results, giving your answer to <strong>one</strong> decimal place. (If you did not obtain an answer for the experimental value in (c)(i) then use the value of \( - 100{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), but this is <strong>not</strong> the correct value.)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Another group of students experimentally determined an enthalpy of hydration of \( - 95{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). Outline two reasons which may explain the variation between the experimental and literature values.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State the equation for the reaction of sulfuric acid with magnesium carbonate.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the carbonate ion, giving the shape and the oxygen-carbon-oxygen bond angle.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Lewis (electron dot) structure:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Shape:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Bond angle:</p>
<div class="marks">[[N/A]]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-16_om_10.22.32.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01.a.i/M"></p>
<p><em>I:</em> line which is steeper/increases faster <strong>and </strong>finishes at the same height;</p>
<p><em>II:</em> line which is less steep/increases more slowly <strong>and </strong>finishes at the same height;</p>
<p>(ii) mass of hydrogen produced is very small (so not accurate) / decrease in mass is very small (so not accurate);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) \(n({\text{MgS}}{{\text{O}}_4}) = \left( {\frac{{3.01}}{{120.37}} = } \right){\text{ }}0.0250{\text{ (mol)}}\);</p>
<p>(ii) energy released \( = 50.0 \times 4.18 \times 9.7 \times 2027{\text{ (J)}}/2.027{\text{ (kJ)}}\);</p>
<p>\(\Delta {H_1} = - 81{\text{ (kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}{\text{)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>if 53.01 is used giving an answer of –86 (kJ mol</em><sup><em>–1</em></sup><em>).</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for +81/81/+86/86 (kJ mol</em><sup><em>−1</em></sup><em>).</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for –81000/–86000 if units are stated as J mol</em><sup><em>−1</em></sup><em>.</em></p>
<p><em>Allow answers to 3 significant figures.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) \(\Delta H{\text{ }}( = \Delta {H_1} - \Delta {H_2}) = - 99{\text{ (kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}})\);</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>if –86 is used giving an answer of –104 (kJ mol</em><sup><em>−1</em></sup><em>).</em></p>
<p>(ii) \(\frac{{(103 - 99)}}{{103}} \times 100 = 3.9\% \);</p>
<p><em>Accept answer of 2.9 % if –100 used but only if a value for (b)(i) is not<br>present.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>if –104 is used giving an answer of 1.0% .</em></p>
<p><em>Accept correct answers which are not to 1 decimal place.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{MgS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\) not completely anhydrous / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p>\({\text{MgS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\) is impure;</p>
<p>heat loss to the atmosphere/surroundings;</p>
<p>specific heat capacity of solution is taken as that of pure water;</p>
<p>experiment was done once only so it is not scientific;</p>
<p>density of solution is taken to be \(1{\text{ g}}\,{\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\);</p>
<p>mass of \(7{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}\) ignored in calculation;</p>
<p>uncertainty of thermometer is high so temperature change is unreliable;</p>
<p>literature values determined under standard conditions but this experiment is not;</p>
<p>all solid not dissolved;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) \({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{MgC}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(s)}} \to {\text{MgS}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not accept H</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>CO</em><sub><em>3</em></sub><em>.</em></p>
<p>(ii) <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-16_om_11.31.39.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01.e.ii/M"> ;</p>
<p><em>Accept crosses, lines or dots as electron pairs.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept any correct resonance structure.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[0] </em></strong><em>if structure is drawn without brackets and charge.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[0] </em></strong><em>if lone pairs not shown on O atoms.</em></p>
<p><em>shape: </em>trigonal/triangular planar;</p>
<p><em>bond angle: </em>120°;</p>
<p><em>Accept answers trigonal/triangular planar and </em><em>120° </em><em>if M1 incorrect, but no other answer should be given credit.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates could sketch correct curves in (a)(i), though many did not realize that the same final volume of hydrogen is formed. Lines were generally poorly drawn with several lines for one curve, and curve I often did not join smoothly with the given curve, but dropped near the end or overshot the final volume and then fell back down. Candidates are advised to draw graphs in pencil first. In (a)(ii), very few students indicated that because the mass of hydrogen is very small it is better to measure reaction rate using gas volume; most indicated that it is not precise because the mass of a mixture is measured. It seems that very few candidates are aware that measuring loss of mass per unit time is a valid tool for determining the rate of a reaction when \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is produced. The moles of magnesium sulfate were mostly calculated correctly in (b)(i), but in (b)(ii) most candidates had problems calculating the enthalpy change, working with the mass of magnesium sulfate instead of water or solution and not giving the enthalpy change a negative sign. Several candidates only found the temperature change and called this the enthalpy change, or found the energy change and ignored the number of moles. Few candidates correctly applied Hess’s law in (c)(i). Some respondents felt that this was not on the SL course, but it is clearly stated in 5.3.1. Some candidates had no idea how to calculate the percentage difference in (c)(ii) and several left this blank despite a value being given for the experimental results for candidates to use if they had not found a value themselves. Quite a few others determined the percentage difference correctly. In (d) most candidates stated heat loss to the surroundings as an error, mentioning further irrelevant errors. Only the better candidates also referred to the partial hydration of the anhydrous salt. The equation for the reaction between sulfuric acid and magnesium carbonate was generally done well in (e)(i) but \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) was frequently (incorrectly) given as a product. A few candidates did not know the formulas for sulfuric acid and magnesium carbonate. Very few candidates could give a correct Lewis structure for the carbonate ion in (ii). Some almost scored but failed to include brackets and charge. Some decided that the carbonate ion was a synonym for carbon dioxide and drew that. The formula for the carbonate ion should be known (assessment statement 4.1.7) and only one Lewis structure was required so students did not need to know about resonance structures. Shape and bond angle were also done poorly but there were a few candidates who knew the shape and bond angle of the carbonate ion even though they couldn’t draw the Lewis structure.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates could sketch correct curves in (a)(i), though many did not realize that the same final volume of hydrogen is formed. Lines were generally poorly drawn with several lines for one curve, and curve I often did not join smoothly with the given curve, but dropped near the end or overshot the final volume and then fell back down. Candidates are advised to draw graphs in pencil first. In (a)(ii), very few students indicated that because the mass of hydrogen is very small it is better to measure reaction rate using gas volume; most indicated that it is not precise because the mass of a mixture is measured. It seems that very few candidates are aware that measuring loss of mass per unit time is a valid tool for determining the rate of a reaction when \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is produced. The moles of magnesium sulfate were mostly calculated correctly in (b)(i), but in (b)(ii) most candidates had problems calculating the enthalpy change, working with the mass of magnesium sulfate instead of water or solution and not giving the enthalpy change a negative sign. Several candidates only found the temperature change and called this the enthalpy change, or found the energy change and ignored the number of moles. Few candidates correctly applied Hess’s law in (c)(i). Some respondents felt that this was not on the SL course, but it is clearly stated in 5.3.1. Some candidates had no idea how to calculate the percentage difference in (c)(ii) and several left this blank despite a value being given for the experimental results for candidates to use if they had not found a value themselves. Quite a few others determined the percentage difference correctly. In (d) most candidates stated heat loss to the surroundings as an error, mentioning further irrelevant errors. Only the better candidates also referred to the partial hydration of the anhydrous salt. The equation for the reaction between sulfuric acid and magnesium carbonate was generally done well in (e)(i) but \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) was frequently (incorrectly) given as a product. A few candidates did not know the formulas for sulfuric acid and magnesium carbonate. Very few candidates could give a correct Lewis structure for the carbonate ion in (ii). Some almost scored but failed to include brackets and charge. Some decided that the carbonate ion was a synonym for carbon dioxide and drew that. The formula for the carbonate ion should be known (assessment statement 4.1.7) and only one Lewis structure was required so students did not need to know about resonance structures. Shape and bond angle were also done poorly but there were a few candidates who knew the shape and bond angle of the carbonate ion even though they couldn’t draw the Lewis structure.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates could sketch correct curves in (a)(i), though many did not realize that the same final volume of hydrogen is formed. Lines were generally poorly drawn with several lines for one curve, and curve I often did not join smoothly with the given curve, but dropped near the end or overshot the final volume and then fell back down. Candidates are advised to draw graphs in pencil first. In (a)(ii), very few students indicated that because the mass of hydrogen is very small it is better to measure reaction rate using gas volume; most indicated that it is not precise because the mass of a mixture is measured. It seems that very few candidates are aware that measuring loss of mass per unit time is a valid tool for determining the rate of a reaction when \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is produced. The moles of magnesium sulfate were mostly calculated correctly in (b)(i), but in (b)(ii) most candidates had problems calculating the enthalpy change, working with the mass of magnesium sulfate instead of water or solution and not giving the enthalpy change a negative sign. Several candidates only found the temperature change and called this the enthalpy change, or found the energy change and ignored the number of moles. Few candidates correctly applied Hess’s law in (c)(i). Some respondents felt that this was not on the SL course, but it is clearly stated in 5.3.1. Some candidates had no idea how to calculate the percentage difference in (c)(ii) and several left this blank despite a value being given for the experimental results for candidates to use if they had not found a value themselves. Quite a few others determined the percentage difference correctly. In (d) most candidates stated heat loss to the surroundings as an error, mentioning further irrelevant errors. Only the better candidates also referred to the partial hydration of the anhydrous salt. The equation for the reaction between sulfuric acid and magnesium carbonate was generally done well in (e)(i) but \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) was frequently (incorrectly) given as a product. A few candidates did not know the formulas for sulfuric acid and magnesium carbonate. Very few candidates could give a correct Lewis structure for the carbonate ion in (ii). Some almost scored but failed to include brackets and charge. Some decided that the carbonate ion was a synonym for carbon dioxide and drew that. The formula for the carbonate ion should be known (assessment statement 4.1.7) and only one Lewis structure was required so students did not need to know about resonance structures. Shape and bond angle were also done poorly but there were a few candidates who knew the shape and bond angle of the carbonate ion even though they couldn’t draw the Lewis structure.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates could sketch correct curves in (a)(i), though many did not realize that the same final volume of hydrogen is formed. Lines were generally poorly drawn with several lines for one curve, and curve I often did not join smoothly with the given curve, but dropped near the end or overshot the final volume and then fell back down. Candidates are advised to draw graphs in pencil first. In (a)(ii), very few students indicated that because the mass of hydrogen is very small it is better to measure reaction rate using gas volume; most indicated that it is not precise because the mass of a mixture is measured. It seems that very few candidates are aware that measuring loss of mass per unit time is a valid tool for determining the rate of a reaction when \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is produced. The moles of magnesium sulfate were mostly calculated correctly in (b)(i), but in (b)(ii) most candidates had problems calculating the enthalpy change, working with the mass of magnesium sulfate instead of water or solution and not giving the enthalpy change a negative sign. Several candidates only found the temperature change and called this the enthalpy change, or found the energy change and ignored the number of moles. Few candidates correctly applied Hess’s law in (c)(i). Some respondents felt that this was not on the SL course, but it is clearly stated in 5.3.1. Some candidates had no idea how to calculate the percentage difference in (c)(ii) and several left this blank despite a value being given for the experimental results for candidates to use if they had not found a value themselves. Quite a few others determined the percentage difference correctly. In (d) most candidates stated heat loss to the surroundings as an error, mentioning further irrelevant errors. Only the better candidates also referred to the partial hydration of the anhydrous salt. The equation for the reaction between sulfuric acid and magnesium carbonate was generally done well in (e)(i) but \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) was frequently (incorrectly) given as a product. A few candidates did not know the formulas for sulfuric acid and magnesium carbonate. Very few candidates could give a correct Lewis structure for the carbonate ion in (ii). Some almost scored but failed to include brackets and charge. Some decided that the carbonate ion was a synonym for carbon dioxide and drew that. The formula for the carbonate ion should be known (assessment statement 4.1.7) and only one Lewis structure was required so students did not need to know about resonance structures. Shape and bond angle were also done poorly but there were a few candidates who knew the shape and bond angle of the carbonate ion even though they couldn’t draw the Lewis structure.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates could sketch correct curves in (a)(i), though many did not realize that the same final volume of hydrogen is formed. Lines were generally poorly drawn with several lines for one curve, and curve I often did not join smoothly with the given curve, but dropped near the end or overshot the final volume and then fell back down. Candidates are advised to draw graphs in pencil first. In (a)(ii), very few students indicated that because the mass of hydrogen is very small it is better to measure reaction rate using gas volume; most indicated that it is not precise because the mass of a mixture is measured. It seems that very few candidates are aware that measuring loss of mass per unit time is a valid tool for determining the rate of a reaction when \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is produced. The moles of magnesium sulfate were mostly calculated correctly in (b)(i), but in (b)(ii) most candidates had problems calculating the enthalpy change, working with the mass of magnesium sulfate instead of water or solution and not giving the enthalpy change a negative sign. Several candidates only found the temperature change and called this the enthalpy change, or found the energy change and ignored the number of moles. Few candidates correctly applied Hess’s law in (c)(i). Some respondents felt that this was not on the SL course, but it is clearly stated in 5.3.1. Some candidates had no idea how to calculate the percentage difference in (c)(ii) and several left this blank despite a value being given for the experimental results for candidates to use if they had not found a value themselves. Quite a few others determined the percentage difference correctly. In (d) most candidates stated heat loss to the surroundings as an error, mentioning further irrelevant errors. Only the better candidates also referred to the partial hydration of the anhydrous salt. The equation for the reaction between sulfuric acid and magnesium carbonate was generally done well in (e)(i) but \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) was frequently (incorrectly) given as a product. A few candidates did not know the formulas for sulfuric acid and magnesium carbonate. Very few candidates could give a correct Lewis structure for the carbonate ion in (ii). Some almost scored but failed to include brackets and charge. Some decided that the carbonate ion was a synonym for carbon dioxide and drew that. The formula for the carbonate ion should be known (assessment statement 4.1.7) and only one Lewis structure was required so students did not need to know about resonance structures. Shape and bond angle were also done poorly but there were a few candidates who knew the shape and bond angle of the carbonate ion even though they couldn’t draw the Lewis structure.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A sample of magnesium contains three isotopes: magnesium-24, magnesium-25 and magnesium-26, with abundances of 77.44%, 10.00% and 12.56% respectively.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Phosphorus(V) oxide, \({{\text{P}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{10}}}}{\text{ }}({M_{\text{r}}} = 283.88)\), reacts vigorously with water \(({M_{\text{r}}} = 18.02)\), according to the equation below.</p>
<p>\[{{\text{P}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{10}}}}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{6}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \to {\text{4}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of magnesium correct to <strong>two</strong> decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the relative atomic radii of the three magnesium isotopes, giving your reasons.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in magnesium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State an equation for the reaction of magnesium oxide with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A student added 5.00 g of \({{\text{P}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{10}}}}\) to 1.50 g of water. Determine the limiting reactant, showing your working.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the mass of phosphoric(V) acid, \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\), formed in the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State a balanced equation for the reaction of aqueous \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\) with excess aqueous sodium hydroxide, including state symbols.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the formula of the conjugate base of \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Deduce the Lewis structure of \({\text{PH}}_4^ + \).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Predict, giving a reason, the bond angle around the phosphorus atom in \({\text{PH}}_4^ + \).</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) Predict whether or not the P–H bond is polar, giving a reason for your choice.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\(\left( {\frac{{(77.44 \times 24) + (10.00 \times 25) + (12.56{\text{ }}26)}}{{100}}} \right)\);</p>
<p>24.35;</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Two decimal places are required for M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not award any marks for 24.31 without showing method (as the value can be copied from the Data Booklet).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>same atomic radii / 160 pm;</p>
<p>isotopes only differ by number of neutrons/size of nucleus / radius</p>
<p>determined by electron shells and number of protons / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p><em>Accept neutrons do not affect distance of electrons / OWTTE.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(lattice of) positive ions/cations <strong>and </strong>mobile/free/delocalized electrons;</p>
<p><em>Accept “sea of electrons” instead of “delocalized electrons”.</em></p>
<p><em>Award M1 for a suitable diagram</em>.</p>
<p>electrostatic attraction (between ions and delocalized electrons);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{MgO}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}} \to {\text{Mg(OH}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}/{\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }} + {\text{2O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\);</p>
<p><em>Accept reversible arrow.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({{\text{P}}_4}{{\text{O}}_{10}}{\text{: }}\left( {\frac{{{\text{5.00}}}}{{{\text{283.88}}}} = } \right){\text{ 0.0176 (mol)}}\) <strong>and </strong>\({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O: }}\left( {\frac{{{\text{1.50}}}}{{{\text{18.02}}}} = } \right){\text{ 0.0832 (mol)}}\);</p>
<p>\({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}\) is the limiting reactant <strong>and </strong>reason related to stoichiometry;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\(\frac{{0.0832 \times 4}}{6}/0.0555{\text{ (mol)}}\);</p>
<p>\((0.0555 \times 98.00 = ){\text{ }}5.44{\text{ g}}\);</p>
<p><em>The unit is needed for M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not penalize slight numerical variations due to premature rounding.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({{\text{H}}_3}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{3NaOH(aq)}} \to {\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_3}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\)</p>
<p>correct products and balancing;</p>
<p>correct state symbols;</p>
<p><em>Accept valid ionic equations.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{PO}}_4^ - \);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-23_om_08.27.23.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/06.e.i/M"> ;</p>
<p><em>Accept dots, crosses or lines for pairs of electrons.</em></p>
<p><em>No need to distinguish the dative covalent bond from the other bonds.</em></p>
<p><em>Charge is required for the mark.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not penalize missing square brackets.</em></p>
<p>(ii) \(109^\circ 27'/109.5^\circ /109^\circ \);</p>
<p>4 electron domains/pairs/(negative) charge centres (around central atom/P);</p>
<p><em>Accept ion is tetrahedral / electron pairs/domains repel each other.</em></p>
<p>(iii) non-polar <strong>and </strong>P and H have the same electronegativity / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p><em>Accept slightly polar as precise electronegativities of P and H are not identical / OWTTE.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>In Part (a) most candidates gained full marks, with the most common error being a failure to quote the answer to the precision specified, but the explanations of deflection, and more particularly detection, in the mass spectrometer were weak. The prediction of relative atomic radii of the isotopes, something that required the application of reason rather than recall, also proved much more challenging. Part (b) revealed that many candidates have a very weak understanding of the metallic bond with many thinking the bonding was ionic.</p>
<p>Even when they knew about a cation lattice and delocalized electrons, a mark was frequently dropped by failing to specify that the attraction between them was electrostatic. Most candidates wrote the correct equation in Part (c), but it is still disturbing that some students at this level cannot write even the most straightforward chemical equation. In Part (d) many students proved capable of carrying out routine stoichiometric calculations to identify the limiting reactant and use the result to find the mass of the product.</p>
<p>Even if the final result was incorrect quite frequently students gained some credit through the application of ECF. Only the better candidates could write an equation for the neutralisation of phosphoric(V) acid and even the routine derivation of a conjugate base from the formula of the acid proved difficult for many. In Part (e) most students could manage the correct Lewis structure, though some lost the mark through omitting the charge. Many candidates also scored well on the shape of the ion and the polarity of the P-H bond.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>In Part (a) most candidates gained full marks, with the most common error being a failure to quote the answer to the precision specified, but the explanations of deflection, and more particularly detection, in the mass spectrometer were weak. The prediction of relative atomic radii of the isotopes, something that required the application of reason rather than recall, also proved much more challenging. Part (b) revealed that many candidates have a very weak understanding of the metallic bond with many thinking the bonding was ionic.</p>
<p>Even when they knew about a cation lattice and delocalized electrons, a mark was frequently dropped by failing to specify that the attraction between them was electrostatic. Most candidates wrote the correct equation in Part (c), but it is still disturbing that some students at this level cannot write even the most straightforward chemical equation. In Part (d) many students proved capable of carrying out routine stoichiometric calculations to identify the limiting reactant and use the result to find the mass of the product.</p>
<p>Even if the final result was incorrect quite frequently students gained some credit through the application of ECF. Only the better candidates could write an equation for the neutralisation of phosphoric(V) acid and even the routine derivation of a conjugate base from the formula of the acid proved difficult for many. In Part (e) most students could manage the correct Lewis structure, though some lost the mark through omitting the charge. Many candidates also scored well on the shape of the ion and the polarity of the P-H bond.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>In Part (a) most candidates gained full marks, with the most common error being a failure to quote the answer to the precision specified, but the explanations of deflection, and more particularly detection, in the mass spectrometer were weak. The prediction of relative atomic radii of the isotopes, something that required the application of reason rather than recall, also proved much more challenging. Part (b) revealed that many candidates have a very weak understanding of the metallic bond with many thinking the bonding was ionic.</p>
<p>Even when they knew about a cation lattice and delocalized electrons, a mark was frequently dropped by failing to specify that the attraction between them was electrostatic. Most candidates wrote the correct equation in Part (c), but it is still disturbing that some students at this level cannot write even the most straightforward chemical equation. In Part (d) many students proved capable of carrying out routine stoichiometric calculations to identify the limiting reactant and use the result to find the mass of the product.</p>
<p>Even if the final result was incorrect quite frequently students gained some credit through the application of ECF. Only the better candidates could write an equation for the neutralisation of phosphoric(V) acid and even the routine derivation of a conjugate base from the formula of the acid proved difficult for many. In Part (e) most students could manage the correct Lewis structure, though some lost the mark through omitting the charge. Many candidates also scored well on the shape of the ion and the polarity of the P-H bond.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>In Part (a) most candidates gained full marks, with the most common error being a failure to quote the answer to the precision specified, but the explanations of deflection, and more particularly detection, in the mass spectrometer were weak. The prediction of relative atomic radii of the isotopes, something that required the application of reason rather than recall, also proved much more challenging. Part (b) revealed that many candidates have a very weak understanding of the metallic bond with many thinking the bonding was ionic.</p>
<p>Even when they knew about a cation lattice and delocalized electrons, a mark was frequently dropped by failing to specify that the attraction between them was electrostatic. Most candidates wrote the correct equation in Part (c), but it is still disturbing that some students at this level cannot write even the most straightforward chemical equation. In Part (d) many students proved capable of carrying out routine stoichiometric calculations to identify the limiting reactant and use the result to find the mass of the product.</p>
<p>Even if the final result was incorrect quite frequently students gained some credit through the application of ECF. Only the better candidates could write an equation for the neutralisation of phosphoric(V) acid and even the routine derivation of a conjugate base from the formula of the acid proved difficult for many. In Part (e) most students could manage the correct Lewis structure, though some lost the mark through omitting the charge. Many candidates also scored well on the shape of the ion and the polarity of the P-H bond.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>In Part (a) most candidates gained full marks, with the most common error being a failure to quote the answer to the precision specified, but the explanations of deflection, and more particularly detection, in the mass spectrometer were weak. The prediction of relative atomic radii of the isotopes, something that required the application of reason rather than recall, also proved much more challenging. Part (b) revealed that many candidates have a very weak understanding of the metallic bond with many thinking the bonding was ionic.</p>
<p>Even when they knew about a cation lattice and delocalized electrons, a mark was frequently dropped by failing to specify that the attraction between them was electrostatic. Most candidates wrote the correct equation in Part (c), but it is still disturbing that some students at this level cannot write even the most straightforward chemical equation. In Part (d) many students proved capable of carrying out routine stoichiometric calculations to identify the limiting reactant and use the result to find the mass of the product.</p>
<p>Even if the final result was incorrect quite frequently students gained some credit through the application of ECF. Only the better candidates could write an equation for the neutralisation of phosphoric(V) acid and even the routine derivation of a conjugate base from the formula of the acid proved difficult for many. In Part (e) most students could manage the correct Lewis structure, though some lost the mark through omitting the charge. Many candidates also scored well on the shape of the ion and the polarity of the P-H bond.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>In Part (a) most candidates gained full marks, with the most common error being a failure to quote the answer to the precision specified, but the explanations of deflection, and more particularly detection, in the mass spectrometer were weak. The prediction of relative atomic radii of the isotopes, something that required the application of reason rather than recall, also proved much more challenging. Part (b) revealed that many candidates have a very weak understanding of the metallic bond with many thinking the bonding was ionic.</p>
<p>Even when they knew about a cation lattice and delocalized electrons, a mark was frequently dropped by failing to specify that the attraction between them was electrostatic. Most candidates wrote the correct equation in Part (c), but it is still disturbing that some students at this level cannot write even the most straightforward chemical equation. In Part (d) many students proved capable of carrying out routine stoichiometric calculations to identify the limiting reactant and use the result to find the mass of the product.</p>
<p>Even if the final result was incorrect quite frequently students gained some credit through the application of ECF. Only the better candidates could write an equation for the neutralisation of phosphoric(V) acid and even the routine derivation of a conjugate base from the formula of the acid proved difficult for many. In Part (e) most students could manage the correct Lewis structure, though some lost the mark through omitting the charge. Many candidates also scored well on the shape of the ion and the polarity of the P-H bond.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>In Part (a) most candidates gained full marks, with the most common error being a failure to quote the answer to the precision specified, but the explanations of deflection, and more particularly detection, in the mass spectrometer were weak. The prediction of relative atomic radii of the isotopes, something that required the application of reason rather than recall, also proved much more challenging. Part (b) revealed that many candidates have a very weak understanding of the metallic bond with many thinking the bonding was ionic.</p>
<p>Even when they knew about a cation lattice and delocalized electrons, a mark was frequently dropped by failing to specify that the attraction between them was electrostatic. Most candidates wrote the correct equation in Part (c), but it is still disturbing that some students at this level cannot write even the most straightforward chemical equation. In Part (d) many students proved capable of carrying out routine stoichiometric calculations to identify the limiting reactant and use the result to find the mass of the product.</p>
<p>Even if the final result was incorrect quite frequently students gained some credit through the application of ECF. Only the better candidates could write an equation for the neutralisation of phosphoric(V) acid and even the routine derivation of a conjugate base from the formula of the acid proved difficult for many. In Part (e) most students could manage the correct Lewis structure, though some lost the mark through omitting the charge. Many candidates also scored well on the shape of the ion and the polarity of the P-H bond.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>In Part (a) most candidates gained full marks, with the most common error being a failure to quote the answer to the precision specified, but the explanations of deflection, and more particularly detection, in the mass spectrometer were weak. The prediction of relative atomic radii of the isotopes, something that required the application of reason rather than recall, also proved much more challenging. Part (b) revealed that many candidates have a very weak understanding of the metallic bond with many thinking the bonding was ionic.</p>
<p>Even when they knew about a cation lattice and delocalized electrons, a mark was frequently dropped by failing to specify that the attraction between them was electrostatic. Most candidates wrote the correct equation in Part (c), but it is still disturbing that some students at this level cannot write even the most straightforward chemical equation. In Part (d) many students proved capable of carrying out routine stoichiometric calculations to identify the limiting reactant and use the result to find the mass of the product.</p>
<p>Even if the final result was incorrect quite frequently students gained some credit through the application of ECF. Only the better candidates could write an equation for the neutralisation of phosphoric(V) acid and even the routine derivation of a conjugate base from the formula of the acid proved difficult for many. In Part (e) most students could manage the correct Lewis structure, though some lost the mark through omitting the charge. Many candidates also scored well on the shape of the ion and the polarity of the P-H bond.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>In Part (a) most candidates gained full marks, with the most common error being a failure to quote the answer to the precision specified, but the explanations of deflection, and more particularly detection, in the mass spectrometer were weak. The prediction of relative atomic radii of the isotopes, something that required the application of reason rather than recall, also proved much more challenging. Part (b) revealed that many candidates have a very weak understanding of the metallic bond with many thinking the bonding was ionic.</p>
<p>Even when they knew about a cation lattice and delocalized electrons, a mark was frequently dropped by failing to specify that the attraction between them was electrostatic. Most candidates wrote the correct equation in Part (c), but it is still disturbing that some students at this level cannot write even the most straightforward chemical equation. In Part (d) many students proved capable of carrying out routine stoichiometric calculations to identify the limiting reactant and use the result to find the mass of the product.</p>
<p>Even if the final result was incorrect quite frequently students gained some credit through the application of ECF. Only the better candidates could write an equation for the neutralisation of phosphoric(V) acid and even the routine derivation of a conjugate base from the formula of the acid proved difficult for many. In Part (e) most students could manage the correct Lewis structure, though some lost the mark through omitting the charge. Many candidates also scored well on the shape of the ion and the polarity of the P-H bond.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A student used a pH meter to measure the pH of different samples of water at 298 K.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-23_om_05.52.17.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/01"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Use the data in the table to identify the most acidic water sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the percentage uncertainty in the measured pH of the rain water sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the ratio of \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\) in bottled water to that in rain water.</p>
<p>\[\frac{{[{H^ + }]{\text{ }}in{\text{ }}bottled{\text{ }}water}}{{[{H^ + }]{\text{ }}in{\text{ }}rain{\text{ }}water}}\]</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The acidity of non-polluted rain water is caused by dissolved carbon dioxide. State an equation for the reaction of carbon dioxide with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>river (water);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\(\left( {\frac{{0.1}}{{5.1}} \times 100 = } \right){\text{ }}2\% \);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>recognition that values differ by 2 Ph units / calculation of <strong>both </strong>\({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\) values;</p>
<p>\({\text{(ratio)}} = 1:100/{10^{ - 2}}/0.01/\frac{1}{{100}}\);</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for 100:1/100/10<sup>2</sup>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{HCO}}_3^ - + {{\text{H}}^ + }/{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{HCO}}_3^ - + {{\text{H}}_3}{{\text{O}}^ + }/{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} \rightleftharpoons {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_3}\);</p>
<p><em>Do not penalize missing reversible arrow.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not accept equations with the carbonate ion as a product.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Parts (a) and (b) were correctly answered by the majority of candidates, the most common mistake being to assume that (b) referred to the sample identified in (a). Part (c) was rather more challenging and students frequently used the ratio of the pH rather than the ratio of the \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\). Part (d) should have been very straightforward, but was often poorly answered with some innovative products. The absence of an equilibrium arrow was not penalised, but if it had been many students would have lost a mark.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Parts (a) and (b) were correctly answered by the majority of candidates, the most common mistake being to assume that (b) referred to the sample identified in (a). Part (c) was rather more challenging and students frequently used the ratio of the pH rather than the ratio of the \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\). Part (d) should have been very straightforward, but was often poorly answered with some innovative products. The absence of an equilibrium arrow was not penalised, but if it had been many students would have lost a mark.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Parts (a) and (b) were correctly answered by the majority of candidates, the most common mistake being to assume that (b) referred to the sample identified in (a). Part (c) was rather more challenging and students frequently used the ratio of the pH rather than the ratio of the \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\). Part (d) should have been very straightforward, but was often poorly answered with some innovative products. The absence of an equilibrium arrow was not penalised, but if it had been many students would have lost a mark.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Parts (a) and (b) were correctly answered by the majority of candidates, the most common mistake being to assume that (b) referred to the sample identified in (a). Part (c) was rather more challenging and students frequently used the ratio of the pH rather than the ratio of the \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\). Part (d) should have been very straightforward, but was often poorly answered with some innovative products. The absence of an equilibrium arrow was not penalised, but if it had been many students would have lost a mark.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The equations of two acid-base reactions are given below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Reaction <strong>A</strong> \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}({\text{aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons \) \({\rm{NH}}_4^ + ({\rm{aq}}) + {\rm{O}}{{\rm{H}}^ - }({\rm{aq}})\)</p>
<p>The reaction mixture in <strong>A </strong>consists mainly of reactants because the equilibrium lies to the left.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Reaction <strong>B</strong> \({\text{NH}}_2^ -({\text{aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons \) \({\rm{NH}}_3^{}({\rm{aq}}) + {\rm{O}}{{\rm{H}}^ - }({\rm{aq}})\)</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">The reaction mixture in <strong>B </strong>consists mainly of products because the equilibrium lies to the right.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Two acidic solutions, <strong>X </strong>and <strong>Y</strong>, of equal concentrations have pH values of 2 and 6 respectively.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">For each of the reactions <strong>A </strong>and <strong>B</strong>, deduce whether water is acting as an acid or a base and explain your answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In reaction <strong>B</strong>, identify the stronger base, \({\text{NH}}_2^ - \) or \({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\) and explain your answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In reactions <strong>A </strong>and <strong>B</strong>, identify the stronger acid, \({\text{NH}}_4^ + \) or \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\) (underlined) and explain your answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe <strong>two </strong>different experimental methods to distinguish between aqueous solutions of a strong base and a weak base.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the hydrogen ion concentrations in the two solutions and identify the stronger acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the ratio of the hydrogen ion concentrations in the two solutions <strong>X </strong>and <strong>Y</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">acid in both reactions;</p>
