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</div><h2>SL Paper 1</h2><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which are definitions of an acid according to the Brønsted-Lowry and Lewis theories?</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-19_om_07.29.42.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/21"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which statement is <strong>incorrect</strong> for a 0.10 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> HCOOH solution?</p>
<p>A. pH = 1</p>
<p>B. [H<sup>+</sup>] << 0.10 mol dm<sup>–3</sup></p>
<p>C. [HCOO<sup>–</sup>] is approximately equal to [H<sup>+</sup>]</p>
<p>D. HCOOH is partially ionized</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which species behave as Brønsted-Lowry acids in the following reversible reaction?</p>
<p class="p1">\[{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{PO}}_4^ - ({\text{aq)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{N}}^ - }({\text{aq)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{HCN(aq)}} + {\text{HPO}}_4^{2 - }({\text{aq)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>HCN and \({\text{C}}{{\text{N}}^ - }\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>HCN and \({\text{HPO}}_4^{2 - }\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{PO}}_4^ - \) and \({\text{HPO}}_4^{2 - }\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>HCN and \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{PO}}_4^ - \)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which row correctly describes \({\text{1.0 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ NaOH(aq)}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-23_om_05.47.33.png" alt="N12/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/22"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">There was concern expressed that we expect candidates to know the colours of universal indicator by rote learning. Far from it, we would expect candidates to have absorbed this information during regular lab classes and demonstrations.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the formula of the conjugate base of the hydrogenphosphate ion, <span class="s1">\({\rm{HPO}}_4^{2 - }\)</span>?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{PO}}_4^ - \)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HPO}}_4^ - \)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{PO}}_4^{3 - }\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Consider the equilibrium below.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{COOH(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{O}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">Which species represent a conjugate acid-base pair?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{COOH}}\) and \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) and \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{O}}^ + }\) and \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }\) and \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{O}}^ + }\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What will happen if the pressure is increased in the following reaction mixture at equilibrium?</p>
<p style="padding-left: 90px;">CO<sub>2</sub> (g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) \( \rightleftharpoons \) H<sup>+</sup> (aq) + HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq)</p>
<p>A. The equilibrium will shift to the right and pH will decrease.</p>
<p>B. The equilibrium will shift to the right and pH will increase.</p>
<p>C. The equilibrium will shift to the left and pH will increase.</p>
<p>D. The equilibrium will shift to the left and pH will decrease.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p style="text-align: center;">Activity series of selected elements:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">\[{\text{greatest activity}}\xleftarrow{{{\text{K, Ca, Al, Fe, H, Cu, Ag, Au}}}}{\text{least activity}}\]</p>
<p>Which react with dilute sulfuric acid?</p>
<p> I. Cu</p>
<p> II. CuO</p>
<p> III. CuCO<sub>3</sub></p>
<p>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A student carried out a titration to determine the concentration of an acid and found that his value had good precision but poor accuracy. Which process explains this outcome?</p>
<p>A. Consistently overshooting the volume of solution from the burette into the flask.</p>
