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</div><h2>HL Paper 2</h2><div class="specification">
<p>The concentration of a solution of a weak acid, such as ethanedioic acid, can be determined<br>by titration with a standard solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>5.00 g of an impure sample of hydrated ethanedioic acid, (COOH)<sub>2</sub>•2H<sub>2</sub>O, was dissolved in water to make 1.00 dm<sup>3</sup> of solution. 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> samples of this solution were titrated against a 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution of sodium hydroxide using a suitable indicator.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">(COOH)<sub>2</sub> (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) → (COONa)<sub>2 </sub>(aq) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
<p>The mean value of the titre was 14.0 cm<sup>3</sup>.</p>
<p>(i) Suggest a suitable indicator for this titration. Use section 22 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>(ii) Calculate the amount, in mol, of NaOH in 14.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution.</p>
<p>(iii) Calculate the amount, in mol, of ethanedioic acid in each 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> sample.</p>
<p>(iv) Determine the percentage purity of the hydrated ethanedioic acid sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the ethanedioate ion, <sup>–</sup>OOCCOO<sup>–</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why all the C–O bond lengths in the ethanedioate ion are the same length and suggest a value for them. Use section 10 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain how ethanedioate ions act as ligands.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Hydrazine, N<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>H<sub><span class="s1">4</span></sub>, is a valuable rocket fuel.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The equation for the reaction between hydrazine and oxygen is given below.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{{\text{N}}_2}{{\text{H}}_4}({\text{l)}} + {{\text{O}}_2}({\text{g)}} \to {{\text{N}}_2}({\text{g)}} + 2{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The reaction between \({{\text{N}}_2}{{\text{H}}_4}({\text{aq)}}\) and \({\text{HCl(aq)}}\) can be represented by the following equation.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{{\text{N}}_2}{{\text{H}}_4}({\text{aq)}} + 2{\text{HCl(aq)}} \to {{\text{N}}_2}{\text{H}}_6^{2 + }({\text{aq)}} + 2{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }({\text{aq)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure for N<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>H<sub><span class="s1">4 </span></sub>showing all valence electrons.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State and explain the H–N–H bond angle in hydrazine.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Hydrazine and ethene, C<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>H<sub><span class="s1">4</span></sub>, are hydrides of adjacent elements in the periodic table. The boiling point of hydrazine is much higher than that of ethene. Explain this difference in terms of the intermolecular forces in each compound.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The enthalpy change of formation, \(\Delta H_{\text{f}}^\Theta \), of liquid hydrazine is \({\text{50.6 kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). Use this value, together with data from Table 12 of the Data Booklet, to calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Use the bond enthalpy values from Table 10 of the Data Booklet to determine the enthalpy change for this reaction.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Identify the calculation that produces the most accurate value for the enthalpy change for the reaction given and explain your choice.</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Calculate \(\Delta {S^\Theta }\) for the reaction using the data below and comment on its magnitude.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-26_om_09.01.06.png" alt="N10/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/07.c"></p>
<p class="p1">(v) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Calculate \(\Delta {G^\Theta }\) for the reaction at 298 K.</p>
<p class="p1">(vi) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Predict, giving a reason, the spontaneity of the reaction above at both high and low temperatures.</p>
<div class="marks">[16]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The reaction between \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(aq)}}\) and HCl(aq) can be represented by the following equation.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{{\text{N}}_2}{{\text{H}}_4}({\text{aq)}} + 2{\text{HCl(aq)}} \to {{\text{N}}_2}{\text{H}}_6^{2 + }({\text{aq)}} + 2{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }({\text{aq)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Identify the type of reaction that occurs.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Predict the value of the H–N–H bond angle in \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}^{{\text{2}} + }\).</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Suggest the type of hybridization shown by the nitrogen atoms in \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}^{{\text{2}} + }\).</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">A \({\text{25.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) solution of a weak monoprotic acid, HA(aq), is titrated with \({\text{0.155 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sodium hydroxide, NaOH(aq), and the following graph is obtained.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-02_om_15.54.16.png" alt="N09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/08.a"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">0.100 mol of ammonia, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\), was dissolved in water to make \({\text{1.00 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of solution. This solution has a hydroxide ion concentration of \({\text{1.28}} \times {\text{1}}{{\text{0}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the pH at the equivalence point.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain, using an equation, why the equivalence point is not at \({\text{pH}} = 7\).</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the concentration of the weak acid before the addition of any NaOH(aq).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Estimate, using data from the graph, the dissociation constant, \({K_{\text{a}}}\), of the weak acid, HA, showing your working.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Suggest an appropriate indicator for this titration.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe qualitatively the action of an acid-base indicator.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain what is meant by the term <em>buffer solution</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the pH of a solution prepared by mixing \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.200 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH(aq)}}\) and \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of ,\({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ NaOH(aq)}}\) showing your working.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the pH of the solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the base dissociation constant, \({K_{\text{b}}}\), for ammonia.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Hypochlorous acid, HOCl(aq), is an example of a weak acid.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">A household bleach contains sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl(aq), at a concentration of \({\text{0.705 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\). The hypochlorite ion, \({\text{OC}}{{\text{l}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\) is a weak base.</p>
<p class="p2">\[{\text{OC}}{{\text{l}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{HOCl(aq)}} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the expression for the ionic product constant of water, \({K_{\text{w}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) value of HOCl(aq) is 7.52. Determine the \({K_{\text{b}}}\) value of \({\text{OC}}{{\text{l}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\) assuming a temperature of 298 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the concentration of \({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\), in \({\text{mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\), at equilibrium and state <strong>one</strong> assumption made in arriving at your answer other than a temperature of 298 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the pH of the bleach.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The Haber process enables the large-scale production of ammonia needed to make fertilizers.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The equation for the Haber process is given below.</p>
