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</div>
</div><h2>SL Paper 2</h2><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Explain why:</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>first ionization energy</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why the first ionization energy of magnesium is higher than that of sodium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">calcium has a higher melting point than potassium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">sodium oxide has a higher melting point than sulfur trioxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the terms <em>acid </em>and <em>base </em>according to the Brønsted-Lowry theory <strong>and </strong>state <strong>one </strong>example of a weak acid and <strong>one </strong>example of a strong base.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe <strong>two </strong>different methods, one chemical and one physical, other than measuring the pH, that could be used to distinguish between ethanoic acid and hydrochloric acid solutions of the same concentration.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Black coffee has a pH of 5 and toothpaste has a pH of 8. Identify which is more acidic <strong>and </strong>deduce how many times the \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\) is greater in the more acidic product.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Samples of sodium oxide and sulfur trioxide are added to separate beakers of water. Deduce the equation for <strong>each </strong>reaction <strong>and </strong>identify each oxide as acidic, basic or neutral.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Chloroethene, C<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>H<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>Cl, is an important organic compound used to manufacture the polymer poly(chloroethene).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the Lewis structure for chloroethene and predict the H–C–Cl bond angle.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw a section of poly(chloroethene) containing six carbon atoms.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Outline why the polymerization of alkenes is of economic importance and why the disposal of plastics is a problem.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Chloroethene can be converted to ethanol in two steps. For each step deduce an overall equation for the reaction taking place.</p>
<p class="p1">Step 1:</p>
<p class="p1">Step 2:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the reagents and conditions necessary to prepare ethanoic acid from ethanol in the laboratory.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction of ethanoic acid with water. Identify a Brønsted-Lowry acid in the equation and its conjugate base.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The Haber process enables the large-scale production of ammonia needed to make fertilizers.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The equation for the Haber process is given below.</p>
<p class="p2">\[{{\text{N}}_2}({\text{g)}} + 3{{\text{H}}_2}({\text{g)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{2N}}{{\text{H}}_3}({\text{g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">The percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture varies with temperature.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-30_om_06.30.09.png" alt="N10/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/06.a"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Fertilizers may cause health problems for babies because nitrates can change into nitrites in water used for drinking.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">A student decided to investigate the reactions of the two acids with separate samples of \({\text{0.20 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sodium hydroxide solution.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Use the graph to deduce whether the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic and explain your choice.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State and explain the effect of increasing the pressure on the yield of ammonia.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Explain the effect of increasing the temperature on the rate of reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Define <em>oxidation </em>in terms of oxidation numbers.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Deduce the oxidation states of nitrogen in the nitrate, \({\text{NO}}_{\text{3}}^ - \), and nitrite, \({\text{NO}}_{\text{2}}^ - \), ions.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The nitrite ion is present in nitrous acid, HNO<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>, which is a weak acid. The nitrate ion is present in nitric acid, HNO<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>, which is a strong acid. Distinguish between the terms <em>strong </em>and <em>weak acid </em>and state the equations used to show the dissociation of each acid in aqueous solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A small piece of magnesium ribbon is added to solutions of nitric and nitrous acid of the same concentration at the same temperature. Describe <strong>two </strong>observations that would allow you to distinguish between the two acids.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Calculate the volume of the sodium hydroxide solution required to react exactly with a \({\text{15.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) solution of \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) nitric acid.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The following hypothesis was suggested by the student: “Since nitrous acid is a weak acid it will react with a smaller volume of the \({\text{0.20 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sodium hydroxide solution.” Comment on whether or not this is a valid hypothesis.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The graph below shows how the conductivity of the two acids changes with concentration.</p>
<p class="p2" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-30_om_08.07.40.png" alt="N10/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/06.f"></p>
<p class="p1">Identify <strong>Acid 1 </strong>and explain your choice.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Nitric acid reacts with silver in a redox reaction.</p>
<p class="p2" style="text-align: center;">__ \({\text{Ag(s)}} + \) __ \({\text{NO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}} + \) ___ \( \to \) ___\({\text{A}}{{\text{g}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + \) __ \({\text{NO(g)}} + \) ____</p>
<p class="p1">Using oxidation numbers, deduce the complete balanced equation for the reaction showing all the reactants and products.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Arsenic and nitrogen play a significant role in environmental chemistry. Arsenous acid, H<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>AsO<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>, can be found in oxygen-poor (anaerobic) water, and nitrogen-containing fertilizers can contaminate water.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Nitric acid, HNO<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>, is strong and nitrous acid, HNO<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>, is weak.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Define <em>oxidation </em>and <em>reduction </em>in terms of electron loss or gain.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Oxidation:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Reduction:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Deduce the oxidation numbers of arsenic and nitrogen in each of the following species.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{A}}{{\text{s}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{NO}}_3^ - \):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{As}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Distinguish between the terms <em>oxidizing agent </em>and <em>reducing agent</em>.</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>In the removal of arsenic from contaminated groundwater, \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{As}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) is often first oxidized to arsenic acid, \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{As}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">The following <strong>unbalanced </strong>redox reaction shows another method of forming \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{As}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{A}}{{\text{s}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{NO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}} \to {{\text{H}}_3}{\text{As}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{N}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">Deduce the balanced redox equation in <strong>acid</strong>, and then identify both the oxidizing and reducing agents.</p>
<div class="marks">[9]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define an <em>acid </em>according to the Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis theories.</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Brønsted–Lowry theory:</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Lewis theory:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The Lewis (electron dot) structure of nitrous acid is given below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-23_om_12.10.34.png" alt="N12/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/05.b.ii"></p>