<p>B. Collection of insufficient titration data.</p>
<p>C. Reading the meniscus in the burette at a different angle each time.</p>
<p>D. Forgetting to rinse the flask after one of the titrations.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Three aqueous solutions of nitric acid are listed below.</p>
<p class="p1">W. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">X. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{0.001 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">Y. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{0.010 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">What is the correct order of <strong>increasing </strong>pH of these solutions?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{W}} < {\text{X}} < {\text{Y}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{W}} < {\text{Y}} < {\text{X}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{X}} < {\text{W}} < {\text{Y}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{X}} < {\text{Y}} < {\text{W}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which pH value is that of an aqueous solution of carbon dioxide?</p>
<p class="p1">A. 2.1</p>
<p class="p1">B. 5.6</p>
<p class="p1">C. 9.8</p>
<p class="p1">D. 12.2</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which is an acid-base conjugate pair?</p>
<p>A. H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> / OH<sup>–</sup></p>
<p>B. H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> / SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup></p>
<p>C. CH<sub>3</sub>COOH / H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup></p>
<p>D. CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> / CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>2</sub></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which statement is correct?</p>
<p>A. A strong acid is a good proton donor and has a strong conjugate base.</p>
<p>B. A weak acid is a poor proton acceptor and has a strong conjugate base.</p>
<p>C. A strong acid is a good proton donor and has a weak conjugate base.</p>
<p>D. A strong base is a good proton donor and has a weak conjugate acid.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">When equal volumes of four \({\text{0.1 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solutions are arranged in order of increasing pH (lowest pH first), what is the correct order?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}} < {\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}} < {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}} < {\text{KOH}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}} < {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}} < {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}} < {\text{KOH}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}} < {\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}} < {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}} < {\text{KOH}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{KOH}} < {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}} < {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}} < {\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the pH of the solution formed when \({\text{10 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of HCl(aq) with pH 1.0 is added to \({\text{990 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of water?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1.5</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2.0</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2.5</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3.0</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which are acid-base pairs according to the Brønsted‒Lowry theory?</p>
<p>I. \({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{/NO}}_{\text{3}}^ - \)</p>
<p>II. \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{O}}^ + }{\text{/O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\)</p>
<p>III. \({\text{HCOOH/HCO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }\)</p>