<p class="p2">\[{{\text{N}}_2}({\text{g)}} + 3{{\text{H}}_2}({\text{g)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{2N}}{{\text{H}}_3}({\text{g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">The percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture varies with temperature.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-25_om_14.22.46.png" alt="N10/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/06.a"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Ammonia can be converted into nitric acid, \({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}}\), and hydrocyanic acid, HCN(aq). The \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) of hydrocyanic acid is 9.21.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">A student decided to investigate the reactions of the two acids with separate samples of \({\text{0.20 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sodium hydroxide solution.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Use the graph to deduce whether the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic and explain your choice.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State and explain the effect of increasing the pressure on the yield of ammonia.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the reaction.</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>A mixture of 1.00 mol \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}\) and 3.00 mol \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\) was placed in a \({\text{1.0 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) flask at <span class="s2">400 °C</span>. When the system was allowed to reach equilibrium, the concentration of was found to be \({\text{0.062 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\). Determine the equilibrium constant, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), of the reaction at this temperature.</p>
<p class="p1">(v) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Iron is used as a catalyst in the Haber process. State the effect of a catalyst on the value of \({K_{\text{c}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[9]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Distinguish between the terms <em>strong </em>and <em>weak acid </em>and state the equations used to show the dissociation of each acid in aqueous solution.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Deduce the expression for the ionization constant, \({K_{\text{a}}}\), of hydrocyanic acid and calculate its value from the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) value given.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Use your answer from part (b) (ii) to calculate the \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\) and the pH of an aqueous solution of hydrocyanic acid of concentration \({\text{0.108 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\). State <strong>one </strong>assumption made in arriving at your answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[9]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A small piece of magnesium ribbon is added to solutions of nitric and hydrocyanic acid of the same concentration at the same temperature. Describe <strong>two </strong>observations that would allow you to distinguish between the two acids.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Calculate the volume of the sodium hydroxide solution required to react exactly with a \({\text{15.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) solution of \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) nitric acid.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The following hypothesis was suggested by the student: “Since hydrocyanic acid is a weak acid it will react with a smaller volume of the \({\text{0.20 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sodium hydroxide solution.” Comment on whether or not this is a valid hypothesis.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Use Table 16 of the Data Booklet to identify a suitable indicator for the titration of sodium hydroxide and hydrocyanic acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Water is an important substance that is abundant on the Earth’s surface.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Buffer solutions resist small changes in pH. A phosphate buffer can be made by dissolving \({\text{Na}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\) and \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{HP}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\) in water, in which \({\text{Na}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\) produces the acidic ion and \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{HP}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\) produces the conjugate base ion.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">A \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) ammonia solution is placed in a flask and titrated with a \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) hydrochloric acid solution.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State the expression for the ionic product constant of water, \({K_{\text{w}}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Explain why even a very acidic aqueous solution still has some \({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\) ions present in it.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State and explain the effect of increasing temperature on the value of \({K_{\text{w}}}\) given that the ionization of water is an endothermic process.</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State and explain the effect of increasing temperature on the pH of water.</p>
<div class="marks">[7]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Deduce the acid and conjugate base ions that make up the phosphate buffer and state the ionic equation that represents the phosphate buffer.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Describe how the phosphate buffer minimizes the effect of the addition of a</p>
<p class="p1">strong base, \({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\), to the buffer. Illustrate your answer with an ionic equation.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Describe how the phosphate buffer minimizes the effect of the addition of a</p>
<p class="p1">strong acid, \({{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}}\), to the buffer. Illustrate your answer with an ionic equation.</p>
<div class="marks">[7]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Explain why the pH of the ammonia solution is less than 13.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Estimate the pH at the equivalence point for the titration of hydrochloric acid with ammonia and explain your reasoning.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State the equation for the reaction of ammonia with water and write the \({K_{\text{b}}}\) expression for \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>When half the ammonia has been neutralized (the half-equivalence point), the pH of the solution is 9.25. Deduce the relationship between \({\text{[N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{]}}\) and \({\text{[NH}}_4^ + {\text{]}}\) at the</p>
<p class="p1">half-equivalence point.</p>
<p class="p1">(v) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Determine \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{b}}}\) and \({K_{\text{b}}}\) for ammonia based on the pH at the half-equivalence point.</p>
<p class="p1">(vi) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Describe the significance of the half-equivalence point in terms of its effectiveness as a buffer.</p>
<div class="marks">[11]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the terms <em>acid </em>and <em>base </em>according to the Brønsted-Lowry theory. Distinguish between a weak base and a strong base. State <strong>one </strong>example of a weak base.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Weak acids in the environment may cause damage. Identify a weak acid in the environment <strong>and </strong>outline <strong>one </strong>of its effects.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The graph below indicates the pH change during the titration of \({\text{20.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) of \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH(aq)}}\) with \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ KOH(aq)}}\). From the graph, identify the volume of KOH(aq) and the pH at the equivalence point.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-21_om_16.04.45.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/08.a.iii"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain how the graph could be used to determine the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) of ethanoic acid <strong>and</strong> determine the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) value for these data.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Sketch a graph, similar to the graph on the previous page, to indicate the change in pH during a titration of \({\text{25.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}}\) with \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) KOH(aq). On your graph, clearly indicate the starting pH value, the equivalence point, the pH at the equivalence point and the final pH reached.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe how an indicator works.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Using Table 16 of the Data Booklet, identify the most appropriate indicator for the titration of ethanoic acid with potassium hydroxide. Explain your choice.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the pH of the solution resulting when \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.50 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ HCl(aq)}}\) is mixed with \({\text{200 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ NaOH(aq)}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Graphing is an important tool in the study of rates of chemical reactions.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The graph represents the titration of 25.00 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous ethanoic acid with 0.100 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous sodium hydroxide.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-08_om_13.41.48.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/02.d.i_01"></p>
<p>Deduce the <strong>major </strong>species, other than water and sodium ions, present at points A and B during the titration.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the pH of 0.100 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous ethanoic acid.</p>