<p class="p1">because it loses a proton/hydrogen ion/\({{\text{H}}^ + }\) / proton/hydrogen ion/\({{\text{H}}^ + }\) donor;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Second mark can be scored if they do not identify it as an acid in both reactions.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{NH}}_2^ - \);</p>
<p class="p1">more readily accepts a proton / equilibrium lies to the right / takes \({{\text{H}}^ + }\) from \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>If OH</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>– </em></span></sup><em>chosen award </em><strong><em>[0]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{NH}}_4^ + \);</p>
<p class="p1">donates a proton more readily than \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\) / equilibrium lies to the left;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>If NH</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>3 </em></span></sub><em>chosen award </em><strong><em>[0]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">solutions of the same concentration;</p>
<p class="p1">pH meter;</p>
<p class="p1">strong base has a higher pH / weak base has lower pH;</p>
<p class="p1">indicator paper/U.I solution;</p>
<p class="p1">strong base has a higher pH/more purple / weak base has lower pH/blue not purple / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">measuring conductivity (with conductivity meter);</p>
<p class="p1">strong base has a higher conductivity / weak base has lower conductivity;</p>
<p class="p1">comparing heat of neutralisation with acid;</p>
<p class="p1">strong base releases more heat / weak base releases less heat;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[4 max] </em></strong><em>for two correct methods with expected results.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">X;</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{[X]}} = {10^{ - 2}}{\text{ (mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{)}}\) <strong>and </strong>\({\text{[Y]}} = {10^{ - 6}}{\text{ (mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{)}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(10\,000/{10^4}:1\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ratio should be in form above.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This was the second most popular question. In (a) many candidates scored marks for their understanding of acid-base behaviour in terms of proton transfer and correctly identified \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) as acting as an acid. Identifying and explaining \({\text{NH}}_2^ - \) as the strongest base and \({\text{NH}}_4^ + \) as the strongest acid proved more problematic.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This was the second most popular question. In (a) many candidates scored marks for their understanding of acid-base behaviour in terms of proton transfer and correctly identified \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) as acting as an acid. Identifying and explaining \({\text{NH}}_2^ - \) as the strongest base and \({\text{NH}}_4^ + \) as the strongest acid proved more problematic.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was the second most popular question. In (a) many candidates scored marks for their understanding of acid-base behaviour in terms of proton transfer and correctly identified \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) as acting as an acid. Identifying and explaining \({\text{NH}}_2^ - \) as the strongest base and \({\text{NH}}_4^ + \) as the strongest acid proved more problematic.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (b), in spite of the wording in the question (“experimental methods”) many answers mentioned only a property, such as “a strong base has a higher pH than a weak base”, and several who chose an indicator to distinguish them picked one with only two colours, such as phenolphthalein. Most candidates omitted to mention that the solutions should be of the same concentration. Although most could describe one good method (either pH or conductivity), the second method often involved reaction rates or titrations and descriptions of how these were poor.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (c), although most were able to convert pH values into \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\) values, fewer were able to compare them as a ratio in the correct form –10,000:1. Some candidates had difficulty identifying the stronger acid.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>In (c), although most were able to convert pH values into \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\) values, fewer were able to compare them as a ratio in the correct form –10,000:1. Some candidates had difficulty identifying the stronger acid.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The concentration of a solution of a weak acid, such as ethanedioic acid, can be determined<br>by titration with a standard solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Distinguish between a weak acid and a strong acid.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Weak acid:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Strong acid:</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why it is more convenient to express acidity using the pH scale instead of using the concentration of hydrogen ions.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>5.00 g of an impure sample of hydrated ethanedioic acid, (COOH)<sub>2</sub>•2H<sub>2</sub>O, was dissolved in water to make 1.00 dm<sup>3</sup> of solution. 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> samples of this solution were titrated against a 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution of sodium hydroxide using a suitable indicator.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">(COOH)<sub>2</sub> (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) → (COONa)<sub>2</sub> (aq) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
<p>The mean value of the titre was 14.0 cm<sup>3</sup>.</p>
<p>(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of NaOH in 14.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution.</p>
<p>(ii) Calculate the amount, in mol, of ethanedioic acid in each 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> sample.</p>
<p>(iii) Determine the percentage purity of the hydrated ethanedioic acid sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The Lewis (electron dot) structure of the ethanedioate ion is shown below.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>Outline why all the C–O bond lengths in the ethanedioate ion are the same length and suggest a value for them. Use section 10 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Weak acid:</em> partially dissociated/ionized «in solution/water»<br><em><strong>AND<br></strong>Strong acid:</em> «assumed to be almost» completely/100% dissociated/ionized «in solution/water»</p>
<p><em>Accept answers relating to pH, conductivity, reactivity if solutions of equal concentrations stated.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«log scale» reduces a wide range of numbers to a small range<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>simple/easy to use<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>converts exponential expressions into linear scale/simple numbers</p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “easy for calculations”</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>i</p>
<p>«n(NaOH) = \(\left( {\frac{{14.0}}{{1000}}} \right)\) dm<sup>-3</sup> x 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> =» 1.40 x 10<sup>-3</sup> «mol»</p>
<p> </p>
<p>ii</p>
<p>«\(\frac{1}{2} \times 1.40 \times {10^{ - 3}} = \) \(7.00 \times {10^{ - 4}}\) «mol»</p>
<p> </p>
<p>iii<br><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 1:</strong></em><br>«mass of pure hydrated ethanedioic acid in each titration = 7.00 × 10<sup>-4</sup> mol × 126.08 g mol<sup>-1</sup> =» 0.0883 / 8.83 × 10<sup>-2</sup> «g»</p>
<p>mass of sample in each titration = «\(\frac{{25}}{{1000}}\)×5.00g=»0.125«g»</p>
<p>«% purity = \(\frac{{0.0883{\rm{g}}}}{{0.125{\rm{g}}}}\) × 100 =» 70.6 «%»</p>
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 2:</strong></em><br>«mol of pure hydrated ethanedioic acid in 1 dm<sup>3</sup> solution = 7.00 × 10<sup>-4</sup> × \(\frac{{1000}}{{25}}\) =» 2.80×10<sup>-2</sup> «mol» <br>«mass of pure hydrated ethanedioic acid in sample = 2.80 × 10<sup>-2</sup> mol × 126.08 g mol<sup>-1</sup> =» 3.53 «g»<br>«% purity = \(\frac{{3.53{\rm{g}}}}{{5.00{\rm{g}}}}\) × 100 =» 70.6 «%»</p>
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 3:</strong></em><br>mol of hydrated ethanedioic acid (assuming sample to be pure) = \(\frac{{5.00{\rm{g}}}}{{126.08{\rm{gmo}}{{\rm{l}}^{ - 1}}}}\) = 0.03966 «mol»<br>actual amount of hydrated ethanedioic acid = «7.00 × 10<sup>-4</sup> × \(\frac{{1000}}{{25}}\) =» 2.80 × 10<sup>-2</sup> «mol»</p>
<p>«% purity = \(\frac{{2.80 \times {{10}^{ - 2}}}}{{0.03966}}\) × 100 =» 70.6 «%»</p>
<p><em>Award suitable part marks for alternative methods.</em><br><em>Award <strong>[3]</strong> for correct final answer.</em><br><em>Award <strong>[2 max]</strong> for 50.4 % if anhydrous ethanedioic acid assumed.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrons delocalized «across the O–C–O system»<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>resonance occurs<br><em>Accept delocalized π-bond(s).</em></p>
<p>122 «pm» < C–O < 143 «pm»</p>
<p><em>Accept any answer in the range 123 «pm» to 142 «pm». Accept “bond intermediate between single and double bond” or “bond order 1.5”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Group 7 of the periodic table contains a number of reactive elements such as chlorine, bromine and iodine.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Bleaches in which chlorine is the active ingredient are the most common, although some environmental groups have concerns about their use. In aqueous chlorine the equilibrium below produces chloric(I) acid (hypochlorous acid), HOCl, the active bleach.</p>
<p>\[{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{HOCl (aq)}} + {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Aqueous sodium chlorate(I), NaOCl, the most common active ingredient in chlorine based bleaches, oxidizes coloured materials to colourless products while being reduced to the chloride ion. It will also oxidize sulfur dioxide to the sulfate ion.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Describe the colour change that occurs when aqueous chlorine is added to aqueous sodium bromide.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Outline, with the help of a chemical equation, why this reaction occurs.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The colour change in the reaction between aqueous chlorine and aqueous sodium iodide is very similar, but it differs with an excess of aqueous chlorine. Describe the appearance of the reaction mixture when <strong>excess </strong>aqueous chlorine has been added to aqueous sodium iodide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Chloric(I) acid is a weak acid, but hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. Outline how this is indicated in the equation above.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State a balanced equation for the reaction of chloric(I) acid with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, in terms of the equilibrium above, why it is dangerous to use an acidic toilet cleaner in combination with this kind of bleach.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why a covalent molecule, such as chloric(I) acid, is readily soluble in water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of chloric(I) acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the H–O–Cl bond angle in this molecule and explain this in terms of the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Deduce the coefficients required to balance the half-equations given below.</p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: center;">___ \({\text{Cl}}{{\text{O}}^ - } + \) ___ \({{\text{H}}^ + } + \) ___ \({{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons \) ___ \({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} + \) ___ \({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }\)</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">___ \({\text{SO}}_4^{2 - }\) ___ \({{\text{H}}^ + } + \) ___ \({{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons \) ___ \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_2} + \) ___ \({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}\)</p>
<p>(ii) State the initial and final oxidation numbers of both chlorine and sulfur in the equations in part (i).</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-17_om_12.00.52.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/04.d.ii"></p>
<p>(iii) Use the half-equations to deduce the balanced equation for the reaction between the chlorate(I) ion and sulfur dioxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) from (pale) green/colourless to yellow/orange/brown;</p>
<p><em>Initial colour must be stated.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “clear/transparent” instead of “colourless”.</em></p>
<p>(ii) chlorine more reactive/more powerful oxidizing agent (than bromine);</p>
<p><em>Accept opposite statements for bromine.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “chloride ion a weaker reducing agent” / “bromide ion a stronger reducing agent”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “chlorine more electronegative than bromine”.</em></p>
<p>\({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2NaBr(aq)}} \to {\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2NaCl(aq)}}\) /</p>
<p>\({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2B}}{{\text{r}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept with equilibrium sign.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>solid (in a colourless solution);</p>
<p><em>Accept “dark brown solution”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>chloric(I) acid (shown as) a molecule/molecular, but hydrochloric acid (shown as being) split into ions / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p><em>Accept “chloric(I) acid is partially dissociated and hydrochloric acid is </em><em>fully dissociated”.</em></p>
<p><em>Reference needed to both acids for mark.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{HOCl(aq)}} \rightleftharpoons {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{Cl}}{{\text{O}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}/{\text{HOCl(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {{\text{H}}_3}{{\text{O}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{Cl}}{{\text{O}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Equilibrium sign required for the mark.</em></p>
<p><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>acid displaces the equilibrium to the left (to form chlorine);</p>
<p>chlorine is toxic/poisonous/harmful/lung irritant;</p>
<p><em>Accept answers that refer to the (c) (ii) equilibrium.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>chloric(I) acid has –OH group / hydrogen attached to a very electronegative atom;</p>
<p><em>Accept polar molecule.</em></p>
<p>can form hydrogen bonds <span style="text-decoration: underline;">to water</span>;</p>
<p>hydrogen bonding to water increases its solubility;</p>
<p>(as a weak acid it is) in equilibrium with ions;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-17_om_11.43.17.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/04.c.v/M"> ;</p>
<p><em>Accept lines, dots or crosses to represent electron pairs.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\( \sim\)104°;</p>
<p><em>Accept values between </em><em>102°</em> <em>and </em><em>106°</em><em>.</em></p>
<p>four electron pairs/regions of high electron density around O atom / electron pairs/regions of high electron density tetrahedrally arranged and two lone/non-bonding electron pairs on O atom;</p>
<p><em>Accept Lewis structure with two lone pairs on O and two angular bond pairs if given here as equivalent to M2.</em></p>
<p>lone pair–bonding pair repulsion greater than bonding pair–bonding pair repulsion;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) \({\text{(1) Cl}}{{\text{O}}^ - } + \) <strong>2</strong>\(\,{{\text{H}}^ + } + \) <strong>2</strong>\(\,{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{(1) }}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} + {\text{(1) C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }\);</p>
<p>\({\text{(1) SO}}_4^{2 - } + \) <strong>4</strong>\(\,{{\text{H}}^ + } + \) <strong>2</strong>\(\,{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{(1) S}}{{\text{O}}_2} + \) <strong>2</strong>\(\,{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}\);</p>
<p>(ii) <em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for all correct, </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for 2 or 3 correct.</em></p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-17_om_12.57.53.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/04.d.ii/M"></p>
<p><em>Remember to apply ECF from previous equations.</em></p>
<p><em>Penalize incorrect notation (eg, 4 or 4+ rather than +4) once only, so award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for a fully correct answer in an incorrect format.</em></p>
<p>(iii) \({\text{Cl}}{{\text{O}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{SO}}_4^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p>correct reactants and products;</p>
<p>balancing and cancelling \({{\text{e}}^ - }\), \({{\text{H}}^ + }\) and \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\);</p>
<p><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not penalize equilibrium sign.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was the least popular and the least successfully answered question on the paper. Many were unable to describe the colour change required in (a)(i) though more could give an appropriate equation and explain why the reaction occurred in terms of electronegativity. (b) was essentially a “dead” mark and perhaps was out of place on a SL paper. Many students seemed to be aware of the difference between strong and weak acids, but few could use this to answer (c)(i), and many were unable to write an equation for its reaction in water. The more able candidates realised that acids would affect the position of the equilibrium and a number recognized that the toxic gas chlorine would be a product. Many students identified hydrogen bonding from the –OH group as being the reason for the solubility of HOCl. Most were able to give the Lewis (electron dot) structure of chloric(I) acid, but few were able to give a detailed explanation of its bond angle, with only a minority referring to electron domains. In part (d) very few students could write, or combine, appropriate half equations, even though the reactants and products were given, though many could deduce the oxidation numbers of the species in the equations. Some marks were unfortunately lost as candidates omitted the sign.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was the least popular and the least successfully answered question on the paper. Many were unable to describe the colour change required in (a)(i) though more could give an appropriate equation and explain why the reaction occurred in terms of electronegativity. (b) was essentially a “dead” mark and perhaps was out of place on a SL paper. Many students seemed to be aware of the difference between strong and weak acids, but few could use this to answer (c)(i), and many were unable to write an equation for its reaction in water. The more able candidates realised that acids would affect the position of the equilibrium and a number recognized that the toxic gas chlorine would be a product. Many students identified hydrogen bonding from the –OH group as being the reason for the solubility of HOCl. Most were able to give the Lewis (electron dot) structure of chloric(I) acid, but few were able to give a detailed explanation of its bond angle, with only a minority referring to electron domains. In part (d) very few students could write, or combine, appropriate half equations, even though the reactants and products were given, though many could deduce the oxidation numbers of the species in the equations. Some marks were unfortunately lost as candidates omitted the sign.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was the least popular and the least successfully answered question on the paper. Many were unable to describe the colour change required in (a)(i) though more could give an appropriate equation and explain why the reaction occurred in terms of electronegativity. (b) was essentially a “dead” mark and perhaps was out of place on a SL paper. Many students seemed to be aware of the difference between strong and weak acids, but few could use this to answer (c)(i), and many were unable to write an equation for its reaction in water. The more able candidates realised that acids would affect the position of the equilibrium and a number recognized that the toxic gas chlorine would be a product. Many students identified hydrogen bonding from the –OH group as being the reason for the solubility of HOCl. Most were able to give the Lewis (electron dot) structure of chloric(I) acid, but few were able to give a detailed explanation of its bond angle, with only a minority referring to electron domains. In part (d) very few students could write, or combine, appropriate half equations, even though the reactants and products were given, though many could deduce the oxidation numbers of the species in the equations. Some marks were unfortunately lost as candidates omitted the sign.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was the least popular and the least successfully answered question on the paper. Many were unable to describe the colour change required in (a)(i) though more could give an appropriate equation and explain why the reaction occurred in terms of electronegativity. (b) was essentially a “dead” mark and perhaps was out of place on a SL paper. Many students seemed to be aware of the difference between strong and weak acids, but few could use this to answer (c)(i), and many were unable to write an equation for its reaction in water. The more able candidates realised that acids would affect the position of the equilibrium and a number recognized that the toxic gas chlorine would be a product. Many students identified hydrogen bonding from the –OH group as being the reason for the solubility of HOCl. Most were able to give the Lewis (electron dot) structure of chloric(I) acid, but few were able to give a detailed explanation of its bond angle, with only a minority referring to electron domains. In part (d) very few students could write, or combine, appropriate half equations, even though the reactants and products were given, though many could deduce the oxidation numbers of the species in the equations. Some marks were unfortunately lost as candidates omitted the sign.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was the least popular and the least successfully answered question on the paper. Many were unable to describe the colour change required in (a)(i) though more could give an appropriate equation and explain why the reaction occurred in terms of electronegativity. (b) was essentially a “dead” mark and perhaps was out of place on a SL paper. Many students seemed to be aware of the difference between strong and weak acids, but few could use this to answer (c)(i), and many were unable to write an equation for its reaction in water. The more able candidates realised that acids would affect the position of the equilibrium and a number recognized that the toxic gas chlorine would be a product. Many students identified hydrogen bonding from the –OH group as being the reason for the solubility of HOCl. Most were able to give the Lewis (electron dot) structure of chloric(I) acid, but few were able to give a detailed explanation of its bond angle, with only a minority referring to electron domains. In part (d) very few students could write, or combine, appropriate half equations, even though the reactants and products were given, though many could deduce the oxidation numbers of the species in the equations. Some marks were unfortunately lost as candidates omitted the sign.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was the least popular and the least successfully answered question on the paper. Many were unable to describe the colour change required in (a)(i) though more could give an appropriate equation and explain why the reaction occurred in terms of electronegativity. (b) was essentially a “dead” mark and perhaps was out of place on a SL paper. Many students seemed to be aware of the difference between strong and weak acids, but few could use this to answer (c)(i), and many were unable to write an equation for its reaction in water. The more able candidates realised that acids would affect the position of the equilibrium and a number recognized that the toxic gas chlorine would be a product. Many students identified hydrogen bonding from the –OH group as being the reason for the solubility of HOCl. Most were able to give the Lewis (electron dot) structure of chloric(I) acid, but few were able to give a detailed explanation of its bond angle, with only a minority referring to electron domains. In part (d) very few students could write, or combine, appropriate half equations, even though the reactants and products were given, though many could deduce the oxidation numbers of the species in the equations. Some marks were unfortunately lost as candidates omitted the sign.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was the least popular and the least successfully answered question on the paper. Many were unable to describe the colour change required in (a)(i) though more could give an appropriate equation and explain why the reaction occurred in terms of electronegativity. (b) was essentially a “dead” mark and perhaps was out of place on a SL paper. Many students seemed to be aware of the difference between strong and weak acids, but few could use this to answer (c)(i), and many were unable to write an equation for its reaction in water. The more able candidates realised that acids would affect the position of the equilibrium and a number recognized that the toxic gas chlorine would be a product. Many students identified hydrogen bonding from the –OH group as being the reason for the solubility of HOCl. Most were able to give the Lewis (electron dot) structure of chloric(I) acid, but few were able to give a detailed explanation of its bond angle, with only a minority referring to electron domains. In part (d) very few students could write, or combine, appropriate half equations, even though the reactants and products were given, though many could deduce the oxidation numbers of the species in the equations. Some marks were unfortunately lost as candidates omitted the sign.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was the least popular and the least successfully answered question on the paper. Many were unable to describe the colour change required in (a)(i) though more could give an appropriate equation and explain why the reaction occurred in terms of electronegativity. (b) was essentially a “dead” mark and perhaps was out of place on a SL paper. Many students seemed to be aware of the difference between strong and weak acids, but few could use this to answer (c)(i), and many were unable to write an equation for its reaction in water. The more able candidates realised that acids would affect the position of the equilibrium and a number recognized that the toxic gas chlorine would be a product. Many students identified hydrogen bonding from the –OH group as being the reason for the solubility of HOCl. Most were able to give the Lewis (electron dot) structure of chloric(I) acid, but few were able to give a detailed explanation of its bond angle, with only a minority referring to electron domains. In part (d) very few students could write, or combine, appropriate half equations, even though the reactants and products were given, though many could deduce the oxidation numbers of the species in the equations. Some marks were unfortunately lost as candidates omitted the sign.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was the least popular and the least successfully answered question on the paper. Many were unable to describe the colour change required in (a)(i) though more could give an appropriate equation and explain why the reaction occurred in terms of electronegativity. (b) was essentially a “dead” mark and perhaps was out of place on a SL paper. Many students seemed to be aware of the difference between strong and weak acids, but few could use this to answer (c)(i), and many were unable to write an equation for its reaction in water. The more able candidates realised that acids would affect the position of the equilibrium and a number recognized that the toxic gas chlorine would be a product. Many students identified hydrogen bonding from the –OH group as being the reason for the solubility of HOCl. Most were able to give the Lewis (electron dot) structure of chloric(I) acid, but few were able to give a detailed explanation of its bond angle, with only a minority referring to electron domains. In part (d) very few students could write, or combine, appropriate half equations, even though the reactants and products were given, though many could deduce the oxidation numbers of the species in the equations. Some marks were unfortunately lost as candidates omitted the sign.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Calcium nitrate contains both covalent and ionic bonds.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Nitrogen also forms oxides, which are atmospheric pollutants.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the formula of <strong>both </strong>ions present and the nature of the force between these ions.</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Ions:</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Nature of force:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State which atoms are covalently bonded.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Outline the source of these oxides.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State <strong>one </strong>product formed from their reaction with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State <strong>one </strong>environmental problem caused by these atmospheric pollutants.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{a}}^{2 + }}\) <strong>and</strong> \({\text{NO}}_3^ - \);</p>
<p class="p1">electrostatic (attraction);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept ionic.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">nitrogen/N <strong>and </strong>oxygen/O;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept nitrate/NO<sup>3–</sup>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept atoms in nitrate/NO<sup>3–</sup>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">produced by high temperature combustion;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept combustion/jet/car engines / car exhaust/emissions / lightning / action </em><em>of bacteria/microorganisms.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept combustion/burning, cars, planes, jets, factories, power </em><em>plants etc.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">nitric acid/\({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) / nitrous acid/nitric(III) acid/\({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept “forms acidic solutions / acid rain”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">acid deposition/rain / respiratory problems / corrosion problems / decomposition of ozone layer / photochemical smog / acidification/pollution of lakes / damage to plants/ trees;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept “acid rain” in either part (ii) or part (iii) but not both.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept air pollution.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This question was surprisingly very poorly answered. In part (a), it was distressing to see a large number of candidates who could not write the correct charge or formula of nitrate ion. In addition, the terminology appears to have confused a number of candidates and for the nature of force, ionic bonding was often stated which was incorrect, as electrostatic attraction was required. In (a) (ii), again candidates failed to answer the question and nitrate was commonly given which was not accepted. The question specifically asked for the atoms involved.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This question was surprisingly very poorly answered. In part (a), it was distressing to see a large number of candidates who could not write the correct charge or formula of nitrate ion. In addition, the terminology appears to have confused a number of candidates and for the nature of force, ionic bonding was often stated which was incorrect, as electrostatic attraction was required. In (a) (ii), again candidates failed to answer the question and nitrate was commonly given which was not accepted. The question specifically asked for the atoms involved.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (b), the Aim 8 component of AS 3.3.2 was assessed and this was very poorly answered overall. Inevitably, owing to some overlap in assessment statements these concepts would be more familiar to those studying the Environmental Chemistry option, but undoubtedly studying other options assists in other areas, such as organic chemistry. In (b) (i), many candidates gave generic answers such as cars or factories which did not score. In (ii), many incorrect answers were given such as nitrogen oxides, hydrogen or ozone. In (iii), acid rain was frequently seen and many referred to depletion of the ozone layer. However it was extremely disappointing that many candidates gave the greenhouse effect or global warming or air pollution as the answer, which of course scored no marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (b), the Aim 8 component of AS 3.3.2 was assessed and this was very poorly answered overall. Inevitably, owing to some overlap in assessment statements these concepts would be more familiar to those studying the Environmental Chemistry option, but undoubtedly studying other options assists in other areas, such as organic chemistry. In (b) (i), many candidates gave generic answers such as cars or factories which did not score. In (ii), many incorrect answers were given such as nitrogen oxides, hydrogen or ozone. In (iii), acid rain was frequently seen and many referred to depletion of the ozone layer. However it was extremely disappointing that many candidates gave the greenhouse effect or global warming or air pollution as the answer, which of course scored no marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (b), the Aim 8 component of AS 3.3.2 was assessed and this was very poorly answered overall. Inevitably, owing to some overlap in assessment statements these concepts would be more familiar to those studying the Environmental Chemistry option, but undoubtedly studying other options assists in other areas, such as organic chemistry. In (b) (i), many candidates gave generic answers such as cars or factories which did not score. In (ii), many incorrect answers were given such as nitrogen oxides, hydrogen or ozone. In (iii), acid rain was frequently seen and many referred to depletion of the ozone layer. However it was extremely disappointing that many candidates gave the greenhouse effect or global warming or air pollution as the answer, which of course scored no marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">A student decided to determine the molecular mass of a solid monoprotic acid, HA, by titrating a solution of a known mass of the acid.</p>
<p class="p2">The following recordings were made.</p>
<p class="p2" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-14_om_15.26.17.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the mass of the acid and determine its absolute and percentage uncertainty.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This known mass of acid, HA, was then dissolved in distilled water to form a \({\text{100.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) solution in a volumetric flask. A \({\text{25.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) sample of this solution reacted with \({\text{12.1 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of a \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) NaOH solution. Calculate the molar mass of the acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The percentage composition of HA is 70.56% carbon, 23.50% oxygen and 5.94% hydrogen. Determine its empirical formula.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A solution of HA is a weak acid. Distinguish between a <em>weak acid </em>and a <em>strong acid</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe an experiment, other than measuring the pH, to distinguish HA from a strong acid of the same concentration and describe what would be observed.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">0.675 (g) ± 0.002 (g);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Percentage uncertainty</em>: 0.3%;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept answers correct to one, two or three significant figures for percentage uncertainty.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>In 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup>: </em>\({n_{{\text{HA}}}} = 1.21 \times {10^{ - 3}}{\text{ (mol)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>In 100 cm<sup>3</sup>: </em>\({n_{{\text{HA}}}} = 4.84 \times {10^{ - 3}}{\text{ (mol)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{M }}\left( { = \frac{{0.675}}{{4.84 \times {{10}^{ - 3}}}}} \right) = 139{\text{ (g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}{\text{)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[3] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept suitable alternative methods.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({n_{\text{C}}}:{\text{ }}\left( {\frac{{70.56}}{{12.01}} = } \right){\text{ }}5.88\) <strong>and<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></strong>\({n_{\text{O}}}:{\text{ }}\left( {\frac{{23.50}}{{16}} = } \right){\text{ }}1.47\) <strong>and </strong>\({n_{\text{H}}}:{\text{ }}\left( {\frac{{5.94}}{{1.01}} = } \right){\text{ }}5.88\)</p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{O}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept answers using integer values of molar mass.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">weak acids partially dissociated/ionized <strong>and </strong>strong acids completely dissociated/ionized (in solution/water) / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">strong acids have greater electrical conductivity / weak acids have lower electrical conductivity;</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1">adding a reactive metal / carbonate / hydrogen carbonate;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept correct example.</em></p>
<p class="p1">stronger effervescence with strong acids / weaker with weak acids / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1">adding a strong base;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept correct example.</em></p>
<p class="p1">strong acid would increase more in temperature / weak acids increase less in temperature;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many students lost easy marks as they forgot to propagate uncertainties.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates struggled with the concept of mole and the dilution factor added to the difficulty.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most students determined the empirical formula correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Weak and strong acids were generally correctly defined, though sometimes they were defined in terms of pH.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The conductivity test appeared frequently and was well described. Many candidates used a strong based, but then went on to describe a titration method.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>When nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas are allowed to react in a closed container, the following equilibrium is established.</p>
<p>\[{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{2N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(g)}}\;\;\;\;\;\Delta H = - 92.6{\text{ kJ}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline <strong>two </strong>characteristics of a reversible reaction in a state of dynamic equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, with a reason, how each of the following changes affects the position of equilibrium.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The volume of the container is increased.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Ammonia is removed from the equilibrium mixture.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Define the term <em>activation energy</em>, \({E_{\text{a}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber process in which iron is used as a catalyst. Explain the effect of a catalyst on the rate of reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curve for a reaction, labelling both axes and showing the activation energy with and without a catalyst.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Typical conditions used in the Haber process are 500 °C and 200 atm, resulting in approximately 15% yield of ammonia.</p>
<p>(i) Explain why a temperature lower than 500 °C is <strong>not </strong>used.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Outline why a pressure higher than 200 atm is <strong>not </strong>often used.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Define the term <em>base </em>according to the Lewis theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Define the term <em>weak base </em>according to the Brønsted-Lowry theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the formulas of conjugate acid-base pairs in the reaction below.</p>
<p>\[{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{NH}}_{\text{3}}^ + {\text{(aq)}} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-10_om_07.23.57.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/05.f.iii"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline an experiment and its results which could be used to distinguish between a strong base and a weak base.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iv.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>rates of forward <strong>and </strong>reverse reactions are equal / opposing changes occur at equal rates;</p>
<p>the concentrations of all reactants <strong>and </strong>products remain constant / macroscopic properties remain constant;</p>
<p>closed/isolated system;</p>
<p><em>Accept “the same” for “equal” in M1 and for “constant” in M2</em>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\(({K_{\text{c}}} = )\frac{{{{{\text{[N}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{(g)]}}}^2}}}{{{\text{[}}{{\text{N}}_2}{\text{(g)]}} \times {{{\text{[}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)]}}}^3}}}\);</p>
<p><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<p><em>Concentration must be represented by square brackets.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>The volume of the container is increased:</em></p>
<p>position of equilibrium shifts to the left/reactants <strong>and </strong>fewer moles of gas on the right hand side/pressure decreases / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p><em>Ammonia is removed from the equilibrium mixture:</em></p>
<p>position of equilibrium shifts to the right/products <strong>and </strong>[NH<sub>3</sub>] decreases so [N<sub>2</sub>] and [H<sub>2</sub>] must also decrease to keep <em>K</em><sub>c </sub>constant</p>
<p><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p>position of equilibrium shifts to the right/products <strong>and </strong>rate of reverse reaction decreases / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>if both predicted changes are correct.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not accept “to increase [NH</em><em><sub>3</sub></em><em>]” or reference to LCP without explanation.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">minimum</span> energy needed (by reactants/colliding particles) to react/start/initiate a reaction;</p>
<p><em>Accept “energy difference between reactants and transition state”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>rate increases;</p>
<p>more effective/successful collisions per unit time / greater proportion of collisions effective;</p>
<p>alternative pathway <strong>and </strong>a lower activation energy</p>
<p><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p>lowers activation energy so that more particles have enough energy to react;</p>
<p><em>Do not accept just “lowers/reduces the activation energy”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “provides a surface for reacting/reactants/reaction”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Curve showing:</em></p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-10_om_06.31.57.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/05.d.iii/M"></p>
<p>general shape of Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curve <strong>and </strong><em>labelled y-axis: </em>probability of particles / frequency <strong>and </strong><em>labelled x-axis: </em>(kinetic)energy;</p>
<p><em>Curve must begin at zero and must not cut the x-axis on the RHS.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept number/fraction/proportion of particles for y-axis label, but do not accept amount or just particles.</em></p>
<p>correct position of \({E_{\text{a}}}\) catalysed <strong>and </strong>\({E_{\text{a}}}\) uncatalysed;</p>