<p>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">The pH of a solution changes from \({\text{pH}} = 2\) to \({\text{pH}} = 5\). What happens to the concentration of the hydrogen ions during this pH change?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It decreases by a factor of 1000</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It increases by a factor of 1000</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It decreases by a factor of 100</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It increases by a factor of 100</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the Brønsted–Lowry conjugate base of \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{PO}}_4^ - \)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HPO}}_4^{2 - }\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{PO}}_4^{3 - }\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{H}}{{\text{O}}^ - }\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>10.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide of pH = 10 is mixed with 990.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of distilled water. What is the pH of the resulting solution?</p>
<p>A. 8</p>
<p>B. 9</p>
<p>C. 11</p>
<p>D. 12</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which of the following is correct?</p>
<p>A. A weak acid is a proton donor and its aqueous solution shows good conductivity.</p>
<p>B. A weak acid is a proton donor and its aqueous solution shows poor conductivity.</p>
<p>C. A weak acid is a proton acceptor and its aqueous solution shows good conductivity.</p>
<p>D. A weak acid is a proton acceptor and its aqueous solution shows poor conductivity.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A student adds 0.3 g of magnesium metal to equal volumes of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid of the same concentrations in separate flasks. Which statement is correct?</p>
<p>A. Hydrochloric acid reacts more rapidly as it has a higher pH than ethanoic acid.</p>
<p>B. A greater total volume of \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\) gas is produced with hydrochloric acid than with ethanoic acid.</p>
<p>C. The same total volume of \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\) gas is produced with both hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid.</p>
<p>D. Ethanoic acid reacts more slowly because it has a lower pH than hydrochloric acid.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Opinion was fairly evenly divided between answers B and C (correct).</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the conjugate base of \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) according to the Brønsted-Lowry theory?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{CO}}_{\text{3}}^{{\text{2}} - }\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HCO}}_{\text{3}}^ - \)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{CO}}_{\text{3}}^ + \)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which products would be formed when hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium oxide?</p>
<p class="p1">A. magnesium chloride and carbon dioxide</p>
<p class="p1">B. magnesium chloride, hydrogen gas and water</p>
<p class="p1">C. magnesium, hydrogen gas and water</p>
<p class="p1">D. magnesium chloride and water</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">A solution of acid A has a pH of 1 and a solution of acid B has a pH of 2. Which statement <strong>must</strong> be correct?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Acid A is stronger than acid B.</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{[A]}} > {\text{[B]}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The concentration of \({{\text{H}}^ + }\) ions in A is higher than in B.</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The concentration of \({{\text{H}}^ + }\) ions in B is twice the concentration of \({{\text{H}}^ + }\) ions in A.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which gas in the atmosphere causes the pH of unpolluted rain to be approximately 6?</p>
<p class="p1">A. Carbon dioxide</p>
<p class="p1">B. Sulfur dioxide</p>
<p class="p1">C. Oxygen</p>
<p class="p1">D. Nitrogen</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">Students found this question to be difficult with 38.16% correct answers; about 28% of students chose either C (oxygen) or D (nitrogen). Presence of \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) in the air causes pH of unpolluted rain water to be approximately 6 in many parts of the world.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What are the conjugate acid–base pairs in the following reaction?</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{HCO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<p class="p2"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-26_om_08.46.06.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/21"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which of the following are weak acids in aqueous solution?</p>