<p><em>K</em><sub>a</sub> = 1.74 × 10<sup>−5</sup></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, using an equation, why sodium ethanoate is basic.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict whether the pH of an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride will be greater than, equal to or less than 7 at 298 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate the equation for the reaction of nitrogen dioxide, NO<sub>2</sub>, with water to form two acids.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate the equation for the reaction of one of the acids produced in (e)(i) with calcium carbonate.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Limescale, CaCO<sub>3</sub>(s), can be removed from water kettles by using vinegar, a dilute solution of ethanoic acid, CH<sub>3</sub>COOH(aq).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, giving a reason, a difference between the reactions of the same concentrations of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid with samples of calcium carbonate.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Dissolved carbon dioxide causes unpolluted rain to have a pH of approximately 5, but other dissolved gases can result in a much lower pH. State one environmental effect of acid rain.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write an equation to show ammonia, NH<sub>3</sub>, acting as a Brønsted–Lowry base and a different equation to show it acting as a Lewis base.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the pH of 0.010 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> 2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid solution.</p>
<p><em>K</em><sub>a</sub> (2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid) = 9.333 × 10<sup>−6</sup></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain, using appropriate equations, how a suitably concentrated solution formed by the partial neutralization of 2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid with sodium hydroxide acts as a buffer solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Acid–base chemistry can play a major role in chemical and biological processes.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">White vinegar, which contains ethanoic acid, CH<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>COOH, can be used as a cleaning agent to dissolve mineral deposits from coffee machines.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Buffer solutions play a pivotal role in solution chemistry.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Acid–base indicators are often organic dyes.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Ammonia, NH<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>, can be used to clean ovens. The concentration of hydroxide ions, OH<sup>–</sup>(aq), in a solution of ammonia is \({\text{3.98}} \times {\text{1}}{{\text{0}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\). Calculate its pH, correct to <strong>one </strong>decimal place, at 298 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define an <em>acid </em>according to the Brønsted–Lowry theory and the Lewis theory.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Brønsted–Lowry theory:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Lewis theory:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Ethanoic acid is an example of a weak acid. Distinguish between a <em>strong acid </em>and a <em>weak acid </em>in terms of the extent of dissociation.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State whether the following mixtures, in the appropriate molar ratios, can be classified as buffer solutions. Show your answer by stating <strong>yes </strong>or <strong>no </strong>in the table below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-16_om_10.16.41.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/06.c.i"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe qualitatively the action of an acid–base indicator.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Using Table 16 of the Data Booklet, identify the most appropriate indicator for the titration of ethanoic acid with sodium hydroxide. Explain your choice.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{150 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{5.00}} \times {\text{1}}{{\text{0}}^{ - 1}}{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) HCl (aq) is mixed with \({\text{300 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{2.03}} \times {\text{1}}{{\text{0}}^{ - 1}}{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) NaOH(aq). Determine the pH of the solution, correct to <strong>two </strong>decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A student used a pH meter to measure the pH of different samples of water at 298 K.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-21_om_09.16.35.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/01"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Use the data in the table to identify the most acidic water sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the percentage uncertainty in the measured pH of the rain water sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the ratio of \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\) in bottled water to that in rain water.</p>
<p>\[\frac{{[{H^ + }]{\text{ }}in{\text{ }}bottled{\text{ }}water}}{{[{H^ + }]{\text{ }}in{\text{ }}rain{\text{ }}water}}\]</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the concentration of hydroxide ions in the sample of river water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The acidity of non-polluted rain water is caused by dissolved carbon dioxide. State an equation for the reaction of carbon dioxide with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Antimony, Sb, forms a fluoride, \({\text{Sb}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{5}}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The equilibrium that occurs when antimony(V) fluoride is dissolved in liquid hydrogen fluoride can be represented by the equation below.</p>
<p>\[{\text{Sb}}{{\text{F}}_5}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{2HF(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{SbF}}_6^ - {\text{(sol)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{{\text{F}}^ + }{\text{(sol)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Outline how the following factors account for the fact that HCl is a strong acid and HF is a weak acid.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Some students were provided with a \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of a monobasic acid, HQ, and given the problem of determining whether HQ was a weak acid or a strong acid.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The second problem set for the students was to determine the acid dissociation constant, \({K_{\text{a}}}\), of the acid HQ and its \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the element that you would expect to have chemical properties most similar to those of antimony.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the relationship between \({\text{Sb}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{5}}}\) and \({\text{SbF}}_6^ - \) in terms of the Lewis theory of acids.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the behaviour of HF in terms of the Brønsted–Lowry theory of acids.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The strength of the hydrogen–halogen bond.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The interaction between an undissociated hydrogen halide molecule and a water molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Neelu and Charles decided to solve the problem by determining the volume of \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sodium hydroxide solution needed to neutralize \({\text{25.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of the acid. Outline whether this was a good choice.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify <strong>one</strong> indicator that could be used when titrating aqueous sodium hydroxide with both a strong acid and a weak acid, and outline the reason for your choice.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Indicator:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Reason:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Neelu and Charles decided to compare the volume of sodium hydroxide solution needed with those required by known \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) strong and weak acids. Unfortunately they chose sulfuric acid as the strong acid. Outline why this was an unsuitable choice.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Francisco and Shamiso decided to measure the pH of the initial solution, HQ, and they found that its pH was 3.7. Deduce, giving a reason, the strength (weak or strong) of the acid HQ.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain how the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) could be determined from a graph of pH against the volume of \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sodium hydroxide added.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Francisco and Shamiso found that the pH of the initial \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution was 3.7. However, this reading was inaccurate because they forgot to wash the pH probe. Calculate the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) of HQ using the reading they obtained.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">A student decided to determine the molecular mass of a solid monoprotic acid, HA, by titrating a solution of a known mass of the acid.</p>
<p class="p2">The following recordings were made.</p>