<p><em>Shading shown in the diagram is not required for the marks.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) slower rate / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p>uneconomic / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p>(ii) high cost for building/maintaining plant / high energy cost of compressor /<em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p><em>Do not accept “high pressure is expensive” without justification.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept high pressure requires high energy.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electron pair donor;</p>
<p><em>Accept lone pair donor.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>proton acceptor <strong>and </strong>partially/slightly ionized;</p>
<p><em>Accept “proton acceptor </em><strong><em>and </em></strong><em>partially/slightly dissociated”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-10_om_07.27.34.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/05.f.iii/M"></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for two correct acids OR two correct conjugate bases.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>solutions of equal concentration;</p>
<p>pH measurement/UIP;</p>
<p>strong base has higher pH;</p>
<p><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p>solutions of equal concentration;</p>
<p>electrical conductivity measurement;</p>
<p>strong base has higher electrical conductivity;</p>
<p><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p>solutions of equal concentration;</p>
<p>temperature difference in neutralization reaction with a strong acid;</p>
<p>strong base has a greater temperature difference;</p>
<p><em>Accept reverse arguments for observations.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iv.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was, by far and away, the most common choice for Section B. </p>
<p>The conditions for an equilibrium system were well known, and the \({K_{\text{c}}}\) expression was almost universally correctly given, the incidence of curved brackets was very low. With the description of the effect of changing conditions, the increase in volume change generally scored, but the answers for the removal of ammonia were far too general to be given credit. It is pleasing to note that most candidates are aware of the importance of using the word “'minimum”, as well as the effect of a catalyst, with most giving perfect answers. The drawing of the Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curve suffered from poor draughtsmanship. Too many curves did not start at the origin and lacked correct labels. An appreciable minority drew the energy/reaction co-ordinate graph. The knowledge of the compromise conditions for the Haber process was often confused, particularly with regard to why high pressure is not used, where far too many answers lacked the depth required. Occasionally the word “pair” was missing for the definition of a Lewis base, and with the definition of a weak Brønsted-Lowry base most candidates failed to appreciate the difference between partially/slightly ionized and “not completely” ionized, the part of proton acceptor was also often missed out. With the description of the experiment to show the difference between a strong and weak base, many scored two out of the three available; the concept of a fair test, and the importance of equal concentrations was rarely appreciated.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was, by far and away, the most common choice for Section B. </p>
<p>The conditions for an equilibrium system were well known, and the \({K_{\text{c}}}\) expression was almost universally correctly given, the incidence of curved brackets was very low. With the description of the effect of changing conditions, the increase in volume change generally scored, but the answers for the removal of ammonia were far too general to be given credit. It is pleasing to note that most candidates are aware of the importance of using the word “'minimum”, as well as the effect of a catalyst, with most giving perfect answers. The drawing of the Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curve suffered from poor draughtsmanship. Too many curves did not start at the origin and lacked correct labels. An appreciable minority drew the energy/reaction co-ordinate graph. The knowledge of the compromise conditions for the Haber process was often confused, particularly with regard to why high pressure is not used, where far too many answers lacked the depth required. Occasionally the word “pair” was missing for the definition of a Lewis base, and with the definition of a weak Brønsted-Lowry base most candidates failed to appreciate the difference between partially/slightly ionized and “not completely” ionized, the part of proton acceptor was also often missed out. With the description of the experiment to show the difference between a strong and weak base, many scored two out of the three available; the concept of a fair test, and the importance of equal concentrations was rarely appreciated.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was, by far and away, the most common choice for Section B. </p>
<p>The conditions for an equilibrium system were well known, and the \({K_{\text{c}}}\) expression was almost universally correctly given, the incidence of curved brackets was very low. With the description of the effect of changing conditions, the increase in volume change generally scored, but the answers for the removal of ammonia were far too general to be given credit. It is pleasing to note that most candidates are aware of the importance of using the word “'minimum”, as well as the effect of a catalyst, with most giving perfect answers. The drawing of the Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curve suffered from poor draughtsmanship. Too many curves did not start at the origin and lacked correct labels. An appreciable minority drew the energy/reaction co-ordinate graph. The knowledge of the compromise conditions for the Haber process was often confused, particularly with regard to why high pressure is not used, where far too many answers lacked the depth required. Occasionally the word “pair” was missing for the definition of a Lewis base, and with the definition of a weak Brønsted-Lowry base most candidates failed to appreciate the difference between partially/slightly ionized and “not completely” ionized, the part of proton acceptor was also often missed out. With the description of the experiment to show the difference between a strong and weak base, many scored two out of the three available; the concept of a fair test, and the importance of equal concentrations was rarely appreciated.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was, by far and away, the most common choice for Section B. </p>
<p>The conditions for an equilibrium system were well known, and the \({K_{\text{c}}}\) expression was almost universally correctly given, the incidence of curved brackets was very low. With the description of the effect of changing conditions, the increase in volume change generally scored, but the answers for the removal of ammonia were far too general to be given credit. It is pleasing to note that most candidates are aware of the importance of using the word “'minimum”, as well as the effect of a catalyst, with most giving perfect answers. The drawing of the Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curve suffered from poor draughtsmanship. Too many curves did not start at the origin and lacked correct labels. An appreciable minority drew the energy/reaction co-ordinate graph. The knowledge of the compromise conditions for the Haber process was often confused, particularly with regard to why high pressure is not used, where far too many answers lacked the depth required. Occasionally the word “pair” was missing for the definition of a Lewis base, and with the definition of a weak Brønsted-Lowry base most candidates failed to appreciate the difference between partially/slightly ionized and “not completely” ionized, the part of proton acceptor was also often missed out. With the description of the experiment to show the difference between a strong and weak base, many scored two out of the three available; the concept of a fair test, and the importance of equal concentrations was rarely appreciated.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was, by far and away, the most common choice for Section B. </p>
<p>The conditions for an equilibrium system were well known, and the \({K_{\text{c}}}\) expression was almost universally correctly given, the incidence of curved brackets was very low. With the description of the effect of changing conditions, the increase in volume change generally scored, but the answers for the removal of ammonia were far too general to be given credit. It is pleasing to note that most candidates are aware of the importance of using the word “'minimum”, as well as the effect of a catalyst, with most giving perfect answers. The drawing of the Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curve suffered from poor draughtsmanship. Too many curves did not start at the origin and lacked correct labels. An appreciable minority drew the energy/reaction co-ordinate graph. The knowledge of the compromise conditions for the Haber process was often confused, particularly with regard to why high pressure is not used, where far too many answers lacked the depth required. Occasionally the word “pair” was missing for the definition of a Lewis base, and with the definition of a weak Brønsted-Lowry base most candidates failed to appreciate the difference between partially/slightly ionized and “not completely” ionized, the part of proton acceptor was also often missed out. With the description of the experiment to show the difference between a strong and weak base, many scored two out of the three available; the concept of a fair test, and the importance of equal concentrations was rarely appreciated.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was, by far and away, the most common choice for Section B. </p>
<p>The conditions for an equilibrium system were well known, and the \({K_{\text{c}}}\) expression was almost universally correctly given, the incidence of curved brackets was very low. With the description of the effect of changing conditions, the increase in volume change generally scored, but the answers for the removal of ammonia were far too general to be given credit. It is pleasing to note that most candidates are aware of the importance of using the word “'minimum”, as well as the effect of a catalyst, with most giving perfect answers. The drawing of the Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curve suffered from poor draughtsmanship. Too many curves did not start at the origin and lacked correct labels. An appreciable minority drew the energy/reaction co-ordinate graph. The knowledge of the compromise conditions for the Haber process was often confused, particularly with regard to why high pressure is not used, where far too many answers lacked the depth required. Occasionally the word “pair” was missing for the definition of a Lewis base, and with the definition of a weak Brønsted-Lowry base most candidates failed to appreciate the difference between partially/slightly ionized and “not completely” ionized, the part of proton acceptor was also often missed out. With the description of the experiment to show the difference between a strong and weak base, many scored two out of the three available; the concept of a fair test, and the importance of equal concentrations was rarely appreciated.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was, by far and away, the most common choice for Section B. </p>
<p>The conditions for an equilibrium system were well known, and the \({K_{\text{c}}}\) expression was almost universally correctly given, the incidence of curved brackets was very low. With the description of the effect of changing conditions, the increase in volume change generally scored, but the answers for the removal of ammonia were far too general to be given credit. It is pleasing to note that most candidates are aware of the importance of using the word “'minimum”, as well as the effect of a catalyst, with most giving perfect answers. The drawing of the Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curve suffered from poor draughtsmanship. Too many curves did not start at the origin and lacked correct labels. An appreciable minority drew the energy/reaction co-ordinate graph. The knowledge of the compromise conditions for the Haber process was often confused, particularly with regard to why high pressure is not used, where far too many answers lacked the depth required. Occasionally the word “pair” was missing for the definition of a Lewis base, and with the definition of a weak Brønsted-Lowry base most candidates failed to appreciate the difference between partially/slightly ionized and “not completely” ionized, the part of proton acceptor was also often missed out. With the description of the experiment to show the difference between a strong and weak base, many scored two out of the three available; the concept of a fair test, and the importance of equal concentrations was rarely appreciated.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was, by far and away, the most common choice for Section B. </p>
<p>The conditions for an equilibrium system were well known, and the \({K_{\text{c}}}\) expression was almost universally correctly given, the incidence of curved brackets was very low. With the description of the effect of changing conditions, the increase in volume change generally scored, but the answers for the removal of ammonia were far too general to be given credit. It is pleasing to note that most candidates are aware of the importance of using the word “'minimum”, as well as the effect of a catalyst, with most giving perfect answers. The drawing of the Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curve suffered from poor draughtsmanship. Too many curves did not start at the origin and lacked correct labels. An appreciable minority drew the energy/reaction co-ordinate graph. The knowledge of the compromise conditions for the Haber process was often confused, particularly with regard to why high pressure is not used, where far too many answers lacked the depth required. Occasionally the word “pair” was missing for the definition of a Lewis base, and with the definition of a weak Brønsted-Lowry base most candidates failed to appreciate the difference between partially/slightly ionized and “not completely” ionized, the part of proton acceptor was also often missed out. With the description of the experiment to show the difference between a strong and weak base, many scored two out of the three available; the concept of a fair test, and the importance of equal concentrations was rarely appreciated.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was, by far and away, the most common choice for Section B. </p>
<p>The conditions for an equilibrium system were well known, and the \({K_{\text{c}}}\) expression was almost universally correctly given, the incidence of curved brackets was very low. With the description of the effect of changing conditions, the increase in volume change generally scored, but the answers for the removal of ammonia were far too general to be given credit. It is pleasing to note that most candidates are aware of the importance of using the word “'minimum”, as well as the effect of a catalyst, with most giving perfect answers. The drawing of the Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curve suffered from poor draughtsmanship. Too many curves did not start at the origin and lacked correct labels. An appreciable minority drew the energy/reaction co-ordinate graph. The knowledge of the compromise conditions for the Haber process was often confused, particularly with regard to why high pressure is not used, where far too many answers lacked the depth required. Occasionally the word “pair” was missing for the definition of a Lewis base, and with the definition of a weak Brønsted-Lowry base most candidates failed to appreciate the difference between partially/slightly ionized and “not completely” ionized, the part of proton acceptor was also often missed out. With the description of the experiment to show the difference between a strong and weak base, many scored two out of the three available; the concept of a fair test, and the importance of equal concentrations was rarely appreciated.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was, by far and away, the most common choice for Section B. </p>
<p>The conditions for an equilibrium system were well known, and the \({K_{\text{c}}}\) expression was almost universally correctly given, the incidence of curved brackets was very low. With the description of the effect of changing conditions, the increase in volume change generally scored, but the answers for the removal of ammonia were far too general to be given credit. It is pleasing to note that most candidates are aware of the importance of using the word “'minimum”, as well as the effect of a catalyst, with most giving perfect answers. The drawing of the Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curve suffered from poor draughtsmanship. Too many curves did not start at the origin and lacked correct labels. An appreciable minority drew the energy/reaction co-ordinate graph. The knowledge of the compromise conditions for the Haber process was often confused, particularly with regard to why high pressure is not used, where far too many answers lacked the depth required. Occasionally the word “pair” was missing for the definition of a Lewis base, and with the definition of a weak Brønsted-Lowry base most candidates failed to appreciate the difference between partially/slightly ionized and “not completely” ionized, the part of proton acceptor was also often missed out. With the description of the experiment to show the difference between a strong and weak base, many scored two out of the three available; the concept of a fair test, and the importance of equal concentrations was rarely appreciated.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was, by far and away, the most common choice for Section B. </p>
<p>The conditions for an equilibrium system were well known, and the \({K_{\text{c}}}\) expression was almost universally correctly given, the incidence of curved brackets was very low. With the description of the effect of changing conditions, the increase in volume change generally scored, but the answers for the removal of ammonia were far too general to be given credit. It is pleasing to note that most candidates are aware of the importance of using the word “'minimum”, as well as the effect of a catalyst, with most giving perfect answers. The drawing of the Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curve suffered from poor draughtsmanship. Too many curves did not start at the origin and lacked correct labels. An appreciable minority drew the energy/reaction co-ordinate graph. The knowledge of the compromise conditions for the Haber process was often confused, particularly with regard to why high pressure is not used, where far too many answers lacked the depth required. Occasionally the word “pair” was missing for the definition of a Lewis base, and with the definition of a weak Brønsted-Lowry base most candidates failed to appreciate the difference between partially/slightly ionized and “not completely” ionized, the part of proton acceptor was also often missed out. With the description of the experiment to show the difference between a strong and weak base, many scored two out of the three available; the concept of a fair test, and the importance of equal concentrations was rarely appreciated.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iv.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Across period 3, elements increase in atomic number, decrease in atomic radius and increase in electronegativity.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Define the term <em>electronegativity</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the atomic radius of elements decreases across the period.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equations for the reactions of sodium oxide with water and phosphorus(V) oxide with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest the pH of the solutions formed in part (c) (i).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe <strong>three </strong>tests that can be carried out in the laboratory, and the expected results, to distinguish between \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ HCl(aq)}}\) and \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH(aq)}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain whether BF<sub>3</sub> can act as a Brønsted-Lowry acid, a Lewis acid or both.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding and structure of sodium chloride.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the formula of the compounds formed between the elements below.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Sodium and sulfur:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Magnesium and phosphorus:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Covalent bonds form when phosphorus reacts with chlorine to form \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\). Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure, the shape and bond angle in \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and explain why the molecule is polar.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Lewis (electron dot) structure:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Name of shape:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Bond angle:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Explanation of polarity of molecule:</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>ability of atom/nucleus to attract bonding/shared pair of electrons / attraction of nucleus for bonding/shared pair of electrons;</p>
<p><em>Do not accept “element” instead of “atom/nucleus”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not accept “electrons” alone.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>increasing nuclear charge/increasing number of protons / increased attraction of (valence) electrons to nucleus;</p>
<p>electrons added are in same (outer) energy level;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(s)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \to {\text{2NaOH(aq)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Accept </em>\(N{a_2}O(s) + {H_2}O(l) \to 2N{a^ + }(aq) + 2O{H^ - }(aq)\)<em>.</em></p>
<p>\({{\text{P}}_4}{{\text{O}}_{10}}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{6}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \to {\text{4}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(aq)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Accept </em>\({P_2}{O_5}(s) + 3{H_2}O(l) \to 2{H_3}P{O_4}(aq)\)<em>.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept </em>\({P_4}{O_{10}}(s) + 6{H_2}O(l) \to 4{H^ + }(aq) + 4{H_2}PO_4^ - (aq)\).</p>
<p><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>NaOH: </em>> 7;</p>
<p><em>Accept any pH greater than 7</em>.</p>
<p><em>H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>: </em>< 7;</p>
<p><em>Accept any pH less than 7.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>if stated that “NaOH alkali/basic </em><strong><em>and </em></strong><em>H</em><sub><em>3</em></sub><em>PO</em><sub><em>4 </em></sub><em>acidic”, but pH values not given.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>measuring electrical conductivity <strong>and </strong>strong acids have greater electrical</p>
<p>conductivity/weak acids have lower electrical conductivity;</p>
<p><em>Do not accept conductivity for electrical conductivity.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept explanation in terms of lightbulb in circuit.</em></p>
<p>measure pH/use universal indicator <strong>and </strong>pH higher for weak acid/pH lower for strong acid;</p>
<p>conduct titration with a strong base <strong>and </strong>equivalence point higher for weak acid / buffer region for weak acid;</p>
<p>adding a reactive metal/carbonate/hydrogen carbonate <strong>and </strong>stronger effervescence/faster reaction with strong acids;</p>
<p><em>Accept converse argument.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept correct example.</em></p>
<p>adding a strong base <strong>and </strong>strong acid would increase more in temperature/weak acids increase less in temperature;</p>
<p><em>Accept correct example.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for three suitable tests without correct results.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept specific examples with given strong acid and weak acid.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “addition of AgNO</em><sub><em>3 </em></sub><em>(aq) </em><strong><em>and </em></strong><em>white precipitate with HCl (aq)”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not accept “smell”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Lewis acid (only);</p>
<p>electron pair acceptor / not a proton donor;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Bonding: </em>(electrostatic) attraction between oppositely charged ions;</p>
<p><em>Do not accept ionic bonding without some description.</em></p>
<p><em>Structure: </em>lattice/giant structure of ions / each \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}^ + }\) surrounded by \({\text{6 C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }\) (and vice-versa);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_2}{\text{S}}\);</p>
<p>\({\text{M}}{{\text{g}}_3}{{\text{P}}_2}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Lewis structure:</em></p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-09_om_17.35.27.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/06.g/M"> ;</p>
<p><em>Accept any combination of lines, dots or crosses to represent electron pairs.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not award the mark if lone pairs are missing.</em></p>
<p><em>Name of shape:</em></p>
<p>(trigonal/triangular) pyramidal;</p>
<p><em>Bond angle:</em></p>
<p>\( < 109.5^\circ \);</p>
<p><em>Accept any value within the range 100</em><em>°</em><em>−109</em><em>°</em><em>.</em></p>
<p><em>Literature value is 100°.</em></p>
<p><em>Explanation of polarity:</em></p>
<p>dipoles do not cancel (as molecule is not symmetrical) / there is a net dipole (as molecule is not symmetrical) / unsymmetrical distribution of charge;</p>
<p><em>Accept suitable labelled diagram.</em></p>
<p><em>No ECF if original structure is incorrect.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was by far the most popular question. As before the definition was poorly done and many students defined electronegativity as just attraction for electrons or energy change in gaining an electron. However, many could at least half explain why the atomic radius decreased. In (c) some students could write a correct equation for the addition of sodium oxide to water but very few could correctly write an equation for phosphorous(V) oxide with water, following on few could then correctly state a sensible pH for the solutions formed. Suggesting methods to distinguish between strong and weak acids was reasonably well answered but many student lost marks for the imprecision in their answers. Stating "see if it conducts" and "add pH paper" were common answers without predictions of the expected results. Identification of \({\text{B}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\) as a Lewis acid was not always explained well as students mixed up proton donation and electron pair donation. In (f) the description of the bonding and structure of sodium chloride was not well done, although there were a few strong candidates who had little problems with this question. Most candidates could correctly state the ionic formulae though. The last part of this question asked for a Lewis structure of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and most did this well, although some forgot the lone pairs on the chlorine atoms. Most could then correctly state a bond angle although there were a number of candidates who stated 120°. Few candidates could explain why the molecule was polar.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was by far the most popular question. As before the definition was poorly done and many students defined electronegativity as just attraction for electrons or energy change in gaining an electron. However, many could at least half explain why the atomic radius decreased. In (c) some students could write a correct equation for the addition of sodium oxide to water but very few could correctly write an equation for phosphorous(V) oxide with water, following on few could then correctly state a sensible pH for the solutions formed. Suggesting methods to distinguish between strong and weak acids was reasonably well answered but many student lost marks for the imprecision in their answers. Stating "see if it conducts" and "add pH paper" were common answers without predictions of the expected results. Identification of \({\text{B}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\) as a Lewis acid was not always explained well as students mixed up proton donation and electron pair donation. In (f) the description of the bonding and structure of sodium chloride was not well done, although there were a few strong candidates who had little problems with this question. Most candidates could correctly state the ionic formulae though. The last part of this question asked for a Lewis structure of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and most did this well, although some forgot the lone pairs on the chlorine atoms. Most could then correctly state a bond angle although there were a number of candidates who stated 120°. Few candidates could explain why the molecule was polar.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was by far the most popular question. As before the definition was poorly done and many students defined electronegativity as just attraction for electrons or energy change in gaining an electron. However, many could at least half explain why the atomic radius decreased. In (c) some students could write a correct equation for the addition of sodium oxide to water but very few could correctly write an equation for phosphorous(V) oxide with water, following on few could then correctly state a sensible pH for the solutions formed. Suggesting methods to distinguish between strong and weak acids was reasonably well answered but many student lost marks for the imprecision in their answers. Stating "see if it conducts" and "add pH paper" were common answers without predictions of the expected results. Identification of \({\text{B}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\) as a Lewis acid was not always explained well as students mixed up proton donation and electron pair donation. In (f) the description of the bonding and structure of sodium chloride was not well done, although there were a few strong candidates who had little problems with this question. Most candidates could correctly state the ionic formulae though. The last part of this question asked for a Lewis structure of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and most did this well, although some forgot the lone pairs on the chlorine atoms. Most could then correctly state a bond angle although there were a number of candidates who stated 120°. Few candidates could explain why the molecule was polar.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was by far the most popular question. As before the definition was poorly done and many students defined electronegativity as just attraction for electrons or energy change in gaining an electron. However, many could at least half explain why the atomic radius decreased. In (c) some students could write a correct equation for the addition of sodium oxide to water but very few could correctly write an equation for phosphorous(V) oxide with water, following on few could then correctly state a sensible pH for the solutions formed. Suggesting methods to distinguish between strong and weak acids was reasonably well answered but many student lost marks for the imprecision in their answers. Stating "see if it conducts" and "add pH paper" were common answers without predictions of the expected results. Identification of \({\text{B}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\) as a Lewis acid was not always explained well as students mixed up proton donation and electron pair donation. In (f) the description of the bonding and structure of sodium chloride was not well done, although there were a few strong candidates who had little problems with this question. Most candidates could correctly state the ionic formulae though. The last part of this question asked for a Lewis structure of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and most did this well, although some forgot the lone pairs on the chlorine atoms. Most could then correctly state a bond angle although there were a number of candidates who stated 120°. Few candidates could explain why the molecule was polar.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was by far the most popular question. As before the definition was poorly done and many students defined electronegativity as just attraction for electrons or energy change in gaining an electron. However, many could at least half explain why the atomic radius decreased. In (c) some students could write a correct equation for the addition of sodium oxide to water but very few could correctly write an equation for phosphorous(V) oxide with water, following on few could then correctly state a sensible pH for the solutions formed. Suggesting methods to distinguish between strong and weak acids was reasonably well answered but many student lost marks for the imprecision in their answers. Stating "see if it conducts" and "add pH paper" were common answers without predictions of the expected results. Identification of \({\text{B}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\) as a Lewis acid was not always explained well as students mixed up proton donation and electron pair donation. In (f) the description of the bonding and structure of sodium chloride was not well done, although there were a few strong candidates who had little problems with this question. Most candidates could correctly state the ionic formulae though. The last part of this question asked for a Lewis structure of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and most did this well, although some forgot the lone pairs on the chlorine atoms. Most could then correctly state a bond angle although there were a number of candidates who stated 120°. Few candidates could explain why the molecule was polar.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was by far the most popular question. As before the definition was poorly done and many students defined electronegativity as just attraction for electrons or energy change in gaining an electron. However, many could at least half explain why the atomic radius decreased. In (c) some students could write a correct equation for the addition of sodium oxide to water but very few could correctly write an equation for phosphorous(V) oxide with water, following on few could then correctly state a sensible pH for the solutions formed. Suggesting methods to distinguish between strong and weak acids was reasonably well answered but many student lost marks for the imprecision in their answers. Stating "see if it conducts" and "add pH paper" were common answers without predictions of the expected results. Identification of \({\text{B}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\) as a Lewis acid was not always explained well as students mixed up proton donation and electron pair donation. In (f) the description of the bonding and structure of sodium chloride was not well done, although there were a few strong candidates who had little problems with this question. Most candidates could correctly state the ionic formulae though. The last part of this question asked for a Lewis structure of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and most did this well, although some forgot the lone pairs on the chlorine atoms. Most could then correctly state a bond angle although there were a number of candidates who stated 120°. Few candidates could explain why the molecule was polar.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was by far the most popular question. As before the definition was poorly done and many students defined electronegativity as just attraction for electrons or energy change in gaining an electron. However, many could at least half explain why the atomic radius decreased. In (c) some students could write a correct equation for the addition of sodium oxide to water but very few could correctly write an equation for phosphorous(V) oxide with water, following on few could then correctly state a sensible pH for the solutions formed. Suggesting methods to distinguish between strong and weak acids was reasonably well answered but many student lost marks for the imprecision in their answers. Stating "see if it conducts" and "add pH paper" were common answers without predictions of the expected results. Identification of \({\text{B}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\) as a Lewis acid was not always explained well as students mixed up proton donation and electron pair donation. In (f) the description of the bonding and structure of sodium chloride was not well done, although there were a few strong candidates who had little problems with this question. Most candidates could correctly state the ionic formulae though. The last part of this question asked for a Lewis structure of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and most did this well, although some forgot the lone pairs on the chlorine atoms. Most could then correctly state a bond angle although there were a number of candidates who stated 120°. Few candidates could explain why the molecule was polar.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was by far the most popular question. As before the definition was poorly done and many students defined electronegativity as just attraction for electrons or energy change in gaining an electron. However, many could at least half explain why the atomic radius decreased. In (c) some students could write a correct equation for the addition of sodium oxide to water but very few could correctly write an equation for phosphorous(V) oxide with water, following on few could then correctly state a sensible pH for the solutions formed. Suggesting methods to distinguish between strong and weak acids was reasonably well answered but many student lost marks for the imprecision in their answers. Stating "see if it conducts" and "add pH paper" were common answers without predictions of the expected results. Identification of \({\text{B}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\) as a Lewis acid was not always explained well as students mixed up proton donation and electron pair donation. In (f) the description of the bonding and structure of sodium chloride was not well done, although there were a few strong candidates who had little problems with this question. Most candidates could correctly state the ionic formulae though. The last part of this question asked for a Lewis structure of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and most did this well, although some forgot the lone pairs on the chlorine atoms. Most could then correctly state a bond angle although there were a number of candidates who stated 120°. Few candidates could explain why the molecule was polar.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was by far the most popular question. As before the definition was poorly done and many students defined electronegativity as just attraction for electrons or energy change in gaining an electron. However, many could at least half explain why the atomic radius decreased. In (c) some students could write a correct equation for the addition of sodium oxide to water but very few could correctly write an equation for phosphorous(V) oxide with water, following on few could then correctly state a sensible pH for the solutions formed. Suggesting methods to distinguish between strong and weak acids was reasonably well answered but many student lost marks for the imprecision in their answers. Stating "see if it conducts" and "add pH paper" were common answers without predictions of the expected results. Identification of \({\text{B}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\) as a Lewis acid was not always explained well as students mixed up proton donation and electron pair donation. In (f) the description of the bonding and structure of sodium chloride was not well done, although there were a few strong candidates who had little problems with this question. Most candidates could correctly state the ionic formulae though. The last part of this question asked for a Lewis structure of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and most did this well, although some forgot the lone pairs on the chlorine atoms. Most could then correctly state a bond angle although there were a number of candidates who stated 120°. Few candidates could explain why the molecule was polar.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A group of students investigated the rate of the reaction between aqueous sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid according to the equation below.</p>
<p>\[{\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_2}{{\text{S}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2HCl(aq)}} \to {\text{2NaCl(aq)}} + {\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{S(s)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
<p>The two reagents were rapidly mixed together in a beaker and placed over a mark on a piece of paper. The time taken for the precipitate of sulfur to obscure the mark when viewed through the reaction mixture was recorded.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-17_om_14.58.16.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/05"></p>
<p>Initially they measured out \({\text{10.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.500 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) hydrochloric acid and then added \({\text{40.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.0200 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) aqueous sodium thiosulfate. The mark on the paper was obscured 47 seconds after the solutions were mixed.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The teacher asked the students to measure the effect of halving the concentration of sodium thiosulfate on the rate of reaction.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The teacher asked the students to devise another technique to measure the rate of this reaction.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Another group suggested collecting the sulfur dioxide and drawing a graph of the volume of gas against time.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The teacher made up \({\text{2.50 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of the sodium thiosulfate solution using sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate crystals, \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_2}{{\text{S}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}} \bullet {\text{5}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\). Calculate the required mass of these crystals.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State the volumes of the liquids that should be mixed.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-17_om_15.16.17.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/05.b.i"></p>
<p>(ii) State why it is important that the students use a similar beaker for both reactions.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) Explain, in terms of the collision theory, how decreasing the concentration of sodium thiosulfate would affect the time taken for the mark to be obscured.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Sketch and label, indicating an approximate activation energy, the Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curves for two temperatures, \({T_1}\) and \({T_2}{\text{ }}({T_2} > {T_1})\), at which the rate of reaction would be significantly different.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-17_om_15.24.40.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/05.c.i"></p>
<p>(ii) Explain why increasing the temperature of the reaction mixture would significantly increase the rate of the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) One group suggested recording how long it takes for the pH of the solution to change by one unit. Calculate the initial pH of the original reaction mixture.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Deduce the percentage of hydrochloric acid that would have to be used up for the pH to change by one unit.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Calculate the volume of sulfur dioxide, in \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), that the original reaction mixture would produce if it were collected at \(1.00 \times {10^5}{\text{ Pa}}\) and 300 K.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Suggest why it is better to use a gas syringe rather than collecting the gas in a measuring cylinder over water.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{mol N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{S}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}( = 2.50 \times 0.0200) = 0.0500\);</p>
<p>\({{\text{M}}_{\text{r}}}{\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_2}{{\text{S}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3} \bullet {\text{5}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}\left( { = (2 \times 22.99) + (2 \times 32.06) + (3 \times 16.00) + (5 \times 18.02)} \right) = 248.20\);</p>
<p><em>Allow 248.</em></p>