<p class="p1">Identify which nitrogen-oxygen bond is the shorter.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the approximate value of the hydrogen-oxygen-nitrogen bond angle in nitrous acid and explain your answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Distinguish between a <em>strong acid </em>and a <em>weak acid </em>in terms of their dissociation in aqueous solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Ammonia, NH<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>, is a weak base. Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of NH<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>. State the name of the shape of the molecule and explain why NH<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>is a polar molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">When lime was added to a sample of soil, the pH changed from 5 to 7. Calculate the <strong>factor </strong>by which the hydrogen ion concentration changes.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">One common nitrogen-containing fertilizer is ammonium sulfate. State its chemical formula.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Ammonia, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\), is a base according to both the Brønsted–Lowry and the Lewis theories of acids and bases.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide, NaOH, and nitric acid, \({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\), is shown below.</p>
<p class="p1">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{NaOH(aq)}} + {\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{NaN}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}}&{{\text{ }}\Delta H = - 57.6{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}} \end{array}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Distinguish between the terms <em>strong base </em>and <em>weak base</em>, and state one example of each.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the equation for the reaction of ammonia with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why ammonia can act as a Brønsted–Lowry base.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why ammonia can also act as a Lewis base.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>When ammonium chloride, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{Cl(aq)}}\), is added to excess solid sodium carbonate, \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(s)}}\), an acid–base reaction occurs. Bubbles of gas are produced and the solid sodium carbonate decreases in mass. State <strong>one </strong>difference which would be observed if nitric acid, \({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}}\), was used instead of ammonium chloride.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Deduce the Lewis structures of the ammonium ion, \({\text{NH}}_4^ + \), and the carbonate ion, \({\text{CO}}_3^{2 - }\).</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;">Ammonium ion\(\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \)Carbonate ion</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Predict the shapes of \({\text{NH}}_4^ + \) and \({\text{CO}}_3^{2 - }\).</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{NH}}_4^ + \):</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{CO}}_3^{2 - }\):</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sketch and label an enthalpy level diagram for this reaction.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Deduce whether the reactants or the products are more energetically stable, stating your reasoning.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Calculate the change in heat energy, in kJ, when \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{2.50 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sodium hydroxide solution is added to excess nitric acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">When 5.35 g ammonium chloride, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{Cl(s)}}\), is added to \({\text{100.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of water, the temperature of the water decreases from 19.30 °C to 15.80 °C. Determine the enthalpy change, in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), for the dissolving of ammonium chloride in water.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Predict the shape and bond angles for the following species:</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Ethanoic acid, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\), is a weak acid.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the Lewis structures for carbon monoxide, CO, carbon dioxide, \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) and methanol, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{OH}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">List, with an explanation, the three compounds in order of increasing carbon to oxygen bond length (shortest first).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{CO}}_3^{2 - }\)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{BF}}_4^ - \)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define a Brønsted-Lowry acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the two acids and their conjugate bases in the following reaction:</p>
<p class="p1">\[{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} + {\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{(aq)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{NH}}_4^ + {\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>weak acid </em>and state the equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Vinegar, which contains ethanoic acid, can be used to clean deposits of calcium carbonate from the elements of electric kettles. State the equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with calcium carbonate.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Phosphine (IUPAC name phosphane) is a hydride of phosphorus, with the formula PH<sub>3</sub>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of phosphine.</p>
<p>(ii) Outline whether you expect the bonds in phosphine to be polar or non-polar, giving a brief reason.</p>
<p>(iii) Explain why the phosphine molecule is not planar.</p>
<p>(iv) Phosphine has a much greater molar mass than ammonia. Explain why phosphine has a significantly lower boiling point than ammonia.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Phosphine is usually prepared by heating white phosphorus, one of the allotropes of phosphorus, with concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide. The equation for the reaction is:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">P4 (s) + 3OH<sup>−</sup> (aq) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → PH<sub>3</sub> (g) + 3H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq)</p>
<p>(i) Identify one other element that has allotropes and list <strong>two</strong> of its allotropes.</p>
<p>Element:</p>
<p>Allotrope 1:</p>
<p>Allotrope 2:</p>
<p>(ii) The first reagent is written as P<sub>4</sub>, not 4P. Describe the difference between P<sub>4</sub> and 4P.</p>
<p>(iii) The ion H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> is amphiprotic. Outline what is meant by amphiprotic, giving the formulas of both species it is converted to when it behaves in this manner.</p>
<p>(iv) State the oxidation state of phosphorus in P<sub>4</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>.</p>
<p>P<sub>4</sub>:</p>
<p>H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>:</p>
<p>(v) Oxidation is now defined in terms of change of oxidation number. Explore how earlier definitions of oxidation and reduction may have led to conflicting answers for the conversion of P<sub>4</sub> to H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> and the way in which the use of oxidation numbers has resolved this.</p>
<div class="marks">[10]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>2.478 g of white phosphorus was used to make phosphine according to the equation:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">P<sub>4</sub>(s) +3OH<sup>−</sup>(aq)+3H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → PH<sub>3</sub>(g)+3H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>(aq)</p>
<p>(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of white phosphorus used.</p>
<p>(ii) This phosphorus was reacted with 100.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 5.00 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous sodium hydroxide. Deduce, showing your working, which was the limiting reagent.</p>
<p>(iii) Determine the excess amount, in mol, of the other reagent.</p>
<p>(iv) Determine the volume of phosphine, measured in cm<sup>3</sup> at standard temperature and pressure, that was produced.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Acids play a key role in processes in everyday life.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The wine industry is important to the economy of many countries. Wine contains ethanol. In a laboratory in Chile, chemists tested the pH of a bottle of wine when opened and found it to have a pH of 3.8. After a few days, the pH had decreased to 2.8.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the change in hydrogen ion concentration, \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the name of the compound formed that is responsible for this decreased pH value.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Sulfuric acid present in acid rain can damage buildings made of limestone. Predict the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between limestone and sulfuric acid including state symbols.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Aspirin, one of the most widely used drugs in the world, can be prepared according to the equation given below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-19_om_08.15.13.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/01"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">A student reacted some salicylic acid with excess ethanoic anhydride. Impure solid aspirin was obtained by filtering the reaction mixture. Pure aspirin was obtained by recrystallization. The following table shows the data recorded by the student.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-19_om_08.18.46.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/01.b"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the names of the <strong>three </strong>organic functional groups in aspirin.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the amount, in mol, of salicylic acid, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{6}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(OH)COOH}}\), used.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the theoretical yield, in g, of aspirin, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{6}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(OCOC}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{)COOH}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the percentage yield of pure aspirin.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the number of significant figures associated with the mass of pure aspirin obtained, and calculate the percentage uncertainty associated with this mass.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Another student repeated the experiment and obtained an experimental yield of 150%. The teacher checked the calculations and found no errors. Comment on the result.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The following is a three-dimensional computer-generated representation of aspirin.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-19_om_09.08.18.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/01.b.vi_1"></p>