<p class="p2" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-13_om_08.32.44.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">To investigate the effect of temperature on the effectiveness of a buffer solution, the student placed \({\text{20.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of the buffer solution in a water bath at 24 °<span class="s2">C</span>. He added small portions of hydrochloric acid, stirring after each addition, until a total of \({\text{10 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) was added, and measured the pH continuously during the addition. The procedure was repeated at different temperatures and the results are shown in the following graph.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-13_om_08.36.58.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.f"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the molecular formula of HA.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State what is meant by a <em>buffer solution</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">With reference to the graph on page 4, describe the effect of increasing temperature on the effectiveness of the buffer solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A group of students investigated the rate of the reaction between aqueous sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid according to the equation below.</p>
<p>\[{\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_2}{{\text{S}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2HCl(aq)}} \to {\text{2NaCl(aq)}} + {\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{S(s)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l )}}\]</p>
<p>The two reagents were rapidly mixed together in a beaker and placed over a mark on a piece of paper. The time taken for the precipitate of sulfur to obscure the mark when viewed through the reaction mixture was recorded.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-13_om_06.28.11.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/06"></p>
<p>Initially they measured out \({\text{10.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.500 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) hydrochloric acid and then added \({\text{40.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.0200 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) aqueous sodium thiosulfate. The mark on the paper was obscured 47 seconds after the solutions were mixed.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>One proposed mechanism for this reaction is:</p>
<p> \({{\text{S}}_2}{\text{O}}_3^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{H}}{{\text{S}}_2}{\text{O}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}}\) Fast</p>
<p> \({\text{H}}{{\text{S}}_2}{\text{O}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{S(s)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\) Slow</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The teacher asked the students to devise another technique to measure the rate of this reaction.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Another group suggested collecting the sulfur dioxide and drawing a graph of the volume of gas against time.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State the volumes of the liquids that should be mixed.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-13_om_06.41.23.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/06.a.i"></p>
<p>(ii) State why it is important that the students use a similar beaker for both reactions.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) If the reaction were first order with respect to the thiosulfate ion, predict the time it would take for the mark on the paper to be obscured when the concentration of sodium thiosulfate solution is halved.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Deduce the rate expression of this mechanism.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) The results of an experiment investigating the effect of the concentration of hydrochloric acid on the rate, while keeping the concentration of thiosulfate at the original value, are given in the table below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-13_om_06.54.21.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/06,b.ii"></p>
<p>On the axes provided, draw an appropriate graph to investigate the order of the reaction with respect to hydrochloric acid.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-13_om_06.55.35.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/06.b.ii.02"></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) Identify <strong>two </strong>ways in which these data <strong>do not </strong>support the rate expression deduced in part (i).</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Sketch and label, indicating an approximate activation energy, the Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curves for two temperatures, \({T_1}\) and \(T2{\text{ }}({T_2} > {T_1})\), at which the rate of reaction would be significantly different.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-13_om_07.20.03.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/06.c.i"></p>
<p>(ii) Explain why increasing the temperature of the reaction mixture would significantly increase the rate of the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) One group suggested recording how long it takes for the pH of the solution to change by one unit. Calculate the initial pH of the original reaction mixture.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Deduce the percentage of hydrochloric acid that would have to be used up for the pH to change by one unit.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the volume of sulfur dioxide, in \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), that the original reaction mixture would produce if it were collected at \(1.00 \times {10^5}{\text{ Pa}}\) and 300 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sulfur dioxide, a major cause of acid rain, is quite soluble in water and the equilibrium shown below is established.</p>
<p>\({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{HSO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p>Given that the \({K_{\text{a}}}\) for this equilibrium is \(1.25 \times {10^{ - 2}}{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\), determine the pH of a \(2.00{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of sulfur dioxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Using Table 15 of the Data Booklet, identify an organic acid that is a stronger acid than sulfur dioxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Iron tablets are often prescribed to patients. The iron in the tablets is commonly present as iron(II) sulfate, FeSO<sub><span class="s1">4</span></sub>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Following the experiment, the students proposed the following hypothesis:</p>
<p class="p1">“Since sulfuric acid is a strong acid, two other strong acids such as nitric acid, HNO<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>(aq) or hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq), could also be used in this experiment”.</p>
<p class="p1">Suggest <strong>one </strong>problem with this hypothesis.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The students also explored the role of sulfuric acid in everyday processes and found that sulfuric acid present in acid rain can damage buildings made of limestone. Predict the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between limestone and sulfuric acid, including state symbols.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Calcium nitrate contains both covalent and ionic bonds.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Nitrogen also forms oxides, which are atmospheric pollutants.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the formula of both ions present and the nature of the force between these ions.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Ions:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Nature of force:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State which atoms are covalently bonded.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Bonding in the nitrate ion involves electron delocalization. Explain the meaning of electron delocalization and how it affects the ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the source of these oxides.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State <strong>one</strong> product formed from their reaction with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State <strong>one</strong> environmental problem caused by these atmospheric pollutants.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>In acidic solution, ions containing titanium can react according to the half-equation below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">\({\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{T}}{{\text{i}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\) \({E^\Theta } = - 0.06{\text{ V}}\)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>In the diagram below, <strong>A</strong> and <strong>B</strong> are inert electrodes and, in the aqueous solutions, all ions have a concentration of \({\text{1 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\).</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-25_om_08.07.03.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/06.d"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Sodium, silicon and sulfur are elements in period 3 of the periodic table that all form oxides.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Although carbon and silicon both belong to group 4 of the periodic table, carbon dioxide and silicon dioxide are different in many ways.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Define the term <em>standard electrode potential</em>, \({E^\Theta }\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the initial and final oxidation numbers of titanium and hence deduce whether it is oxidized or reduced in this change.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-25_om_07.45.44.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/06.b.i"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Considering the above equilibrium, predict, giving a reason, how adding more acid would affect the strength of the \({\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}\) ion as an oxidizing agent.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>In the two experiments below, predict whether a reaction would occur and deduce an equation for any reaction that takes place. Refer to Table 14 of the Data Booklet if necessary.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>KI(aq) is added to a solution containing \({\text{T}}{{\text{i}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) ions:</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Zn (s) is added to a solution containing \({\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) and \({{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}}\) ions:</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Using Table 14 of the Data Booklet, state the balanced half-equation for the reaction that occurs at electrode <strong>A</strong> and whether it involves oxidation or reduction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the cell potential in V.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>On the diagram above label with an arrow</p>