<p>\({\text{mass N}}{{\text{a}}_2}{{\text{S}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3} \bullet {\text{5}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} = (0.0500 \times 248.20) = 12.4{\text{ g}}\);</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[3] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for 7.91g (water of crystallization omitted in </em>\({M_r}\) <em>calculation).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-17_om_15.18.40.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/05.b.i/M"> ;</p>
<p><em>Accept other volumes in a 1:2:2 ratio.</em></p>
<p>(ii) depth of liquid in the beaker must remain constant / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p><em>Accept “same thickness of glass” and any other valid point, such as answers framed around minimizing uncontrolled variables / making it a “fair test”.</em></p>
<p>(iii) increases the time;</p>
<p>decrease in collision frequency/number of collisions per unit time;</p>
<p><em>Do not award mark for decrease in number of collisions.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-17_om_15.27.51.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/05.c.i/M"></p>
<p><em>labelled y-axis: </em>number of particles / probability of particles (with that kinetic energy) <strong>and </strong><em>labelled x-axis: </em>(kinetic) energy;</p>
<p><em>Allow fraction/proportion/amount of particles (with kinetic energy) for y-axis label.</em></p>
<p><em>Allow speed/velocity for x-axis label.</em></p>
<p><em>T</em><sub>2</sub> curve broader <strong>and </strong>with maximum lower <strong>and </strong>to right of <em>T</em><sub>1</sub> curve;</p>
<p><em>Do not award this mark if both curves not asymmetric.</em></p>
<p><em>Curves must pass through the origin and be asymptotic to x axis.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not award this mark if curves not labelled.</em></p>
<p>\({E_{\text{a}}}\) marked on graph;</p>
<p>(ii) kinetic energy of molecules increases;</p>
<p><em>This may be answered implicitly in the final marking point.</em></p>
<p>frequency of collision/number of collisions per unit time increases;</p>
<p><em>Only penalize use of “number of collisions” if not penalized in (b)(iii).</em></p>
<p>greater proportion of molecules have energy greater than/equal to activation energy / rate related to temperature by the Arrhenius equation;</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for statements such as “there will be more successful collisions” if neither of last two marking points awarded.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}} = 0.5 \times \frac{{10}}{{{\text{50}}}} = 0.1{\text{ (mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{)}}\);</p>
<p>\({\text{pH }}\left( { = - \log {\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}} = - \log (0.10)} \right) = 1\);</p>
<p>(ii) 90%;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) \({\text{mol N}}{{\text{a}}_2}{{\text{S}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3} = {\text{mol S}}{{\text{O}}_2} = 0.0400 \times 0.0200 = 0.000800\);</p>
<p>\(V = \frac{{n \times R \times T}}{P}/\frac{{0.000800 \times 8.31 \times 300}}{{{{10}^5}}}\);</p>
<p>\((1.99 \times {10^{ - 5}}{\text{ }}{{\text{m}}^3}) = 19.9{\text{ }}({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^3})\);</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[3] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept 20.0 cm<sup>3</sup></em> <em>if R = 8.314 is used.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for 17.9 cm</em><sup><em>3 </em></sup><em>or 19.2 cm</em><sup><em>3 </em></sup><em>(result from using molar volume at standard temperature and pressure or at room temperature and pressure).</em></p>
<p><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p>\({\text{mol N}}{{\text{a}}_2}{{\text{S}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3} = {\text{mol S}}{{\text{O}}_2} = 0.0400 \times 0.0200 = 0.000800\);</p>
<p>\(V = 0.00080 \times 2.24 \times {10^{ - 2}} \times \left[ {\frac{{1.00 \times {{10}^5}}}{{1.01 \times {{10}^5}}}} \right] \times \frac{{300}}{{273}}\);</p>
<p>\((1.95 \times {10^{ - 5}}{\text{ }}{{\text{m}}^3}) = 19.5{\text{ }}({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^3})\);</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[3] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Deduct </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for answers based on amount of HCl, so correct calculation would score </em><strong><em>[2 max]</em></strong><em>.</em></p>
<p>(ii) sulfur dioxide is soluble in water;</p>
<p><em>Accept other reasonable responses based on sound chemistry.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “syringe more accurate/precise” or “less gas escapes”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was quite a popular question, but responses were mixed. As in question 1, students struggled to answer questions with a strong practical context, with very few able to devise a mixture that would halve the concentration of thiosulfate, whilst keeping other concentrations constant, and responses for the need for similar beakers to be used were often too vague. Explanations of changes of rates in terms of the collision theory were generally successful but a significant number referred to the “number” rather than “frequency” of collisions. Many candidates were able to sketch Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution curves for the two temperatures, \({T_1}\) and \({T_2}\), but marks were lost due to careless omissions; the graphs did not start at the origin, were not labelled or the activation energy was missing. Many struggled to calculate the pH and many teachers have commented that this question was beyond what is expected at Standard Level and it is acknowledged that the question would have been more accessible if candidates had been asked to calculate the concentration of \({{\text{H}}^ + }\) ions and state the pH. In part (e) many students could quote and substitute into the ideal gas equation, correctly converting the temperature to Kelvin, but converting from \({{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) to \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) posed a problem for most candidates. Although not necessary for the mark, as answers which referred to improved accuracy and precision were accepted, most candidates did not refer to the solubility of sulfur dioxide as a problem when using measuring cylinders to measure its volume.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was quite a popular question, but responses were mixed. As in question 1, students struggled to answer questions with a strong practical context, with very few able to devise a mixture that would halve the concentration of thiosulfate, whilst keeping other concentrations constant, and responses for the need for similar beakers to be used were often too vague. Explanations of changes of rates in terms of the collision theory were generally successful but a significant number referred to the “number” rather than “frequency” of collisions. Many candidates were able to sketch Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution curves for the two temperatures, \({T_1}\) and \({T_2}\), but marks were lost due to careless omissions; the graphs did not start at the origin, were not labelled or the activation energy was missing. Many struggled to calculate the pH and many teachers have commented that this question was beyond what is expected at Standard Level and it is acknowledged that the question would have been more accessible if candidates had been asked to calculate the concentration of \({{\text{H}}^ + }\) ions and state the pH. In part (e) many students could quote and substitute into the ideal gas equation, correctly converting the temperature to Kelvin, but converting from \({{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) to \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) posed a problem for most candidates. Although not necessary for the mark, as answers which referred to improved accuracy and precision were accepted, most candidates did not refer to the solubility of sulfur dioxide as a problem when using measuring cylinders to measure its volume.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was quite a popular question, but responses were mixed. As in question 1, students struggled to answer questions with a strong practical context, with very few able to devise a mixture that would halve the concentration of thiosulfate, whilst keeping other concentrations constant, and responses for the need for similar beakers to be used were often too vague. Explanations of changes of rates in terms of the collision theory were generally successful but a significant number referred to the “number” rather than “frequency” of collisions. Many candidates were able to sketch Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution curves for the two temperatures, \({T_1}\) and \({T_2}\), but marks were lost due to careless omissions; the graphs did not start at the origin, were not labelled or the activation energy was missing. Many struggled to calculate the pH and many teachers have commented that this question was beyond what is expected at Standard Level and it is acknowledged that the question would have been more accessible if candidates had been asked to calculate the concentration of \({{\text{H}}^ + }\) ions and state the pH. In part (e) many students could quote and substitute into the ideal gas equation, correctly converting the temperature to Kelvin, but converting from \({{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) to \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) posed a problem for most candidates. Although not necessary for the mark, as answers which referred to improved accuracy and precision were accepted, most candidates did not refer to the solubility of sulfur dioxide as a problem when using measuring cylinders to measure its volume.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was quite a popular question, but responses were mixed. As in question 1, students struggled to answer questions with a strong practical context, with very few able to devise a mixture that would halve the concentration of thiosulfate, whilst keeping other concentrations constant, and responses for the need for similar beakers to be used were often too vague. Explanations of changes of rates in terms of the collision theory were generally successful but a significant number referred to the “number” rather than “frequency” of collisions. Many candidates were able to sketch Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution curves for the two temperatures, \({T_1}\) and \({T_2}\), but marks were lost due to careless omissions; the graphs did not start at the origin, were not labelled or the activation energy was missing. Many struggled to calculate the pH and many teachers have commented that this question was beyond what is expected at Standard Level and it is acknowledged that the question would have been more accessible if candidates had been asked to calculate the concentration of \({{\text{H}}^ + }\) ions and state the pH. In part (e) many students could quote and substitute into the ideal gas equation, correctly converting the temperature to Kelvin, but converting from \({{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) to \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) posed a problem for most candidates. Although not necessary for the mark, as answers which referred to improved accuracy and precision were accepted, most candidates did not refer to the solubility of sulfur dioxide as a problem when using measuring cylinders to measure its volume.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was quite a popular question, but responses were mixed. As in question 1, students struggled to answer questions with a strong practical context, with very few able to devise a mixture that would halve the concentration of thiosulfate, whilst keeping other concentrations constant, and responses for the need for similar beakers to be used were often too vague. Explanations of changes of rates in terms of the collision theory were generally successful but a significant number referred to the “number” rather than “frequency” of collisions. Many candidates were able to sketch Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution curves for the two temperatures, \({T_1}\) and \({T_2}\), but marks were lost due to careless omissions; the graphs did not start at the origin, were not labelled or the activation energy was missing. Many struggled to calculate the pH and many teachers have commented that this question was beyond what is expected at Standard Level and it is acknowledged that the question would have been more accessible if candidates had been asked to calculate the concentration of \({{\text{H}}^ + }\) ions and state the pH. In part (e) many students could quote and substitute into the ideal gas equation, correctly converting the temperature to Kelvin, but converting from \({{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) to \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) posed a problem for most candidates. Although not necessary for the mark, as answers which referred to improved accuracy and precision were accepted, most candidates did not refer to the solubility of sulfur dioxide as a problem when using measuring cylinders to measure its volume.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>\({\text{25.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.200 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) ethanoic acid were added to \({\text{30.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of a \({\text{0.150 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sodium hydrogencarbonate solution, \({\text{NaHC}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The molar mass of a volatile organic liquid, <strong>X</strong>, can be determined experimentally by allowing it to vaporize completely at a controlled temperature and pressure. 0.348 g of <strong>X</strong> was injected into a gas syringe maintained at a temperature of 90 °C and a pressure of \(1.01 \times {10^5}{\text{ Pa}}\). Once it had reached equilibrium, the gas volume was measured as \({\text{95.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Bromoethane, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{Br}}\), undergoes a substitution reaction to form ethanol, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{OH}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how electrical conductivity can be used to distinguish between a \({\text{0.200 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of ethanoic acid, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\), and a \({\text{0.200 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of hydrochloric acid, HCl.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State an equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with a solution of sodium hydrogencarbonate.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Determine which is the limiting reagent. Show your working.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) Calculate the mass, in g, of carbon dioxide produced.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Determine the amount, in mol, of <strong>X </strong>in the gas syringe.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Calculate the molar mass of <strong>X</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Identify the reagent necessary for this reaction to occur.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Deduce the mechanism for the reaction using equations and curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the enthalpy change, in kJ mol\(^{ - 1}\), for this reaction, using Table 10 of the Data Booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Bromoethene, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{CHBr}}\), can undergo polymerization. Draw a section of this polymer that contains six carbon atoms.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>HCl is a strong acid <strong>and </strong>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{COOH}}\) is a weak acid so HCl has higher conductivity / HCl dissociates completely in water <strong>and </strong>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{COOH}}\) does not, so HCl has higher conductivity / HCl is stronger acid (than \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\)) so has higher \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\) and higher conductivity;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{COOH(aq)}} + {\text{HCO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Accept NaHCO</em><sub><em>3</em></sub><em>(aq) and CH</em><sub><em>3</em></sub><em>COONa (aq) instead of ions.</em></p>
<p><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<p>(ii) \(n{\text{(C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{COOH)}} = 0.00500{\text{ (mol)}}\) <strong>and</strong> \(n{\text{(NaHC}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{)}} = 0.00450{\text{ (mol)}}\);</p>
<p>\({\text{NaHC}}{{\text{O}}_3}\) is limiting;</p>
<p>(iii) \(n{\text{(C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{)}} = n{\text{(NaHC}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{)}} = 0.00450{\text{ (mol)}}\);</p>
<p>\(m{\text{(C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{)}} = 0.00450 \times 44.01 = 0.198{\text{ (g)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) \(T = 363{\text{ K}}\) <strong>and</strong> \(V = 9.50 \times {10^{ - 5}}{\text{ }}{{\text{m}}^3}\);</p>
<p><em>Accept V = 9.5 </em>\( \times \)<em> 10<sup>–2</sup></em><em> dm<sup>3</sup> </em><em>if P is used as 101 kPa in calculation.</em></p>
<p>\(n = \frac{{PV}}{{RT}} = \frac{{1.01 \times {{10}^5} \times 9.50 \times {{10}^{ - 5}}}}{{8.31 \times 363}}\);</p>
<p>\( = 3.18 \times {10^{ - 3}}{\text{ (mol)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[3] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p>(ii) \(M = \left( {\frac{m}{n} = \frac{{0.348}}{{3.18 \times {{10}^{ - 3}}}} = } \right)109{\text{ }}({\text{g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}})\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) (dilute aqueous) NaOH/sodium hydroxide / KOH/potassium hydroxide;</p>
<p><em>Do not accept hydroxide/OH</em><sup>–</sup><em>.</em></p>
<p>(ii) <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-17_om_07.16.05.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/07.d.ii/M"></p>
<p>curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on O in HO– to C;</p>
<p><em>Do not allow curly arrow originating on H in HO</em><sup>–</sup><em>.</em></p>
<p>curly arrow showing Br leaving;</p>
<p><em>Accept curly arrow either going from bond between C and Br to Br in bromoethane or in the transition state.</em></p>
<p>representation of transition state showing negative charge, square brackets and partial bonds;</p>
<p><em>Do not penalize if HO and Br are not at </em><em>180°</em> <em>to each other.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not award M3 if OH—C bond is represented.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>bonds broken:</em></p>
<p>1(C=C) \( + 1\) (H–Br) / \((612 + 366 = )978{\text{ (kJ)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Accept 2630 (kJ).</em></p>
<p><em>bonds formed:</em></p>
<p>1(C–C) \( + 1\) (C–H) \( + 1\) (C–Br) / \((1 \times 347 + 1 \times 413 + 1 \times 290 = )1050{\text{ (kJ)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Accept 2702 (kJ).</em></p>
<p>\(\Delta H = - 72{\text{ }}({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}})\);</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[3] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2 max] </em></strong><em>for +72 (kJ mol</em><sup><em>−1</em></sup><em>).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-17_om_07.28.23.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/07.f/M"> ;</p>
<p><em>Extension bonds required.</em></p>
<p><em>Ignore brackets and n.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Question 7 was answered by relatively few candidates, and those who chose this question were usually not well-prepared. In (a) very few candidates indicated that HCl is a strong acid and \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\) a weak one. Many candidates seemed unfamiliar with the distinction between state and outline and simply said that HCl would be a better conductor. In (b)(i) very few candidates could state a correct equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium hydrogencarbonate, even when the formulas were provided, but most could calculate the limiting reagent in (b)(ii) and the mass of \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) produced in (b)(iii). Part (c) gave details of a volatile organic liquid. Most candidates could calculate the moles of gas present in (c)(i), although the conversion to the correct units for pressure and volume gave many problems. The calculation of the molar mass of the gas, especially with ECF applied, was generally done well by the candidates. Part (d) referred to the substitution reaction of bromoethane to form ethanol. Identifying the reagent in (d)(i) for this reaction caused problems, with many stating \({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\) as the reagent instead of NaOH or KOH. Only the best candidates could draw the mechanism for this substitution reaction in (d)(ii). Many candidates seemed to have very little idea of how to represent an \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{2}}\) mechanism. Although most candidates identified HBr as the reagent which could produce bromoethane from ethene, they often gave UV as the required condition in (e)(i). Teachers should note that assessment statement 10.6.1 indicates that reagents, conditions and equations should be included for all reaction types listed in the syllabus. Calculation of the enthalpy change using bond enthalpies did not give problems to the good candidates in (e)(ii) but many of the weaker candidates failed to identify all the bonds broken and formed, and only scored the final mark through the application of ECF. Drawing a section of a polymer produced from bromoethene in (e)(iii) presented few problems for most candidates.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Question 7 was answered by relatively few candidates, and those who chose this question were usually not well-prepared. In (a) very few candidates indicated that HCl is a strong acid and \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\) a weak one. Many candidates seemed unfamiliar with the distinction between state and outline and simply said that HCl would be a better conductor. In (b)(i) very few candidates could state a correct equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium hydrogencarbonate, even when the formulas were provided, but most could calculate the limiting reagent in (b)(ii) and the mass of \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) produced in (b)(iii). Part (c) gave details of a volatile organic liquid. Most candidates could calculate the moles of gas present in (c)(i), although the conversion to the correct units for pressure and volume gave many problems. The calculation of the molar mass of the gas, especially with ECF applied, was generally done well by the candidates. Part (d) referred to the substitution reaction of bromoethane to form ethanol. Identifying the reagent in (d)(i) for this reaction caused problems, with many stating \({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\) as the reagent instead of NaOH or KOH. Only the best candidates could draw the mechanism for this substitution reaction in (d)(ii). Many candidates seemed to have very little idea of how to represent an \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{2}}\) mechanism. Although most candidates identified HBr as the reagent which could produce bromoethane from ethene, they often gave UV as the required condition in (e)(i). Teachers should note that assessment statement 10.6.1 indicates that reagents, conditions and equations should be included for all reaction types listed in the syllabus. Calculation of the enthalpy change using bond enthalpies did not give problems to the good candidates in (e)(ii) but many of the weaker candidates failed to identify all the bonds broken and formed, and only scored the final mark through the application of ECF. Drawing a section of a polymer produced from bromoethene in (e)(iii) presented few problems for most candidates.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Question 7 was answered by relatively few candidates, and those who chose this question were usually not well-prepared. In (a) very few candidates indicated that HCl is a strong acid and \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\) a weak one. Many candidates seemed unfamiliar with the distinction between state and outline and simply said that HCl would be a better conductor. In (b)(i) very few candidates could state a correct equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium hydrogencarbonate, even when the formulas were provided, but most could calculate the limiting reagent in (b)(ii) and the mass of \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) produced in (b)(iii). Part (c) gave details of a volatile organic liquid. Most candidates could calculate the moles of gas present in (c)(i), although the conversion to the correct units for pressure and volume gave many problems. The calculation of the molar mass of the gas, especially with ECF applied, was generally done well by the candidates. Part (d) referred to the substitution reaction of bromoethane to form ethanol. Identifying the reagent in (d)(i) for this reaction caused problems, with many stating \({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\) as the reagent instead of NaOH or KOH. Only the best candidates could draw the mechanism for this substitution reaction in (d)(ii). Many candidates seemed to have very little idea of how to represent an \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{2}}\) mechanism. Although most candidates identified HBr as the reagent which could produce bromoethane from ethene, they often gave UV as the required condition in (e)(i). Teachers should note that assessment statement 10.6.1 indicates that reagents, conditions and equations should be included for all reaction types listed in the syllabus. Calculation of the enthalpy change using bond enthalpies did not give problems to the good candidates in (e)(ii) but many of the weaker candidates failed to identify all the bonds broken and formed, and only scored the final mark through the application of ECF. Drawing a section of a polymer produced from bromoethene in (e)(iii) presented few problems for most candidates.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Question 7 was answered by relatively few candidates, and those who chose this question were usually not well-prepared. In (a) very few candidates indicated that HCl is a strong acid and \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\) a weak one. Many candidates seemed unfamiliar with the distinction between state and outline and simply said that HCl would be a better conductor. In (b)(i) very few candidates could state a correct equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium hydrogencarbonate, even when the formulas were provided, but most could calculate the limiting reagent in (b)(ii) and the mass of \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) produced in (b)(iii). Part (c) gave details of a volatile organic liquid. Most candidates could calculate the moles of gas present in (c)(i), although the conversion to the correct units for pressure and volume gave many problems. The calculation of the molar mass of the gas, especially with ECF applied, was generally done well by the candidates. Part (d) referred to the substitution reaction of bromoethane to form ethanol. Identifying the reagent in (d)(i) for this reaction caused problems, with many stating \({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\) as the reagent instead of NaOH or KOH. Only the best candidates could draw the mechanism for this substitution reaction in (d)(ii). Many candidates seemed to have very little idea of how to represent an \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{2}}\) mechanism. Although most candidates identified HBr as the reagent which could produce bromoethane from ethene, they often gave UV as the required condition in (e)(i). Teachers should note that assessment statement 10.6.1 indicates that reagents, conditions and equations should be included for all reaction types listed in the syllabus. Calculation of the enthalpy change using bond enthalpies did not give problems to the good candidates in (e)(ii) but many of the weaker candidates failed to identify all the bonds broken and formed, and only scored the final mark through the application of ECF. Drawing a section of a polymer produced from bromoethene in (e)(iii) presented few problems for most candidates.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Question 7 was answered by relatively few candidates, and those who chose this question were usually not well-prepared. In (a) very few candidates indicated that HCl is a strong acid and \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\) a weak one. Many candidates seemed unfamiliar with the distinction between state and outline and simply said that HCl would be a better conductor. In (b)(i) very few candidates could state a correct equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium hydrogencarbonate, even when the formulas were provided, but most could calculate the limiting reagent in (b)(ii) and the mass of \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) produced in (b)(iii). Part (c) gave details of a volatile organic liquid. Most candidates could calculate the moles of gas present in (c)(i), although the conversion to the correct units for pressure and volume gave many problems. The calculation of the molar mass of the gas, especially with ECF applied, was generally done well by the candidates. Part (d) referred to the substitution reaction of bromoethane to form ethanol. Identifying the reagent in (d)(i) for this reaction caused problems, with many stating \({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\) as the reagent instead of NaOH or KOH. Only the best candidates could draw the mechanism for this substitution reaction in (d)(ii). Many candidates seemed to have very little idea of how to represent an \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{2}}\) mechanism. Although most candidates identified HBr as the reagent which could produce bromoethane from ethene, they often gave UV as the required condition in (e)(i). Teachers should note that assessment statement 10.6.1 indicates that reagents, conditions and equations should be included for all reaction types listed in the syllabus. Calculation of the enthalpy change using bond enthalpies did not give problems to the good candidates in (e)(ii) but many of the weaker candidates failed to identify all the bonds broken and formed, and only scored the final mark through the application of ECF. Drawing a section of a polymer produced from bromoethene in (e)(iii) presented few problems for most candidates.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Question 7 was answered by relatively few candidates, and those who chose this question were usually not well-prepared. In (a) very few candidates indicated that HCl is a strong acid and \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\) a weak one. Many candidates seemed unfamiliar with the distinction between state and outline and simply said that HCl would be a better conductor. In (b)(i) very few candidates could state a correct equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium hydrogencarbonate, even when the formulas were provided, but most could calculate the limiting reagent in (b)(ii) and the mass of \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) produced in (b)(iii). Part (c) gave details of a volatile organic liquid. Most candidates could calculate the moles of gas present in (c)(i), although the conversion to the correct units for pressure and volume gave many problems. The calculation of the molar mass of the gas, especially with ECF applied, was generally done well by the candidates. Part (d) referred to the substitution reaction of bromoethane to form ethanol. Identifying the reagent in (d)(i) for this reaction caused problems, with many stating \({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\) as the reagent instead of NaOH or KOH. Only the best candidates could draw the mechanism for this substitution reaction in (d)(ii). Many candidates seemed to have very little idea of how to represent an \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{2}}\) mechanism. Although most candidates identified HBr as the reagent which could produce bromoethane from ethene, they often gave UV as the required condition in (e)(i). Teachers should note that assessment statement 10.6.1 indicates that reagents, conditions and equations should be included for all reaction types listed in the syllabus. Calculation of the enthalpy change using bond enthalpies did not give problems to the good candidates in (e)(ii) but many of the weaker candidates failed to identify all the bonds broken and formed, and only scored the final mark through the application of ECF. Drawing a section of a polymer produced from bromoethene in (e)(iii) presented few problems for most candidates.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Ammonia, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\), is a weak base.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Iron is more reactive than copper.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia and state the shape of the molecule and its bond angles.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The conjugate acid of ammonia is the ammonium ion, \({\text{NH}}_4^ + \). Draw the Lewis structure of the ammonium ion and deduce its shape and bond angles.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe <strong>two </strong>different properties that could be used to distinguish between a \({\text{1.00 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of a strong monoprotic acid and a \({\text{1.00 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of a weak monoprotic acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain, using the Brønsted-Lowry theory, how water can act either as an acid or a base. In <strong>each </strong>case identify the conjugate acid or base formed.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw a labelled diagram of a voltaic cell made from an \({\text{Fe(s)}}/{\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) half-cell connected to a \({\text{Cu(s)}}/{\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) half-cell. In your diagram identify the positive electrode (cathode), the negative electrode (anode) and the direction of electron flow in the external circuit.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the half-equations for the reactions taking place at the positive electrode (cathode) and negative electrode (anode) of this voltaic cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the overall equation for the reaction taking place in the voltaic cell and determine which species acts as the oxidizing agent and which species has been reduced.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-30_om_08.11.38.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/05.a.i/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept any combination of dots/crosses and lines to represent electron pairs.</em></p>
<p class="p1">(trigonal/triangular) pyramid;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow 3D representation using wedges and dotted bonds of trigonal pyramidal </em><em>molecule.</em></p>
<p class="p1">107°;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept any angle between 105°</em><span class="s1"> </span><em>and 108.5°</em>.</p>
<p class="p1"><em>No ECF for shape based on incorrect Lewis structure.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-30_om_08.17.04.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/05.a.ii/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Charge needed for mark.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow a 3D representation using wedges and dotted bonds of tetrahedral </em><em>molecule.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>109.5°</em><em>/109°</em><em>/109°</em><span class="s1"><em> </em></span><em>28';</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>No ECF for shape based on incorrect Lewis structure.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(measuring) the pH / the strong acid solution will have a lower pH;</p>
<p class="p1">conductivity (measurement) / the strong acid will be a better conductor;</p>
<p class="p1">the strong acid will react more vigorously with metals/carbonates / the reaction with metals/carbonates;</p>
<p class="p1">the heat change when it is neutralized with a base will be different / heat of neutralization / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">water can act as a Brønsted-Lowry acid by donating a proton/\({{\text{H}}^ + }\) to form \({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\);</p>
<p class="p1">water can act as a Brønsted-Lowry base by accepting a proton/\({{\text{H}}^ + }\) to form \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{O}}^ + }\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept equations showing the above clearly labelling the acid and basic behaviour and the conjugate acid or base.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for correct definition of how water can act as a Brønsted-Lowry acid or base.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-30_om_08.31.07.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/05.b.i/M"></p>
<p class="p1">correct diagram including voltmeter/meter, 4 correct species (state symbols not required) and connecting wires;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>No credit if wires to electrodes immersed in the solutions.</em></p>
<p class="p1">labelled salt bridge;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept name of salt (e.g. potassium nitrate) in place of salt bridge.</em></p>
<p class="p1">correctly labelled electrodes (+)/cathode and (–)/anode;</p>
<p class="p1">flow of electrons from Fe to Cu in external circuit;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">positive electrode: \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{Cu}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">negative electrode: \({\text{Fe}} \to {\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - }\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>if equations correct but at wrong electrodes or if electrodes are missing.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct equations if electrodes are missing but were correctly labelled in diagram.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept e instead of </em>\({e^ - }\)<em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Penalize </em>\( \rightleftharpoons \) <em>once only in equations in (ii) and (iii).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{Fe}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }} \to {\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }} + {\text{Cu}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}\) is the oxidizing agent <strong>and </strong>the species that is reduced;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Candidates could draw the Lewis structures in part (a) and generally they could name the shape and suggest the bond angle.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most knew what a Lewis acid was but some were careless in their definition and said it was an electron acceptor instead of an electron pair acceptor.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Generally candidates could suggest ways of distinguishing between strong and weak acids using pH or conductivity.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The final part of this question caused some difficulty though as students found it hard to show water acting as an acid and a base even though many could correctly state that an acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (b) focused on electrochemistry and although some candidates were able to score 4 marks most lost marks for their diagrams which were often incomplete and/or incorrectly annotated.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Students that could draw the diagram had little problem writing the equations, however many could not do them correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Students that could draw the diagram had little problem writing the equations, however many could not do them correctly. This carried through to the final part of the question and those that could write the half equations could generally write the overall equation. Identifying the oxidizing agent and the species that has been reduced proved tricky as students were reluctant to suggest the same species- \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}\), also some students just said copper which was not specific enough to gain the mark.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Limescale, CaCO<sub>3</sub>(s), can be removed from water kettles by using vinegar, a dilute solution of ethanoic acid, CH<sub>3</sub>COOH(aq).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, giving a reason, a difference between the reactions of the same concentrations of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid with samples of calcium carbonate.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Dissolved carbon dioxide causes unpolluted rain to have a pH of approximately 5, but other dissolved gases can result in a much lower pH. State one environmental effect of acid rain.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>slower rate with ethanoic acid</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>smaller temperature rise with ethanoic acid</p>
<p> </p>
<p>[H<sup>+</sup>] lower</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>ethanoic acid is partially dissociated</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>ethanoic acid is weak</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept experimental observations such </em><em>as “slower bubbling” or “feels less </em><em>warm”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any one of:</em></p>
<p>corrosion of materials/metals/carbonate materials</p>
<p>destruction of plant/aquatic life</p>
<p><strong>«</strong>indirect<strong>» </strong>effect on human health</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “lowering pH of </em><em>oceans/lakes/waterways”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Impurities cause phosphine to ignite spontaneously in air to form an oxide of phosphorus and water.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) 200.0 g of air was heated by the energy from the complete combustion of 1.00 mol phosphine. Calculate the temperature rise using section 1 of the data booklet and the data below.</p>
<p>Standard enthalpy of combustion of phosphine, <img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt><br>Specific heat capacity of air = 1.00Jg<sup>−1</sup>K<sup>−1</sup> = 1.00 kJkg<sup>−1</sup>K<sup>−1</sup></p>
<p>(ii) The oxide formed in the reaction with air contains 43.6 % phosphorus by mass. Determine the empirical formula of the oxide, showing your method.</p>
<p>(iii) The molar mass of the oxide is approximately 285gmol<sup>−1</sup>. Determine the molecular formula of the oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
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<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State the equation for the reaction of this oxide of phosphorus with water.</p>
<p>(ii) Predict how dissolving an oxide of phosphorus would affect the pH and electrical conductivity of water.</p>
<p>pH:</p>
<p>Electrical conductivity:</p>
<p>(iii) Suggest why oxides of phosphorus are not major contributors to acid deposition.</p>
<p>(iv) The levels of sulfur dioxide, a major contributor to acid deposition, can be minimized by either pre-combustion and post-combustion methods. Outline <strong>one</strong> technique of each method.</p>
<p>Pre-combustion:</p>
<p>Post-combustion:</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i)<br>temperature rise «\(\frac{{750 \times 1.00}}{{0.2000 \times 1.00}}\)= 3750 «°C/K»</p>
<p><em>Do not accept −3750.</em></p>
<p>(ii)<br><em>n</em>(P)«=\(\frac{{43.6}}{{30.97}}\)»=1.41«mol»<br><em>n</em>(O)«=\(\frac{{100 - 43.6}}{{16.00}}\)»= 3.53«mol»<br>\(\frac{{n\left( {\rm{O}} \right)}}{{n\left( {\rm{P}} \right)}} = \frac{{3.53}}{{1.41}} = 2.50\) so empirical formula is» P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></p>
<p><em>Accept other methods where the working is shown.</em></p>
<p>(iii)<br>\(\frac{{285}}{{141.9}}\)=2.00, so molecular formula=2×P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>=»P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i)<br>P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> (s) + 6H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → 4H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> (aq)</p>
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<p><em>Accept P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> (s) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → 4HPO<sub>3</sub> (aq) </em><em>(initial reaction)</em><br><em> Accept P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> (s) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → 2H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> (aq)</em><br><em> Accept equations for P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub> /P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> if given in a (iii).</em><br><em>Accept any ionized form of the acids as the products.</em></p>
(ii)<em><br></em>pH: decreases <em><strong>AND</strong></em> electrical conductivity: increases.