<p class="p1">A third student measured selected bond lengths in aspirin, using this computer program and reported the following data.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-19_om_09.09.34.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/01.b.vi_2"></p>
<p class="p1">The following hypothesis was suggested by the student: “<em>Since all the measured </em><em>carbon-carbon bond lengths are equal, all the carbon-oxygen bond lengths must </em><em>also be equal in aspirin. Therefore, the C8–O4 bond length must be 1.4 </em>\( \times \)<em> 10</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>–10 </em></span></sup><em>m</em>”. Comment on whether or not this is a valid hypothesis.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The other product of the reaction is ethanoic acid, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\). Define an acid according to the Brønsted-Lowry theory and state the conjugate base of \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">Brønsted-Lowry definition of an acid:</p>
<p class="p1">Conjugate base of \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The boiling points of the isomers of pentane, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{5}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{12}}}}\), shown are 10, 28 and 36 °C, but not necessarily in that order.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-04_om_09.39.27.png" alt="N09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/04.a"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the boiling points for each of the isomers <strong>A</strong>, <strong>B </strong>and <strong>C </strong>and state a reason for your answer.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-05_om_15.50.19.png" alt="N09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/04.a.i"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the IUPAC names of isomers <strong>B </strong>and <strong>C</strong>.</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>B</strong>:</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>C</strong>:</p>
<div class="marks">[[N/A]]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Both \({{\text{C}}_{\text{5}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{12}}}}\) and \({{\text{C}}_{\text{5}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{11}}}}{\text{OH}}\) can be used as fuels. Predict which compound would release a greater amount of heat per gram when it undergoes complete combustion. Suggest <strong>two</strong> reasons to support your prediction.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In many cities around the world, public transport vehicles use diesel, a liquid hydrocarbon fuel, which often contains sulfur impurities and undergoes incomplete combustion. All public transport vehicles in New Delhi, India, have been converted to use compressed natural gas (CNG) as fuel. Suggest <strong>two </strong>ways in which this improves air quality, giving a reason for your answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">In acidic solution, ions containing titanium can react according to the half-equation below.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{T}}{{\text{i}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">A reactivity series comparing titanium, cadmium and europium is given below.</p>
<p class="p2" style="text-align: center;">Least reactive <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cd \( < \) Ti \( < \) Eu <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Most reactive</p>
<p class="p1">The half-equations corresponding to these metals are:</p>
<p class="p1"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{E}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{Eu(s)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{T}}{{\text{i}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{Ti(s)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{d}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{Cd(s)}}\)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Some students were provided with a \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of a monobasic acid, HQ, and given the problem of determining whether HQ was a weak acid or a strong acid.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the initial and final oxidation numbers of titanium and hence deduce whether it is oxidized or reduced in this change.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-26_om_17.12.08.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/05.a.i"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Considering the above equilibrium, predict, giving a reason, how adding more acid would affect the strength of the \({\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}\) ion as an oxidizing agent.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce which of the species would react with titanium metal.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the balanced equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce which of the six species is the strongest oxidizing agent.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A voltaic cell can be constructed using cadmium and europium half-cells. State how the two solutions involved should be connected and outline how this connection works.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define a <em>Brønsted–Lowry acid</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Distinguish between the terms <em>strong acid </em>and <em>weak acid</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Neelu and Charles decided to solve the problem by determining the volume of \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sodium hydroxide solution needed to neutralize \({\text{25.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of the acid. Outline whether this was a good choice.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Neelu and Charles decided to compare the volume of sodium hydroxide solution needed with those required by known \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) strong and weak acids. Unfortunately they chose sulfuric acid as the strong acid. Outline why this was an unsuitable choice.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State a suitable choice for both the strong acid and the weak acid.</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Strong acid:</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Weak acid:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Francisco and Shamiso decided to measure the pH of the initial solution, HQ, and they found that its pH was 3.7. Deduce, giving a reason, the strength (weak or strong) of the acid HQ.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Suggest a method, other than those mentioned above, that could be used to solve the problem and outline how the results would distinguish between a strong acid and a weak acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.vii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Some of the most important processes in chemistry involve acid-base reactions.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the acid-base character of the oxides of each of the period 3 elements, Na to Cl.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State <strong>one </strong>example of an acidic gas, produced by an industrial process or the internal combustion engine, which can cause large-scale pollution to lakes and forests.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Suggest <strong>one </strong>method, other than measuring pH, which could be used to distinguish between solutions of a strong acid and a weak acid of the same molar concentration. State the expected results.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>0.100 g of magnesium ribbon is added to \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{1.00 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sulfuric acid to produce hydrogen gas and magnesium sulfate.</p>
<p>\[{\text{Mg(s)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(aq)}} \to {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{MgS}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Magnesium sulfate can exist in either the hydrated form or in the anhydrous form. Two students wished to determine the enthalpy of hydration of anhydrous magnesium sulfate. They measured the initial and the highest temperature reached when anhydrous magnesium sulfate, \({\text{MgS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(s)}}\), was dissolved in water. They presented their results in the following table.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-16_om_10.27.16.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01.0b"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The students repeated the experiment using 6.16 g of solid hydrated magnesium sulfate, \({\text{MgS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}} \bullet {\text{7}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(s)}}\), and \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of water. They found the enthalpy change, \(\Delta {H_2}\), to be \( + 18{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\).</p>