<p class="p1">I. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">II. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">III. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>HCl</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which list contains only strong bases?</p>
<p class="p1">A. ammonia, sodium hydroxide, ethylamine</p>
<p class="p1">B. potassium hydroxide, ammonia, sodium hydroxide</p>
<p class="p1">C. lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, barium hydroxide</p>
<p class="p1">D. ammonia, ethylamine, barium hydroxide</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>\({\text{10.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of a solution of a strong acid with a pH of 3 is added to a volumetric flask and the total volume is made up to \({\text{1.00 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) by adding distilled water. The resulting solution is then thoroughly mixed.</p>
<p>What is the pH of the diluted solution?</p>
<p>A. 1</p>
<p>B. 2</p>
<p>C. 4</p>
<p>D. 5</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">A solution of acid HX has a pH = 1 and a solution of acid HY has a pH = 3. Which statement <strong>must </strong>be correct?</p>
<p class="p2">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>HX is a stronger acid than HY.</p>
<p class="p2">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>HY is a stronger acid than HX.</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\) in the solution of HX is 100 times greater than the \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\) in the solution of HY.</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\) in the solution of HY is 100 times greater than the \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\) in the solution of HX.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which compound reacts with calcium oxide, CaO?</p>
<p>A. \({{\text{K}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\)</p>
<p>B. \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\)</p>
<p>C. \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<p>D. MgO</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>This question assumed an understanding of Periodicity (3.3.2) and Acid-Base (8.2.1). The majority of candidates (69%) had no difficulty in determining that calcium oxide is a basic oxide and choosing the only acidic oxide, sulfur dioxide, as the answer.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which 1.0 mol\(\,\)dm<sup>–3</sup> solution has the highest pH?</p>
<p>A. Ammonium chloride</p>
<p>B. Sulfuric acid</p>
<p>C. Sodium chloride</p>
<p>D. Ammonia</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which is <span class="s1"><strong>not </strong></span>a conjugate acid-base pair?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) and \({\text{NO}}_3^ - \)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\) and \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{O}}^ + }\) and \({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HSO}}_4^ - \) and \({\text{SO}}_{{\text{42}}}^{2 - }\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which group of three compounds contains only weak acids and bases?</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-26_om_08.48.08.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/22"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which compound is a strong acid?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What occurs when solid sodium hydrogen carbonate reacts with aqueous sulfuric acid? </p>
<p>A. Bubbles of sulfur dioxide form. </p>
<p>B. Bubbles of both hydrogen and carbon dioxide form. </p>
<p>C. Bubbles of hydrogen form. </p>
<p>D. Bubbles of carbon dioxide form.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A solution of \({\text{50 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) hydrochloric acid has a pH of 4. What is the final pH if \({\text{450 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of water is added?</p>
<p>A. 3</p>
<p>B. 4</p>
<p>C. 5</p>