<p>• the direction of electron flow in the wire</p>
<p>• the direction in which the positive ions flow in the salt bridge.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Compare the properties of the three oxides by completing the table below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-25_om_08.18.33.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/06.e.i"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sulfur dioxide is a significant contributor to acid deposition. Identify a major, man-made source of this pollutant.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>As well as the oxide above, sodium forms a peroxide that contains the peroxide ion, \({\text{O}}_2^{2 - }\). Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the peroxide ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the differences in the hybridization of these group 4 elements and the precise nature of the bonds that they form with the oxygen atoms.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Xenon, although a noble gas, forms an oxide, \({\text{Xe}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\), that has a structure related to that of \({\text{Si}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\). Compare the geometry around the silicon atoms in \({\text{Si}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) with the geometry around the xenon atoms in \({\text{Xe}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\), using the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Oxidation and reduction can be defined in terms of electron transfer or oxidation numbers.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A reactivity series can be experimentally determined by adding the metals W, X, Y and Z to solutions of these metal ions. The following reactions were observed:</p>
<p> \({{\text{W}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{X(s)}} \to {\text{W(s)}} + {{\text{X}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p> \({\text{Y(s)}} + {{\text{W}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} \to {{\text{Y}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{W(s)}}\)</p>
<p> \({{\text{Z}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{W(s)}} \to {\text{Z(s)}} + {{\text{W}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p> \({\text{Y(s)}} + {{\text{X}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} \to {{\text{Y}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{X(s)}}\)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A student carries out the electrolysis of aqueous potassium iodide, KI, using inert electrodes.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Three electrolytic cells were set up in series (one cell after the other), as shown below.</p>
<p>All of the solutions had a concentration of \({\text{1.00 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\).</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-12_om_08.22.13.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/06.d"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Alcohols with the molecular formula \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{OH}}\) occur as four structural isomers. Three of the isomers can be oxidized with acidified potassium dichromate solution to form compounds with the molecular formula \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{8}}}{\text{O}}\).</p>
<p>(i) Deduce the half-equation for the oxidation of the alcohol \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{OH}}\).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Deduce the overall equation for the redox reaction.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) Two of the isomers with the molecular formula \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{OH}}\) can be oxidized further to form compounds with the molecular formula \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{8}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\). Deduce the structural formulas of these two isomers.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) One isomer cannot be oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate solution.</p>
<p>Deduce its structural formula, state its name and identify it as a primary, secondary or tertiary alcohol.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Name:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Alcohol:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(v) All isomers of the alcohol \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{OH}}\) undergo complete combustion. State an equation for the complete combustion of \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{OH}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[9]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Deduce the order of reactivity of these four metals, from the least to the most reactive.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) A voltaic cell is made by connecting a half-cell of X in \({\text{XC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}}\) to a half-cell of Z in \({\text{ZC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}}\). Deduce the overall equation for the reaction taking place when the cell is operating.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) The standard electrode potential for \({{\text{Z}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{Z(s)}}\) is \( + {\text{0.20 V}}\). State which species is oxidized when this half-cell is connected to a standard hydrogen electrode.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) Describe the standard hydrogen electrode including a fully labelled diagram.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State the half-equation for the reaction that occurs at each electrode.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Positive electrode (anode):</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Negative electrode (cathode):</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Suggest, giving a reason, what would happen if the electrodes were changed to aluminium.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Determine the mass of copper produced at one of the electrodes in cell 2 if the tin electrode in cell 1 decreased in mass by 0.034 g.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Compare the colour and the pH of the solutions in cells 2 and 3 after the current has been flowing for one hour.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) Explain your answer given for part (d) (ii).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Colour:</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>pH:</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Acids can be described as strong or weak.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Outline the difference in dissociation between strong and weak acids of the same concentration.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Describe <strong>three </strong>tests that can be carried out in the laboratory, and the expected results, to distinguish between \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ HCl(aq)}}\) and \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH(aq)}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the pH, using table 15 of the data booklet, of a solution of ethanoic acid made by dissolving 1.40 g of the acid in distilled water to make a \({\text{500 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the pH at the equivalence point of the titration and the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) of an unknown acid using the acid-base titration curve below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-03_om_08.33.12.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/08.c.i"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify, using table 16 of the data booklet, a suitable indicator to show the end-point of this titration.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe how an indicator, that is a weak acid, works. Use Le Chatelier’s principle in your answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the formula of the conjugate base of chloroethanoic acid, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{ClCOOH}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify, with a reason, whether chloroethanoic acid is weaker or stronger than ethanoic acid using table 15 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the pH of the solution resulting when \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.50 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{ClCOOH}}\) is mixed with \({\text{200 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) NaOH.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe how chlorine’s position in the periodic table is related to its electron arrangement.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{SC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\) and \({\text{SCl}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{5}}}\) are two sulfur chloride type compounds with sulfur having different oxidation states. Predict the name of the shape, the bond angle and polarity of these molecules.</p>