<p>The enthalpy of hydration of solid anhydrous magnesium sulfate is difficult to determine experimentally, but can be determined using the diagram below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-16_om_11.08.23.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01.c"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Magnesium sulfate is one of the products formed when acid rain reacts with dolomitic limestone. This limestone is a mixture of magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) The graph shows the volume of hydrogen produced against time under these experimental conditions.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-16_om_10.18.50.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01.a"></p>
<p>Sketch two curves, labelled <strong>I</strong> and <strong>II</strong>, to show how the volume of hydrogen produced (under the same temperature and pressure) changes with time when:</p>
<p>I. using the same mass of magnesium powder instead of a piece of magnesium ribbon;</p>
<p>II. 0.100 g of magnesium ribbon is added to \({\text{50 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.500 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sulfuric acid.</p>
<p>(ii) Outline why it is better to measure the volume of hydrogen produced against time rather than the loss of mass of reactants against time.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of anhydrous magnesium sulfate.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change, \(\Delta {H_1}\), for anhydrous magnesium sulfate dissolving in water, in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). State your answer to the correct number of significant figures.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Determine the enthalpy change, \(\Delta H\), in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), for the hydration of solid anhydrous magnesium sulfate, \({\text{MgS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\).</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) The literature value for the enthalpy of hydration of anhydrous magnesium sulfate is \( - 103{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). Calculate the percentage difference between the literature value and the value determined from experimental results, giving your answer to <strong>one</strong> decimal place. (If you did not obtain an answer for the experimental value in (c)(i) then use the value of \( - 100{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), but this is <strong>not</strong> the correct value.)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Another group of students experimentally determined an enthalpy of hydration of \( - 95{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). Outline two reasons which may explain the variation between the experimental and literature values.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State the equation for the reaction of sulfuric acid with magnesium carbonate.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the carbonate ion, giving the shape and the oxygen-carbon-oxygen bond angle.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Lewis (electron dot) structure:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Shape:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Bond angle:</p>
<div class="marks">[[N/A]]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A sample of magnesium contains three isotopes: magnesium-24, magnesium-25 and magnesium-26, with abundances of 77.44%, 10.00% and 12.56% respectively.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Phosphorus(V) oxide, \({{\text{P}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{10}}}}{\text{ }}({M_{\text{r}}} = 283.88)\), reacts vigorously with water \(({M_{\text{r}}} = 18.02)\), according to the equation below.</p>
<p>\[{{\text{P}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{10}}}}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{6}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \to {\text{4}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of magnesium correct to <strong>two</strong> decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the relative atomic radii of the three magnesium isotopes, giving your reasons.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in magnesium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State an equation for the reaction of magnesium oxide with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A student added 5.00 g of \({{\text{P}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{10}}}}\) to 1.50 g of water. Determine the limiting reactant, showing your working.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the mass of phosphoric(V) acid, \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\), formed in the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State a balanced equation for the reaction of aqueous \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\) with excess aqueous sodium hydroxide, including state symbols.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the formula of the conjugate base of \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Deduce the Lewis structure of \({\text{PH}}_4^ + \).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Predict, giving a reason, the bond angle around the phosphorus atom in \({\text{PH}}_4^ + \).</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) Predict whether or not the P–H bond is polar, giving a reason for your choice.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A student used a pH meter to measure the pH of different samples of water at 298 K.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-23_om_05.52.17.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/01"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Use the data in the table to identify the most acidic water sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the percentage uncertainty in the measured pH of the rain water sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the ratio of \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\) in bottled water to that in rain water.</p>
<p>\[\frac{{[{H^ + }]{\text{ }}in{\text{ }}bottled{\text{ }}water}}{{[{H^ + }]{\text{ }}in{\text{ }}rain{\text{ }}water}}\]</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The acidity of non-polluted rain water is caused by dissolved carbon dioxide. State an equation for the reaction of carbon dioxide with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The equations of two acid-base reactions are given below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Reaction <strong>A</strong> \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}({\text{aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons \) \({\rm{NH}}_4^ + ({\rm{aq}}) + {\rm{O}}{{\rm{H}}^ - }({\rm{aq}})\)</p>
<p>The reaction mixture in <strong>A </strong>consists mainly of reactants because the equilibrium lies to the left.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Reaction <strong>B</strong> \({\text{NH}}_2^ -({\text{aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons \) \({\rm{NH}}_3^{}({\rm{aq}}) + {\rm{O}}{{\rm{H}}^ - }({\rm{aq}})\)</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">The reaction mixture in <strong>B </strong>consists mainly of products because the equilibrium lies to the right.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Two acidic solutions, <strong>X </strong>and <strong>Y</strong>, of equal concentrations have pH values of 2 and 6 respectively.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">For each of the reactions <strong>A </strong>and <strong>B</strong>, deduce whether water is acting as an acid or a base and explain your answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In reaction <strong>B</strong>, identify the stronger base, \({\text{NH}}_2^ - \) or \({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\) and explain your answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In reactions <strong>A </strong>and <strong>B</strong>, identify the stronger acid, \({\text{NH}}_4^ + \) or \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\) (underlined) and explain your answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe <strong>two </strong>different experimental methods to distinguish between aqueous solutions of a strong base and a weak base.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the hydrogen ion concentrations in the two solutions and identify the stronger acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the ratio of the hydrogen ion concentrations in the two solutions <strong>X </strong>and <strong>Y</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The concentration of a solution of a weak acid, such as ethanedioic acid, can be determined<br>by titration with a standard solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Distinguish between a weak acid and a strong acid.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Weak acid:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Strong acid:</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why it is more convenient to express acidity using the pH scale instead of using the concentration of hydrogen ions.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>5.00 g of an impure sample of hydrated ethanedioic acid, (COOH)<sub>2</sub>•2H<sub>2</sub>O, was dissolved in water to make 1.00 dm<sup>3</sup> of solution. 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> samples of this solution were titrated against a 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution of sodium hydroxide using a suitable indicator.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">(COOH)<sub>2</sub> (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) → (COONa)<sub>2</sub> (aq) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
<p>The mean value of the titre was 14.0 cm<sup>3</sup>.</p>
<p>(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of NaOH in 14.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution.</p>
<p>(ii) Calculate the amount, in mol, of ethanedioic acid in each 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> sample.</p>