<p>D. 6</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What are the products of the reaction between sulfuric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate?</p>
<p>A. NaSO<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub></p>
<p>B. Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + CO<sub>2</sub></p>
<p>C. Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub></p>
<p>D. NaSO<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">An example of a strong acid solution is perchloric acid, \({\text{HCl}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\), in water. Which statement is correct for this solution?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HCl}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\) is completely dissociated in the solution.</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HCl}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\) exists mainly as molecules in the solution.</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The solution reacts only with strong bases.</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The solution has a pH value greater than 7.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
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<p style="display: inline !important;">Which is a conjugate Brønsted–Lowry acid-base pair?</p>
<p><img 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+9Y2Qf0IQJEgAgQASJABIgAESACRIAIRBCB70aQLqQKESACRIAIEAEiQASIABEgAkTARoAcHTIEIkAEiAARIAJEgAgQASJABCKOADk6EVekpBARIAJEgAgQASJABIgAESAC5OiQDRABIkAEiAARIAJEgAgQASIQcQTI0Ym4IiWFiAARIAJEgAgQASJABIgAESBHh2yACBABIkAEiAARIAJEgAgQgYgjQI5OxBUpKUQEiAARIAJEgAgQASJABIgAOTpkA0SACBABIkAEiAARIAJEgAhEHAFydCKuSEkhIkAEiAARIAJEgAgQASJABMjRIRsgAkSACBABIkAEiAARIAJEIOIIkKMTcUVKChEBIkAEiAARIAJEgAgQASJAjg7ZABEgAkSACBABIkAEiAARIAIRR4AcnYgrUlKICBABIkAEiAARIAJEgAgQAXJ0yAaIABEgAkSACBABIkAEiAARiDgC5OhEXJGSQkSACBABIkAEiAARIAJEgAiQo0M2QASIABEgAkSACBABIkAEiEDEESBHJ+KKlBQiAkSACBABIkAEiAARIAJEgBwdsgEiQASIABEgAkSACBABIhAyAp+iYcE4ZNd/GrIcRKpgfRyd7mY0VFWgfMFYJAyJd/kOw5gFJaiu2ofmbot/hu1VmCbHv7sKZ/3HcAthNhXgJ474P8k/ALPbVZ0O9NJVKTu29KtQkT8Vw2UW8u/oLJRXbUdDc6dSbG3n9ZYV8vKzoNtUhDGM1/D0KrSpMDltwPQOfR4H8sex+pKEmVWnEPbZ9aZ+yMvcW6Y8zult5x7Jez9UskUzzlZlOO+RyvepCLAN72D4nNXzvmwYm9bhmatUGqLqjCg5Snr6PK9Uh31GCuHFCLhnGKbuCWqjabYmsllvyP7N20m15yztB7B9y0asq21RcCrM6GisREkjS3HNeqQufhQrlk7EkCi1EsInHHdd2Q1/T/EqPKLIkrHoaETFGgnmahQlZWDZQ7/B/NR4aMYpUpbAIrS012N5UR06MAw5j8xDgmYwAjNrE3UFxhc8iNS9uTCVP47tqduRldBPdCYiV14I7Tx4WyTbUGOY3O/LajIhMAx3fUXVGVFygiib4OtwEMIDikr3jICwqY1ENquWlIZwYmw2wB6dizi7/3HMmJSJEl8Nczd1z8H09EJMnr4eTWp6d9zihvKAt67MA2+uQvbke7BcNUvA3FKLksypmFH0Ms6q7goQKUt0mZ3HoS2/x/4OIC5jGRYmXyY6A4HJi70Dy/NHI9p8BOvydhqgFyowNcXGCrWd62SLZBs+zIb3fdmH6JBc4q2vqDojSk6whaRTHQ42G1rj0z1DKzEV4clmVUAKPIgAmw3A0WGFblqNednP4KRzbFh/jMh4GIXrG9B0th1tzu8x1K0vQk7aICcEc8vTmJdZY5AGHW9dWfpNG/HrjGKYOpwwEc16a/JXbEDdiVYXlq1o2rsBhYvSEOek+SVOPvcQ5i2qVeHsiJTlzKCgP1I5bcDK2o+A6BTMzxmLGEGSgxfTDwmzMjEtLhrm40+hoMagQ9iCB6FTCqG2cz1tkWzDu1FIjPvKM0giwFtfUXVGlBzvVqP+rMSbnifqeUVySLJZ/qUr4Dln1fi51FppnZE4xPrjwY7vqGxr1fEv/KTyjbW9brH153KcwSOsMyrft17yjPVhpXWqHOauSmu753U/x9825ltvdMS/Mc9k/dZPeH+XueoqCe963VowamgPy8S7rQV/OG7t8pexrmPWqsxf9MRT4umajghZoSq/S8esZWMkjkOtt5Ye621XrhzC8v831tbK2dbrJdsdVWg1dfWqGWGZa1umQlXmSkRE2LmSbOm8X1v81tpeOctZd/3fp4xoG19Yj5UuthY1fu6LVMDXuN+Xw8ymuesrqs5wk3PJ+kVdtv3+6Xj+O9snnseJ2db6L/zcX/3W4YBNV1BEI94zHGjCrO7xa6ORzbpXBr42q7FH51O8UPx7NMudD3F3Yu3uTchKjvXj9PXDkBlrsWMFG6JjC/klmrftwKGwHsLGW1c2cbB4DfbIPTnRych5vgalGcn+eyNiUpBV+QzWTpJ7yhhPaY5H20WFchApSyEL3E5b0LmvAjXnmFGy3px7Z/5E+5wlbnlTmzB7o5E+C2OlytFRh1UVJ4y5MIFadbmFC7Wd87BFA9pG93Hs2fsans/JQXmTTgunOG2G933ZKShM/vDWV1Sd4SknCrEzKnHKOZLEdVSJx/8zlUiP9TV5k0cdFm1KBrxniEakSp5omz2MtWmDkbr+sMtIHma/ZLOqSstXIE2OjqV5J55s7HakNxizih9FerzaydM93VO2BDpewXONn/nKW0iv8dbV0rYPm/eyoVa2TwxSS59Gfoo/h9EFSVQC0ssfxSw25Mn2MTdhe8VbkEvHJSREynKVK+S/5QS2bThoWwwj+tZZmG7Uyfyxk3F/1jCGzIxze+vD/CWAkJLVLCTkds7LFo1mGzETsWZXHpLRjIoHVqGhXekFjOYiBu/7svYc8Y3BW19RdUaUnKBLg1cdDjpjGhMw2j1Do3oigpPNiqDsIoOjzWpwdL5Gy+smnJPzNeh23HPbFfKRut+YMbhn+n/a5/OsyMXcmweqiyc8FG9dWfp1dT09Y4Nm4/5p12jXMiYVeXnjHL1kbIW7vXtg6vRcmUCkLO0qBBvD0vIGXpJ6c1g/2Ng7RsO/q9iJ5vrtqC7Lsi1D7b4cehKm5T+F6poDKuY8STlnE4RN/+OxFPhYZJftwAFH4079kueXIWlSKmx9dLq/BJCXNM5AdbvcHRss+XCLH3o7126LahnytA21edAWLirhXqwrvRNxHS8ib06eTs4O7/uyNh35h+atr6g6I0pO8CWivQ7T8yR46uGYQiTbrMRbL7s1RhtIvaNjeR/7/9TusMhoDLprApJ89QB7td3LkFzQgH3lS5CV/UuMV90b5DUxfid566pL+pL6rMt+3GT7kCfp0HwUrxz06CUTKUvKg9APG9bx9PN25zt6JG4fd5UP6WxSobS63ehbMDN3NUq2NLJlqD0