<p>(iii)<br>phosphorus not commonly found in fuels<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>no common pathways for phosphorus oxides to enter the air<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>amount of phosphorus-containing organic matter undergoing anaerobic decomposition is small</p>
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<p><em>Accept “phosphorus oxides are solids so are not easily distributed in the atmosphere”.</em><br><em> Accept “low levels of phosphorus oxide in the air”. Do not accept “H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> is a weak acid”.</em></p>
<p>(iv)<em><br>Pre-combustion:</em><br>remove sulfur/S/sulfur containing compounds</p>
<p><em>Post-combustion:</em><br>remove it/SO<sub>2</sub> by neutralization/reaction with alkali/base</p>
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<p><em>Accept “lime injection fluidised bed combustion” for either, but not both.</em></p>
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</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
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<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Graphing is an important tool in the study of rates of chemical reactions.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Excess hydrochloric acid is added to lumps of calcium carbonate. The graph shows the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced over time.</p>
<p><img 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R4URQABBBBAAIFIBUgmIpWiHAL7FWjUl3Wf69iemTq8XYayL5ykaYNW6oa7F+vjnbv3uydfJk6gsrJSffv2VVlZWeIaoWYEEEAAAQR8LEAy4ePBJ3Q7BQ5T7++O0NaHf6uHl67XzrQjdFLhrZpy6NO6ee5HdjZEXREKWKsRV1xxhaZNm8YtYCM0oxgCCCCAAALRCnABdrRilEdgnwJfacPri/RSXR/95LweOsQq11ijlcXFWnXiaE0c3HWfe7b1hXmBU1tl2Na2gHUL2IkTJzZ9yZ2b2jZiKwIIIIAAArEImPMTkolYFNnHxwK7tXPLR1r33j/10ebt2q1D1embx+vEk7LVPb2drS7mwWpr5R6vzFqVmDFjRlNCkZWV5fFoCQ8BBBBAAIHkCZjzE5KJ5NnTkssFgvXva9FDs3TnHY/rtXojmJ7Ddf3km3XjyEHqHuUtYI2aWj6aB2vLF7xBAAEEEEAAAQQcEjDnJyQTDg0EzbpLILi1XP99yeW6dVmV0vsXatJPhujk7p10SHC7Nq1bq6UlT+mZ1V/qxFEP6fkHL1f2nodMxBWkebDGVRk7I4AAAggggAACNgiY8xOSCRtQqcLjAsFNWnrz93XOPQ0a9dCDmjl6gLq2a3oiXUvgwfoPtGjm9brsrvd0zmOL9MzV395zzURLiejfmAdr9DX4aw/rOgnrT0ZGhr8CJ1oEEEAAAQSSKGDOT7ibUxLxacqdAsGqZXr0dy8r86d36p5rzmiVSFhRpaWfqAtvmaZpZ3+lhQ8s1OodQXcG6+JeP/bYY7r66qtdHAFdRwABBBBAwH0C9l4x6r746TECBxDYpa3vvaYX6/tp7A8G6qjwBYnwfdv31vArBkmjX9Xajxs08Nsdwr/nU8IEKioqNGHCBK1ZsyZhbVAxAggggAACCLQWYGWitQlbEAgRCOqr7fXaqsPV9Yj2IdvbettOh3eyTrH5QvUNPKiuLaFEbKuurtYNN9ygefPmqU+fPologjoRQAABBBBAYB8CJBP7gGEzAnsEDtJhnTKUqS36cMMX2v/JSzu1qbpaUldlHM6iX7J+QQsWLFBubq4KCwuT1STtIIAAAggggMBeAZIJfgoI7FfgIB1+8nd0ced39PSTZVr/9b7TieDW1Sr508vSdwar33GH7rdWvrRPYPz48bIeTMcLAQQQQAABBJIvQDKRfHNadJlA2lFnadyv8/X1Uzdr7F1/VeXnXxsR7NbODa/okZ/foDtf66Gf3pyvU7+xv4srjN35GLdAIBCIuw4qQAABBBBAAIHoBbg1bPRm7OFHgZ3v639uGKuxD5WrPr2fLrjsHJ2Z3VWHaqc2v71U84uX6UPl6kdFD+vB8Weosw25hHnrNT+yEzMCCCCAAAIIpJaAOT8hmUit8aE3qSzQuFGr5z+movvmqPi1DSE9TVfPC36mW24cqx8O7al0GxIJq3LzYA1p0Pdv58yZo0GDBnHBte9/CQAggAACCCRbwJyfkEwkewRoz/0CjfXasqFGn276Uo06RIcf3V3HfrOzbHjodZiNebCGfenjD6WlpRo2bJjWrVun7OxsH0sQOgIIIIAAAskXMOcnJBPJHwNaRCAiAfNgjWgnjxeqq6vT8OHDNXXqVBUUFHg8WsJDAAEEEEAg9QTM+QnJROqNET1KZYHgv7Xz3+3U/tCQexfs/JdWv/mVvpV7go5sH7I9zjjMgzXO6jyx+9ixY5vi+MMf/uCJeAgCAQQQQAABtwmY8xP7Zj5uk6C/CEQl8JU2r35SU7/3Hf34L+vDnjexa/1iTRqYo+PPul6Pv75RjVHVS+FoBAYPHqzbb789ml0oiwACCCCAAAIJFCCZSCAuVXtFoFGb/3GffjT0J7pnUY1qt36pf7eEFtTX7Xvoh5Mu0tGvzdHos6/Vb16vC0s2WoryJm4B68F0WVlZcddDBQgggAACCCBgjwCnOdnjSC1eFtj2D/3qjAt0164f66HiX2vkGd9s42Lrr7X19Yc06uyJWnrOY1r9zFXKPiS+2zqZy4heJiY2BBBAAAEEEHCHgDk/YWXCHeNGLx0TCGr7m0s19/2jddldt+iagW0lElbnDlHn03+iX9xwpuoXLtWr1f9Zu3Cs6x5p2LromhcCCCCAAAIIpKYAyURqjgu9ShmBXdq2+TNVqbtOO6Gr9r/W0FEn9DlV0qfaWGc+JTtlAnJVR6qrq9WlSxdVVFS4qt90FgEEEEAAAb8IkEz4ZaSJM0aBNB16WLo66ytt23Gg1YZGffm59a/o7fWNdvtPO2LsjO92Kyoq0pgxY5SXl+e72AkYAQQQQAABNwiQTLhhlOijgwIHq3Pv/hqe/raeWbRGdcH9dOXr9Sp/7jUps69OPj6wn4J8FYmA9XC6WbNmcfemSLAogwACCCCAgEMCJBMOwdOsewTSup+tMT87Ve/fM1k3PvKKNuzcbXR+t3ZuflPzf3mjrl+4S9+d+gMN7MihZSBF9bGhoUG33Xab5s+fz92bopKjMAIIIIAAAskV4G5OyfWmNZcKBOvf0h8njNLouWuk9H666KrzNejYjkoLblP16hV6/ukyfah0nThqjp6dfYVOSj847kjNuyXEXaHLKqisrFR2drbLek13EUAAAQQQ8LaAOT8hmfD2eBOdjQLB+g9V9pc/6L7pv9OiD+tDak5Xz7Ov1Ljx12jkRbnqatP1EubBGtIgbxFAAAEEEEAAAUcEzPkJyYQjw0CjbhYI7vxcn22oUU1dg6SAMrp1U+Yxndp49kR8UZoHa3y1sTcCCCCAAAIIIBC/gDk/IZmI35QaEEiIgHmwJqSRFKvUugXsaaedpkCAC9hTbGjoDgIIIIAAAk0C5vyEq0T5YSCAQEoIWNdIDBo0SG+88UZK9IdOIIAAAggggMCBBViZOLARJRBwRMDM/B3pRBIbHTt2rDp37qyZM2cmsVWaQgABBBBAAIFoBMz5SbtodqYsAgggkAgB65kSjz76qKqqqhJRPXUigAACCCCAQIIEOM0pQbBUiwACkQs888wzmjdvHs+UiJyMkggggAACCKSEAKc5pcQw0Am3CQR3fqo3/v43LfvHq3p7U47G3D9Wx7w8X29nDddFuUfJjiU/cxnRbUbR9Nd6SJ314sLraNQoiwACCCCAQPIFzPkJyUTyx4AWXS4Q3PqK7ht1tSY/9/7eSK7V/Jpf6rB7LtDwx7rpVwse0S/PyYo7oTAPVpez0X0EEEAAAQQQ8ICAOT/hNCcPDCohJFEguEnL7vmFJi89SbP+8a6Wzxy6t/Gjdc6UGZrSe6XunPSEXt8RTGKnaAoBBBBAAAEEEHBGgGTCGXdadavAl+/opeKX1fmKUSocdKwOS/tPIO0yh+rqcedK77yqtR/vOW3nP9/yzhSwbgW7du1aczOfEUAAAQQQQMBFAiQTLhosupoCAtutp19LGT0zlRGSSOzpWTsd3ilD0heqb9idAp1N3S5Y10jcdNNNKi8vT91O0jMEEEAAAQQQOKAAycQBiSiAQIjAEZnKPjldG9/4p2rMM5mCW/TWilVSei/16NY+ZCfemgKLFy9WTU2NLr/8cvMrPiOAAAIIIICAiwRIJlw0WHQ1BQQ6nKL8n10gPXWPbn9khT7+4t+Stmvrv9bqpdm3aMJvPtCJV56vM4+x435OKRBvArpgrUrMmDFDU6dOVUaGtZLDCwEEEEAAAQTcKsDdnNw6cvTbOYHGav39rmuUf+di1Yf1Il0n/mia5s2+Tmd2jT+ZMO+WENaUiz9UVFRo1qxZeuqpp7gVrIvHka4jgAACCPhTwJyfkEz483dA1PEKBHdow9ur9Mrrb2t93VdSeqZyTuqvwWeeqE7tWl1MEVNr5sEaUyXshAACCCCAAAII2Chgzk9IJmzEpSo/CezWzs+3aGvDrtZBpwXU+ehOah9nTmEerK0bYgsCCCCAAAIIIJBcAXN+wjUTyfWnNdcL7FJ95UJN+/FAde18tLp169b6T+ZUvfBZo+sjJQAEEEAAAQQQQOBAAvGf2H2gFvgeAS8J7F6vZ6dM0m0LDtHQH03Q4H7HqmOrFYjj1PNw8nRz2EtKSjRixAiukzBh+IwAAggggICLBUgmXDx4dN0BgY1va8mCj5U56UXNv39YG8+acKBPLmjSuuj6kksuUW1tLcmEC8aLLiKAAAIIIBCpAP98GqkU5RCwBA7rpGMypXaHd9ChrVYkINqXgHX3ptmzZ3Mr2H0BsR0BBBBAAAGXCpBMuHTg6LZDAh0H6toHfqr2//O0St6tE1dGHHgcrFWJhQsX8oC6A1NRAgEEEEAAAdcJkEy4bsjosLMCHXT8iJG65rjnVHhyFx2SlibrrgZhfw6fqOc3t3GXJ2c77ljrc+fO1bx581iVcGwEaBgBBBBAAIHECXDNROJsqdmLAsEqLZr6M03+W5WU3k8X5J+kLmZKflAPHcGR1TL6RUVFLe95gwACCCCAAALeEmDK463xJJpEC2x5U88/sVqdR/1Zrz34Y/Vsb2YSie6A++oPBALu6zQ9RgABBBBAAIGIBJgJRcREIQT2ChzaQUccLh1xQg9lkUjws0AAAQQQQAABnwuQTPj8B0D4UQp0HKDR91yrQxb+VUs+2a5glLv7pXhDQ4MqKyv9Ei5xIoAAAggg4FsBTnPy7dATeEwCu2q05tUN6vjew7rwpJf2cc1EX425f4IGdz44pia8sNPixYs1Y8YMrVq1ygvhEAMCCCCAAAII7EOAZGIfMGxGoG2BBm18ealW11vfrtaiP61uXSz9CF06s/Vmv2yxViWsRGLq1Kl+CZk4EUAAAQQQ8K0AyYRvh57AYxI4OFcT3/hSE2Pa2R87WasS1mvEiBH+CJgoEUAAAQQQ8LEAyYSPB5/QYxAI1qvq7XXa9PX+9u2ob+WeoCPb+fMR2c2rEtzFaX+/Eb5DAAEEEEDAGwJpwWAw7BpS6+FbxiZvREoUCNgh0Lha9/Y6XZM/3F9l12p+zRwVZMaXq7v1WKyurlaXLl1EMrG/3wjfIYAAAggg4E4Bc34S32zHnQb0GoHYBQ4+Vt8telbzd+4Or+PrrVr/ynN66LE6nTvtB+rr44uvs7Kywm34hAACCCCAAAKeFWBlwrNDS2BJFwh+ppd+fr4u23ijXpt3uXoeEt9pTmbmn/R4aBABBBBAAAEEEDAEzPkJz5kwgPiIQMwCaUfq1MEDtPWpZ/S3DxpirsaNO1p3cLL+8EIAAQQQQAABfwmQTPhrvIk2kQKNG/XWq28nsoWUrdu6g9Nll12Wsv2jYwgggAACCCCQGAGumUiMK7V6VWBXpZ6e9N96YZtxzYR2q+GTV/VM2QdK/26Rzjwu4FWBNuMqLi5WYWFhm9+xEQEEEEAAAQS8K8A1E94dWyJLhMCuN1XUf5CuX9P01LrwFtL76aLRo3XjlKt1Vuah4d/F8Mk8JzGGKpKyS0VFhQYNGqTa2lplZGQkpU0aQQABBBBAAAFnBMz5CcmEM+NAqwgcUMA8WA+4g0MF8vPzde6552r8+PEO9YBmEUAAAQQQQCBZAub8hGQiWfK0g0CUAubBGuXuSSteWlqq008/nVWJpInTEAIIIIAAAs4JmPMTkgnnxoKWXSKwq/JpTZr2grZF2t+D+mrM/RM0OM5nTZgHa6TNUw4BBBBAAAEEEEiUgDk/4QLsRElTr3cEGjaqorhYayKNKP0IXToz0sKUQwABBBBAAAEE3CvAyoR7x46ee1zAzPw9Hi7hIYAAAggggIALBMz5CSsTLhg0uph6AsH69Spf9KKWvLJaH29t1EGdj1OfU8/Q0O+do9yu8d/JKfUiDu9RXV2dZsyYoTvuuEOBgL9ugxsuwScEEEAAAQT8LUAy4e/xJ/oYBIKby3THjwp1x7Kq1nufeK2Kn79XV2ant/7OQ1uefPJJVVZWkkh4aEwJBQEEEEAAgVgEeAJ2LGrs41+B4CYtu+9W3bGsu8Y9Vq71dQ3aHdytr7+s0TsvTNdFWx7WdTf9RZVfBz1r1NDQoAkTJmjy5MmejZHAEEAAAQQQQNyFFcsAABLQSURBVCAyAZKJyJwohcAegS/f0UvFL6vzuJt1x1V5Or5ze6UpTe3SM3XSiAm689cXqH7hiyr/6CvPii1evFj9+/dXXl6eZ2MkMAQQQAABBBCITIBkIjInSiGwR2D75/psg5TRM1MZaSZKex2VlSVps+q+bDS/9MznmpoaTZ061TPxEAgCCCCAAAIIxC5AMhG7HXv6USDjWJ2Sm64PX3hZ7+40TmUKbtTqJSul9F7q0a29Z3WsJ10XFBR4Nj4CQwABBBBAAIHIBbgAO3IrSiIgHfptff/GSzW98BZdOuoL/XLUEPXuGlDjF//Smuce1k0PfqheU+7T0GM4tPi5IIAAAggggID3BXjOhPfHmAjjFAjWfqA1XxypU3t0VlOK0Pip/vGbKRoz+c/6IKzu7ho6aZZ+d9cP9O30g8O+ieWDeR/nWOpgHwQQQAABBBBAwE4Bc35CMmGnLnV5UqBx9b3qdfr9yij8qcb98HydOyRXx6ZL9VWVeveDj/Tp51/poMOO0vE9cpRzQle1b3UtRWws5sEaWy327VVRUaHevXsrIyPDvkqpCQEEEEAAAQRcJWDOT0gmXDV8dNYJgd2f/FWTR92o+5ftXYfoeZ6uveonKvjed3XWKZm2JQ9mbObBan6fzM/WQ+q6dOmidevWKTs7O5lN0xYCCCCAAAIIpJCAOT8hmUihwaErKSwQ3KENb6/U8tL/1SMPPaFlH9ZLSlfPs6/UuGt+oPOGDNQpmR1k06JEE4R5sDqpM2fOHC1ZskQLFixwshu0jQACCCCAAAIOC5jzE5IJhweE5t0nENy5Se+tKtOSZ/+sot88pw+bQuilCyaN05XfH6ZzBmTryPbx3yjNPFidkrIeUtehQweVl5fzbAmnBoF2EUAAAQQQSBEBc35CMpEiA0M33CiwWzu3VGrV31/Ss088pN8ser8piPT+d2rRS7forM7xXYRtHqxOCZWWluq2227T8uXLFQgEnOoG7SKAAAIIIIBACgiY8xOSiRQYFLrgfoHgjg/1t99P0y13/FGr66/V/Jo5KsiM7/aw5sHqlJK1MlFbW6uspgfyOdUL2kUAAQQQQACBVBAw5yfxzXZSISL6gIBTAo3bVPXuq1r2/HzN/eOf91xH0fM8jbs9X33iXJVwKqS22rVWI0gk2pJhGwIIIIAAAgiwMsFvAIGoBBpVX/WuXl62SCVz5+rhpjs8ZarfpVdp7MgCjWi6baw9ObqZ+UfVTQojgAACCCCAAAIJEDDnJyQTCUCmSq8JBNVYX6U3ly/Ri399Wn98uHTPRdfWKsS4q3TZ+f+lAb2Psv0WsebB6jVV4kEAAQQQQAAB9wmY8xOSCfeNIT1OssCuysd1Yb/RetG6G6wSswrRVkjmwdpWmURus24Ha73Gjx+fyGaoGwEEEEAAAQRcJGDOT+w5H8NFAHQVgWgFgl/W6YOjL9Kk6SP1w2GD1fdE+55yHW1fklXeekjdhAkTmm4Hm6w2aQcBBBBAAAEE3CfAyoT7xoweJ1kguL1OdQd3Uhcbnh0RTdfNzD+afeMtW1JSohkzZmjVqlXxVsX+CCCAAAIIIOAhAXN+wsqEhwaXUBIjkHZYhrokpuqUrdVKJKZOnZqy/aNjCCCAAAIIIJAaAvE/pjc14qAXCCBgk4B1ilN+fr6GDh1qU41UgwACCCCAAAJeFeA0J6+OLHG5XsBcRnR9QASAAAIIIIAAAq4XMOcnrEy4fkgJAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABZwRIJpxxp1UEEEAAAQQQQAABBFwvQDLh+iEkAATsEbCulSguLlZDQ4M9FVILAggggAACCHhegGTC80NMgAhEJlBWVibrQXWBQCCyHSiFAAIIIIAAAr4XIJnw/U8AAAT2CFirEtwOll8DAggggAACCEQjwN2cotGiLAJJFDDvlpDIpisqKjRo0CDV1tYqIyMjkU1RNwIIIIAAAgi4WMCcn7Ay4eLBpOsI2CWwfPlyTZs2jUTCLlDqQQABBBBAwCcCrEz4ZKAJ030CZuaf6AisC7BZlUi0MvUjgAACCCDgbgFzfkIy4e7xpPceFjAPVg+HSmgIIIAAAggg4BIBc37CaU4uGTi6iQACCCCAAAIIIIBAqgmQTKTaiNAfBJIowDMlkohNUwgggAACCHhQgGTCg4NKSAhEKnDZZZeppKQk0uKUQwABBBBAAAEEwgS4ZiKMgw8IpI6AeU6i3T2rrKxUTk6OqqqqlJWVZXf11IcAAggggAACHhQw5yesTHhwkAkJgUgESktLNWbMGBKJSLAogwACCCCAAAJtCrAy0SYLGxFwXsDM/O3skXWtRIcOHVReXq68vDw7q6YuBBBAAAEEEPCwgDk/YWXCw4NNaAjsS8BKJmbPnk0isS8gtiOAAAIIIIBARAKsTETERCEEki9gZv7J7wEtIoAAAggggAAC4QLm/ISViXAfPiGAAAIIIIAAAggggECEAiQTEUJRDAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBMIFSCbCPfiEgKcF6urqVFxcLB5W5+lhJjgEEEAAAQSSJkAykTRqGkLAeYGysjLNmTNHgUDA+c7QAwQQQAABBBBwvQDJhOuHkAAQiFzAWpUYP3585DtQEgEEEEAAAQQQ2I8Ad3PaDw5fIeCkgHm3hHj7snbtWvXt21e1tbXKyMiItzr2RwABBBBAAAEfCpjzE1YmfPgjIGR/CrzwwguaPHkyiYQ/h5+oEUAAAQQQSIgAKxMJYaVSBOIXMDP/+GuUrAuwWZWwQ5I6EEAAAQQQ8KeAOT8hmfDn74CoXSBgHqwu6DJdRAABBBBAAAGPC5jzE05z8viAEx4CCCCAAAIIIIAAAokSIJlIlCz1IpAiAtapTbwQQAABBBBAAIFECJBMJEKVOhFIIYEnn3xS06dPT6Ee0RUEEEAAAQQQ8IoA10x4ZSSJw3MC5jmJsQRoPem6Q4cOKi8vV15eXixVsA8CCCCAAAIIINAiYM5PWJlooeENAt4TeOONN9S/f3+ddtpp3guOiBBAAAEEEEDAcQGSCceHgA4gkDiBuXPnqrCwUIFAIHGNUDMCCCCAAAII+FaAZMK3Q0/gfhDIzc3Veeed54dQiREBBBBAAAEEHBDgmgkH0GkSgUgEzHMSI9mHMggggAACCCCAQCIFzPkJKxOJ1KZuBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQ8LEAy4eHBJTQEEEAAAQQQQAABBBIpQDKRSF3qRsAhgdLSUvGwOofwaRYBBBBAAAEfCZBM+GiwCdUfAlYSMWzYMH3yySf+CJgoEUAAAQQQQMAxAZIJx+hpGIHECJSVleniiy9Wnz59EtMAtSKAAAIIIIAAAnsFSCb4KSDgMYHi4mIVFBR4LCrCQQABBBBAAIFUFODWsKk4KvQJAUnmrdciQamsrFROTo5qa2uVkZERyS6UQQABBBBAAAEEIhYw5yckExHTURCB5AqYB2ukrVsJRXZ2dqTFKYcAAggggAACCEQsYM5PSCYipqMgAskVMA/W5LZOawgggAACCCCAQGsBc37CNROtjdiCAAIIIIAAAggggAACEQiQTESARBEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBBoLUAy0dqELQi4TsC6TmLAgAFqaGhwXd/pMAIIIIAAAgi4V4Bkwr1jR88RaBGwnng9dOhQBQKBlm28QQABBBBAAAEEEi3ABdiJFqZ+BGIUMC9w2lc11mpEhw4dVF5erry8vH0VYzsCCCCAAAIIIBC3gDk/YWUiblIqQMBZgRUrVqh///4kEs4OA60jgAACCCDgSwGSCV8OO0F7TeDuu+/2WkjEgwACCCCAAAIuEOA0JxcMEl30p4C5jOhPBaJGAAEEEEAAgVQSMOcnrEyk0ujQFwQQQAABBBBAAAEEXCRAMuGiwaKrCCCAAAIIIIAAAgikkgDJRCqNBn1BIAoB69kS1h9eCCCAAAIIIICAUwIkE07J0y4CcQrMmjVL1vMleCGAAAIIIIAAAk4JcAG2U/K0i8ABBMwLnEKLV1dXq3v37qqqqlJWVlboV7xHAAEEEEAAAQQSJmDOT1iZSBg1FSOQOIEFCxbo4osvJpFIHDE1I4AAAggggEAEAiQTESBRBIFUEyguLtZ1112Xat2iPwgggAACCCDgMwFOc/LZgBOuewTMZcTQnlunOXXp0kWBQCB0M+8RQAABBBBAAIGECpjzE5KJhHJTOQKxC5gHa+w1sScCCCCAAAIIIGCPgDk/4TQne1ypBQEEEEAAAQQQQAAB3wmQTPhuyAkYAQQQQAABBBBAAAF7BEgm7HGkFgQSLtDQ0KD8/HxZ10vwQgABBBBAAAEEUkGAZCIVRoE+IBCBwIoVK1RTU9N04XUExSmCAAIIIIAAAggkXIBkIuHENICAPQK///3vVVhYyB2c7OGkFgQQQAABBBCwQYC7OdmASBUIJEIg9G4JlZWVysnJ4YnXiYCmTgQQQAABBBCIWCB0fmLtxMpExHQURMA5gR07dmjatGk88dq5IaBlBBBAAAEEEGhDgJWJNlDYhEAqCJiZfyr0iT4ggAACCCCAgL8FzPkJKxP+/j0QPQIIIIAAAggggAACMQuQTMRMx44IIIAAAggggAACCPhbgGTC3+NP9CkuYF14bf3hhQACCCCAAAIIpKIAyUQqjgp9QmCvwKxZs1RaWooHAggggAACCCCQkgJcgJ2Sw0KnEJCsC5x4IYAAAggkRyAYDCanIVpBwOUC5gXY7VweD91HwNMCtbW1ysjI8HSMBIcAAggggAAC7hUgmXDv2NFzjwvwr2QeH2DCQwABBBBAwAMCXDPhgUEkBAQQQAABBBBAAAEEnBAgmXBCnTYRQAABBBBAAAEEEPCAAMmEBwaREBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQcEKAZMIJddpEAAEEEEAAAQQQQMADAiQTHhhEQkAAAQQQQAABBBBAwAkBkgkn1GkTAQQQQAABBBBAAAEPCJBMeGAQCQEBBBBAAAEEEEAAAScESCacUKdNBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQ8IEAy4YFBJAQEEEDAHoEtWjrldKWlpe3/T7db9LdVj2hY2umasnSLPU1TCwIIIICAKwXSgsZjdq3/iRibXBkYnUYAAQQQiFfASi6G65wnztPf379b/9WRf3+KV5T9EUAAAbcLmLkC/2dw+4jSfwQQQAABBBBAAAEEHBIgmXAInmYRQAABNwvsrnw85DSnvadHDZuhkpce0Mhue0+TOnuK5q3+VNsqX9K9I0/Zc+pUt5F6YNUG7Q4JfveGVZo3ZdjeU6u66ewpj2tp5baQErxFAAEEEEhVAZKJVB0Z+oUAAgi4TaC0SLOXfku3Vu5ScFe1/n7mWo06PUu9pv1TZ81YrWDwC713dzvNyp+mBZ/+uym63Z+WaGy/0Vp6zK9UsyuoYPB9PZhToSuG3qKSvWXcxkB/EUAAAT8JkEz4abSJFQEEEEikQOYo/fLWfGWnHyQdlKnTz+2nTF2qu28drQGZ35DUUdmD8nTKhpV6dZ218rBFZUXT9fgpN+jW6/OU2fR/pI7qdfU9+tOVKzW+qFysTyRywKgbAQQQiF+AZCJ+Q2pAAAEEEIhFYNtbeumJ1crsc5yOCfu/UbqycnpowxNL9Pq20BOiYmmEfRBAAAEEEikQ9p/vRDZE3QgggAACHhc45QRlWasSUb42zDxHR4TdjjagnNHPRFkLxRFAAAEEnBBo50SjtIkAAggggMAegUyd99hSLb66l6JPQzBEAAEEEHBagP92Oz0CtI8AAgj4VaDjqRp2ZTe9XfF/2hB2NtPnWn3vhUob9rgqw7b7FYq4EUAAgdQVIJlI3bGhZwgggIDHBY7U0Im3aMTi23XLbyv2JhTbVFkyU7+YLM2aXqBs/i/l8d8A4SGAgNsF+M+020eQ/iOAAAIuFjjom/n6bdlvNeSzO9XtYOv5FEdo6MIMTXj9D/p5v04ujoyuI4AAAv4QSAsGg8HQUM1HZId+x3sEEEAAAQQQQAABBBDwr4CZK7Ay4d/fApEjgAACCCCAAAIIIBCXAMlEXHzsjAACCCCAAAIIIICAfwVIJvw79kSOAAIIIIAAAggggEBcAiQTcfGxMwIIIIAAAggggAAC/hUgmfDv2BM5AggggAACCCCAAAJxCZBMxMXHzggggAACCCCAAAII+FeAZMK/Y0/kCCCAAAIIIIAAAgjEJUAyERcfOyOAAAIIIIAAAggg4F8Bkgn/jj2RI4AAAggggAACCCAQlwDJRFx87IwAAggggAACCCCAgH8FSCb8O/ZEjgACCCCAAAIIIIBAXAIkE3HxsTMCCCCAAAIIIIAAAv4VIJnw79gTOQIIIIAAAggggAACcQmkBYPBYHMNaWlpzW/5GwEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBBoU6A5hWgX+m3zxtBtvEcAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEE2hLgNKe2VNiGAAIIIIAAAggggAACBxQgmTggEQUQQAABBBBAAAEEEECgLYH/BwrIJAvaeqoCAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution curve for a chemical reaction showing the activation energies with and without a catalyst.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch a curve on the graph to show the volume of gas produced over time if the same mass of crushed calcium carbonate is used instead of lumps. All other conditions remain constant.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State and explain the effect on the rate of reaction if ethanoic acid of the same concentration is used in place of hydrochloric acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why pH is more widely used than [H<sup>+</sup>] for measuring relative acidity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>/HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> is not a conjugate acid-base pair.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-10_om_08.59.39.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/02.a/M"></p>
<p>both axes correctly labelled</p>
<p>correct shape of curve starting at origin</p>
<p><em>E</em><sub>a(catalyst)</sub> < <em>E</em><sub>a(without catalyst)</sub> on x-axis</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>M1:</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “speed” for x-axis label.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “number of particles”, “N”, </em><em>“frequency” or “probability </em><strong><em>«</em></strong><em>density</em><strong><em>»</em></strong><em>” for </em><em>y-axis label.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “potential energy” for </em><em>x-axis label.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>M2:</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept a curve that touches the </em><em>x-axis at high energy.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>award M2 if two curves are </em><em>drawn.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>M3:</em></p>
<p><em>Ignore any shading under the curve.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-10_om_09.03.30.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/02.b.i/M"></p>
<p>curve starting from origin with steeper gradient <strong><em>AND </em></strong>reaching same maximum volume</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>rate decreases</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>slower reaction</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>«</strong>ethanoic acid<strong>» </strong>partially dissociated/ionized <strong>«</strong>in solution/water<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>lower [H<sup>+</sup>]</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “weak acid” or “higher pH</em><em>”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>pH<strong>» </strong>converts <strong>«</strong>wide range of [H<sup>+</sup>]<strong>» </strong>into simple <strong>«</strong>log<strong>» </strong>scale/numbers</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>pH<strong>» </strong>avoids need for exponential/scientific notation</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>pH<strong>» </strong>converts small numbers into values <strong>«</strong>typically<strong>» </strong>between 0/1 and 14</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>pH<strong>» </strong>allows easy comparison of values of [H<sup>+</sup>]</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “uses values between 0/1 and </em><em>14”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “easier to use”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “easier for calculations”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>species<strong>» </strong>do not differ by a <strong>«</strong>single<strong>» </strong>proton/H<sup>+</sup></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>conjugate base of H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> is H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>–</sup> <strong>«</strong>not HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup><strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>conjugate acid of HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup> is H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>–</sup> <strong>«</strong>not H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “hydrogen/H” for </em><em>“H</em><sup><em>+</em></sup><em>/proton”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Titanium is a transition metal.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>TiCl<sub>4</sub> reacts with water and the resulting titanium(IV) oxide can be used as a smoke screen.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in metals.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Titanium exists as several isotopes. The mass spectrum of a sample of titanium gave the following data:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>Calculate the relative atomic mass of titanium to two decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the \({}_{22}^{48}{\text{Ti}}\) atom.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electron configuration of the \({}_{22}^{48}{\text{Ti}}\)<sup>2+</sup> ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why an aluminium-titanium alloy is harder than pure aluminium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of bonding in potassium chloride which melts at 1043 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A chloride of titanium, TiCl<sub>4</sub>, melts at 248 K. Suggest why the melting point is so much lower than that of KCl.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>one</strong> disadvantage of using this smoke in an enclosed space.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrostatic attraction</p>
<p>between «a lattice of» metal/positive ions/cations <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>«a sea of» delocalized electrons</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept mobile electrons.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “metal atoms/nuclei”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\(\frac{{(46 \times 7.98) + (47 \times 7.32) + (48 \times 73.99) + (49 \times 5.46) + (50 \times 5.25)}}{{100}}\)</p>
<p>= 47.93</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Answer must have two decimal places with a value from 47.90 to 48.00.</em></p>
<p><em>Award [2] for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award [0] for 47.87 (data booklet value).</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Protons:</em> 22 <em><strong>AND</strong> Neutrons:</em> 26 <em><strong>AND</strong> Electrons:</em> 22</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p> </p>
<p>1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>3d<sup>2</sup></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>titanium atoms/ions distort the regular arrangement of atoms/ions<br><strong>OR</strong><br>titanium atoms/ions are a different size to aluminium «atoms/ions» </p>
<p>prevent layers sliding over each other</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept diagram showing different sizes of atoms/ions.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>ionic<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«electrostatic» attraction between oppositely charged ions</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«simple» molecular structure<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>weak«er» intermolecular bonds<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>weak«er» bonds between molecules</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept specific examples of weak bonds such as London/dispersion and van der Waals.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “covalent”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>TiCl<sub>4</sub>(l) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → TiO<sub>2</sub>(s) + 4HCl(aq)</p>
<p>correct products</p>
<p>correct balancing</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept ionic equation.</em></p>
<p><em>Award M2 if products are HCl and a compound of Ti and O.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>HCl causes breathing/respiratory problems<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>HCl is an irritant<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>HCl is toxic<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>HCl has acidic vapour<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>HCl is corrosive</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “TiO<sub>2</sub> causes breathing problems/is an irritant”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “harmful” for both HCl and TiO<sub>2</sub>.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “smoke is asphyxiant”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Soluble acids and bases ionize in water.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Sodium hypochlorite ionizes in water.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">OCl<sup>–</sup>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) \( \rightleftharpoons \) OH<sup>–</sup>(aq) + HOCl(aq)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A solution containing 0.510 g of an unknown monoprotic acid, HA, was titrated with 0.100 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> NaOH(aq). 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> was required to reach the equivalence point.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the amphiprotic species.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify one conjugate acid-base pair in the reaction.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the amount, in mol, of NaOH(aq) used.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the molar mass of the acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate [H<sup>+</sup>] in the NaOH solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>water/H<sub>2</sub>O</p>
<p><em>Accept “hydroxide ion/OH<sup>–</sup>”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«0.100 mol\(\,\)dm<sup>–3</sup> x 0.0250 dm<sup>3</sup>» = 0.00250 «mol»</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«<em>M</em> = \(\frac{{0.510{\text{ g}}}}{{0.00250{\text{ mol}}}}\) =» 204 «g\(\,\)mol<sup>–1</sup>»</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«1.00 x 10<sup>–14</sup> = [H<sup>+</sup>] x 0.100»</p>
<p>1.00 x 10<sup>–13</sup> «mol\(\,\)dm<sup>–3</sup>»</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Water is an important substance that is abundant on the Earth’s surface. Water dissociates according to the following equation.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The graph below shows how the volume of carbon dioxide formed varies with time when a hydrochloric acid solution is added to <strong>excess </strong>calcium carbonate in a flask.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-12_om_11.58.17.png" alt="M10/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/06.c"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State the equilibrium constant expression for the dissociation of water.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Explain why even a very acidic aqueous solution still has some \({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\) ions present in it.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State and explain the effect of increasing temperature on the equilibrium constant above given that the dissociation of water is an endothermic process.</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The pH of a solution is 2. If its pH is increased to 6, deduce how the hydrogen ion concentration changes.</p>
<div class="marks">[7]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In carbonated drinks containing dissolved carbon dioxide under high pressure, the</p>
<p class="p1">following dynamic equilibrium exists.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}({\text{aq)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}({\text{g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">Describe the effect of opening a carbonated drink container and outline how this</p>