<p>(iii) Determine the percentage purity of the hydrated ethanedioic acid sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The Lewis (electron dot) structure of the ethanedioate ion is shown below.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>Outline why all the C–O bond lengths in the ethanedioate ion are the same length and suggest a value for them. Use section 10 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Group 7 of the periodic table contains a number of reactive elements such as chlorine, bromine and iodine.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Bleaches in which chlorine is the active ingredient are the most common, although some environmental groups have concerns about their use. In aqueous chlorine the equilibrium below produces chloric(I) acid (hypochlorous acid), HOCl, the active bleach.</p>
<p>\[{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{HOCl (aq)}} + {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Aqueous sodium chlorate(I), NaOCl, the most common active ingredient in chlorine based bleaches, oxidizes coloured materials to colourless products while being reduced to the chloride ion. It will also oxidize sulfur dioxide to the sulfate ion.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Describe the colour change that occurs when aqueous chlorine is added to aqueous sodium bromide.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Outline, with the help of a chemical equation, why this reaction occurs.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The colour change in the reaction between aqueous chlorine and aqueous sodium iodide is very similar, but it differs with an excess of aqueous chlorine. Describe the appearance of the reaction mixture when <strong>excess </strong>aqueous chlorine has been added to aqueous sodium iodide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Chloric(I) acid is a weak acid, but hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. Outline how this is indicated in the equation above.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State a balanced equation for the reaction of chloric(I) acid with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, in terms of the equilibrium above, why it is dangerous to use an acidic toilet cleaner in combination with this kind of bleach.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why a covalent molecule, such as chloric(I) acid, is readily soluble in water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of chloric(I) acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the H–O–Cl bond angle in this molecule and explain this in terms of the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Deduce the coefficients required to balance the half-equations given below.</p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: center;">___ \({\text{Cl}}{{\text{O}}^ - } + \) ___ \({{\text{H}}^ + } + \) ___ \({{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons \) ___ \({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} + \) ___ \({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }\)</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">___ \({\text{SO}}_4^{2 - }\) ___ \({{\text{H}}^ + } + \) ___ \({{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons \) ___ \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_2} + \) ___ \({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}\)</p>
<p>(ii) State the initial and final oxidation numbers of both chlorine and sulfur in the equations in part (i).</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-17_om_12.00.52.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/04.d.ii"></p>
<p>(iii) Use the half-equations to deduce the balanced equation for the reaction between the chlorate(I) ion and sulfur dioxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Calcium nitrate contains both covalent and ionic bonds.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Nitrogen also forms oxides, which are atmospheric pollutants.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the formula of <strong>both </strong>ions present and the nature of the force between these ions.</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Ions:</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Nature of force:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State which atoms are covalently bonded.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Outline the source of these oxides.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State <strong>one </strong>product formed from their reaction with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State <strong>one </strong>environmental problem caused by these atmospheric pollutants.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">A student decided to determine the molecular mass of a solid monoprotic acid, HA, by titrating a solution of a known mass of the acid.</p>
<p class="p2">The following recordings were made.</p>
<p class="p2" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-14_om_15.26.17.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the mass of the acid and determine its absolute and percentage uncertainty.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This known mass of acid, HA, was then dissolved in distilled water to form a \({\text{100.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) solution in a volumetric flask. A \({\text{25.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) sample of this solution reacted with \({\text{12.1 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of a \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) NaOH solution. Calculate the molar mass of the acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The percentage composition of HA is 70.56% carbon, 23.50% oxygen and 5.94% hydrogen. Determine its empirical formula.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A solution of HA is a weak acid. Distinguish between a <em>weak acid </em>and a <em>strong acid</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe an experiment, other than measuring the pH, to distinguish HA from a strong acid of the same concentration and describe what would be observed.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>When nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas are allowed to react in a closed container, the following equilibrium is established.</p>
<p>\[{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{2N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(g)}}\;\;\;\;\;\Delta H = - 92.6{\text{ kJ}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline <strong>two </strong>characteristics of a reversible reaction in a state of dynamic equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, with a reason, how each of the following changes affects the position of equilibrium.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The volume of the container is increased.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Ammonia is removed from the equilibrium mixture.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Define the term <em>activation energy</em>, \({E_{\text{a}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber process in which iron is used as a catalyst. Explain the effect of a catalyst on the rate of reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curve for a reaction, labelling both axes and showing the activation energy with and without a catalyst.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Typical conditions used in the Haber process are 500 °C and 200 atm, resulting in approximately 15% yield of ammonia.</p>
<p>(i) Explain why a temperature lower than 500 °C is <strong>not </strong>used.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Outline why a pressure higher than 200 atm is <strong>not </strong>often used.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Define the term <em>base </em>according to the Lewis theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Define the term <em>weak base </em>according to the Brønsted-Lowry theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the formulas of conjugate acid-base pairs in the reaction below.</p>
<p>\[{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{NH}}_{\text{3}}^ + {\text{(aq)}} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-10_om_07.23.57.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/05.f.iii"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline an experiment and its results which could be used to distinguish between a strong base and a weak base.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iv.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Across period 3, elements increase in atomic number, decrease in atomic radius and increase in electronegativity.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Define the term <em>electronegativity</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the atomic radius of elements decreases across the period.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equations for the reactions of sodium oxide with water and phosphorus(V) oxide with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest the pH of the solutions formed in part (c) (i).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe <strong>three </strong>tests that can be carried out in the laboratory, and the expected results, to distinguish between \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ HCl(aq)}}\) and \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH(aq)}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain whether BF<sub>3</sub> can act as a Brønsted-Lowry acid, a Lewis acid or both.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding and structure of sodium chloride.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the formula of the compounds formed between the elements below.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Sodium and sulfur:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Magnesium and phosphorus:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Covalent bonds form when phosphorus reacts with chlorine to form \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\). Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure, the shape and bond angle in \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and explain why the molecule is polar.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Lewis (electron dot) structure:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Name of shape:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Bond angle:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Explanation of polarity of molecule:</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A group of students investigated the rate of the reaction between aqueous sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid according to the equation below.</p>