<div class="marks">[[N/A]]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">This question is about the compounds of some period 3 elements.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the equations for the reactions of sodium oxide with water and phosphorus(V) oxide with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why the melting point of phosphorus(V) oxide is lower than that of sodium oxide in terms of their bonding and structure.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Predict whether phosphorus(V) oxide and sodium oxide conduct electricity in their solid and molten states. Complete the boxes with “yes” or “no”.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-02_om_17.40.18.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/02.b.ii"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Predict and explain the pH of the following aqueous solutions, using equations to support your answer.</p>
<p class="p1">Ammonium chloride, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{Cl(aq)}}\):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Sodium methanoate, \({\text{HCOONa(aq)}}\):</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Consider the following list of organic compounds.</p>
<p> Compound 1: \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{CH(OH)C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p> Compound 2: \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{COC}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p> Compound 3: \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{OH}}\)</p>
<p> Compound 4: \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{CHO}}\)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Apply IUPAC rules to state the names of the four compounds.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-22_om_05.15.13.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/09.a"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Define the term <em>structural isomers</em>.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Identify the two compounds in the list that are structural isomers of each other.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Determine the organic product formed when each of the compounds is heated under reflux with excess acidified potassium dichromate(VI). If no reaction occurs write NO REACTION in the table.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-22_om_05.23.37.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/09.c"></p>
<p>(ii) Describe the colour change during the reactions that occur in part (i).</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Pentanoic acid reacts with ethanol. State the structural formula of the organic product and the name of the functional group it contains.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) State the type of reaction in part (i).</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe what is meant by a weak Brønsted-Lowry base, including an equation for the reaction of ammonia with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Bleaches in which chlorine is the active ingredient are the most common, although some environmental groups have concerns about their use.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>In aqueous chlorine the equilibrium below produces chloric(I) acid (hypochlorous acid), HOCl, the active bleach.</p>
<p>\[{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{HOCl(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Aqueous sodium chlorate(I), NaOCl, the most common active ingredient in chlorine based bleaches, oxidizes coloured materials to colourless products while being reduced to the chloride ion. It will also oxidize sulfur dioxide to the sulfate ion.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The standard electrode potential for the reduction of the chlorate(V) ion to the chloride ion is \( + 1.49{\text{ V}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Describe the colour change that occurs when aqueous chlorine is added to aqueous sodium bromide.</p>
<p>(ii) Outline, with the help of a chemical equation, why this reaction occurs.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Chloric(I) acid is a weak acid, but hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. Outline how this is indicated in the equation above.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State a balanced equation for the reaction of chloric(I) acid with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, in terms of the equilibrium in aqueous chlorine, why it is dangerous to use an acidic toilet cleaner in combination with this kind of bleach.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why a covalent molecule, such as chloric(I) acid, is readily soluble in water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Partial neutralization of chloric(I) acid creates a buffer solution. Given that the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) of chloric(I) acid is 7.53, determine the pH of a solution that has \({\text{[HOCl]}} = 0.100{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) and \({\text{[Cl}}{{\text{O}}^ - }{\text{]}} = 0.0500{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe, using HIn to represent the indicator in its acid form, why an indicator changes colour when excess alkali is added.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Deduce a balanced equation for the reaction between the chlorate(I) ion and sulfur dioxide from the appropriate half-equations.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) State the initial and final oxidation numbers of both chlorine and sulfur in the final equation.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-12_om_18.13.59.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/05.c.ii"></p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Define the term <em>standard electrode potential</em>.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Referring to Table 14 of the Data Booklet, deduce, giving a reason, whether the oxidation of the chromium(III) ion to the dichromate(VI) ion by the chlorate(V) ion is energetically feasible.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Soluble acids and bases ionize in water.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A solution containing 0.510 g of an unknown monoprotic acid, HA, was titrated with 0.100 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> NaOH(aq). 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> was required to reach the equivalence point.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The following curve was obtained using a pH probe.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">State, giving a reason, the strength of the acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State a technique other than a pH titration that can be used to detect the equivalence point.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> for this acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> of an anthocyanin is 4.35. Determine the pH of a 1.60 × 10<sup>–3</sup> mol dm<sup>–3</sup> solution to two decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Two chemistry students wished to determine the enthalpy of hydration of anhydrous magnesium sulfate. They measured the initial and the highest temperature reached when anhydrous magnesium sulfate, \({\text{MgS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(s)}}\), was dissolved in water. They presented their results in the table below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-11_om_16.47.13.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.a"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The students repeated the experiment using 6.16 g of solid hydrated magnesium sulfate, \({\text{MgS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}} \bullet {\text{7}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(s)}}\), and \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of water. They found the enthalpy change, \(\Delta {H_2}\) , to be \( + {\text{18 kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\).</p>
<p>The enthalpy of hydration of solid anhydrous magnesium sulfate is difficult to determine experimentally, but can be determined using the diagram below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-11_om_17.02.53.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.b"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of anhydrous magnesium sulfate.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change, \(\Delta {H_1}\), for anhydrous magnesium sulfate dissolving in water, in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). State your answer to the correct number of significant figures.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Determine the enthalpy change, \(\Delta H\), in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), for the hydration of solid anhydrous magnesium sulfate, \({\text{MgS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\).</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) The literature value for the enthalpy of hydration of anhydrous magnesium sulfate is \( - 103{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). Calculate the percentage difference between the literature value and the value determined from experimental results, giving your answer to <strong>one </strong>decimal place. (If you did not obtain an answer for the experimental value in (b)(i) then use the value of \( - 100{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), but this is <strong>not </strong>the correct value.)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Another group of students experimentally determined an enthalpy of hydration of \( - 95{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). Outline two reasons which may explain the variation between the experimental and literature values.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium sulfate is one of the products formed when acid rain reacts with dolomitic limestone. This limestone is a mixture of magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate.</p>