<p class="p1">equilibrium is affected.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) Explain the shape of the curve.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) Copy the above graph on your answer sheet and sketch the curve you would obtain if <strong>double </strong>the volume of hydrochloric acid solution of <strong>half </strong>the concentration as in the example above is used instead, with all other variables kept constant from the original. Explain why the shape of the curve is different.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) Outline <strong>one </strong>other way in which the rate of this reaction can be studied in a school laboratory. Sketch a graph to illustrate how the selected variable would change with time.</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) Define the term <em>activation energy </em>and state <strong>one </strong>reason why the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid takes place at a reasonably fast rate at room temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[11]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({K_{\text{c}}} = \frac{{{\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{][O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{]}}}}{{{\text{[}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O]}}}}/{K_{\text{c}}} = \frac{{{{{\text{[}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{O]}}}^ + }{\text{[O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{]}}}}{{{\text{[}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O]}}}}/{K_{\text{w}}} = {\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{][O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{]}}/{K_{\text{w}}} = {\text{[}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{O}}^ + }{\text{][O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{]}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not award mark if [ ] are omitted or other brackets are used.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Expression must be consistent with </em>\({K_{\text{c}}}/{K_{\text{w}}}\)<em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\) increases, \({\text{[O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{]}}\) decreases but still some present (\({K_{\text{w}}}/{K_{\text{c}}}\) constant) / \({\text{[O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{]}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">cannot go to zero as equilibrium present / \({\text{[O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{]}} = \frac{{{K_{\text{w}}}}}{{{\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}}}/\frac{{{K_{\text{c}}}{\text{[}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O]}}}}{{{\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}}}\), thus \({\text{[O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{]}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">cannot be zero / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept equilibrium present.</em></p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(changing T disturbs equilibrium) forward reaction favoured / equilibrium shifts to the right;</p>
<p class="p1">to use up (some of the) heat supplied;</p>
<p class="p1">(\({K_{\text{w}}}/{K_{\text{c}}}\)) increases (as both \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\) and \({\text{[O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{]}}\) increase);</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{pH}} = 2{\text{, [}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}} = 0.01{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) <strong>and</strong> \({\text{pH}} = 6{\text{, [}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}} = {10^{ - 6}}{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}/{\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}} = {10^{ - {\text{pH}}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\) decreased/changed by \({\text{10000/1}}{{\text{0}}^{ - 4}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><span class="s2"><strong>[2] </strong></span><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}({\text{g)}}\) /gas escapes / (gas) pressure / \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}\) (above liquid) decreases / bubbles (of \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}\) gas) form in the liquid;</p>
<p class="p1">equilibrium shifts to the right (to replace the lost \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}\) gas);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i)<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>rate = increase in \(\frac{{{\text{volume}}}}{{{\text{time}}}}\) = slope of graph;</p>
<p class="p1">initially/to begin with steeper slope / fastest rate / volume of gas/ \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}\) produced faster/quickly as concentration of HCl highest / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">as reaction progresses/with time, less steep slope / volume of gas production slows / rate decreases due to less frequent collisions as concentration (of HCl) decreases / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">curve flattens/becomes horizontal when HCl used up/consumed (as there are no more \({{\text{H}}^ + }\) ions to collide with the \({\text{CaC}}{{\text{O}}_3}\) particles);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Each mark requires explanation.</em></p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-12_om_17.57.23.png" alt="M10/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/06.c/M"></p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">less steep curve;</p>
<p class="p1">same maximum volume at later time;</p>
<p class="p1">half/lower \({{\text{H}}^ + }\)/acid concentration less frequent collisions slower rate;</p>
<p class="p1">same amount of HCl, same volume \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}\) produced;</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) mass loss/of \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}\) / mass of flask + content;</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-13_om_05.42.48.png" alt="M10/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/06.c_1/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-13_om_05.44.20.png" alt="M10/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/06.c_2/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-13_om_05.45.59.png" alt="M10/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/06.c_3/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not penalize for missing x-axis label or for missing units on y-axis.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept if line meets time axis.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><span class="s1"><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong></span><em>if temperature is on the vertical axis and magnitude of slope </em><em>decreases with time.</em></p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>minimum/least energy (of colliding particles) for a reaction to occur / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">low/lower \({E_{\text{a}}}\) /activation energy / greater/larger surface area/contact between \({\text{CaC}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) and HCl / high/higher HCl concentration/[HCl] / (sufficient) particles/molecules have activation energy;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This was the most popular question in Section B but responses were mixed. Part (a) was generally well dealt with but some candidates confused \({K_{\text{w}}}\) with \({K_{\text{c}}}\) or forgot to include charges on the ions in the equilibrium constant expression. Few received the mark for question (ii) although some mentioned equilibrium which was sufficient.</p>
<p class="p1">Candidates recognised that increasing the temperature shifts the equilibrium to the right, but most did not explain why, namely to use up some of the heat supplied. The calculation in (iv) was quite well done although some only gave a qualitative answer.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The equilibrium of carbonated drinks was well understood.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (c) (i) candidates frequently described the shape of the curve instead of offering an explanation using collisions theory. Candidates did state, for example, that the curve flattens but did not refer to consumption of HCl(aq), the limiting reagent. Only the better candidates were only able to link slope with rate and some still consider the rate to increase after the reaction has started. In (ii) most realised that the curve would be less steep but few drew a curve with the same maximum volume produced at a later time. Even fewer candidates were able to explain why the number of moles of carbon dioxide remained the same. Although some candidates chose mass loss / pH / pressure as the dependant variable in c(iii), some were penalised for imprecise answers such as mass of reactants without referring to mass of flask. Others misunderstood the question and described experiments that they had done with catalysis or described changes with temperature as the dependant variable. (c)(iv) was generally well answered, but again some responses lacked precision; the activation energy is the minimum energy needed for a reaction to occur.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Consider the following reactions.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-03_om_15.38.14.png" alt="N11/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/07.b"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">An important environmental consideration is the appropriate disposal of cleaning solvents. An environmental waste treatment company analysed a cleaning solvent, <strong>J</strong>, and found it to contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and chlorine only. The chemical composition of <strong>J </strong>was determined using different analytical chemistry techniques.</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Combustion Reaction:</em></p>
<p class="p1">Combustion of 1.30 g of <strong>J </strong>gave 0.872 g \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) and 0.089 g \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\).</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Precipitation Reaction with AgNO</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>3</em></span></sub><em>(aq):</em></p>
<p class="p1">0.535 g of <strong>J </strong>gave 1.75 g AgCl precipitate.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">One example of a homologous series is the alcohols. Describe <strong>two </strong>features of a homologous series.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The IUPAC name of <strong>X </strong>is 4-methylpentan-1-ol. State the IUPAC names of <strong>Y </strong>and <strong>Z</strong>.</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>Y</strong>:</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>Z</strong>:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the reagents and reaction conditions used to convert <strong>X </strong>to <strong>Y </strong>and <strong>X </strong>to <strong>Z</strong>.</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>X </strong>to <strong>Y</strong>:</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>X </strong>to <strong>Z</strong>:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><strong>Z </strong>is an example of a weak acid. State what is meant by the term <em>weak acid</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Discuss the volatility of <strong>Y </strong>compared to <strong>Z</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the percentage by mass of carbon and hydrogen in <strong>J</strong>, using the combustion data.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the percentage by mass of chlorine in <strong>J</strong>, using the precipitation data.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The molar mass was determined to be \({\text{131.38 g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). Deduce the molecular formula of <strong>J</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">same functional group;</p>
<p class="p1">successive/neighbouring members differ by \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">same general formula;</p>
<p class="p1">similar chemical properties;</p>
<p class="p1">gradation in physical properties;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><strong><em>Y</em></strong>: 4-methylpentanal;</p>
<p class="p1"><strong><em>Z</em></strong>: 4-methylpentanoic acid;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>if student has correct endings for both molecules but has used </em><em>incorrect stem.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>For both reactions reagents:</em></p>
<p class="p1">named suitable <span style="text-decoration: underline;">acidified</span> oxidizing agent;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Suitable oxidizing agents are potassium dichromate(VI)/K</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>Cr</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>O</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>7 </em></span></sub><em>/ sodium dichromate(VI)/Na</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>Cr</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>O</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>7 </em></span></sub><em>/ dichromate/Cr</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>O</em><span class="s1"><em><sub>7</sub><sup>2– </sup></em></span><em>/ potassium manganate(VII)/potassium permanganate/KMnO</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>4 </em></span></sub><em>/ permanganate/manganate(VII)/MnO</em><span class="s1"><em><sub>4</sub><sup>–</sup></em></span><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept H</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>+</em></span></sup><em>/H</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>SO</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>4 </em></span></sub><em>instead of sulfuric acid and acidified.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow potassium dichromate or sodium dichromate (i.e. without (VI)) or potassium manganate (i.e. without (VII).</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Conditions:</em></p>
<p class="p1">distillation for <strong>X </strong>to <strong>Y and </strong>reflux for <strong>X </strong>to <strong>Z</strong>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>if correct reagents and conditions identified for one process only.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">acid partially dissociates/ionizes;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><strong>Y </strong>more volatile than <strong>Z</strong>;</p>
<p class="p1">hydrogen bonding in carboxylic acid/<strong>Z</strong>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept converse argument</em>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(\left( {\left( {\frac{{2 \times 1.01}}{{18.02}}} \right)(0.089) = } \right){\text{ }}1.0 \times {10^{ - 2}}{\text{ g H}}\) <strong>and</strong> \(\left( {\left( {\frac{{12.01}}{{44.01}}} \right)(0.872) = } \right){\text{ }}2.38 \times {10^{ - 1}}{\text{ g C}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\(\left( {\left( {\frac{{0.238}}{{1.30}}} \right)(100) = } \right){\text{ }}18.3\% {\text{ C}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\(\left( {\frac{{1.0 \times {{10}^{ - 2}}}}{{1.30}}} \right)(100) = 0.77\% {\text{ H}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[3] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer of 18.3% C and 0.77% H without working.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow whole numbers for molar masses.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(\left( {(1.75)\left( {\frac{{35.45}}{{143.32}}} \right) = } \right){\text{ }}0.433{\text{ g (Cl)}}\) <strong>and</strong> \(\left( {\left( {\frac{{0.433}}{{0.535}}} \right)(100) = } \right){\text{ }}80.9\% {\text{ (Cl)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow whole numbers for molar masses.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(\left( {\frac{{18.3}}{{12.01}}} \right) = 1.52{\text{ mol C}}\) <strong>and</strong> \(\left( {\frac{{0.77}}{{1.01}}} \right) = 0.76{\text{ mol H}}\) <strong>and</strong> \(\left( {\frac{{80.9}}{{35.45}}} \right) = 2.28{\text{ mol Cl}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow whole numbers for atomic masses.</em></p>
<p class="p1">Empirical formula \( = {{\text{C}}_2}{\text{HC}}{{\text{l}}_3}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct empirical formula without working.</em></p>
<p class="p1">\({M_{\text{r}}} = (24.02 + 1.01 + 106.35) = 131.38\), so molecular formula is \({{\text{C}}_2}{\text{HC}}{{\text{l}}_3}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[3] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer without working.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow whole numbers for atomic masses.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (a) which asked for a description of a homologous series was generally very well answered.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">1 out of 2 marks were commonly awarded, as students had the incorrect prefix or made errors such as 4-methylpentan-1-al instead of 4-methylpentanal.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates knew the reagents for the conversions of the alcohol but only the best candidates also knew the conditions.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explanations of a weak acid were well done.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explanations of volatility were well done.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (d) was a moles calculation based on experimental data, and was done very well by some of those that attempted it. However many candidates could not get through it and some left it blank.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (d) was a moles calculation based on experimental data, and was done very well by some of those that attempted it. However many candidates could not get through it and some left it blank.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (d) was a moles calculation based on experimental data, and was done very well by some of those that attempted it. However many candidates could not get through it and some left it blank.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>There are many oxides of silver with the formula Ag<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub>. All of them decompose into their elements when heated strongly.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>After heating 3.760 g of a silver oxide 3.275 g of silver remained. Determine the empirical formula of Ag<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the final mass of solid obtained by heating 3.760 g of Ag<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub> may be greater than 3.275 g giving one design improvement for your proposed suggestion. Ignore any possible errors in the weighing procedure.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Naturally occurring silver is composed of two stable isotopes, <sup>107</sup>Ag and <sup>109</sup>Ag.</p>
<p>The relative atomic mass of silver is 107.87. Show that isotope <sup>107</sup>Ag is more abundant.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Some oxides of period 3, such as Na<sub>2</sub>O and P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>, react with water. A spatula measure of each oxide was added to a separate 100 cm<sup>3</sup> flask containing distilled water and a few drops of bromothymol blue indicator.</p>
<p>The indicator is listed in section 22 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>Deduce the colour of the resulting solution and the chemical formula of the product formed after reaction with water for each oxide.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAmYAAACJCAYAAACGofT0AAAgAElEQVR4Ae3dDXRT14En8L9kQtiEr1KyQXIyMLYDTA8kmcols23Oxh/FnpTQsHYh2QRs1pwtnAXKhvVH7CRNmlAoyMc5CdCBZq0ayDATgjRkXM4WExslTZqFSp2kMA12gYUEJHJIHbCdlC/r7blPevKz9PThL1nS++scjqT37rsfv/uuuH733fsMkiRJ4IsCFKAABShAAQpQYNQFjKOeA2aAAhSgAAUoQAEKUEAWGKM4GAwG5SPfKUABClCAAhSgAAUSIBA6cBnsmIkdonMWGiABeWISSSbA8yDJKoTZoUAcAmy3cSAxCAWSTEDrohiHMpOskpgdClCAAhSgAAX0K8COmX7rniWnAAUoQAEKUCDJBNgxS7IKYXYoQAEKUIACFNCvADtm+q17lpwCFKAABShAgSQTYMcsySqE2aEABShAAQpQQL8Cqd0xu+lGfY5Bnk0qZjaE/1sFh/cmgE/hKM+BwZCDcsenw1zbN+F1rPKnXe6Ad5hjZ3QUoAAFKEABCuhHILU7ZvqpJ5aUAhSgAAUoQAEdCKRJxywPVle3vAabWIet798OlJiCS7XpoDpZRApQgAIUoAAFUlkgTTpmg6yCng4cri+HOTgMOhfl9Q64vdcDEfrQ09EGW02xapi0GDW2NnT0+CIn6ruAtjr/MebyXTgZLWzkWLiHAhSgAAUoQAGdCei3Y+Y7B8e6UhRV7VbdF3YCu6tKsfDZX+GC6Hf1uLBj5VKs2NKiOi1asGXFUqzc4UKPamvwo+iUPVuBwk0tQF4Dmrcvw+zx+mUOuvADBShAAQpQgAIxBdKkx+BEVe4E1VUtMREg+o3+vlOt2Gk7IXeeXN29kKRrOG9fDRMA7ztncNEH3Gx/FzucXsBUi9YrIkwvul0NyIMXzqp67Ou4GgL8Z5xo+jGWyp2yF9C6dzUs7JSFGPErBShAAQpQgAKRBHR7A5ZxZgUOSRXwed1objmAc5ePYuuK7f6rZ1914spXPhinZeEhE3DauwmFsy/A+uqjyDLOQr3nGiymsQFTMesz8Nr9QxTtFp/noGLtcuQFwygB+E4BClCAAhSgAAUiC6TJFTOtm/9PYVfJ3ZFL3nMCtvK5yDDnYlFpKUpXbIFTCX3bFEy6zQhj5iPY0Lwb1XkmwLsbVYtLUVq6ALnmGcivcUS5z+wEbFsd+DfeW6aI8p0CFKAABShAgTgE0qRjFkdJ+wW5io59L2LFbjGUWY1G+0G4PNdww2VFdr9wY2GyLMPmIx5I3e1otdthf9OKMpMXzi1rsHZfB/pPAVgAq6sdrdUWwGlFXdj+fpHzCwUoQAEKUIACFOgnoNOOWQ/Ot5+RIUxZD6B40fdgufMS3rUfxukgz3VccKzxz9jM/wnaumegoKQEJSWL8ejDc4Kh+n0oq8CTlpnI+1EdKkxetDy7DQcuKDM8+4XkFwpQgAIUoAAFKBAmoNOO2UTMeuDv/Df620pxV4YBhoy7UPjOdYhRS8j3mI1BZlEZ1osNzhdQaL7VP7kgYwZKxaQBUwlWFmdBC9CYWYD/sX4B4HVg6z99qD17M6wquGF4BcRSJ07sD1sO5Q20dXQNIqkUf8JD6NIwxTZ09L/cOwiTWIcM8YkbPR1o21+PVS+74b+TM8XrIBYX90cWiPaUF3M56h1ueEf8fAZuuuuRI5ZXyqmHW3V7ceSMD3RPFzra3kD9qu0x4he/b4dQXz43MOnNjGLbyZARnIGmnajwbMexpLX6FbGOSYP9Y5G56Bk0N1UjTy6NCXnVu+Ha/7+xdn424G3BIVcnMH4eKpudaG1UwonAImwjWp0bUZKpTAAIJZkMy6ofw5qHCLM3Q8Pz+/AKXIe37SUsnJWPxWHLoTyOwlmLUdd2IUV+xIZDxoeuY00oV1uc7kR3Av4jG3zue+DesRKFi6vwdu/gY+GROhAQ9/+WLsQTDcdS/o/gm+5f4HuFj6Pq7b/EqLhOHGt8BlXidhz55cXpzi919JsWgyfFd6d2x2yMBZWnxEr/R1BpGR+lKu5Gya5TkCTVhACjCZbyzTgiPynAgyObl8Fiyg6Ec2FzwVR/fONnoqBCCSfSEmErUDBzYiC9MTCV7PA/bWBXiXwVTt4hOnXi3jRpHypmjouSN+4abgFfx+tYXvgCnJiDsob34OkV9daL7vZfw1omhqFbsGnpdji7krpnMowsPnx5udM/47ioEe3C41QlLCk3JztCWxtGKUaV7AIrYffc6Hu6S68HRxvKYBJLGDUcwDHdtOm/4PLFy/KFgqLGj9ErSThVaUHKNelkP91GKX+p3TEbJTQmm8wCn8PZ+HO0iCub1kZsf+o7MMlnuRHjZxZj/TOVqKj+BQ40r0XeROX01xj2zK+Bra0jjr/A4zk20qX7Hrjr8/uvued1oFweKvkJHId+gnz5qRRLYAtbM0+pg8DQh2pII7/GphquFcOJs2Eu3ek/oGUFZmVEWeNPDB/aagLpivUAzegfX7zpKuFC3pXyGVbB4e0bCwoOEZU74IXI8/3IrfLPkz5dlYtbDPmod1+G17HKP3Qjh1PiHmgd7IXb7egbBjKX4+VjXl5tUDhT6d1owrzHH8V8kWdvJy5/6ZNvIYnahgJD5OVmcX6LfxGe5tJv+F88FeYQOq70nbN+pgjD9cGhV/V5fh1e9XlnMMBc/jIOy7dW+H8jbsmt8t/nfLoKubcYkFOvDOOrKkVuQ3+F0t3ijmgvWlb8DTLU7Sme8intMCfkd+aPv0F9jjDJR32bW/VknGLUOE6iB13oOPwy/Hbit2GP6kk5A7FQlSf4UR23v27M5fVwuHXYNiXVCxB/iPCld4GUPg9uuCRrNiQgT7K6uuOoyl6p++Mmqcwkjgn9Z5LyrEclfyw3JI99pT9MmV3yyDEP5VgRQbfksuZJQLZUZv/En1ePXSoLzYepVmq90qtRlivSx40Vkik0vPx9gWR1fSFJ0ieSvSw7pGyq9PrF+oXksi4ICRswyWuQXN1KHuJJV0SspK1KL1i+lZLdcyOY+g2XVcoW+ZZtlePU9SHq84vhqQNNr8VSY/tfgvlJxQ8p3W5jgQfbdf/zRur1SEcbyvxtINsqucQpFTzHVOeP0oa6j0uNZXNin+O9ZyV7RYRw4vxR0tI6x0VZwvLbK3W7GqQ8rXPPtFqyn/+y79xWhcm2uqS+VhJA0iofAi7xlk8rDmH056OB30+VXTA/RdL66ifCfm9M1a3SFTlrSrtVtXdNC63f0mvSefvqsLjl32TZ51qg8On3ptVulUsGwT4rP1AgpQUuncNxeWrtLGSZ4xhC9nVg37pa7BYPeChrwseBp0B4Wl8IPOHhRexwiyEDjddQjtWIrv8mccXvKLolCb0ddfi74NW9vlC+jv1Yt8IGrxiybTwuh5V6z6O1tgjAQVRV/hLunkyU7DoJj32l/8AyOzzqIf2+6ICbp3Fkx0EAFlS3XvIPF3UfhVWeANO3/Et86Q5lmFjcevAhXOImTQDZVhduRLpdYVB1UIRq+8d+2/N2VIgJP/g93jlxSa3Bz0kpsBOl5lsCV7rEpC0zHlgvHqs3BxVbFuNv+43lhbah633LJJkq0PjxFfkc7/W0oDZwjlfKj9rzocu5E2vEJC8Uobb1vDxU2Ot5Dw3yrRCDgBHnaZ0VTnElv7bFf3uF0la927Hm1f+L20t29C3ZlG2F60aE4UlTCXZJn8BeJhZ3ykaZ/RNI0g6UmG7GWT51/kONMoI7g7+Hym8AWtCwZxw2yG5fwGVdIIf12n+PP4VeSAzGEucH3xkc2imuloslp77w14vSNr3/jjMX9bW6ATtmcZ43DJZqAp243B3718J36rd4o8ULYDE2PPNY4LmmY2EqWI3nxHp0OIgdR04HZgX2NxjKsf1j0vr2IJZ9/16IOyeN48fjtrAgV3HqvV9Dfopr0VN4ZvkcOSyMmSh4ugbVorPh/Fccaf8q7MiIG4xTkfWQuAfPjS2F+Siv3wtHy3ncU+9Gr+TBoYrZMGIE0o2Yodg7BlUHRY9hxaLZftvMb2GBmPDDV+oKiLUoW+14pWR6yCz5kDbkO4v33njPf1/Whiosn+2/T9hoKsTTzy3336e2412037yOi2dP+e/JLFuJtQWZcrxG03/CivKFffcRD0Tssz/iHfl35vtYuzbff3uFaKsbD8mdEM/mAih3LQ8k2n5h4y6f+qgQo+AuC5aVL/D/Ho7/BvIXzJL3mJY9iR/IbpNxX35eyLqfwYMH/sE4GxWHPJB6X0P++TY4HK+hduka2MRPM7px6Uro4w8HnkQqHdHv74tUyjjzSgFNgTumY674f/b0JXTG0zHr7vTf05E9D/dlqa+wjcOkOybISZw+fg6XcF9Ycr4hHOuP7AucO/5pWLzyBlMOZkyLNOtXhLiJ7k7/FZ7s+fchS/0n1m2TcIfck/sUx899AVjkS0La6ai3Gqdj0YZGNE19Dsu3tGB31ZOQnzAmwuTVwr7zaZTMNA4gXXXk0T7fxKVzp1RrCEYL23/foOpg2mRMCHp9DdPniieERKiH/snx26gLiJv/t6HEFMd/XaFtyPclOk+L/+nzMP++u1SdOCNumzTF/8fP6VM4d+kqpgfalmnaZNweLLMqXHBbhA/BK/f+/Tc9Z/B+hKDDtjnu8t2E+JNTfoUaKdsxAXdMUv8e+nfcdsckjT8Sgwdpfwix0A7UhZO2p1AgjwCEhtDOS2iodPoe/HlKp0KxLDoWGDMd3ywVPzvtOHjkj+E373e1oW5FPfYHbuw3Tpji/6vv9DF8dEb9V9lVXLnULUNmz52OOzRIh3KsRnT9NwUeC9Z/o/rbGEyY4s/V6cMf4Yx65PCrK7gkXyi7G3Onf019UMzPRtM8lG8Wf8VfQXvrAdjt/+ifyerchNK1+9HhG5l0Y2YsQoARrYMIaXJzigiEtiHj7ZiSLf5Iacfhj86rJnv48NWVTshNJjsH0+8YF2xb3g/P4mKwbanCDZBgjDkL35GPie9K/gCj9wePu3yqTm2o0aASHvpBfbdHFKG68U0ccHnQe8MFq04vZrNjNvRzijEklcAUzFvyZOD+sBVY/fL7wYUnfd738fLaddhkq8Liwmexr+MqjDnfxmNF4sf6TTz70zdwUn6+qVgHbTte2uIGsACr8rM1p6HHf6wRt0+e4h8COdyGD+SnQYg0bNgqz6waDOA45Dz49xB3k6HlZfy06YS/E+q7gLafbcYW+cLA95E/K3wQNFJqvgsOrJBnqhWjrq0bOQWPoqTkB/ivjz6kGr4ZYrq3T8Y0+QLe+zj4gX8tOZ/3CLZu/ddI2Yq6Pf46iBoNd+pBwDgDDz72oH8m47NWNJ30LzTt87biZy81wSvu/1r1nzFrjPocfwNNTuU8/QCNu5r9Q5xBr/+AydMmi0v0OHzwd7ggOnGiDW7d2Xe1WYS98xt4SP6deQ97mn4T+E0SV4lW+J8uMxwLPsddvmDmh/lDnBZhqfrQc/4UjovtpnvwQPH38ajl6/js3V/hYN+jeMKOSusN6jkOWrMD1PtT83Ov1N1+RHrTWi01xDVLT1XK4MyVkJlAqiARPw7l2IiRJmZH6p8H1yRP6wvaM6DkGUZzpLLG44HZllFmSyGOWZmRZlr1O1aSes/bpYqwmZ8WKS9PzJhUzWJSzpvgrK9odR5lFiWUWZnieK1ZUFrxRotvjlRhPyv552VGC6dOV2OWluZsN5P07bxv+2dkBWe8/kVqb1ysmj0XZVZmXHUQyUBjZqwWTQpsS/12GwU5bJZjlLDR2lD3UcmaZ1KdV6rZh+qZx5rnqSpssH1GmE347TwpT27vyv8d0X5niqTa1vNy2+ptb5SKgrMgIWnOypSLrtG2xPZ4yxfJKOisntWutJH++QnOpB6wRXhbjP77aJGqWy9FqfDU3qXVbtP/itnNf8OO74kV4I+BC4in9d8YqsKJm/efQ3P7EbxpFYtPKi/x1IZf4ICrBb+sCNwsDyPGW9aFh5VvKHaiuXKe/6Z6JYp+7/Efa8x8BBuad6NafuaXuM1F3LC8E88tEPc3DfY1GZbKvWhv/efAwrkinsCTKdr3otIi/pIfyEuJr7Evn+LwsJurlXCDSFe5j61avtYnz3qrbnwdrz23MOTelXHIeXidahacuNNHazJH/HUwEAmGTVMB5Wkub1pRFvxhEMNnrWhvXgfL+MB/icbpKHnFjpbg78cclFl/jX9v3RRyw7vWU2Qa0fpaHRb0u1gtztPV2Ouyq9qqmAluhd3VhA3KBIOch/GSvGCu8DfhbvRCfYNFzFqJt3wxIxpMgHgtwuPW+n1scv0LXl/7XXky0p5Df8BgHqQXnlJqbDGIvqaSVbHYnuqrsjm138VCf7NzUXU6D1ZXc4wnBKR2UYcr92l5HgwXDuOhQJIKsN0macUwWxSIIqDVbhN7xcznhdtRH1g1WKzsG1hNWb6vR8n5MK7iLVY3vkV0ykTcTlTlTlA9fFako34IrAGG0IfhKqsjB1dVVq/gHmP18KEci5C85ddgl7sDx+RV4iOsBq3w8Z0CFKAABShAgdQVUI/Oao11qvcP7XPk+1JMFXbpvHzzyiBWUleNx4v8+/8FVvFWxtGD2/tWbNYe0xbHq+6lCR6v3CegGhtXxxn8rFo9fAjHaubNtEgqe8K/EnXk+w6GVkPK0SN7Hiip8J0CFBhOAbbb4dRkXBRIjIBWu03YFTNfhwN1VWJVcfVKyv4Vl722jXjV+Tkw3Kt4ixWSg1NuxVBmd+DhzVdx6tA/w+btW/VY6j0Le4VYXPME3jnzuWoqdaRO91BWD492rJI3cW/PC2j1XIMkXYPn9fvxyV6xEjVfFKAABShAAQqkq0CCOmY38dmJY/5VyvutpDwfG494IEkubC6YisSt4j0OMyv2QZLOYm/+52hx7Iet9ocolR/BAXx16Yp/TZtotT6U1cOjHatevXnZY8gziUVG1SvRR8sU91GAAhSgAAUokMoCqpXmRrIYV+E50x4zgcSt4u1Dz8k9WF2wXH5GYmjG4lrdeCirh0c7Nrh6swX3z5iqWp26byX60PzyOwUoQAEKUIAC6SGQoCtm42DO8j9rCxcvozu4knJ/xISt4h0cMvUvn2A/4IKntzv40OT+uUrwt+DqzR58eFY9pNq3En2Cc8TkKEABClCAAhRIkECCOmZjcOeceYFVyvtWUkbPCdjK58JgMKPYdhIYwirsA/Lq8aD9uFga/evIeqAIix614M7PPoD9YOyregNKZzCB1as373kDTu91AOqV6AcTKY+hAAUoQAEKUCAVBBLUMQOMM0uw0bpAPD8GmwrvQobBAMOEuVix+wSQtxI1D2fBaJyJJRurkCcemrF7Of5mQgYMhlthLnwBTrFwpvXHWDXQRTODV6BUy2WMy8YDD/tv9LeVzpDzkmEuxzv4a3kx0rjuMRux2h2HnOLHUSEWP3S+gELzrX6DpR/ir54QeeaLAhSgAAUoQIF0FUhYxwyYDMv61+Cyq1dcFqsp2+HaW4sC+Sb3EVjF25iFh196pm+V57szgOt3Y9GGRjSpVx9vOoD9r/8vzBedwj1vw9UVYbw1AWeCMXMRXnH+OrhCtKmsAS3ObfjR305NQOpMggIUoAAFKECB0RJI/5X/R0t20On2wF2/ELlVTsC0GvbfNaAkcyzQcwz1CxehynkbyuxHsKtkKI/yiZ45rZWIox/BvRSgwGgLsN2Odg0wfQoMXECr3bJjNnDHET7Chx73K1iYux5OrZTUnTWt/cOwTetEGYZoGQUFKDCCAmy3I4jLqCkwQgJa7TaBQ5kjVKq0i1b7YbfBh1M7N/qvoKVduVkgClCAAhSgAAV4xYznQJiAVg8+LBA3UIACSSXAdptU1cHMUCAuAa12yytmcdExEAUoQAEKUIACFBh5geAVM9Fr44sCFKAABShAAQpQIHECkiT1Syz4SCaxQ+uSWr/Q/KILAZ4HuqhmFjLNBNhu06xCWRxdCGhdFONQpi6qnoWkAAUoQAEKUCAVBNgxS4VaYh4pQAEKUIACFNCFADtmuqhmFpICFKAABShAgVQQYMcsFWqJeaQABShAAQpQQBcC7JjpoppZSApQgAIUoAAFUkGAHbNUqCXmkQIUoAAFKEABXQiwY6aLamYhKUABClCAAhRIBQF2zFKhlphHClCAAhSgAAV0IcCOmS6qmYWkAAUoQAEKUCAVBNgxS4VaYh4pQAEKUIACFNCFADtmuqhmFpICFKAABShAgVQQYMcsFWqJeaQABShAAQpQQBcC7JjpoppZSApQgAIUoAAFUkGAHbNUqCXmkQIUoAAFKEABXQiwY6aLamYhKUABClCAAhRIBYE06Jj50NVWB7PBjPz6Y+gJU1f2L4Gt42rY3sFt8KGnwwmHrQb5BgMM8j8z8mtew1tuL3yDi5RHUYACFKAABSigc4E06JgpNeiFs+pF7HBfVjaM0Pt1eNtewsJZa/FWZwF2dvdCkiRIvW7UP3AFjoUWFNYdhpe9sxHyZ7QUoAAFKECB9BVIo46ZBXl5J1FV+Uu4e0aqV+RDj3s7nijcjyz7r/DLymLMHB8gNJpgKVmP7c1VwKb1ePbAOV45S992w5JRgAIUoAAFRkQgjTpmWXii7nlUtFtRucOlMaSp9rsOr9uB+vK5gWFIAwz5NbC1dcQ4rhPH9v0jnEVPoWbRdITjGTHesgzPVd8K25qdcHaNVAdRXRZ+pgAFKEABClAgXQTC+xYpXLKM6Y/ixW0laI86pBm46rXwLWSsbkGvGIaUrsHz3G3YU7g++lBo1x9waI8bpvtnYFpEuSnILS6CyduCQ67OFNZk1ilAAQpQgAIUSLRAxO5FojMyPOmNReaiKmyrOBdlSNN/1at9WTlWzDMFrnqNhSnvMSwrOonDH12MOATpu3gWH3pNmDvLjPExM+zBh2c/jxhXzMMZgAIUoAAFKEAB3QmMSbsSG6dj0Ys/QcW31qByx3fQXJkbUsSpKNjsggdd6Gh7C29f7gXwZxzd+jy2OIGix0KC8ysFKEABClCAAhRIkECaXTHzqxkzH4kypOlDz8ldKDdPwqzCn+PoZXEf2H9E8T840FgEHG/3RLzPzDhtBu43eaOG6as3M+6fMVXjPrS+EPxEAQpQgAIUoAAF1ALpd8VMLp0ypPkISittuG+tuCoWePk6sG9dLQ4/bMf510qQqXRNu9pQc9wL3K8E1HifeC+Kl1mw5cOzuOgDJirH9gvaCdehFnhNRSjOndJvD79QgAIUoAAFKECBaAKaXYtoB6TMPmVIs70BL2x9ry/bPR60HwfmfucbMKlK7+u+jM+Doa7De2w7ys2BxWPz6+Do6AIwBfOWPIm8lpexWXM5DDGxYA9e2nINFdtWIk+75xZMhR8oQAEKUIACFKCAWkDVNVFvTo/PypDm/3P+Fl6lSPJVLzNa9rwBp/e6vNXnfR+v1D0PmxLIdwb/57m3Mbf5C0jSF3At+APWNLrQBbEcxmrsbf0BzpQ+gv9WfwgdypppPi/cjgasXmgFahuwQXM5DSUTfKcABShAAQpQgALhAmndMQOUIc05qpJPRd7//Dma5v0WheZb5XXM7nr6A9xd/nPYqy3+cMbZqDj0L6i0TAYwEfd8817cFoxhLEwFz6PV04SSKW1YOSHDvxZahgWVRyehpNmN1o3z+12NCx7KDyqBq+iwLYHBkIuatr5rlaoA8kdfhw3FBgPMNW0Q1yw1X76TsBWbYTDXoS3i2nFMT9jRUyAM3/kyrHFpntzJtjG+djScLjxnh/ecpefweo5ECzVI4nlCgZd45qPqq7JZ1+8+72E8u/wgcm1bUJI5VhcWPA90Uc0sZJoJsN2mWYWyOLoQ0Gq3aXrz//DUp79TZkfOK/rplA2PHGOhAAUoQAEKUGAwAuyYaap1ocPxM6x9KxMvNb2KeSZ9XCnTpOBGClCAAhSgAAUSJsChTC1qsXTG7EJsUSYDiDBldnh2lcCkFT7NtmldWk2zIrI4FEg7AbbbtKtSFkgHAlrtlh0zHVT8QIuodaIMNA6GpwAFEivAdptYb6ZGgeEQ0Gq3aT4rczjYGAcFKEABClCAAhRIjAA7ZolxZioUoAAFKEABClAgpgA7ZjGJGIACFKAABShAAQokRoAds8Q4MxUKUIACFKAABSgQU4Ads5hEDEABClCAAhSgAAUSI8COWWKcmQoFKEABClCAAhSIKcCOWUwiBqAABShAAQpQgAKJEWDHLDHOTIUCFKAABShAAQrEFGDHLCYRA1CAAhSgAAUoQIHECLBjlhhnpkIBClCAAhSgAAViCgQfySQeC8AXBShAAQpQgAIUoEDiBCRJ6pfYGOWb2KH1zCZlP9/1I8DzQD91zZKmjwDbbfrUJUuiHwGti2IcytRP/bOkFKAABShAAQokuQA7ZkleQcweBShAAQpQgAL6EWDHTD91zZJSgAIUoAAFKJDkAuyYJXkFMXsUoAAFKEABCuhHgB0z/dQ1S0oBClCAAhSgQJILsGOW5BXE7FGAAhSgAAUooB8Bdsz0U9csKQUoQAEKUIACSS7AjlmSVxCzRwEKUIACFKCAfgTYMdNPXbOkFKAABShAAQokuQA7ZkleQcweBShAAQpQgAL6EWDHTD91zZJSgAIUoAAFKJDkAuyYJXkFMXsUoAAFKEABCuhHgB0z/dQ1S0oBClCAAhSgQJILsGOW5BXE7FGAAhSgAAUooB+BNOiYfY62mlwYDAaNf3NRXu+A23s9zhrtQkebA7aaYlVcxaix/WoAccSZFINRgAIUoAAFKECBEIE06JgFSmSqReuVXkiS1Pev+5/w0PHnkfvEdrh7fCFFD/nqu4C2usWYtfQtdH53K7oD8fR6NuKBzjex0LwQdW0XECOWkEj5lQIUoAAFKEABCsQvkD4dM60yj5+D5c88hSKnFXX7OqJ0qi7D3bAShU33wP6711A5fybGB+IzmiwoqXwFzdZbsGnpJhy4EO/VN60McRsFKEABCpdVlhUAAATRSURBVFCAAhSILJDeHbNgub043u5BT/B7yIeu32Nfw+9RtGENFmWODdkpvk6G5YfrUY3tWPPqe+jSCMFNFKAABShAAQpQYKgCOumYWbCs+F5M1NTyocv1NvZ4zbh/xlREBJl4L4qXWeDd8zZcXRzQ1KTkRgpQgAIUoAAFhiQQsR8ypFiT5GCf93288tOX0ZL3JJbMmxIhV9dx8ewpeJGFWXcpA5gRgorN3lM4e5HDmVGEuIsCFKAABShAgUEKpE/HzLsJhZMyVLMpDcgwv4iLD22Ca+9qWManT1EHWdc8jAIUoAAFKECBJBcYk+T5iz97YlbmyQ0omDjQDthYTJuRAxNa0H6+B5g5LnqaphzMmKZ1H1r0w7iXAhSgAAUoQAEKxBIYaC8mVnwpuN+IibnfxTKTBx+e/TzyzM2uP+DQHjdMy76L3AF3/lKQhVmmAAUoQAEKUCDhArrsmPkuOLDCnI96d2Ce5sRvYsn6b6Ll2W0RlsO4DPcvGrAFq7HtRw/2TSKQ1z77Lyh3fCpXnM97GHX55sBwajFqHCcjzwRNeFUzQQpQgAIUoAAFkl1Afx2znmNoWLoGNq+6aibDsn4nWpf/CaXf+u+oP9wR7FD5vG446tdhYdUN1L5eG1xOw+c9hl21FSjcdDwQ0U189oEdTVnbcL63F92uv8exnb+FhxM41dD8TAEKUIACFKBAFAF9dcx85+BYV4/Op1/FpuwQFWMmCjY2w9O8GFPeXosJgUc8ZZjrcHTKYjR7mrGxIFO1nEYGvr5kK45aZwciugrPmfOYv+BbyDQaMf6e+zDv+DGc+OxmSEL86he4ig7bEhgMuahp+zwiiq/DhmKDAeaatsjrx/lOwlZshsFch7aIS5kwPYFMT4EwfOfLsMYVsRUk04742tFwuvCcHd5zlp7D6zkSrdMgiWcYBV7ieZOqr8rmNHm/DHf9arw6pRbby65hx+xK4I1mVFriWCIjokAP3PWP49Wsf8Cukq+pPt8N3HSjfvZryPrNNpSYUmuORXqfBxErkzsokNICbLcpXX3MvE4FtNptavUYhlJx3ja8WrUXu7EXu1cEIsqtRJYn9TpOQ2HgsRSgAAUoQAEKJK+AfoYyTSXYpTzg/IYL1uw8WF31w3g1axzMWXfh8NE/oQs+9Hz0Lg5mz8OcO/XT903e05w5owAFKEABCqSGgH46ZiNeH2Nw5wNFeHhPISYZMjAh14aslYXIofCIyzMBClCAAhSgQLoI6Oges3SpspEvh9aY98inyhQoQIGhCLDdDkWPx1JgdAS02i2v54xOXTBVClCAAhSgAAUoECbAjlkYCTdQgAIUoAAFKECB0RFgx2x03JkqBShAAQpQgAIUCBNgxyyMhBsoQAEKUIACFKDA6AiwYzY67kyVAhSgAAUoQAEKhAmwYxZGwg0UoAAFKEABClBgdATYMRsdd6ZKAQpQgAIUoAAFwgTYMQsj4QYKUIACFKAABSgwOgLsmI2OO1OlAAUoQAEKUIACYQLsmIWRcAMFKEABClCAAhQYHYHgI5nEYwH4ogAFKEABClCAAhRInIAkSf0SG6N8C92hbOc7BShAAQpQgAIUoEBiBDiUmRhnpkIBClCAAhSgAAViCrBjFpOIAShAAQpQgAIUoEBiBP4/3BowSlI4tfcAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the electrical conductivity of molten Na<sub>2</sub>O and P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the model of electron configuration deduced from the hydrogen line emission spectrum (Bohr’s model).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>n(Ag) = «\(\frac{{3.275{\text{ g}}}}{{107.87{\text{ g}}\,{\text{mol}}}} = \)» 0.03036 «mol»</p>
<p><em><strong>AND</strong></em></p>
<p>n(O) = «\(\frac{{3.760{\text{ g}} - 3.275{\text{ g}}}}{{16.00{\text{ g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}} = \frac{{0.485}}{{16.00}} = \)» 0.03031 «mol»</p>
<p>«\(\frac{{0.03036}}{{0.03031}} \approx 1\) / ratio of Ag to O approximately 1 : 1, so»</p>
<p>AgO</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept other valid methods for M1.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for correct empirical formula if method not shown.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>temperature too low<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>heating time too short<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>oxide not decomposed completely</p>
<p>heat sample to constant mass «for three or more trials»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “not heated strongly enough”.</em></p>
<p><em>If M1 as per markscheme, M2 can only be awarded for constant mass technique.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept "soot deposition" (M1) and any suitable way to reduce it (for M2).</em></p>
<p><em>Accept "absorbs moisture from atmosphere" (M1) and "cool in dessicator" (M2).</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for reference to impurity <strong>AND</strong> design improvement.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A<sub>r</sub> closer to 107/less than 108 «so more <sup>107</sup>Ag»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>A<sub>r</sub> less than the average of (107 + 109) «so more <sup>107</sup>Ag»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept calculations that gives greater than 50% <sup>107</sup>Ag.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do not accept name for the products.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “Na<sup>+</sup> + OH<sup>–</sup>” for NaOH.</em></p>
<p><em>Ignore coefficients in front of formula.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«molten» Na<sub>2</sub>O has mobile ions/charged particles <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>conducts electricity</p>
<p>«molten» P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> does not have mobile ions/charged particles <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>does not conduct electricity/is poor conductor of electricity</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> award marks without concept of mobile charges being present.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> if type of bonding or electrical conductivity correctly identified in each compound.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept answers based on electrons.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> if reference made to solution.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrons in discrete/specific/certain/different shells/energy levels</p>
<p>energy levels converge/get closer together at higher energies<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>energy levels converge with distance from the nucleus</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept appropriate diagram for M1, M2 or both.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not give marks for answers that refer to the lines in the spectrum.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Two hydrides of nitrogen are ammonia and hydrazine, N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>. One derivative of ammonia is methanamine whose molecular structure is shown below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-22_om_18.03.06.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/04"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Hydrazine is used to remove oxygen from water used to generate steam or hot water.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(aq) + O<sub>2</sub>(aq) → N<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l)</p>
<p>The concentration of dissolved oxygen in a sample of water is 8.0 × 10<sup>−3</sup> g\(\,\)dm<sup>−3</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Estimate the H−N−H bond angle in methanamine using VSEPR theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ammonia reacts reversibly with water.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">NH<sub>3</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) \( \rightleftharpoons \) NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>(aq) + OH<sup>−</sup>(aq)</p>
<p>Explain the effect of adding H<sup>+</sup>(aq) ions on the position of the equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Hydrazine reacts with water in a similar way to ammonia. Deduce an equation for the reaction of hydrazine with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, using an ionic equation, what is observed when magnesium powder is added to a solution of ammonium chloride.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Hydrazine has been used as a rocket fuel. The propulsion reaction occurs in several stages but the overall reaction is:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(l) → N<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<p>Suggest why this fuel is suitable for use at high altitudes.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the enthalpy change of reaction, Δ<em>H</em>, in kJ, when 1.00 mol of gaseous hydrazine decomposes to its elements. Use bond enthalpy values in section 11 of the data booklet.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(g) → N<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The standard enthalpy of formation of N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(l) is +50.6 kJ\(\,\)mol<sup>−1</sup>. Calculate the enthalpy of vaporization, Δ<em>H</em><sub>vap</sub>, of hydrazine in kJ\(\,\)mol<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(l) → N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(g)</p>
<p>(If you did not get an answer to (f), use −85 kJ but this is not the correct answer.)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate, showing your working, the mass of hydrazine needed to remove all the dissolved oxygen from 1000 dm<sup>3</sup> of the sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the volume, in dm<sup>3</sup>, of nitrogen formed under SATP conditions. (The volume of 1 mol of gas = 24.8 dm<sup>3</sup> at SATP.)</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>107<sup>°</sup></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept 100° to < 109.5°.</em></p>
<p><em>Literature value = 105.8°</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>removes/reacts with OH<sup>−</sup></p>
<p>moves to the right/products «to replace OH<sup>−</sup> ions»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept ionic equation for M1.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) \( \rightleftharpoons \) N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub><sup>+</sup>(aq) + OH<sup>–</sup>(aq)</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(aq) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l) \( \rightleftharpoons \) N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub><sup>2+</sup>(aq) + 2OH<sup>–</sup>(aq).</em></p>
<p><em>Equilibrium sign must be present.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>bubbles<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>gas<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>magnesium disappears</p>
<p>2NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>(aq) + Mg(s) → Mg<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + 2NH<sub>3</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “hydrogen” without reference to observed changes.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept "smell of ammonia".</em></p>
<p><em>Accept 2H<sup>+</sup>(aq) + Mg(s) → Mg<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>(g)</em></p>
<p><em>Equation must be ionic.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>no oxygen required</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>bonds broken:</em><br>E(N–N) + 4E(N–H)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>158 «kJ\(\,\)mol<sup>–1</sup>» + 4 x 391 «kJ\(\,\)mol<sup>–1</sup>» / 1722 «kJ»</p>
<p><em>bonds formed:</em><br>E(N≡N) + 2E(H–H)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>945 «kJ\(\,\)mol<sup>–1</sup>» + 2 x 436 «kJ\(\,\)mol<sup>–1</sup>» / 1817 «kJ»</p>
<p>«ΔH = bonds broken – bonds formed = 1722 – 1817 =» –95 «kJ»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award [3] for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award [2 max] for +95 «kJ».</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Δ<em>H</em><sub>vap</sub>= −50.6 kJ\(\,\)mol<sup>−1</sup> − (−95 kJ\(\,\)mol<sup>−1</sup>)</p>
<p>«Δ<em>H</em><sub>vap</sub> =» +44 «kJ\(\,\)mol<sup>−1</sup>»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award [2] for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award [1 max] for −44 «kJ\(\,\)mol<sup>−1</sup>».</em></p>
<p><em>Award [2] for:</em><br><em>ΔH<sub>vap</sub> − = 50.6 kJ\(\,\)mol<sup>−1 </sup>−<sup> </sup>(−85 kJ\(\,\)mol<sup>−1</sup>) + = 34 «kJ\(\,\)mol<sup>−1</sup>».</em></p>
<p><em>A</em><em>ward [1 max] for −34 «kJ\(\,\)mol<sup>−1</sup>».</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>total mass of oxygen «= 8.0 x 10<sup>–3</sup> g\(\,\)dm<sup>–3</sup> x 1000 dm<sup>3</sup>» = 8.0 «g»</p>
<p>n(O<sub>2</sub>) «\( = \frac{{8.0{\text{ g}}}}{{32.00{\text{ g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}} = \)» 0.25 «mol»</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>n(N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>) = n(O<sub>2</sub>)<br>«mass of hydrazine = 0.25 mol x 32.06 g\(\,\)mol<sup>–1</sup> =» 8.0 «g»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award [3] for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«n(N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>) = n(O<sub>2</sub>) \( = \frac{{8.0{\text{ g}}}}{{32.00{\text{ g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}} = \)» 0.25 «mol»</p>
<p>«volume of nitrogen = 0.25 mol x 24.8 dm<sup>3</sup>\(\,\)mol<sup>–1</sup>» = 6.2 «dm<sup>3</sup>»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award [1] for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Magnesium reacts with sulfuric acid:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Mg(s) + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>(aq) → MgSO<sub>4</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<p>The graph shows the results of an experiment using excess magnesium ribbon and dilute sulfuric acid.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-25_om_09.45.43.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/05.a.i"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why the rate of the reaction decreases with time.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch, on the same graph, the expected results if the experiment were repeated using powdered magnesium, keeping its mass and all other variables unchanged.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide react according to the following equation:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">NO<sub>2</sub>(g) + CO(g) \( \rightleftharpoons \) NO(g) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g) Δ<em>H</em> = –226 kJ</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Calculate the activation energy for the reverse reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equation for the reaction of NO<sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere to produce acid deposition.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>concentration of acid decreases<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>surface area of magnesium decreases</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “less frequency/chance/rate/probability/likelihood of collisions”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “less acid” or “less magnesium”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “concentrations of reagents decrease”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<p>curve starting from origin with steeper gradient <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>reaching same maximum volume</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«<em>E</em><sub>a(rev)</sub> = 226 + 132 =» 358 «kJ»</p>
<p><em>Do not accept –358.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>2NO<sub>2</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → HNO<sub>3</sub>(aq) + HNO<sub>2</sub>(aq)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>2NO<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l) + O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 4HNO<sub>3</sub>(aq)</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept ionised forms of the acids.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Many reactions are in a state of equilibrium.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The equations for two acid-base reactions are given below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) \( \rightleftharpoons \) H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (aq) + OH<sup>–</sup> (aq)<br>HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) \( \rightleftharpoons \) CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup> (aq) + H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> (aq)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The following reaction was allowed to reach equilibrium at 761 K.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">H<sub>2</sub> (g) + I<sub>2</sub> (g) \( \rightleftharpoons \) 2HI (g) Δ<em>H</em><sup>θ</sup> < 0</p>
<p>Outline the effect, if any, of each of the following changes on the position of equilibrium, giving a reason in each case.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAxEAAADfCAYAAACJbV4/AAAgAElEQVR4Ae3dD3QT5503+q/kvIRNjMnlhiwjyIYLfm3Ti9ts7DrbJr3IdmKXm+aEawrpthhR+xC6GyhvecGqDSR9AzgBe52FQJOUI9XElLeQSAcuyWFtx4qSDU3wlblJ4RRLl3JIXyM5b9gUZDUBGum5Z0YjWZItW7ItsOWvziHWaJ55/nye0WR+mueZ0QghBPiiAAUoQAEKUIACFKAABSiQoIA2wXRMRgEKUIACFKAABShAAQpQQBG4jQ4UoEDqBTQaTeoLYQkUoAAFKEABClAgxQKhQUwMIlIMzewpEBIIfelCy/xLAQpQYCwF5B8reJwZS1HmRQEKRArEHmM4nClSh+8pQAEKUIACFKAABShAgWEFGEQMS8QEFKAABShAAQpQgAIUoECkAIOISA2+pwAFKEABClCAAhSgAAWGFWAQMSwRE1CAAhSgAAUoQAEKUIACkQIMIiI1+J4CFKAABShAAQpQgAIUGFaAQcSwRExAAQpQIL7AV12NyNZoIN+1It6/7MYufKVmEfCcxIuGfDWtDuXmbgR8LrQ3GqAL5VFuhisQv8zk13jhsh1G40/2oStUkeQz4RYUoECqBL7qQmN2/GOIztAIa5cHY3pYSFVbmO+kEWAQMWm6mg2lAAVuvcBl2P91PTa8djaiKl/B09aEsk2vwRP6dNZdmDaGR+evun6F/7P0B9j09pehEviXAhSYQAKe1zZhaeFqNHVdmUC1ZlXTXWAM/zeV7lRsHwUoQIEhBOY3wPFXodynX75Xf+S/8xsLEHwoz5e40iufBEgoM52DX7jRWjUXvRecSsZSTQeuytseqIA0RFFcRQEKpKuAHg2Ovqjjh+g7A9PKhQDeQtOR0/Cma9PZrgknwCBiwnUZK0wBCkxIAY8VBs3fYelrfwTgQVv1AmQow5emoXCTXWmSZ1cppmuyYbD+DwAB+Fw2mI3l4aFPxUYzbK6YU4iAB13WRhh0oaEQ+TA0tsLlkwc+fAWP9Sf4T4WbIJeKP25C4X/SIHJ41YS0ZKUpMJkEMvOw+ImHlBZ7eq/gL+G2y8MUzTAW69RjRDmMZpv63Q8lko8jrWgMD6HUQKMzoNHaBU94bFRsPhpoio0w21zwhbJR/sp52fFG5NDLAemCxxxlaKfhELq6rP1l6wx4sZNDsqJIJ/qC4IsCFEi5ACD/sMRXOgr81dEg5gMC8xuE469DtNBtESvldMP+my9WWv4k/D0WUSUNkl6qEqZzV9WC/iwcDY8NmqdUZRE9/r8Kt2XNgPXzGxxiqKoO0QquGscCPM6M484Zrmp/dYiG+fL3XS8aHH1Rqf3u90XTyoUCkESZ6ZzwK2uvix7L00Ia5HgirWwW5/qCqeIeR7BQVFkuCr/wiz5Hk9APkg/wmGhw/Fmti1/0nWsWKwc7JkES+oZTIljrwY85/ce9ZcLk/DKqfVyYOAKxxxie2UycvmNNJ7BA7BdvAjeFVY8RCAcRg/5PWD4pWCMs7tAp+5+EZeV8AQQDhWBWfcLRoFdO9PtP7j8THTUFAlgoVprOqP9zvirOmaqUkwappkPIYYTfaRJlSrllorajRzm58LvbRK1eEkCBqOn4TCkiXMfhAp2YtnFxYgnwODOx+iuqtuEgYpAfDkLHFv0vRIf7enCzqx2iRj6hj/xRoe+MMCnBRui7/6VwmpYpwUf4JN9/UViq5IAEIni86T/+hI4rQkT8OFFmEk45HvGfE6Yy+bgC0R+kXBfujl+oAUgo4IgMIspEjeWccvzqD2Yij31RAlyYAAKxxxgOZ5rol5JYfwpQIP0EvvoEpy1dAM7itep8TFOGPU3HgmqzMvna0/I2HN4b+PRsJ9rk1q9cg3UlsyEf0LXSo6h/xw0hHNhZcnf62bBFFJhkAtLKBrxueQfO41tRIk1RWv/V/3caFvlODB4zqhdMDw5nmpaPauWmDV1oaf09vJiKnKojEOIiDhVfRpv1DZhrn8JSc/DGDl98dhVfYApmzfvflTlY8nDKPEMj3rDa8Ml//m9w+wVEaxVytEDg/O9wuE0ucBm2b34SeZny0WYKpJKnsbWmQJmv8co7fwzfhU6pZNmTqF6Sh0z5uDT7m3js0fmTrOfSv7kMItK/j9lCClDgZgjEnVj9Ciqk4LTqhKvx2Sc4o0xiiLOF53Nc+csXcKsTsuOk4scUoMCEEwhNrL4O96m9WCkBnteasM/xV0y7I3TK9hU+++R8cJ5TnPYF504E4Os+AIPudugKH8PSpctQvUv52UHZ6o6Z03EHpmD2ks043lwDvRyTvLYJy5YuxdIlhdBllMNo7VbmRQT6Pg+WN78I35g3NaLUqZg+c5qy/Mczn+CziDWIusvc/4L78u+NXMv3aSAQ2iPToClsAgUoQIE0EbjzLsxSbs8UOqGIvtuTEHJgkgndvNxgg3uvoC88STJNDNgMCkxqgSmQilajfu/TkOCB/fkN2HL0E/U5EVrcedeM4B3c4v14Id/hLeDCkfW1eM0jQV/zK1iOOuD298HRIIcLES+thALDTrwj/OhzvgOLxYLXG1ZCQht2LX0GR1zXoJ02A8p1hD924uML1yI2voarn/Upy/Pz78PMiDV8m/4CDCLSv4/ZQgpQYKIJZH0d5ZXyEAE7mvZY0C3faSlwCba64J2adEYbvLgNf7uwCGVy29oOo9l+KXiC4TsLs3InFvVBdhOt7awvBSigCkzB7IrtON7wmDK00by2AUcv3ZAHByGr8BFUyj80/PEA9rx2Nni1wNOOOuVOTYUw2i4DPjecZ+QhSP8r5j1YhiVPFOBvP/0AlreCt5RWCgl8Amu1/PBLHYrrOtCXrUdFRQUq/vEJLI64z7Q2+9t4skz+4HVs2XE4eEzCDXhs+7Btlzz08jH8pHi+eitrduBkEWAQMVl6mu2kAAVSK6DePnXQp1YbrP0PkkuoFjNQ9ON16lCGVVgwLQOajDkofb4NkKqw/ceFyJJPJXIqUK+cYLTh+dI5wVvGhsZF69fAuHhecJ5E+FdE3uI1IX4mosC4EbgLf/+PVaiSz989+7D2mTdxSb7qmFWIH2+vghQxbypDV4bn7R5IK9fhx0UzgMz5eHCx/HyJszAvnascHzJ0BryL/025iqHMidDei7J/roJeudpRBl1G8FbRGXOWwuyRDzc/QHn2VPlgg+X1m9QhT+oxSXM7dKW/gB0S9A3P4CcFd40bNVbk5ggwiLg5ziyFAhSgQBICWmTmVWKfvQOmGuVag7KttLIJbfYXUZUnhxDy6y4UbNgPh6VBCTiCny3EygYLHIdqw5MwtdmLsa1JHp4gvyTcCz8iByQEt+N/KUCB8Signf09PKcMa5LnUT+LZ5RhTVnIq3oR9g4TavShSwbyd//fYN9XGZz4rL0PS7ab0Bw+hpShpvko3jj4X/GoHJMoN2gAMgvW47gz+lgDlKHG1AH77iWYrZwpatV076hDnVQpfQ1MHXYc31ikTKAej36sU+oENPIdpVKXPXOmAAVkAfnXaX7VuC9QgAKpFOBxJpW6zJsCFIg9xvBKBPcJClCAAhSgAAUoQAEKUCApAQYRSXExMQUoQAEKUIACFKAABSjAIIL7AAUoQAEKUIACFKAABSiQlACDiKS4mJgCFKAABShAAQpQgAIUYBDBfYACFKAABShAAQpQgAIUSEpAuTuTPNuaLwpQgAIUoAAFKEABClCAAkMJhO42eZucSF6IvW3TUBtzHQUokJwAv1/JeTE1BSiQvACPM8mbcQsKUCBxgdhjDIczJW7HlBSgAAUoQAEKUIACFKAAAAYR3A0oQAEKUIACFKAABShAgaQEGEQkxcXEFKAABShAAQpQgAIUoACDCO4DFKAABShAAQpQgAIUoEBSAgwikuJiYgpQgAIUoAAFKEABClCAQQT3AQpQgAIUoAAFKEABClAgKQEGEUlxMTEFKEABClCAAhSgAAUowCCC+wAFKEABClCAAhSgAAUokJQAg4ikuJiYAhSgAAUoQAEKUIACFGAQwX2AAhSgAAUoQAEKUIACFEhKgEFEUlxMTAEKUIACFKAABShAAQowiOA+QAEKUIACFKAABShAAQokJcAgIikuJqYABShAAQpQgAIUoAAFGERwH6AABShAAQpQgAIUoAAFkhJgEJEUFxNTgAIUoAAFKEABClCAAgwiuA9QgAIUoAAFKEABClCAAkkJMIhIiouJKUABClCAAhSgAAUoQAEGEdwHKEABClCAAhSgAAUoQIGkBBhEJMXFxBSgAAUoQAEKUIACFKAAgwjuAxSgAAUoQAEKUIACFKBAUgIMIpLiYmIKUIACFKAABShAAQpQgEEE9wEKUIACFKAABShAAQpQICkBBhFJcTExBShAAQpQgAIUoAAFKMAggvsABShAAQpQgAIUoAAFKJCUAIOIpLiYmAIUoAAFKEABClCAAhRgEMF9gAIUoAAFKEABClCAAhRISoBBRFJcTEwBClCAAhSgAAUoQAEKMIjgPkABClCAAhSgAAUoQAEKJCXAICIpLiamAAUoQAEKUIACFKAABRhEcB+gAAUoQAEKUIACFKAABZISSCiICLjMKNfoUG7uRiCp7Md/4mDbCmG0Xb4JlfXC1b4HdQdCjtfgMi+HRlcHm3e8yqp1LDfDNV6reBN6jkVQgAIUoAAFKEABCvQLJBRE9CdPv3fanCq0Cgd2ltyd+sZ5HTAZXkCXP/VFsQQKUIACFKAABShAAQqkSmDSBxGpgmW+FKAABShAAQpQgAIUSFeBkQURXhuMOh3K97ej84ARxRoNNBoNdIYX0e7yRlkFPJ04YCxX1ms0+TA0tsLlU8fFqPkUG/eg0ZAfzMNog5xD9HY6FBvNsA3IuwvWRgN0avkaTTmMZlt//gjA57LBHC5fA02xEWabCz61ltHDmS7DZiyEpnwfbJ0tMBbrgvXWGdDY3r+NsqnPhfZw2XK7WoLlxBuaJLc1rxS7PB60VS9ARlS6Szh9ogkGXdBRM1h5AQ+6Iqxj2xGFLi8EumEuzx5kCFqwjTrVGfDCZTP3t3WAYUzOSp9p0L+9Uhi8tjroNKFhYQF1+f9Co9Ua7lulfw50wuONsXvxJDyRQ6WSbWtMFblIAQpQgAIUoAAFKJBagZEFEUqdPGh7qhGWaT/GcSEg/D04OPvfULbGhC41SAhcsmJ1wRI0Yw2cfX6Ivv+ORWc2Qr/+KC6FTxo9sLd8jBm1JyH8n8L+VCEyle2qYZv1DNx+ASG68XLuSazQ18F66UZQxNeJph+uwbGMp9ClpBHwuzcio+UprHnFEQwSfA68sqYG7+b+C/rkOorrcG+9Ay2lW3DEdS2+bNsObLPcierjPcFtDs7DW2Ub8ErXleA2gU9gXb8UhjMlsMntEidRO8OOLbva4ueZVYKd3R2okSSUmc7B765HSZbK72nHW6fnYbNLzus63IOVt7oMj9v+Djvd1yGEH30vfw3vrliK9dZPBp+nop2Lh598AG2Hf4fzYWsA3t+jtQWoLP86suBFt/ln0K94F7N2dsEvZMNnMOvd9ch9fHe4H+M3arg1R7HpJQfmbT4ZbFfHt9G56kHo8nbg7P/xAnrkdpzbCDT8BFuOqu2QbZNt63DV4HoKUIACFKAABShAgTEVGEUQAUg1RmyuyEOmXCWthMJHCiDZP8DHbvlE/xrOt/4WZqzC1s1LkJOpBTK/hu8bHgfMv0Xr+f6TeKnyR/h+XhagvQc582/Avqce5vyfYfP6hyApNcxCXtVOHKz8EGv3vA8vAvB2HkWTswyG6m+paeQqfAerKh+Avf0s3AEg4D6Ldvs8LHo4O1hHTIFU8izeEUdQlTM1PqQUUWd5m8LvoEg6jfaPexGQy7a/irUnFmFv/T8iT24X1PrVFMTPc6g1seXpn0RlWXd0eeYF2L65GkXSFBkbmXmVeOng4zix9lXYB52UPRXZD38XZW1W/N//rxr8yHV3vI0WlKG8cAbgdeDXWzqxeO9zWF8kQW6JVnoIP3tpN2qcDag74ho8QBmqLVHrClCzdQMqcrKAsKOEsu21anlaZOY8iEX5/4ETp/4IX8g26bZGFcoFClCAAhSgAAUoQIEUC4wqiIiumxaZc7KRjwtw9viAwEW8f/h9ID8bc5QTbTm1Flkl9XAPdRKv/FLeBen+uZgVVbtMzMmdB0/L23B4EczHvR1Fve/BarXCan0DZuMTyK1+PVwtrW4hHtW/jy2mN9Fpe3PAcKhwwuHeZOqQmw+ccbrhw+dwtLbBk/8AFion9KGNg/ULLY3+7xfR5UnZmDtLDiBCL9Xb04ZWx+ehD6P+arNLsabqEzQdOa0MEUPgf+Dt37Qhd8MSFGXJMcTbaPEswEML/1YJIMIbR7U3/OlNeKPajqCtN6Fyt7yI4NC72KFkMdVShrHphrnjl3rHrfDws5g81EWWFxoWONk9Ae4Lt2BfGPxrmdpPx/D4ERxSO9m/OzzWyjssjx+34PiR0Hd5DA4nQn0BCL0d8NfvNIkySKLMdE745bVXO0SNBCHVdIirEamD6QpETcdnQvjPCVOZJFBmEk5lo4iEobeD5aN+Jtdn0H9Srei46hei74wwrVwoAEnoa34lLBaLsHR8JBymZQKhNHI5fU7RYfmVqNFLan5losbUIZx9wUpF1Vl8JjpqCqK3l/NQ2xJsr5pmQLu+FM7YskPtDP1V2hbhKOJsM1h58TygeofKiPrrF1c7aoWkegTbukyYnF8KESoboeWIDaP6Tq1jqL2D9ZlQywnXJbQck/eA9sexHVFbI+o/Dt8O9f0ah9VllShAgQkowOPMBOw0VpkCE0gg9hgT9Vv/GMQkY5SFOm9Amccgz2WI+KfMJbgB15HnUN2+CJaei3hn52pUVFSgomQ2rjovRNchMwclFaux8x03hN8Nh+VR9G4phX6bPfjrfHTq8btUZoJTnfsR5THk7Wm1yCp8BJWQr1Zcwvn3/w1tZd/Fw9nyUK4pmDU3G9IQLR54NWiIxGO5akRtHcsKMC8KUIACFKAABShAgaEEUhdEKBN7HwbOnEdP6G5M4ctaQzy4LuvrKK/U4czJP0TfsQdX0NX4PWiUh5750CMHC7FDigJ/wZXL1+O3VyuhoGIVDJUF8Hx0Eb2RE47jbxWzZgYKy8sgxbQLUOsUk3r0i6HyTuOsR51UrmQagK/rRRRrlsM81CRxxRNoees3sB4+jbInv41spdfVAEM6h5NnP42e++Bzw3kGyM/VqXNJIlqhDHUaKvSISJv021G2NenyuAEFKEABClCAAhSgwEgEUhdEYCqyF69Gbe4RbHuhIxgQBC7B3nwYbfpNqF+eEz0OP1z7u6H/aR0Wn3gWdbtDt/70wmXdhY2bgIb6CuRo1ZPNtsNotl8KngAHPOjc/QzWms+GcwqOwyuH0dqt3tJVvuXre2jtBKrWlKon0+HkCb7RIku/BnsXt2HbjqPq7WTl+jVh266uofNQTsDvCKb5woeI2GqI7ULlvYu1dfvRqQQScjuOYtvGfUDDRiwfapI4ZqBo+Y+Q21SL2rYH8OTDc/vdswrx4+1FOLH2Gezu9AQdfWdhXrceu3Lj9JEaHHpafoM3upWb8Sp12bGtGZ4hWpHYqtG2NbFSmIoCFKAABShAAQpQYHQCKQwi5Dv9PIrthw5hlb8RugwNNBnfxDb/CjgOPY2C8GTrgQ3Qzl6C3fbdWNT7XHA7zXToj83AOsd+bCi4KzhBW78Ox5vvxwelc5AhPydizs/x3r0GHLXUhIfoaHNWoNmxBjOPLcM05VkSGZimP4aZ617F9iX39Z9MD6zC0J9o70PF7kOom3kM+mkZ0Ggewo4LhVjXsGSY7eZhsbESN+TnRNxZhSMRd6gackOlPAsOLvoTjLrbodGE2nEYhzYUDbxaEJWZFpl/vxiVZRKkqh+gXBnKFEog31XqRdgPLkKvsSDoOO2/wrloN5zH18fpo6nIWb4dbRu+wpYF06HRzMHjpr9g6dbNKAtlO5q/CbU1NFltmKswo6kHt6UABShAAQpQgAIUiCugkedzyGvlh8Wpb+Mm5oqhBOQT25XQO3+C7p0lkG9qylcqBeSH5m3Bxep/Hfp2vamsQhJ58/uVBBaTUoACIxLgcWZEbNyIAhRIUCD2GJPSKxEJ1mmCJVOfxqyrhlkZziNX/wY8nSbs2PIFNix/gAHEzehR3wWc/uiemNve3oyCWQYFKEABClCAAhSgAIOIpPcBedz+OhzfuwDvlsjDeTTQaG5Hwb4v8cTx0HCrpDPlBkkJyA8b/BBe4xroQ0/9Tmp7JqYABShAAQpQgAIUGI0AhzONRo/bUiBBgdhLgAluxmQUoAAFEhbgcSZhKiakAAVGIBB7jOGViBEgchMKUIACFKAABShAAQpMZgEGEZO599l2ClCAAhSgAAUoQAEKjECAQcQI0LgJBShAAQpQgAIUoAAFJrMAg4jJ3PtsOwUoQAEKUIACFKAABUYgMIZBhBeu9j2oO9AdfPLxCCpz8zdJZZ3lp0q3orHuEFyBIVrmc6G9cQcOuK4NkSjdViVok27NZnsoQAEKUIACFKBAmgiMXRDhdcBkeAFd/gkkk9I6f45O02Zs6hoqOJBvVdoMw6aPMZHYRt/DidiMvhTmQAEKUIACFKAABSiQGoGxCyJSUz/mSgEKUIACFKAABShAAQqMM4EEg4gb8HRZ0WjIVx+upoGm2AizzQWf3CCvDca8UuzyeNBWvQAZujrYvPHG8Mh5tcBYrAvmpTOgsV3NJ4Tjc8FmNqJYeZBbTFmh8nQ6lO9vR+eB/nQ6w4tod3lDuQCx+WjKYTTb4PIFhqjzMG2F+sRqzXLst9lxwFiumuTD0NgazBuXYTN+F6W7uoC2auRmFMJou9xfL+WdnM8W5JU+Dw9eR3Xu30BntCFY+xijyHor28r5F0JT/gKsrS/CoJMfeBd0OtB1CV55GFWor3QGvNjpUYeYhbbbB9uH+2K2C6VRqxnwoCvCNqq/5SRyn+t0KDbuCZcVqn/A0wVrowG6UP9F1X8wm/8Jr60OOk2sk1rf0P40RJkYrr5qs/iHAhSgAAUoQAEKUGAMBIT6AhB6G/PXL/ocTUIvrRRNp9zCr6y9LtwdvxB6PCYaHH8Opr/aIWokSZSZzqlpYrJRt+uxPC0klIkayznRJ/yi71yzWCktFFWWi8Ht+s4I08qFQlq5V5xyXxdCXBfuU3vFSkkS+oZTok/ORykLAuF8hBD+HtFRWyagbxKOPrmWfxaOhseEtLJZnFOWhfC720Stfn5/HQfUOZG2+sXVjlohAQL6WmFxXlVaFso7XEfxmeioKRAoMwlnEG0QkFBey4TJ+aW6/rpQjCK9QyZVFtGj5KXmDUnoayzCKbcv1H4gwu6qOGeqEpL0tLD0yJah7aLTOC210X3pvygsVZF9MEg/hfpAqhKmc1eF8H8qnOevCtF3SjToC8TKpveFW2338DYhhwJR0/FZhJNaX6lWdFz19/d7bJmJ1Dci11vxNv7361bUhmVSgALpKMDjTDr2KttEgfEjEHuMSeBKxOfoPPIbOCsNqC6SENxgCiT9k6gs60b7x72JT6QOXEDrq1agxojNFXnIhBaZeY/BUHk7zK924HxAniNwCFvaF2Fv/WoUSVMATIFU9E946eAqODc14kjEBGQpnA8ArYTCRwog2T/Ax+4bQKAXH7d3I3/Rg8jJDNZaKz2K+nfOo7UqT21HbBSWTFsLULN1AypyspRMtNLf45Giu2BvPwt3vIswscUNtux9H3vWWpG/vRbrQ96ZC1H10m5UnqjHHnvEFQ1pFbZuXhJsX6j9WIbtm6tVuyzkPPwQ8j0f4pQz4gqN9HSEbxZyKjZga00vmo6chle+0mJ/FWvNCyLykfupEi8dfBwn1r4Ke8RVJqnyR/h+XhagvQc58zPh7TyKJmcZDNXfgqTuXVrpO1hV+cDobVSvAWUmUd/ByPkZBShAAQpQgAIUoEByAgkEEXejZKcD7p2F6LUdg9VqhdW6H8bSElS3fZFUaYHzv8PhNiA/V4fM8JbB/EVrFXK0n8PR2gZP/gNYqAQQoURaZM7JRj4uwNmjDKAKrYj4G5NGOwvfeDQPbVt+jaOdNlhDQ68ithj4djRtzcSc3HnAmfPokYdLjegVgNfxNlo8Otw/9+7oQCdTh9x8N1paf68OeRpRAcGNBvgG6+5peRsO7+VgH0jZmDtLDuJCL9XX04ZWx+ehD2P+apFVUg+3ezuKet9T95U3YDY+gdzq12PSjtWius+MqL5jVQfmQwEKUIACFKAABSaXQAJBRAC+7gMw6KYjt/SXOHVFPkG+B+UvW2EqA8443cF5EWPhFriMix+5h8jJjY8uXk7wysddKNh4CM6DD+KKZSeWluZimkYew2+GLXLeRFRpN7GtUeXGLnRhV+nM/vkn8tyCjAWobvNEJ8zPxhz1Kkv0ihEuec7jYu/14Mae51E6PSOqDhm51WgbLmvfWZgN38C03B/ipVP/IV8iwl3lu+AwLRtlgDVMwSOt7zDZcjUFKEABClCAAhSgwECB2wZ+FPNJwIUj62vRvtiCnv0VmB0KO+RJrmc8wP0x6UezqL0bc+/XAR/FyyT0C/1QgUbktlnIKalQ/lXtlCcrv4nf7HkWpfrz6OjejpLIpPL7m9nW2LKjlpfB5HwNVTlToz7tX4gY0tT/4ejfKb/m3x7Mp8wE5wn56lCcbCNGR/WnuAbXkedQ3b4Ilp4mVMwOXcmQJ0hfAJDdn3Ss3w1X37Euj/lRgAIUoAAFKECBSSwQ7xSxn8TnhvMMkP/Q18Jj3OWVgb4rSPZUVpv9bTw54OrFNbjMy6HRLIfZdQcKy8sgnTmNs54b/XVAAL6e8ziDecid0z8QKiJBAm+nQCpYgqcMj0NSfnGPzF/dfAzbmkCFBkmiRVbhI6iUzuHk2U+jr7j4OtFYnI1y8xg8zG/AkCsfepwXIFU+gsKsu+P3QdeLKFb6Kd6zL4L5IHa4VI8rbJsAACAASURBVOAvuHJZvcIxSKvlqxXB4WqDrhzmwxmjqO8wWXM1BShAAQpQgAIUoMCgAsMHEVlfR3mlDm0th2FXT+wDnpPYXfcszJGja5Qx+3cEC/nCh0GnBWjnYbFxDXJ37cQLtkvKSXLA8+9objkNfcNGLM+5A1lFP8T2R9/F2rr96FTKk4cYtWDdimbkKmni/Tof075AN8zl2Sg2WtXbrkK55evbrV1A1Q9Qnj0ViK1zZoJtjSlq8EV1joSy8hp8vq8GSRZ58hzAF74vEMh6GD/duwgn1j6D3aFbs/q6Yd22FZvwNOqX50TPlRgk12E/8jRj246jqosX3WYjVrT8A/b+9GFkQYss/RrsXRzTB66j2LZxHzBkH6gn9G2H0WwP9q9869XO3c9grflsRLUG2gQDTDdaDryFbmXn8cJlbcI2+Ta5Q75GU98hM+ZKClCAAhSgAAUoQIE4AsMHEbgb+v/ySzQX/Q6lutuVMfJzfv4B7jX8Epaagv5slQChEjfk50TcWYUj5wf7tXoKpJJaHHKsgH/bN5Gh0SBD1wj/qkM4tKEoONlavhPRPgsOLvoTjEp5GZj2T3/AooN2HN+opukvNf47bR5WNR/GupnHoJ+mju2ftgzHZq7B8e3fCw7LGlDnzMTaGr/UiDVTkb14NWpvbEFuxjwsPXI++sqCmlKbXQ5j7VVU596JO5f+FucDUzC7oh72g4vQayxQjDRqvR2HnkbBWMyB0Fei8psXsCNHdpmOkncX4oC9vn/4kfY+VOyO6QP9Mcxcd7i/nyJa2v9WPqFfh+PN9+OD0jnBus/5Od6714CjlhpI4YSD2GhzsPylX2MDGrFA6a9lMPWVYeuvloW3ivtmxPWNmyNXUIACFKAABShAAQoMIaCR7z4rr5cfVqa+HSI5V01sAfVBbx/989DzHSZ2I8dl7fn9GpfdwkpRIK0EeJxJq+5kYygw7gRijzEJXIkYd21ghShAAQpQgAIUoAAFKECBWyjAIOIW4rNoClCAAhSgAAUoQAEKTEQBDmeaiL3GOk84gdhLgBOuAawwBSgw7gV4nBn3XcQKUmBCC8QeY3glYkJ3JytPAQpQgAIUoAAFKECBmy/AIOLmm7NECoxIIOAyo1yjgc5ow6DP+pNzVW5trINGVwebV366/GCv0LNZCmG0xX/aC8ujZ2jv4b5wC/aFEP7N/DuGxw8ei+SO47FWVuDx4xYcPxL6Lo/+4MLhTKM3ZA4UGFYg9hLgsBswAQUoQIEkBXicSRKMySlAgaQEYo8xvBKRFB8TU4ACFKAABShAAQpQgAIMIrgPUIACFKAABShAAQpQgAJJCTCISIqLiSlAAQpQgAIUoAAFKEABBhHcByhAAQpQgAIUoAAFKECBpAQYRCTFxcQUoAAFKEABClCAAhSgAIMI7gMUoAAFKEABClCAAhSgQFICDCKS4mJiClCAAhSgAAUoQAEKUIBBBPcBClCAAhSgAAUoQAEKUCApAQYRSXExMQUoQAEKUIACFKAABSjAIIL7AAUoQAEKUIACFKAABSiQlACDiKS4mJgCFKAABShAAQpQgAIUYBDBfYACFKAABShAAQpQgAIUSEqAQURSXExMAQpQgAIUoAAFKEABCjCI4D5AAQpQgAIUoAAFKEABCiQlwCAiKS4mpgAFKEABClCAAhSgAAUYRHAfoAAFKEABClCAAhSgAAWSEmAQkRQXE1OAAhSgAAUoQAEKUIACDCK4D1CAAhSgAAUoQAEKUIACSQkwiEiKi4kpQAEKUIACFKAABShAAQYR3AcoQAEKUIACFKAABShAgaQEGEQkxcXEFKAABShAAQpQgAIUoACDCO4DFKAABShAAQpQgAIUoEBSAgwikuJiYgpQgAIUoAAFKEABClCAQQT3AQpQgAIUoAAFKEABClAgKQGNEEJoNJqkNmJiClCAAhSgAAUoQAEKUGDyCQghlEbfJv9XXpADidCHk4+DLaZAagX4/UqtL3OnAAXA/49zJ6AABVIqEHsuw+FMKeVm5hSgAAUoQAEKUIACFEg/AQYR6denbBEFKEABClCAAhSgAAVSKsAgIqW8zJwCFKAABShAAQpQgALpJ8AgIv36lC2iAAUoQAEKUIACFKBASgUYRKSUl5lTgAIUoAAFKEABClAg/QQYRKRfn7JFFKAABShAAQpQgAIUSKkAg4iU8jJzClCAAhSgAAUoQAEKpJ8Ag4j061O2iAIUoAAFKEABClCAAikVYBCRUl5mTgEKUIACFKAABShAgfQTYBCRfn3KFlGAAhSgAAUoQAEKUCClAgwiUsrLzClAAQpQgAIUoAAFKJB+Agwi0q9P2SIKUIACFKAABShAAQqkVIBBREp5mTkFKEABClCAAhSgAAXST4BBRPr1KVtEAQpQgAIUoAAFKECBlAowiEgpLzOnAAUoQAEKUIACFKBA+gkwiEi/PmWLKEABClCAAhSgAAUokFIBBhEp5WXmFKAABShAAQpQgAIUSD8BBhHp16dsEQUoQAEKUIACFKAABVIqwCAipbzMnAIUoAAFKEABClCAAuknwCAi/fqULaIABShAAQpQgAIUoEBKBRhEpJSXmVOAAhSgAAUoQAEKUCD9BBIKIgIuM8o1OpSbuxFIM4Ng2wphtF2+CS3zwtW+B3UHQo7X4DIvh0ZXB5s33WRvAieLoAAFKEABClCAAhS4JQIJBRG3pGY3qVBtThVahQM7S+5OfYleB0yGF9DlT31RLIECFKAABShAAQpQgAKpEpj0QUSqYJkvBShAAQpQgAIUoAAF0lVgZEGE1wajTofy/e3oPGBEsUYDjUYDneFFtLu8UVYBTycOGMuV9RpNPgyNrXD51KE7aj7Fxj1oNOQH8zDaIOcQvZ0OxUYzbAPy7oK10QCdWr5GUw6j2dafPwLwuWwwh8vXQFNshNnmgk+tZfRwpsuwGQuhKd8HW2cLjMW6YL11BjS292+jbOpzoT1cttyulmA58YYmyW3NK8Uujwdt1QuQEZXuEk6faIJBF3TUDFZewIOuCOvYdkShc4ECFKAABShAAQpQgAIpFBhZEKFUyIO2pxphmfZjHBcCwt+Dg7P/DWVrTOhSg4TAJStWFyxBM9bA2eeH6PvvWHRmI/Trj+JSeAqAB/aWjzGj9iSE/1PYnypEprJdNWyznoHbLyBEN17OPYkV+jpYL90Icvg60fTDNTiW8RS6lDQCfvdGZLQ8hTWvOIJBgs+BV9bU4N3cf0GfXEdxHe6td6CldAuOuK7FZ23bgW2WO1F9vCe4zcF5eKtsA17puhLcJvAJrOuXwnCmBDa5XeIkamfYsWVXW/w8s0qws7sDNZKEMtM5+N31KMlS+T3teOv0PGx2yXldh3uw8laX4XHb32Gn+zqE8KPv5a/h3RVLsd76SdrNU4mPyDUUoAAFKEABClCAAuNBYBRBBCDVGLG5Ig+Zcku0EgofKYBk/wAfu+UT/Ws43/pbmLEKWzcvQU6mFsj8Gr5veBww/xat5/tP4qXKH+H7eVmA9h7kzL8B+556mPN/hs3rH4Kk1DALeVU7cbDyQ6zd8z68CMDbeRRNzjIYqr+lppGr8B2sqnwA9vazcAeAgPss2u3zsOjh7GAdMQVSybN4RxxBVc7U+P5SRJ3lbQq/gyLpNNo/7kVALtv+KtaeWIS99f+IPLldUOtXUxA/z6HWxJanfxKVZd3R5ZkXYPvmahRJU2RsZOZV4qWDj+PE2ldh56TsoXS5jgIUoAAFKEABClBgjAVGFURE10WLzDnZyMcFOHt8QOAi3j/8PpCfjTnKibacWousknq4hzqJ9/4erS1dkO6fi1lRtcvEnNx58LS8DYcXwXzc21HU+x6sVius1jdgNj6B3OrXw9XS6hbiUf372GJ6E522NwcMhwonHO5Npg65+cAZpxs+fA5Haxs8+Q9goXJCH9o4WL/Q0uj/fhFdnpSNubPkACL0Ur09bWh1fB76kH8pQAEKUIACFKAABSiQcoGo0/SUl5ZEAZ5dpZgenusgzxX4m6gAAb6zMBu+gWm5P8RLp/5DCVDuKt8Fh2kZcOY8euQhVZlF2HjcjoMP/hmWbU+hNHc6Bs6bSKJStzKp53mUTs9Q55YE505k5FZjiAFUt7K2LJsCFKAABShAAQpQII0FbhufbZPnDdhwoioPg0c58vMVnkN1+yJYeppQMTv0C708MfoCgOz+ZmXmoKRC/rcaO+XJyUd/gz1rS6F3dqB7Z4k6zKk/+bh9V2aC80QVcgYHGbfVZsUoQAEKUIACFKAABdJPIHWnpNq5ePjJh/uvCqh2wz64LuvrKK/U4czJP8ATnnwtb3wFXY3fg6bcDFfAhx7nBSB2SFHgL7hy+Xr8XtJKKKhYBUNlATwfXURvVP7xN4teMwOF5WWQQlc7wivVOoWXx+pNqLzTOOtRJ5UrWQfg63oRxZrlMA81SXysqsF8KEABClCAAhSgAAUooAqkLojAVGQvXo3a3CPY9kJHMCAIXIK9+TDa9JtQvzwnzlWGu6H/aR0Wn3gWdbtPqoGEFy7rLmzcBDTUVyBHq55Ytx1Gs/1S8O5EAQ86dz+Dteaz4c4NBizlMFq71Vu6yrd8fQ+tnUDVmlJkj6j1WmTp12Dv4jZs23FUvZ2sXL8mbNvVFS570DfK3Io7gqu+8CF0p9tB04Y/DJX3LtbW7UenEkjI7TiKbRv3AQ0bsXyoSeLhfPiGAhSgAAUoQAEKUIACYyMwotPoRIvWSo9i+6FDWOVvhC5DA03GN7HNvwKOQ0+jIDzZemBu2tlLsNu+G4t6nwtup5kO/bEZWOfYjw0FdwUnaOvX4Xjz/figdA4y5LkTc36O9+414KilBpKapTZnBZodazDz2DJMU+ZXZGCa/hhmrnsV25fcFyeIGVifAZ9o70PF7kOom3kM+mnyPIWHsONCIdY1LBmQNOoD7TwsNlbihvyciDurcCTiDlVR6WIXlPIsOLjoTzDqbodGE2rHYRzaUDRxhmTFtovLFKAABShAAQpQgAITUkAjhBByzeWHxalvJ2RDbn2l5XkaK6F3/kSZa5F16yvEGowjAX6/xlFnsCoUSFMBHmfStGPZLAqME4HYY0xKr0SMkzaPcTUC8NrqoNNVw9wdejr3DXg6Tdix5QtsWP4AGECMMTmzowAFKEABClCAAhQYVwIMIpLuDnmOwjoc37sA75bIt4yVb7d6Owr2fYknjoeGWyWdKTegAAUoQAEKUIACFKDAhBFgEDGSrlLu8rQRB9xCGQImDwNzH9iIigJp5PMsRlIPbjOpBII3CtBAZ7QhdA1sAECgG+ZyHTS6OtjiPslcHnq3HBpNIYy2ywOyCH3A8gDQU9kduC/cgn0h9EW8mX/HcH/nd0fuOB5rZQUeP27B8SOh7/LoDy6cEzF6Q+ZAgWEFYscRDrsBE1CAAhRIUoDHmSTBmJwCFEhKIPYYwysRSfExMQUoQAEKUIACFKAABSjAIIL7AAUoQAEKUIACFKAABSiQlACDiKS4mJgCFKAABShAAQpQgAIUSCyI8LnQ3rgDB1zXJpGY/FToVjTWHYIrMBGb7YWrfQ/qDnQHn+g9IZqQyjpP9P6cEB3ISlKAAhSgAAUoMEkEEggiAvB2NsOw6WP4JwlKsJmfo9O0GZu6Jmjg5HXAZHgBXROp01Ja5wnen5Pqu8fGUoACFKAABSgw3gUSCCLGexNYPwpQgAIUoAAFKEABClDgZgoME0TIT2fegrzS5+HB66jO/ZuIe9TfgKerBcZinfrAtXIYzTa4fKGxP5dhMxZCU/4CrK0vwqCTH8qmgabYiANdl+CVhwoZ8oOf6Qx4sdOjDrsJbbcPtg/3xWwXSqMSBTzoOmBEsfLAt2DeZpsLvpCg1wajTodi455wWaF77Ac8XbA2GqALbauJrL9ch++idFcX0FaN3Az5fvr/M/ik6gH31lfrG7ov/xBlYrj6huo97F/Z3hpuU8g13Ha5Dnml2OXxoK16ATJCdRs035h+1BnQ2B5hCHkYkA1mY7naz7KnGTZX6EkF6hO8Ncux32bHgXC6fBgaWyP2BwA+F2zmiP6KNI9b52HaikTKH6w/4z8fYVAmfkgBClCAAhSgAAUo0C8g1BcgPzdtsJdfXO2oFRKWCZPzSzXBddFjeVpI0krRdMot/PKnfWeEaeVCIVVZRI/ywWeio6ZAAJLQ11iEs88vhL9HdNSWCbksaeVeccp9XQhxVZwzVQlJelpYeuTl0HbRaZyWWqHHY6LB8edgHfwXhaVqYUQ+ftF3rlmslBaKKsvFYJ2udogaCQJSlTCduyqE/1PhPH9ViL5TokFfIFY2vS/cSl2F8LvbRK1+vtA3nBJ9SglqPcpMwqmkCTkUiJqOz1QH+Y+aTqoVHVf9QsQrM5H6RuQa/61f9DmahD7SXlwX7o5fRPso9ZBEmelc0GLQDNV+RJmosZwTfSLWsH85bOV3i1NNK4UU7ouQCwT0tcLivKqUNNDzz8LR8JiQVjaLc/K+IPrNw3UcUOdE2ppo+bH9OShIyj6M//1KWZHMmAIUmGQCPM5Msg5ncylwkwVijzHDXInoDzai3nnfx561VuRvr8X6IvUpzZkLUfXSblSeqMcee8SvvNIqbN28BDmZWkArofCRAkhYhu2bq1EkTQGQhZyHH0K+50OccoZ+3QYgPY299av701RswNaaXjQdOQ2v/Ouz/VWsNS+IyEeLzLxKvHTwcZxY+yrsEU/rlSp/hO/nZQHae5AzPxPezqNocpbBUP0tSKqAVvoOVlU+AHv7WbhDF1OiGp3cwoAyk6jv0CV9js4jv4Gz0oDqkD2mQNI/icqybrR/3Jv4ROrABbS+agVqjNhckYdMyIaPwVB5O8yvduB84HN0/voltC/+b6hf/1DQSiuh6Gf/goM1vdhUZ42YdF6Amq0bUJGTpVRfK/09Him6q98z0IuP27uRv+jB4L4AeXd4FPXvnEdrVV6cJ30n09Zhyh8alWspQAEKUIACFKAABZIQGEEQEYDX8TZaPDrcP/fu6JO/TB1y891oaf09IsKBJKoTkTT/ASxUgozQZ5mYkzsPnpa34fBehqO1DR4pG3NnyYFI6KVF5pxs5Hva0Or4PPRhzF8tskrq4XZvR1Hve7BarbBa34DZ+ARyq1+PSTtWi5+Por6xdbgbJTsdcO8sRK/tmFr//TCWlqC67YvYxEMuB87/DofbgPxcHTLDKYP5i9Yq5Ph+j9YWN/If+lo42AomC/YFzpxHT3j4WjgD9U1MGu0sfOPRPLRt+TWOdtpgjRx2FrtpeHk0bY0pP5wn31CAAhSgAAUoQAEKjFZgBEFEqMgu7CqdqY6TV+c7ZCxAdZsnlCD4Nz8bc+SrEGP18pzHxd7rwdw8z6N0ekZUHTJyq9E2XFm+szAbvoFpuT/ES6f+Q/5NHHeV74LDtAxDnxgPl/Ew60da36hsA/B1H4BBNx25pb/EqSvyZZN7UP6yFaYy4IzT3T8nJGq75BcCvRfxUUx3RuWi9MWNqI/iL9yFgo2H4Dz4IK5YdmJpaS6maWLnV8RuffPaGlsylylAAQpQgAIUoAAF4gvcFn/VcGuWweR8DVU5U+MkjBjSFCfFiD5Wrj7cHty0zATniSrkxItRBr0ccg2uI8+hun0RLD1NqJgdupIhT769ACB7RNVKaKPh6ptIJgEXjqyvRftiC3r2V2B2qO3yxOQzHuD+RDJJLI121lzcLwEfxUseuhLUEy9B7OdZyCmpUP5V7ZQnTL+J3+x5FqX68+jo3o6S2OQ3sa2xRXOZAhSgAAUoQAEKUCC+QOgUNH6KAWu0yCp8BJXSOZw8+2n0+HtfJxqLs1FuHoMHnA0YKuNDj/MCpMpHUJh1NwrLyyCdOY2znshfwgPwdb2IYs1ymOM+GC+YD2KHSwX+giuX1SscA9osf6AOlRp03XAfzhhFfWPy9rnhPIMBQ4wCfVeQbNimzf42nhxw9eIaXObl0MiGvf8Z5ZU6nDn5B3ii5omEDEdzlWkKpIIleMrwOKR4VzTGsK0xilykAAUoQAEKUIACFBiFQAJBROTJcwBf+L5AIOth/HTvIpxY+wx2h27N6uuGddtWbMLTqF+eEz1XYiQV9DRj246j6i1Cveg2G7Gi5R+w96cPIwtaZOnXYO/id7G2bj86lUBCvhXpUWzbuA9o2Ijlca+QqCf0bYfRbL8UDIICHnTufgZrzWcjaqqOqVc+uQaf7ysET7rdaDnwFrqVuQBeuKxN2CbfCnbI12jqG5Nx1teVE/u2lsOwqwFUwHMSu+uehTly6JEyP+WO4MZf+DDo1AXtPCw2rkHurp14wRa0CHj+Hc0tp6FXDGej6Mfr8OiJZ1G3+6QaSKh9sWsWGuor4l8Fiqk2At0wl2ej2Gjtv+2rz4W3W7uAqh+gPHsqEFvnzATbGlvWoMsD+3PQZPyQAhSgAAUoQAEKUGBYgQSCCECbXQ5j7VVU596JO5f+FucDUzC7oh72g4vQayxAhvyshWnLcGzmGjgOPY2CsZgDoa9E5TcvYEeOPOdhOkreXYgD9vr+4Ufa+1Cx24KDi/4Eo+52aDQZmKY/hpnrDuPQhqKIicKxBvIJ/Tocb74fH5TOCdZ9zs/x3r0GHLXUQAonn4rsxatRe2MLcjPmYemR8whoc7D8pV9jAxqxYJpcr2Uw9ZVh66+WhbeK+yah+kZcBYh7JeVu6P/LL9Fc9DuUKu3WYM7PP8C9hl/CUlPQX7wSIFTihvyciDurcOT8YE/engKppBaHHCvg3/ZNxSJD1wj/qkOqYfCOV/vsu7Go9znoMuS5L3n4J+dDOOg8hI0Fd/WXN9w7bR5WNR/GupnHoFfs+veZ49u/FxyWNaDOmYm1dbiylfWD9GdC2zERBShAAQpQgAIUoECsgEa+xaz8ofzAMvVtbJqbvKw+GOyjfx56vsNNrtXNK05u/xZcrP7XIeab3LzasKSxERg/36+xaQ9zoQAFxp8AjzPjr09YIwqkk0DsMSahKxHpBDDu2+K7gNMf3RNz69pxX2tWkAIUoAAFKEABClBgEgkwiBhXnR2At/NDeI1roM9i14yrrmFlKEABClCAAhSgAAXCAuNwOFO4bnxDgbQRiL0EmDYNY0MoQIFxI8DjzLjpClaEAmkpEHuM4c/dadnNbBQFKEABClCAAhSgAAVSJ8AgInW2zJkCFKAABShAAQpQgAJpKcAgIi27lY2iAAUoQAEKUIACFKBA6gQYRKTOljlTgAIUoAAFKEABClAgLQUYRKRlt7JRFKAABShAAQpQgAIUSJ0Ag4jU2TJnClCAAhSgAAUoQAEKpKUAg4i07FY2igIUoAAFKEABClCAAqkTSCCIuAybsRCa8n2wfbgPBp0G8n1iNcVGHOjyIKDULQCvrQ46TTmM+19Q0xTCaLscXOvpxAFjeXA7jQ7FRjNsLm9Eq7xw2cwwFuvipAnA57LBHM4jWL7Z5oIvqvz+MoOZq3XX1cHmDQBeG4w6ufw9aDTkK2XpjDbINQkMW8eI6vItBShAAQpQgAIUoAAFJrFAAkGEqtO2FiteBp7uug4hrsK5LgPNhavR1HUlgq8NLe9LqHX54XcfxlNFMxC4ZMXqgmrYZj0Dt19AiG68nHsSK/R1sF66IZ++w9dlwpoVJ5H7cjeEEBD+/wdbMw6jdN0bcMlRis+BV9bU4N3cf0GfvF5ch3vrHWgp3YIjrmsR5Sfy1gN7y8eYUXsSwv8p7E8VInPYOiaSL9NQgAIUoAAFKEABClBgcggkHkRIT2Nv/WoUSVMAZCGnYgO21vSi6chp5Zf8IFcBKg2PIS9TC600H/MzP4d9Tz3M+T/D5vUPQVJKy0Je1U4crPwQa/e8Dy9uwP3xB7DnP4SHc7KC2Whno6S+FaK1CjlaIOA+i3b7PCx6OBuZSoopkEqexTviCKpypibdU1Llj/D9vCxAew9y5t9IoI5JF8ENKEABClCAAhSgAAUokLYCiQcR+Q9goRJAhCwyMSd3Hjwtb8MhDxUa7OX9PVpbuiDdPxezokqK3PY26L7xLejbfgnT0X+HzWqHyxedn1a3EI/q38cW05votL0ZMxRqsIKT+CyhOkbXJ4ncmZQCYyYQcJlRrtEgNARv0IwD3TCX66AJDeEbNNE1uMzLodHEDv+LTszy5Aul9JT3Cu4Lt2BfiP463pylMdzf+d2Ru4zHWh4/1K/uGH63xu54PAaHFaG+AHkk0WCvz0RHTYFAmUk4/ZHrvxRO0zIBLBMm51/E1Y5aIaFA1HR81p/oaoeokSDkvAf9J9WKjqtypn7R53xHWEw1Qh9Kq68Rpg6n6Avl1ucUHZZfiRq9pOZVJmpMHcLZF9x+0PKFWvdQOWp9pJoOcTWUb8J1DG3AvxRIXiD+9yv5vLgFBShAgcEEeJwZTIWfUYACYyUQe4yJuj4wophEysbcWfIQp3gvCWWmc/Arcxnk+QwR/9z1KMmSq6BFZo4eFVU78Y4Q8LsdsDzWiy2lP8Q2dXI2MnNQUrEaO99xQ/jdcFgeRe+WUui32SOGU8Wrw3CfJ1LH4fLgegpQgAIUoAAFKEABCkwOgcSDiDPn0RM1zMiHHucFSJWPoFAJBAYBy/o6yit1OHPyD/BEjQi6gq7G70FTbg5OnI7ZVCsVoOIpAyolNz66eFm9A1REIq2EgopVMFQWwPPRRfQGtMick438iCQJvx1hHRPOnwkpQAEKUIACFKAABSiQZgKJBxGeZmzbcVSdr+BFt9mIFS3/gL0/fRjqdOhBaO6G/qd1WHziWdTtPqkGEl64rLuwcRPQUF+BHK06ZrC4DtbwbV+9cL39NjpRgTXl8wBlLHg5jNbu8C1dfa730NoJVK0pRbYW0GZ/G0+WudFy4C10K8GOXE4Ttu3qGqRekR8lUsfI9HxPAQpQgAIUoAAFKECByS2QeBChr0TlNy9gR04GNJrpKHl3IQ7Y61Exe6ihTIB29hLstu/Got7noMuQSdVqMgAAAvRJREFUnzExHfpjM7DOsR8bCu4CMBU5q3bDsW4Gjumnq8+JUNMc34wls6dAm7MCzY41mHlsGabJz6jQZGCa/hhmrnsV25fcB6UR2hwsf+nX2IBGLJgm13EZTH1l2PqrZcP28PB1HDYLJqAABShAAQpQgAIUoMCkEdDIky3k1soPkFPfxjRefmDbd1H60T/DeSJ4y9WYBFykAAWGEYj//RpmQ66mAAUokKAAjzMJQjEZBSgwIoHYY0ziVyJGVBw3ogAFKEABClCAAhSgAAXSTYBBRLr1KNtDAQpQgAIUoAAFKECBFAskMJwpxTVg9hSYBAKxlwAnQZPZRApQ4CYL8Dhzk8FZHAUmmUDsMYZXIibZDsDmUoACFKAABShAAQpQYLQCDCJGK8jtKUABClCAAhSgAAUoMMkEGERMsg5ncylAAQpQgAIUoAAFKDBaAQYRoxXk9hSgAAUoQAEKUIACFJhkAgwiJlmHs7kUoAAFKEABClCAAhQYrQCDiNEKcnsKUIACFKAABShAAQpMMgEGEZOsw9lcClCAAhSgAAUoQAEKjFaAQcRoBbk9BShAAQpQgAIUoAAFJpkAg4hJ1uFsLgUoQAEKUIACFKAABUYrwCBitILcngIUoAAFKEABClCAApNMgEHEJOtwNpcCFKAABShAAQpQgAKjFWAQMVpBbk8BClCAAhSgAAUoQIFJJsAgYpJ1OJtLAQpQgAIUoAAFKECB0QowiBitILenAAUoQAEKUIACFKDAJBNgEDHJOpzNpQAFKEABClCAAhSgwGgFGESMVpDbU4ACFKAABShAAQpQYJIJMIiYZB3O5lKAAhSgAAUoQAEKUGC0AhohhNBoNKPNh9tTgAIUoAAFKEABClCAAmkuIIRQWnib/N/QQpq3mc2jAAUoQAEKUIACFKAABcZAgMOZxgCRWVCAAhSgAAUoQAEKUGAyCTCImEy9zbZSgAIUoAAFKEABClBgDAQYRIwBIrOgAAUoQAEKUIACFKDAZBL4/wGd4eMvP8FTLgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify two different amphiprotic species in the above reactions.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State what is meant by the term conjugate base.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the conjugate base of the hydroxide ion, OH<sup>–</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A student working in the laboratory classified HNO<sub>3</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> and HClO<sub>4</sub> as acids based on their pH. He hypothesized that “all acids contain oxygen and hydrogen”.</p>
<p>Evaluate his hypothesis.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> if both effects are correct.</em></p>
<p><em>Reason for increasing volume:</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “concentration of all reagents reduced by an equal amount so cancels out in K<sub>c</sub> expression”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “affects both forward and backward rates equally”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> AND H<sub>2</sub>O</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>species that has one less proton/H<sup>+</sup> ion «than its conjugate acid»</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>species that forms its conjugate acid by accepting a proton</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>species that is formed when an acid donates a proton</p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “differs by one proton/H<sup>+</sup> from conjugate acid”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>oxide ion/O<sup>2–</sup></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>insufficient data to make generalization</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>need to consider a «much» larger number of acids</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>hypothesis will continue to be tested with new acids to see if it can stand the test of time</p>
<p>«hypothesis is false as» other acids/HCl/HBr/HCN/transition metal ion/BF<sub>3</sub> do not contain oxygen</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>other acids/HCl/HBr/HCN/transition metal ion/BF<sub>3</sub> falsify hypothesis</p>
<p>correct inductive reasoning «based on limited sample»</p>
<p>«hypothesis not valid as» it contradicts current/accepted theories/Brønsted-Lowry/Lewis theory</p>
<p><em><strong>[Max 2 Marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Sodium thiosulfate solution reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form a precipitate of sulfur at room temperature.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (aq) + 2HCl (aq) → S (s) + SO<sub>2 </sub>(g) + 2NaCl (aq) + X</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the formula and state symbol of X.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the experiment should be carried out in a fume hood or in a well-ventilated laboratory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The precipitate of sulfur makes the mixture cloudy, so a mark underneath the reaction mixture becomes invisible with time.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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" alt></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">10.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 2.00 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> hydrochloric acid was added to a 50.0 cm<sup>3</sup> solution of sodium thiosulfate at temperature, T1. Students measured the time taken for the mark to be no longer visible to the naked eye. The experiment was repeated at different concentrations of sodium thiosulfate.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><img 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" alt></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Show that the hydrochloric acid added to the flask in experiment 1 is in excess.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the best fit line of \(\frac{1}{{\rm{t}}}\) against concentration of sodium thiosulfate on the axes provided.</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A student decided to carry out another experiment using 0.075 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution of sodium thiosulfate under the same conditions. Determine the time taken for the mark to be no longer visible.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>An additional experiment was carried out at a higher temperature, T<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<p>(i) On the same axes, sketch Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curves at the two temperatures T<sub>1</sub> and T<sub>2</sub>, where T<sub>2 </sub>> T<sub>1</sub>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>(ii) Explain why a higher temperature causes the rate of reaction to increase.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest one reason why the values of rates of reactions obtained at higher temperatures may be less accurate.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>H<sub>2</sub>O <em><strong>AND</strong></em> (l)<br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept H<sub>2</sub>O (aq).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>SO<sub>2</sub> (g) is an irritant/causes breathing problems<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>SO<sub>2</sub> (g) is poisonous/toxic</p>
<p><em>Accept SO<sub>2</sub> (g) is acidic, but do not accept “causes acid rain”.<br>Accept SO<sub>2</sub> (g) is harmful.<br>Accept SO<sub>2</sub> (g) has a foul/pungent smell.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>n(HCl) = «\(\frac{{10.0}}{{1000}}\)dm<sup>3</sup> × 2.00 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> =» 0.0200 / 2.00 × 10<sup>-2</sup>«mol»<br><em><strong>AND</strong></em><br>n(Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) = «\(\frac{{50}}{{1000}}\)dm<sup>3</sup> × 0.150 mol × dm<sup>-3</sup> =» 0.00750 / 7.50 × 10<sup>-3</sup> «mol»</p>
<p>0.0200 «mol» > 0.0150 «mol»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>2.00 × 10<sup>-2</sup>«mol» > 2 × 7.50 × 10<sup>-3</sup> «mol»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>\(\frac{1}{2}\) × 2.00 × 10<sup>-2</sup> «mol» > 7.50 × 10<sup>-3</sup> «mol»</p>
<p><em>Accept answers based on volume of solutions required for complete reaction.</em><br><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for second marking point.</em><br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> award M2 unless factor of 2 (or half) is used.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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" alt></p>
<p>five points plotted correctly<br>best fit line drawn with ruler, going through the origin</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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" alt></p>
<p>22.5 × 10<sup>-3</sup> «s<sup>-1</sup>»</p>
<p>«Time = \(\frac{1}{{22.5 \times {{10}^{ - 3}}}}\) =» 44.4 «s»</p>
<p><em>Award<strong> [2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em><br><em>Accept value based on candidate’s graph.</em><br><em>Award M2 as ECF from M1.</em><br><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for methods involving taking</em> mean of appropriate pairs of \(\frac{1}{{\rm{t}}}\)<em> values.</em><br><em>Award <strong>[0]</strong> for taking mean of pairs of time values.</em><br><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for answers between 42.4 and 46.4 «s».</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i)</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
<p>correctly labelled axes<br>peak of T<sub>2</sub> curve lower <em><strong>AND</strong></em> to the right of T<sub>1</sub> curve</p>
<p><em>Accept “probability «density» / number of particles / N / fraction” on y-axis.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “kinetic E/KE/E<sub>K</sub>” but <strong>not</strong> just “Energy/E” on x-axis.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii)</p>
<p>greater proportion of molecules have <em>E </em>≥ <em>E</em><sub>a</sub> or <em>E </em>> <em>E</em><sub>a</sub><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>greater area under curve to the right of the <em>E</em><sub>a</sub></p>
<p>greater frequency of collisions «between molecules»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>more collisions per unit time/second</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p><em>Accept more molecules have energy greater than E<sub>a</sub>.</em><br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “particles have greater kinetic energy”.</em><br><em>Accept “rate/chance/probability/likelihood/” instead of “frequency”.</em><br><em>Accept suitably shaded/annotated diagram.</em><br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “more collisions”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>shorter reaction time so larger «%» error in timing/seeing when mark disappears</p>
<p><em>Accept cooling of reaction mixture during course of reaction.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>