/bHGH2idQsjoTaWOW+G6cdTehesFEpGU+gnK31fLY6oJbHkPWpLmah+1EJU3AlEFSD1033nr5CLsV0Uc1gZDbuRZbVK2VM6DxbEMarrwKmxYlI9rm7KzGgWCHKutSxgZ5Bkklz1tfXdKXMurnOSRKjpSVoD5a6jA9T4JCHe6RI9JmJeg62q2B2kDqHZ3uj3DmM/ltcDymTLrBgHMhVNYu3rrqmX7saNx+q7zG2Fc43fo39/kdImWpxKtbMPMHePewY7DeVQmIj1H2vC1tNcjyWN3OZz6kxtm9T6LZs4NMimQ5herM+Wx/KGf/Zu+kzGzYzuzFqDr9de9rSmeirkbi9ZfbrpoPvYo3e/XOKUWk8wi1nWuwxYBKy5C2EYuUggpsyRjM5p7txqL7Nga3tYCeZRxQIQiOxFtfPdP39RwSJSfY4tFQh+l5EizsMI8fgTYrEdfNbg3WBlK9Yajl4zM4Lfs5+AEGxjjmhvCy15ZipA0p5pW6z3R56+qWfvRgJF73PZ/58X3xCtw8eijQeJQFY/M7Dh/HJ0jBEEckkbLc8img/CzvvYs/24b/++thdJ/QKy3fvfRXs3HPDPeFH6TN+HbU7kK13NtzzoT9LUuQnOy6J89FtNU8jnXHv3SoKy2tvgS/XXSvo4dS6srdia0bn8KeliNYX+pGxc+BS1k6eufSZwQwpNGPFG6XBZS5Ut5DZueODKm3RSUN/J03qm2wDeFKtqKwNQMlx9nWAvcBu3Y8hBQfLyWUSLiVsYhnkJSRcLFpDvq68eT4HBIlR8lu1J5XX4fpeaKWaVDhwqXucawb7nyuQfq2g0h3P+nzSL3NSsnoZbfGawOp7tH5V9cFfCEj7xePBNsQG/lEZP3y1tUt/agBGPB95Z6IYMmKlBVsXrXFN+OTY02OOWOXY1ji1co9jJ1H8MohR89P3Bxs2VGMHA8nR5IdFT8e8wtK8DvpDbTt8znOfOixvIPlL6h/tsm2+AHAnJxFFXimPNtlGCYbspOajdK9tSi8ub8jHbU/0fhRQjzsy3t46Z1Tm0wfDBdaO9dgiwGXjYFtI2o4smoqkJPUn210LDk7gfXsuJVxhD+DJDPhra9b+hyfQ6LkBFy1bBE11GF6ngSH2gCxI85mJeZ62a0B20Cqe3QMYJt9NItyA+gomxrP+yNSlj9dvkL7mU8cgfohdoBrr4tH3Nh0VJ1R+54kBvFDr2QJSCviXcT5C//nlpj5zVo8a1v8gJ0eNA+PLbvF+3LgUuOuahXeGZ0Lk7Mn1C0prwfR8Ylg/XM46aV3zmsEOsmBgFY712CLQeQ2UNuwNJchdfrWnoVkgsiDHlHtzk7gPTt65IHS0JuA1joTqHxecjTUYXqeBFp4fTReGNisRF4nuzViGyh8HZ2kIjT+Mds5BEtNDZFWuLops1ZAg19NbkSFMeOvbe2CdNYgi3v5fY62U3Jvy7VIjLfPbQmMujTcrA5vtH0Dy5kXsYEtLuD98zXeO3rCwdrfcDmWgmPcusm5JLv3VN3ODkrEcNalc1LyWi9cQBebIzSEX4efm+igD7iXedA5VJmABju3painLfrIopFtw0Mtwzg7EWPTHgWg+6HWOhNoBnjJ0bMO0/Mk0NJ1ixcxdc8INiuRV2O3xmwDqXZ0et4mSjzYJkbsrfb4eM7zdNysXtwBb12/O2AgfsjUOSdAJZGyBKgTvIjuZjTsOYYLlla8uL4WJzX0tgDforvzH448xOKWkQnKw+VsoVzmVQSS8y8uoPtfLKJRHJ1AdNQpTp+zcw22EZVcgDfPFuhEWs9kunG2nc11i4lRlSjv+7KqTAgMxFtfUXVGlByBRdMjip4nPSwi6F9E26xUTgHbrTHbQKodHbi+TWTT3VvbvwJb5iqCTNtFFc66Rl03FMOYj2gbAXXxBI6+9zXGu014d8mL37/ncfzIGWeofsMT8SPnEWsjC5TlIpb/X8uXrMPDsSSaqvH6bN34qkIsXrPfy7LSarPr+tbv+xg44N/9ROTVZd1brNrezJLxw1DSO7r9TD+2z87JMow34PuLkNq5ZltUKoC+dj4GQ+I16Mz5vqwhJ2KCctZXVJ0RJSeoQtFch+l5IvGm54kaq/PdRlOTgtcwmm1WSiVYuw3fNpBXRo6TqhcjQPSPkDjMPk1agvXno23uyxj7kuJ6zdKE8l+MY5sqVmjYmNE1AQH/eesaMxhDr5Jbk14mvGtR0fI3tH7AnE7bJwY/H3W9YwNR+ZRAWQ6R4ffTiaaybMxRdHIGIXXRchSuKMLKmtfw+oqRCir8BwZeIdcBhSB0OjQERNap0GhIUnnfl8ONMG99RdUZUXKElR89T4ShDpWgiLNZCaQedmvMNpB6R4ft2Z4y5jqH2bFljP/0Blq87THixzDtOw9/xDZVLEVJzbvo8hM+NJc56xp1AybeJb/K7IZpw07v+7X4Vd6Czn0VqJEnx3vbNFOkLL/51TFAVH8MHOgY0+UYSqmUuqW5Gg9vae5ZKS3jYRSub0DTWTYE0/Z9C1UFOWwT22zMT433MVLsMgyIlR2df+BC17dKIh3nLfhHV1dgLwT8pOx5OTq1DH9x6iPrJf+eRqPNeRuJwgOnHTrL11x+TxmzN8fGIpR2rsEWPcuNjrUQ4Hxf1pIVIWE56yuqzoiSE0yZaKjD9Dyh54l6U1PRRlOfmHtIDTYrRdTHbsO3DeQOx/1Ig6NzGZJmzkSy3BFx7hX84c3z7qn5PXLZeZj1Owy6awKShM4/YN12tUWYNpQtj83GTCQMGct6lhrQ3GvHbt66st25s3KQ6mS5C2tqTmlvEHebsHbtQUcDHoi+dTJui/UEKlKWXwMIQYCv0fK6yTEfKhpxGevZctBLkOVleWl75szouvB3hXxezlZku9ZxTU2v5j/xcetHzvJRSFT59A8HIkZDDVVOyMBXLO04UFXgUmeHYcyCEmw3tXvUlz5m533SNnjfl0XUE2ln8uex/O4kxzNIsucyNDR3ehHOW19RdUaUHC8IdT9FzxPdkQpNUH0bUFwbTQQAvezWmG0gTc2oqIQpmHurPC/nI+wpWo2GdrWLGrMVHepLsN65AlU8pky6wcfbc70L/zwO5M/AzPzdLhPQz7GepVzMnPwIDng4O9x1jR2LudPl/Vq+RHN5EdY3eXvYKXCwtKEhfzX2dDhm00ePxrKiOxDrLbhIWd7kczl3JRKGy7bomDPmVY775Lmxk0d6Xw5ajtt9GH/Y2y4fefxG49qfprC+TenDejX31uOQh924RfCZllvInoNzrTglV6mBAzHA02/tCRn5/6Tdl2dNRdYa10UjzOhorMTvMu/DA/Uew2dDZudqbTHIIgvQNizt+/HEgrGOhrX8kiccfofhtrImD4fVNyPu92Xf4oO8ypwc0yOYMr2QbSYsbzgs2fNW5E2fgeWm3i8Ouesrqs6IkhNwCamtw/Q8CRhxyCNqawMiYmxWAq+X3RqzDaTJ0QGuwdSi+3t6dTpeRN6cB1Ht9W2Uq1VLTk4e5uW+6JgILr1ZX4aFAU/Ad01b3X9Lcw1W1X6E6KRfo+LA+/bhOyfqUJjGmq0ddVhVccLjgctbV7ZjeNEKzIpzdOuYm1ExYxqyq5rQ7U+l7iZUL/w18l6X123rj+T8xzA/QR5W5ZmASFmesnkdu75ZuIjOrq9VCPoKrW0dHuXsEq37zyi/L7fHeXS5JP+NSpqKe+WNQJndrCw2KZQXu6kWr/GZlpym66+5vRX2pSVYj+eYmyH3H7mG6Rv/pS7/J7Du+EXEpbF7jFxnpeF5J55jm0/+HfvXbvNwNENl54HYor0UL779Lt5TOQQ4UNuIip+IhyufwdpJdhfd2PbD+77MkY7lBCofrUNHdBJmV5lw2jbU9BjqVkxEHNu3a8+jNV6GMPPWV1SdESUn0PILpA7T8yRQ2qGIp70NGIk2K5EPzm6N2AbS6OiwVbwS7sW60jvZjdnx6diPkum32IaTVNc3uzf6pGEnNU+xbvqfIc3p5LAhVkk52FSU6vvNupy+Lr9yt90wZD6ehwnxDocgJgVZ5UvZEDLvc4646xozEWt2/w4TZWeHDbAyrZmJ0XcXoKJqn8eQOmnIwz5Ul2VhzE0zUdIoOznMaZy0Eusyh/vuHRMpS5cy85eI65uFbrz9zgcKQ8T6I2nUCMcCDaznbE02frNuP866Ni6lpRa3suFRI+eiwvmmVZJ/EWfO/NU93aihmLlYtn/2Nrb2AUxxG3oilVMDyhekI4s51to+ruvtX45hiVf7LlNtiRss9Gd48+WjMEePQ275g2wpexcnPua/MHHM1ewFRROOtv/TXa+Q2LlaW5Sy6hqWHZ7bhsULN+CA357xIG0jKgHpW1ycnbg7sdbVeVSc3+Uyh0v3MKfxZkGKZhvnfl92tyjdjuzzU9k+w1mPYvVEeS5gLJKzVyE3jfVOnzNhf0vvFzbc9