<p>(i) State the equation for the reaction of sulfuric acid with magnesium carbonate.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the carbonate ion, giving the shape and the oxygen-carbon-oxygen bond angle.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Lewis (electron dot) structure:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Shape:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Bond angle:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) There are three possible Lewis structures that can be drawn for the carbonate ion, which lead to a resonance structure. Explain, with reference to the electrons, why all carbon-oxygen bonds have the same length.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) Deduce the hybridization of the carbon atom in the carbonate ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Nitrogen monoxide reacts at 1280 °C with hydrogen to form nitrogen and water. All reactants and products are in the gaseous phase.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The gas-phase decomposition of dinitrogen monoxide is considered to occur in two steps.</p>
<p class="p1">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{Step 1:}}}&{{{\text{N}}_2}{\text{O(g)}}\xrightarrow{{{k_1}}}{{\text{N}}_2}({\text{g)}} + {\text{O(g)}}} \\ {{\text{Step 2:}}}&{{{\text{N}}_2}{\text{O(g)}} + {\text{O(g)}}\xrightarrow{{{k_2}}}{{\text{N}}_2}({\text{g)}} + {{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}}} \end{array}\]</p>
<p class="p1">The experimental rate expression for this reaction is rate \( = k{\text{[}}{{\text{N}}_2}{\text{O]}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The conversion of \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{NC}}\) into \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{CN}}\) is an exothermic reaction which can be represented as follows.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;">\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}–{\text{N}}\)\( \equiv \)\({\text{C}} \to {\text{transition state}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}–{\text{C}}\)\( \equiv \)\({\text{N}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">This reaction was carried out at different temperatures and a value of the rate constant, \(k\), was obtained for each temperature. A graph of \(\ln k\) against \(1/T\) is shown below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-18_om_05.48.16.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/07.d"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>rate of reaction</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State an equation for the reaction of magnesium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The rate of this reaction in (a) (ii), can be studied by measuring the volume of gas collected over a period of time. Sketch a graph which shows how the volume of gas collected changes with time.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The experiment is repeated using a sample of hydrochloric acid with double the volume, but half the concentration of the original acid. Draw a second line on the graph you sketched in part (a) (iii) to show the results in this experiment. Explain why this line is different from the original line.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The kinetics of the reaction were studied at this temperature. The table shows the initial rate of reaction for different concentrations of each reactant.</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Deduce the order of the reaction with respect to NO and \({{\text{H}}_2}\), and explain your reasoning.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the rate expression for the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the value of the rate constant for the reaction from Experiment 3 and state its units.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the rate-determining step.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the intermediate involved in the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>activation energy</em>, \({E_{\text{a}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Construct the enthalpy level diagram and label the activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\), the enthalpy change, \(\Delta H\), and the position of the transition state.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe qualitatively the relationship between the rate constant, \(k\), and the temperature, \(T\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\), for the reaction, using Table 1 of the Data Booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>When nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas are allowed to react in a closed container the following equilibrium is established.</p>
<p>\[{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{2N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(g) }}\Delta H = -92.6{\text{ kJ}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Outline <strong>two </strong>characteristics of a reversible reaction in a state of dynamic equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Predict, with a reason, how each of the following changes affects the position of equilibrium.</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">The volume of the container is increased.</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Ammonia is removed from the equilibrium mixture.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>activation energy</em>, \({E_{\text{a}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber process in which iron is used as a catalyst.</p>
<p class="p1">Explain the effect of a catalyst on the rate of reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Typical conditions used in the Haber process are 500 °C and 200 atm, resulting in approximately 15% yield of ammonia.</p>
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Explain why a temperature lower than 500 °C is <strong>not </strong>used.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Outline why a pressure higher than 200 atm is <strong>not </strong>often used.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the reaction on page 10.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">When 1.00 mol of nitrogen and 3.00 mol of hydrogen were allowed to reach equilibrium in a \({\text{1.00 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) container at a temperature of 500 °C and a pressure of 1000 atm, the equilibrium mixture contained 1.46 mol of ammonia.</p>
<p class="p1">Calculate the value of \({K_{\text{c}}}\) at 500 °C.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>base </em>according to the Lewis theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>weak base </em>according to the Brønsted–Lowry theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the formulas of conjugate acid-base pairs in the reaction below.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{NH}}_{\text{3}}^ + {\text{(aq)}} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-07_om_09.03.51.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/07.e.iii"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the pH of a \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of ammonia, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}}\), using tables 2 and 15 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sketch the pH titration curve obtained when \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}}\) is added to \({\text{25.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{HCl (aq)}}\).</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-07_om_09.34.43.png" alt></p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Identify an indicator from table 16 of the data booklet that could be used for this titration.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>\({\text{25.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.200 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) ethanoic acid was added to \({\text{30.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of a \({\text{0.150 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sodium hydrogencarbonate solution, \({\text{NaHC}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The molar mass of a volatile organic liquid, <strong>X</strong>, can be determined experimentally by allowing it to vaporize completely at a controlled temperature and pressure. 0.348 g of <strong>X</strong> was injected into a gas syringe maintained at a temperature of 90 °C and a pressure of \(1.01 \times {10^5}{\text{ Pa}}\). Once it had reached equilibrium, the gas volume was measured as \({\text{95.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Bromoethane, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{Br}}\), undergoes a substitution reaction to form ethylamine, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Many organic compounds exist as stereoisomers.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how electrical conductivity can be used to distinguish between a \({\text{0.200 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of ethanoic acid, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\), and a \({\text{0.200 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of hydrochloric acid, HCl.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State an equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with a solution of sodium hydrogencarbonate.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Determine which is the limiting reagent. Show your working.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) Calculate the mass, in g, of carbon dioxide gas produced.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Determine the amount, in mol, of <strong>X </strong>in the gas syringe.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Calculate the molar mass of <strong>X</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the mechanism for the reaction using equations and curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Outline the meaning of the term <em>stereoisomers</em>.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Draw the structures of the two stereoisomers of dichloroethene, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\).