<p>\[{\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_2}{{\text{S}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2HCl(aq)}} \to {\text{2NaCl(aq)}} + {\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{S(s)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
<p>The two reagents were rapidly mixed together in a beaker and placed over a mark on a piece of paper. The time taken for the precipitate of sulfur to obscure the mark when viewed through the reaction mixture was recorded.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-17_om_14.58.16.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/05"></p>
<p>Initially they measured out \({\text{10.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.500 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) hydrochloric acid and then added \({\text{40.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.0200 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) aqueous sodium thiosulfate. The mark on the paper was obscured 47 seconds after the solutions were mixed.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The teacher asked the students to measure the effect of halving the concentration of sodium thiosulfate on the rate of reaction.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The teacher asked the students to devise another technique to measure the rate of this reaction.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Another group suggested collecting the sulfur dioxide and drawing a graph of the volume of gas against time.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The teacher made up \({\text{2.50 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of the sodium thiosulfate solution using sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate crystals, \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_2}{{\text{S}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}} \bullet {\text{5}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\). Calculate the required mass of these crystals.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State the volumes of the liquids that should be mixed.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-17_om_15.16.17.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/05.b.i"></p>
<p>(ii) State why it is important that the students use a similar beaker for both reactions.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) Explain, in terms of the collision theory, how decreasing the concentration of sodium thiosulfate would affect the time taken for the mark to be obscured.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Sketch and label, indicating an approximate activation energy, the Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curves for two temperatures, \({T_1}\) and \({T_2}{\text{ }}({T_2} > {T_1})\), at which the rate of reaction would be significantly different.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-17_om_15.24.40.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/05.c.i"></p>
<p>(ii) Explain why increasing the temperature of the reaction mixture would significantly increase the rate of the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) One group suggested recording how long it takes for the pH of the solution to change by one unit. Calculate the initial pH of the original reaction mixture.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Deduce the percentage of hydrochloric acid that would have to be used up for the pH to change by one unit.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Calculate the volume of sulfur dioxide, in \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), that the original reaction mixture would produce if it were collected at \(1.00 \times {10^5}{\text{ Pa}}\) and 300 K.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Suggest why it is better to use a gas syringe rather than collecting the gas in a measuring cylinder over water.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>\({\text{25.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.200 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) ethanoic acid were added to \({\text{30.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of a \({\text{0.150 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sodium hydrogencarbonate solution, \({\text{NaHC}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The molar mass of a volatile organic liquid, <strong>X</strong>, can be determined experimentally by allowing it to vaporize completely at a controlled temperature and pressure. 0.348 g of <strong>X</strong> was injected into a gas syringe maintained at a temperature of 90 °C and a pressure of \(1.01 \times {10^5}{\text{ Pa}}\). Once it had reached equilibrium, the gas volume was measured as \({\text{95.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Bromoethane, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{Br}}\), undergoes a substitution reaction to form ethanol, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{OH}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how electrical conductivity can be used to distinguish between a \({\text{0.200 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of ethanoic acid, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\), and a \({\text{0.200 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of hydrochloric acid, HCl.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State an equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with a solution of sodium hydrogencarbonate.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Determine which is the limiting reagent. Show your working.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) Calculate the mass, in g, of carbon dioxide produced.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Determine the amount, in mol, of <strong>X </strong>in the gas syringe.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Calculate the molar mass of <strong>X</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Identify the reagent necessary for this reaction to occur.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Deduce the mechanism for the reaction using equations and curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the enthalpy change, in kJ mol\(^{ - 1}\), for this reaction, using Table 10 of the Data Booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Bromoethene, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{CHBr}}\), can undergo polymerization. Draw a section of this polymer that contains six carbon atoms.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Ammonia, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\), is a weak base.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Iron is more reactive than copper.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia and state the shape of the molecule and its bond angles.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The conjugate acid of ammonia is the ammonium ion, \({\text{NH}}_4^ + \). Draw the Lewis structure of the ammonium ion and deduce its shape and bond angles.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe <strong>two </strong>different properties that could be used to distinguish between a \({\text{1.00 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of a strong monoprotic acid and a \({\text{1.00 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of a weak monoprotic acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain, using the Brønsted-Lowry theory, how water can act either as an acid or a base. In <strong>each </strong>case identify the conjugate acid or base formed.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw a labelled diagram of a voltaic cell made from an \({\text{Fe(s)}}/{\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) half-cell connected to a \({\text{Cu(s)}}/{\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) half-cell. In your diagram identify the positive electrode (cathode), the negative electrode (anode) and the direction of electron flow in the external circuit.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the half-equations for the reactions taking place at the positive electrode (cathode) and negative electrode (anode) of this voltaic cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the overall equation for the reaction taking place in the voltaic cell and determine which species acts as the oxidizing agent and which species has been reduced.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Limescale, CaCO<sub>3</sub>(s), can be removed from water kettles by using vinegar, a dilute solution of ethanoic acid, CH<sub>3</sub>COOH(aq).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, giving a reason, a difference between the reactions of the same concentrations of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid with samples of calcium carbonate.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Dissolved carbon dioxide causes unpolluted rain to have a pH of approximately 5, but other dissolved gases can result in a much lower pH. State one environmental effect of acid rain.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Impurities cause phosphine to ignite spontaneously in air to form an oxide of phosphorus and water.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) 200.0 g of air was heated by the energy from the complete combustion of 1.00 mol phosphine. Calculate the temperature rise using section 1 of the data booklet and the data below.</p>
<p>Standard enthalpy of combustion of phosphine, <img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt><br>Specific heat capacity of air = 1.00Jg<sup>−1</sup>K<sup>−1</sup> = 1.00 kJkg<sup>−1</sup>K<sup>−1</sup></p>
<p>(ii) The oxide formed in the reaction with air contains 43.6 % phosphorus by mass. Determine the empirical formula of the oxide, showing your method.</p>
<p>(iii) The molar mass of the oxide is approximately 285gmol<sup>−1</sup>. Determine the molecular formula of the oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State the equation for the reaction of this oxide of phosphorus with water.</p>
<p>(ii) Predict how dissolving an oxide of phosphorus would affect the pH and electrical conductivity of water.</p>
<p>pH:</p>
<p>Electrical conductivity:</p>
<p>(iii) Suggest why oxides of phosphorus are not major contributors to acid deposition.</p>
<p>(iv) The levels of sulfur dioxide, a major contributor to acid deposition, can be minimized by either pre-combustion and post-combustion methods. Outline <strong>one</strong> technique of each method.</p>
<p>Pre-combustion:</p>
<p>Post-combustion:</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Graphing is an important tool in the study of rates of chemical reactions.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Excess hydrochloric acid is added to lumps of calcium carbonate. The graph shows the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced over time.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution curve for a chemical reaction showing the activation energies with and without a catalyst.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch a curve on the graph to show the volume of gas produced over time if the same mass of crushed calcium carbonate is used instead of lumps. All other conditions remain constant.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State and explain the effect on the rate of reaction if ethanoic acid of the same concentration is used in place of hydrochloric acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why pH is more widely used than [H<sup>+</sup>] for measuring relative acidity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>/HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> is not a conjugate acid-base pair.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Titanium is a transition metal.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>TiCl<sub>4</sub> reacts with water and the resulting titanium(IV) oxide can be used as a smoke screen.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in metals.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Titanium exists as several isotopes. The mass spectrum of a sample of titanium gave the following data:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
<p>Calculate the relative atomic mass of titanium to two decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the \({}_{22}^{48}{\text{Ti}}\) atom.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electron configuration of the \({}_{22}^{48}{\text{Ti}}\)<sup>2+</sup> ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why an aluminium-titanium alloy is harder than pure aluminium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of bonding in potassium chloride which melts at 1043 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A chloride of titanium, TiCl<sub>4</sub>, melts at 248 K. Suggest why the melting point is so much lower than that of KCl.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>one</strong> disadvantage of using this smoke in an enclosed space.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Soluble acids and bases ionize in water.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Sodium hypochlorite ionizes in water.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">OCl<sup>–</sup>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) \( \rightleftharpoons \) OH<sup>–</sup>(aq) + HOCl(aq)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A solution containing 0.510 g of an unknown monoprotic acid, HA, was titrated with 0.100 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> NaOH(aq). 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> was required to reach the equivalence point.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the amphiprotic species.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify one conjugate acid-base pair in the reaction.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the amount, in mol, of NaOH(aq) used.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the molar mass of the acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate [H<sup>+</sup>] in the NaOH solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Water is an important substance that is abundant on the Earth’s surface. Water dissociates according to the following equation.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The graph below shows how the volume of carbon dioxide formed varies with time when a hydrochloric acid solution is added to <strong>excess </strong>calcium carbonate in a flask.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-12_om_11.58.17.png" alt="M10/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/06.c"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State the equilibrium constant expression for the dissociation of water.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Explain why even a very acidic aqueous solution still has some \({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\) ions present in it.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State and explain the effect of increasing temperature on the equilibrium constant above given that the dissociation of water is an endothermic process.</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The pH of a solution is 2. If its pH is increased to 6, deduce how the hydrogen ion concentration changes.</p>
<div class="marks">[7]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In carbonated drinks containing dissolved carbon dioxide under high pressure, the</p>
<p class="p1">following dynamic equilibrium exists.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}({\text{aq)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}({\text{g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">Describe the effect of opening a carbonated drink container and outline how this</p>
<p class="p1">equilibrium is affected.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) Explain the shape of the curve.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) Copy the above graph on your answer sheet and sketch the curve you would obtain if <strong>double </strong>the volume of hydrochloric acid solution of <strong>half </strong>the concentration as in the example above is used instead, with all other variables kept constant from the original. Explain why the shape of the curve is different.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) Outline <strong>one </strong>other way in which the rate of this reaction can be studied in a school laboratory. Sketch a graph to illustrate how the selected variable would change with time.</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) Define the term <em>activation energy </em>and state <strong>one </strong>reason why the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid takes place at a reasonably fast rate at room temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[11]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Consider the following reactions.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-03_om_15.38.14.png" alt="N11/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/07.b"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">An important environmental consideration is the appropriate disposal of cleaning solvents. An environmental waste treatment company analysed a cleaning solvent, <strong>J</strong>, and found it to contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and chlorine only. The chemical composition of <strong>J </strong>was determined using different analytical chemistry techniques.</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Combustion Reaction:</em></p>
<p class="p1">Combustion of 1.30 g of <strong>J </strong>gave 0.872 g \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) and 0.089 g \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\).</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Precipitation Reaction with AgNO</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>3</em></span></sub><em>(aq):</em></p>
<p class="p1">0.535 g of <strong>J </strong>gave 1.75 g AgCl precipitate.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">One example of a homologous series is the alcohols. Describe <strong>two </strong>features of a homologous series.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The IUPAC name of <strong>X </strong>is 4-methylpentan-1-ol. State the IUPAC names of <strong>Y </strong>and <strong>Z</strong>.</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>Y</strong>:</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>Z</strong>:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the reagents and reaction conditions used to convert <strong>X </strong>to <strong>Y </strong>and <strong>X </strong>to <strong>Z</strong>.</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>X </strong>to <strong>Y</strong>:</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>X </strong>to <strong>Z</strong>:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><strong>Z </strong>is an example of a weak acid. State what is meant by the term <em>weak acid</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Discuss the volatility of <strong>Y </strong>compared to <strong>Z</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the percentage by mass of carbon and hydrogen in <strong>J</strong>, using the combustion data.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the percentage by mass of chlorine in <strong>J</strong>, using the precipitation data.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The molar mass was determined to be \({\text{131.38 g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). Deduce the molecular formula of <strong>J</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>There are many oxides of silver with the formula Ag<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub>. All of them decompose into their elements when heated strongly.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>After heating 3.760 g of a silver oxide 3.275 g of silver remained. Determine the empirical formula of Ag<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the final mass of solid obtained by heating 3.760 g of Ag<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub> may be greater than 3.275 g giving one design improvement for your proposed suggestion. Ignore any possible errors in the weighing procedure.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Naturally occurring silver is composed of two stable isotopes, <sup>107</sup>Ag and <sup>109</sup>Ag.</p>