RVVZ0TJCajEXOslPU8CQhjWkQJrAyIibFYqGB3bQQZsA6lfXtppxP0wZMZa7GLHPT009uEkJWxISUmuM6DXP1KPytNPPoCUGJFjctgY4YLX0OZjK4no64fiul5Z4q9rVHwGNu8GHpizEvsdw9DMLbUoZ1+sWeqVYc/J/hgxtxQb//sOVZtKipTVk0d+/6KSJmDKoG2oYIsx2N+Mj0dyrzKMQmzaLEyLO+joXWHO5NML2VddviydXZB2zukZEhiFmNRcbFp0CvNsCxw4hp5Iw096JdkfNyZdiTMtbe7OUq9w8gmXZSi9LSwhB+sTv9cgfVsz0n3q6lix0KNnOBR2rs4W7cq4hpWGQHY0bkIW+/bLqMGJ8vHuqyY69dfBNhzODhZJvcFSbzxLfPdapLs6kU554fyH/32Zh/Z+9zOKHozE677nRTR/fUXVGVFyvED0e8q1XtLzxC8ugwUItA3IXu4LbKNpharOZqVU9WwHGa8NpLlHx14Q0o13I17aW4JZSf1Vlo3UKN+MV/c+1tOjojImr2C2sev5G2AyD8a0eWNdGrOuEvnrKlWkrYdfQ/XitJ6eMtcsePkfnZSBwpoXUF+szsmRkxApS5bJ7dd1NZ9zTWj62DFfyVNgTCqWb87BCHnxB8/rzmPWOyYNk6p5GCMc58wfnMHHrr0/tvOxSCmowm7bkBNnZI8/zN4XsRXxHtLwxrrzCF45ZB+46H1hCQ8RffawG+2nP2edIyNx+7irvFIQbudqbVHKbVQKcne69uR6VcH9pF624dqzw4YeF/12M5p8zTNzz0UYHfG/LwtRVhr1sO5RNnf1K8RNn4XUXovJyLngr6+oOiNKjkxO9a/aOkzPE9VIwz2gujag3dkR1UbTxEytzUqJ6mq3xmoDBdCjIxcD8+qSZ6P0j9PwG1Md3mj7BO9s2w6TPDneEUxqkC+96xb8bNZdSBbaiyPns/evpbkMqdO32lfiikvDAzUr8NvUK3oHdJ4RoGtUPMYvq8bhpezB9+wbOH3qRWyobXHvCWB5zVkwBok/vRvpyT19DM5sqv0jUpbaPAUUjq1KNCkVg7acZmV5Bu8cP4+s+Gu8pMTKLyUX+46momHPq3jF005tXMdh5ISZ9iFSbBJ8281VOHmcTRi2DSdZgmSPXgOpjyc5uxKHJhzAjtdexQvr5QnzkrO0ALmLs2xlZDbt85Ifb6fYnJSDr+Itm68Wg7F3jFZwvL3F7VvnLG0v4TnmEPp1BoXauVpbtJeVrbH36lDv9tirOHW2DbeenQo8mH8tdm3JUNUr3CtrIT0h4L7MSz9pP7nb5th6o9lgNqQu3owVSyf6Gc4tQF9RdUaUHE3lp7YO0/NEE9YwDKy9DciUMLTNSoWgt90aqA1k7YOfS8dLrbcOHmL9sfxNvNta9PqH1kt9kIXhVb70vrVq+ghbWV4/vdLaGmaF+G1jvvVGh53dmGeyfqsI/K/W+syb7DY5qtBq6gozRRTzLfhC19vWsrtYeY9abK3/8BvBwv2I42aLnGzDmd8R1qmlb1u7/KhHl3UkcOmYtWzM0J5n0GBWBoUvWdup2usIOYCknHViiJWeJwHwM0iUiGoDks36tboAh66FoYuuIUv2sdLSJNtWNO0tYsMF3sfz9xdhe5u8rq+GxChoaAmwiXHT5422zWswH69DvZfJvKHNoErpzqFJbAW9Bffh1jDp/VSZezHBbKvi5aDi/UTkbF4VfnNLeNkiL9uIGo6smgq2gh1wcks+lnsu1y2mVPumFDZ8Mf9/HZv32lb//AFOPrccywLZT61vEuSjNa86zCe3yqnyumcoSzTUlYhqA5LN+rW9Puno9FCRhgJkojRvHKLNTdhZ9xflpYd7ItG/sCLAJtlNy0HmIGkCTjte2H3YfeW/sMqrUmYuoq1hj33YGlsN64FZQzWvRKWUcsScd3Vynq9CfkoQQze5QeFhi5xtI+YW5O9Yz5a5/wz7l6+klz3cbMNHws7VP9mqkM++gJZecwJ9xKVLOhPgUYd1zqLf5DjfM/zKN1KASGgDks36s7g+7uj4w0PXDUEg6iYsXD2TLeTAVrDaW4M6o/XMdb+Fqm1NLPfUm9Pb3qTluquQPflXqPh8NAprw9XJceRcb1sUYRvSEqq7CjFx4hS2Gua/ehcBnSECfYmA3nVYNDsR9wzROpE83wTIZn3y6SOOzqdoWJCMhKFzUK3YCO7r+5b4tJMwv8jeytx2H+ZLG3mynrntFW8ZqFeHvX3bU4N9bBGP6JuXoMzffkhhXhL6Zk/aaPghtpN8Md66ch4qdrNlmINZhEPfzCmkpqctirONqIT52Pr7XyI59jIFveh0cATYghL1CzF8SBJmVp1SHDngfZuD4CRTbK0E9KzDWmUHG17cPSPYnIqNH+ltQLJZX/bURxydq3DbHSNtw9O2F+902YiTNaRMm7B87UGY427H3DTvS9X6AkjXwoQAm28wfy1bHY1t/mqoXp3Ol1FafoRtjJmMzBXpSOi1D1CY8BWeDdaTY1pt36srbg627FgZNsvS+0Whly2SbfhFbZwAbHjJuMkYG82Gp217AtubO51ZV7vErTMC/eFPQK86zD+n7hLonuHOw3nUB9qAZLPO0vb800ccHWkMYwGKJ13FNucrxsybEpEwJJ59b0Ba5ia2JPY1mFW8FONpArinfRjq2LmDuPkI1uXtRFvYj3U/jwNlzP7MbMhafjFyw3LeSahM4DOYdr2CDkl8x25kOeusVG/l7zDcVtak+HY8VDmX5AZvi2QboSw/LrJj78CK0jsR17EfJdN/6rTjYeMXYnPjZ4jLWIHlPrc54JIrSlSBQPB1WCFhbqfpnqGMtm+0AclmvVvAd6R12bxfisCz0uZsNVvxZLm85wnb1DEjB/fNmR3cvjQRiIpUIgIhJdDZgOzRucwJ9JWLaAxatBumAg2bsvpKjq4RAe4EpFEEO7F141PY08L26WIf215zv5qNe2Yk+9lHh3vmSAARiGwC1AaM7PJV0K5vOToKEOg0ESACRIAIEAEiQASIABEgApFFoI8MXYusQiNtiAARIAJEgAgQASJABIgAEfBNgBwd33zoKhEgAkSACBABIkAEiAARIAIGJECOjgELjbJMBIgAESACRIAIEAEiQASIgG8C5Oj45kNXiQARIAJEgAgQASJABIgAETAgAXJ0DFholGUiQASIABEgAkSACBABIkAEfBMgR8c3H7pKBIgAESACRIAIEAEiQASIgAEJkKNjwEKjLBMBIkAEiAARIAJEgAgQASLgmwA5Or750FUiQASIABEgAkSACBABIkAEDEiAHB0DFhplmQgQASJABIgAESACRIAIEAHfBMjR8c2HrhIBIkAEiAARIAJEgAgQASJgQALk6Biw0CjLRIAIEAEiQASIABEgAkSACPgm8P8+pAHIH8ji7wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" alt></p>
A. CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sup>−</sup> / H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup><br>B. H<sub>2</sub>O / CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sup>−</sup><br>C. H<sub>2</sub>O / H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup><br>D. CH<sub>3</sub>COOH / H<sub>2</sub>O</div>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
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<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution would have the highest conductivity?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>HCl</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