</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) Explain why this type of stereoisomerism exists in \({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\).</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) Draw the structures of the two stereoisomers of 1-chloro-1-fluoroethane, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{FCl}}\), showing the relationship between them.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(v) Outline how the two isomers of \({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{FCl}}\) could be distinguished from each other.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">A voltaic cell was set up, using the standard hydrogen electrode as a reference electrode and a standard \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)/Cu(s)}}\) electrode.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Another voltaic cell was set up, using a \({\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)/Sn(s)}}\) half-cell and a \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)/Cu(s)}}\) half-cell under standard conditions.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Water in a beaker at a pressure of \(1.01 \times {10^5}{\text{ Pa}}\) and a temperature of 298 K will not spontaneously decompose. However, decomposition of water can be induced by means of electrolysis.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define <em>oxidation </em>in terms of oxidation number.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the balanced chemical equation for the redox reaction of copper, Cu(s), with nitrate ions, \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}^{3 - }}{\text{(aq)}}\), <strong>in acid</strong>, to produce copper(II) ions, \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\), and nitrogen(IV) oxide, \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the oxidizing and reducing agents in this reaction.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Oxidizing agent:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Reducing agent:</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the standard hydrogen electrode including a fully labelled diagram.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>standard electrode potential</em>, \({E^\Theta }\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce a balanced chemical equation, including state symbols, for the overall reaction which will occur spontaneously when the two half-cells are connected.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw a fully labelled diagram of the voltaic cell, showing the positive electrode (cathode), the negative electrode (anode) and the direction of electron movement through the external circuit.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Using Table 14 of the Data Booklet, calculate the cell potential, \(E_{{\text{cell}}}^\Theta \), in V, when the two half-cells are connected.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the sign of the standard free energy change, \(\Delta {G^\Theta }\), for any non-spontaneous reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State why dilute sulfuric acid needs to be added in order for the current to flow in the electrolytic cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State why copper electrodes cannot be used in the electrolysis of water. Suggest instead suitable <strong>metallic </strong>electrodes for this electrolysis process.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the half-equations for the reactions occurring at the positive electrode (anode) and the negative electrode (cathode).</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Positive electrode (anode):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Negative electrode (cathode):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the overall cell reaction, including state symbols.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw a fully labelled diagram of the electrolytic cell, showing the positive electrode (anode) and the negative electrode (cathode).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Comment on what is observed at both electrodes.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.vii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Two electrolytic cells are connected in series (the same current passes through each cell). One cell for the electrolysis of water produces 100 cm<span class="s1">\(^3\) </span>of oxygen, measured at 273 K and \(1.01 \times {10^5}{\text{ Pa}}\). The second cell contains molten lead(II) bromide, \({\text{PbB}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}\). Determine the mass, in g, of lead produced.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Phosphine (IUPAC name phosphane) is a hydride of phosphorus, with the formula PH<sub>3</sub>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of phosphine.</p>
<p>(ii) State the hybridization of the phosphorus atom in phosphine.</p>
<p>(iii) Deduce, giving your reason, whether phosphine would act as a Lewis acid, a Lewis base, or neither.</p>
<p>(iv) Outline whether you expect the bonds in phosphine to be polar or non-polar, giving a brief reason.</p>
<p>(v) Phosphine has a much greater molar mass than ammonia. Explain why phosphine has a significantly lower boiling point than ammonia.</p>
<p>(vi) Ammonia acts as a weak Brønsted–Lowry base when dissolved in water.</p>
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" alt></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Outline what is meant by the terms “weak” and “Brønsted–Lowry base”.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Weak:</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Brønsted–Lowry base:</p>
<div class="marks">[8]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Phosphine is usually prepared by heating white phosphorus, one of the allotropes of phosphorus, with concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide. The equation for the reaction is:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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" alt></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">(i) The first reagent is written as P<sub>4</sub>, not 4P. Describe the difference between P<sub>4</sub> and 4P.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">(ii) The ion H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> is amphiprotic. Outline what is meant by amphiprotic, giving the formulas of <strong>both</strong> species it is converted to when it behaves in this manner.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">(iii) State the oxidation state of phosphorus in P<sub>4</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">P<sub>4</sub>:</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>:</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">(iv) Oxidation is now defined in terms of change of oxidation number. Explore how earlier definitions of oxidation and reduction may have led to conflicting answers for the conversion of P<sub>4</sub> to H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> and the way in which the use of oxidation numbers has resolved this.</p>
<div class="marks">[8]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>2.478 g of white phosphorus was used to make phosphine according to the equation:<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of white phosphorus used.</p>
<p>(ii) This phosphorus was reacted with 100.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 5.00 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous sodium hydroxide. Deduce, showing your working, which was the limiting reagent.</p>
<p>(iii) Determine the excess amount, in mol, of the other reagent.</p>
<p>(iv) Determine the volume of phosphine, measured in cm<sup>3</sup> at standard temperature and pressure, that was produced.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Impurities cause phosphine to ignite spontaneously in air to form an oxide of phosphorus and water.</p>
<p>(i) 200.0 g of air was heated by the energy from the complete combustion of 1.00 mol phosphine. Calculate the temperature rise using section 1 of the data booklet and the data below.</p>
<p>Standard enthalpy of combustion of phosphine, <img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt><br>Specific heat capacity of air = 1.00Jg<sup>−1</sup>K<sup>−1</sup>=1.00kJkg<sup>−1</sup>K<sup>−1</sup></p>
<p>(ii) The oxide formed in the reaction with air contains 43.6% phosphorus by mass. Determine the empirical formula of the oxide, showing your method.</p>
<p>(iii) The molar mass of the oxide is approximately 285 g mol<sup>−1</sup>. Determine the molecular formula of the oxide.</p>
<p>(iv) State the equation for the reaction of this oxide of phosphorus with water.</p>
<p>(v) Suggest why oxides of phosphorus are not major contributors to acid deposition.</p>
<p>(vi) The levels of sulfur dioxide, a major contributor to acid deposition, can be minimized by either pre-combustion and post-combustion methods. Outline <strong>one</strong> technique of each method.</p>
<p>Pre-combustion:</p>
<p>Post-combustion:</p>
<div class="marks">[9]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A student titrated two acids, hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq) and ethanoic acid, CH<sub>3</sub>COOH (aq), against 50.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.995 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq), to determine their concentration. The temperature of the reaction mixture was measured after each acid addition and plotted against the volume of each acid.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Using the graph, estimate the initial temperature of the solutions.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the maximum temperature reached in each experiment by analysing the graph.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the enthalpy change of neutralization of CH<sub>3</sub>COOH is less negative than that of HCl.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>