<p>The relative atomic mass of silver is 107.87. Show that isotope <sup>107</sup>Ag is more abundant.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Some oxides of period 3, such as Na<sub>2</sub>O and P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>, react with water. A spatula measure of each oxide was added to a separate 100 cm<sup>3</sup> flask containing distilled water and a few drops of bromothymol blue indicator.</p>
<p>The indicator is listed in section 22 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>Deduce the colour of the resulting solution and the chemical formula of the product formed after reaction with water for each oxide.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the electrical conductivity of molten Na<sub>2</sub>O and P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the model of electron configuration deduced from the hydrogen line emission spectrum (Bohr’s model).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Two hydrides of nitrogen are ammonia and hydrazine, N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>. One derivative of ammonia is methanamine whose molecular structure is shown below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-22_om_18.03.06.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/04"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Hydrazine is used to remove oxygen from water used to generate steam or hot water.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(aq) + O<sub>2</sub>(aq) → N<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l)</p>
<p>The concentration of dissolved oxygen in a sample of water is 8.0 × 10<sup>−3</sup> g\(\,\)dm<sup>−3</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Estimate the H−N−H bond angle in methanamine using VSEPR theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ammonia reacts reversibly with water.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">NH<sub>3</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) \( \rightleftharpoons \) NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>(aq) + OH<sup>−</sup>(aq)</p>
<p>Explain the effect of adding H<sup>+</sup>(aq) ions on the position of the equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Hydrazine reacts with water in a similar way to ammonia. Deduce an equation for the reaction of hydrazine with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, using an ionic equation, what is observed when magnesium powder is added to a solution of ammonium chloride.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Hydrazine has been used as a rocket fuel. The propulsion reaction occurs in several stages but the overall reaction is:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(l) → N<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<p>Suggest why this fuel is suitable for use at high altitudes.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the enthalpy change of reaction, Δ<em>H</em>, in kJ, when 1.00 mol of gaseous hydrazine decomposes to its elements. Use bond enthalpy values in section 11 of the data booklet.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(g) → N<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The standard enthalpy of formation of N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(l) is +50.6 kJ\(\,\)mol<sup>−1</sup>. Calculate the enthalpy of vaporization, Δ<em>H</em><sub>vap</sub>, of hydrazine in kJ\(\,\)mol<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(l) → N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(g)</p>
<p>(If you did not get an answer to (f), use −85 kJ but this is not the correct answer.)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate, showing your working, the mass of hydrazine needed to remove all the dissolved oxygen from 1000 dm<sup>3</sup> of the sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the volume, in dm<sup>3</sup>, of nitrogen formed under SATP conditions. (The volume of 1 mol of gas = 24.8 dm<sup>3</sup> at SATP.)</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Magnesium reacts with sulfuric acid:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Mg(s) + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>(aq) → MgSO<sub>4</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<p>The graph shows the results of an experiment using excess magnesium ribbon and dilute sulfuric acid.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-25_om_09.45.43.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/05.a.i"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why the rate of the reaction decreases with time.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch, on the same graph, the expected results if the experiment were repeated using powdered magnesium, keeping its mass and all other variables unchanged.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide react according to the following equation:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">NO<sub>2</sub>(g) + CO(g) \( \rightleftharpoons \) NO(g) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g) Δ<em>H</em> = –226 kJ</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Calculate the activation energy for the reverse reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equation for the reaction of NO<sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere to produce acid deposition.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Many reactions are in a state of equilibrium.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The equations for two acid-base reactions are given below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) \( \rightleftharpoons \) H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (aq) + OH<sup>–</sup> (aq)<br>HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) \( \rightleftharpoons \) CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup> (aq) + H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> (aq)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The following reaction was allowed to reach equilibrium at 761 K.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">H<sub>2</sub> (g) + I<sub>2</sub> (g) \( \rightleftharpoons \) 2HI (g) Δ<em>H</em><sup>θ</sup> < 0</p>
<p>Outline the effect, if any, of each of the following changes on the position of equilibrium, giving a reason in each case.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify two different amphiprotic species in the above reactions.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State what is meant by the term conjugate base.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the conjugate base of the hydroxide ion, OH<sup>–</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A student working in the laboratory classified HNO<sub>3</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> and HClO<sub>4</sub> as acids based on their pH. He hypothesized that “all acids contain oxygen and hydrogen”.</p>
<p>Evaluate his hypothesis.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Sodium thiosulfate solution reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form a precipitate of sulfur at room temperature.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (aq) + 2HCl (aq) → S (s) + SO<sub>2 </sub>(g) + 2NaCl (aq) + X</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the formula and state symbol of X.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the experiment should be carried out in a fume hood or in a well-ventilated laboratory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The precipitate of sulfur makes the mixture cloudy, so a mark underneath the reaction mixture becomes invisible with time.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">10.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 2.00 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> hydrochloric acid was added to a 50.0 cm<sup>3</sup> solution of sodium thiosulfate at temperature, T1. Students measured the time taken for the mark to be no longer visible to the naked eye. The experiment was repeated at different concentrations of sodium thiosulfate.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><img 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" alt></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Show that the hydrochloric acid added to the flask in experiment 1 is in excess.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the best fit line of \(\frac{1}{{\rm{t}}}\) against concentration of sodium thiosulfate on the axes provided.</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A student decided to carry out another experiment using 0.075 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution of sodium thiosulfate under the same conditions. Determine the time taken for the mark to be no longer visible.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>An additional experiment was carried out at a higher temperature, T<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<p>(i) On the same axes, sketch Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curves at the two temperatures T<sub>1</sub> and T<sub>2</sub>, where T<sub>2 </sub>> T<sub>1</sub>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>(ii) Explain why a higher temperature causes the rate of reaction to increase.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest one reason why the values of rates of reactions obtained at higher temperatures may be less accurate.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>