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<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which list contains only strong acids?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH, }}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{, }}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HCl, HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{, }}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH, HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{, }}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HCl, HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{, }}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
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<p class="p1">For equal volumes of \({\text{1.0 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solutions of hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq), and methanoic acid, HCOOH(aq), which statements are correct?</p>
<p class="p1" style="padding-left: 30px;">I. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>HCl dissociates more than HCOOH</p>
<p class="p1" style="padding-left: 30px;">II. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>HCl is a better electrical conductor than HCOOH</p>
<p class="p1" style="padding-left: 30px;">III. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>HCl will neutralize more NaOH than HCOOH</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I, II and III</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
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<p>A</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">With a difficulty index of 24%, this was the second most challenging question on the paper and the responses seem to indicate that the vast majority of candidates think that a strong acid requires more moles of alkali for neutralization than a weak acid. Surprisingly the question proved quite a weak discriminator, with a discrimination index of only 0.15.</p>
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<p>Which of the following gases does <strong>not</strong> result in acid deposition?</p>
<p>A. CO<sub>2</sub><br>B. NO<sub>2</sub><br>C. NO<br>D. SO<sub>2</sub></p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
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<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which classification is correct for the reaction?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>(aq) + H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>(aq)</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-09_om_12.48.11.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ1/19"></p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
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<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which descriptions are correct for both a Brønsted–Lowry acid and a Lewis acid?</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-03_om_14.02.37.png" alt="N11/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/21"></p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
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[N/A]
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<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which species behave as Brønsted–Lowry bases in the following reaction? </p>
<p style="text-align: center;">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + HNO<sub>3</sub> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABIAAAARCAYAAADQWvz5AAABFklEQVQ4EWP8////fwYqACYqmAE2YqAM+sxw98Yz7J4AhRHR4Pf1/zEMDP8rtz/A0MKAIUJI4Ol2UOT8n3HiFYpKFgaGPwwPL19iePHtN3Yno4myckkzrC5gYAi1EGNgOPGUId1cCqyC8f//7/83NacyzLvFwMCLpgkXl4tLhIGLi4HhzTdJhoaJZQzKHAwMjCD34dJAijjYa5c3LWE49o6NgZftF8Pnzz+J1v/zJzuDTWQMg5EoCwMLAwMLg6q+BEO+gifDfgYGhhmrlzKwf/lFpGFsDKwwlfCgf3Xovz8Dw/+mvU/hQqQwUKL/NzRqJ559R4oZYLUoWYRFyoPh3aW9DDpcMPcST1Mt1lBcRLz9mCqpZhAAjQ1JgToZNTsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" alt> H<sub>2</sub>NO<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> + HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>- </sup></p>
<p>A. HNO<sub>3</sub> and HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup><sup> </sup></p>
<p>B. HNO<sub>3</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>NO<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> </p>
<p>C. H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> </p>
<p>D. H<sub>2</sub>NO<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> and HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup></p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
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[N/A]
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