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</div><h2>SL Paper 3</h2><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">A potato chip (crisp) was ignited and the flame was used to heat a test tube containing water.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-31_om_09.19.12.png" alt="M12/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ1/B1"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) Calculate the heat required, in kJ, to raise the temperature of the water, using data in the table above and from Table 2 of the Data Booklet.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Determine the enthalpy of combustion of the potato chip, in \({\text{kJ}}\,{{\text{g}}^{ - 1}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This energy comes mainly from the combustion of triglycerides. State the name of <strong>one</strong> other type of lipid found in the body and <strong>one </strong>role, other than energy storage, of this type of lipid.</p>
<p class="p1">Name:</p>
<p class="p1">Role:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why lipids have a higher energy content than carbohydrates.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{heat}} = \frac{{4.18 \times 20.0 \times (51.3 - 17.8)}}{{1000}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\( = 2.80{\text{ (kJ)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{enthalpy of combustion}} = \left( {\frac{{2.80}}{{0.421}} = } \right){\text{ }} - 6.65{\text{ (kJ}}\,{{\text{g}}^{ - 1}}{\text{)}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Name: </em></p>
<p class="p1">steroids;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Role: </em></p>
<p class="p1">(sex) hormones;</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR </strong></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Name: </em></p>
<p class="p1">phospholipids;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Role: </em></p>
<p class="p1">membranes;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">lipids less oxidized/contain less oxygen / carbohydrates partially/more oxidized/contain more oxygen / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This part was generally well answered but there were some cases where 33.5 °C was converted into Kelvin. Many candidates had serious problems with unit conversions and gave the answer as 2800 J or 2800 kJ. Some candidates had correct value for (ii) but lost the mark because of the omission of the negative sign.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (b) was well answered.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Very few candidates linked the fact that lipids have higher energy content due to being less oxidized.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Foods such as rice, bread and potatoes are rich in carbohydrates. There are three main types of carbohydrate – monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Glucose, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{6}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{12}}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{6}}}\), is a monosaccharide. When 0.85 g of glucose was completely combusted in a calorimeter, the temperature of 200.10 g of water increased from 20.20 °C to 27.55 °C. Calculate the energy value of glucose in \({\text{J}}\,{{\text{g}}^{ - 1}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Draw the straight chain structure of glucose.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Draw the structural formula of \(\alpha \)-glucose.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Distinguish between the structures of \(\alpha \)- and \(\beta \)-glucose.</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Two \(\alpha \)-glucose molecules condense to form the disaccharide maltose. Deduce the structure of maltose.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">One of the major functions of carbohydrates in the human body is as an energy source. State <strong>one </strong>other function of a carbohydrate.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(\Delta T = 7.35\) (K/°C);</p>
<p class="p1">\(q( = mc\Delta T = {\text{200.10 g}} \times {\text{4.18 J}}\,{{\text{g}}^{ - 1}}{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}} \times {\text{7.35 K}}) = 6.15 \times {10^3}{\text{ J}}\) (per 0.85 g of glucose heated);</p>
<p class="p1">energy value \( = 7.2 \times {10^3}{\text{ (J}}\,{{\text{g}}^{ - 1}}{\text{)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[3] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-30_om_09.37.19.png" alt="N10/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/B1.b_1/M"></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept CHO, CH</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>OH and OH groups on either side of the carbon chain </em><em>provided OH on C3 is on the opposite side to OHs on C2, C4 and C5.</em></p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-30_om_09.38.21.png" alt="N10/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/B1.b_2/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept CH</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>OH and OH groups on either face, as long as OH on C3 is on the opposite </em><em>face to the OH’s on C1, C2 and C4.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>No mark awarded if HOCH</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2 </em></span></sub><em>is written, with H bonded to C or if HO is written for </em><em>hydroxyl groups, with H bonded to C. Penalize this once only in (i), (ii) and (iv).</em></p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">(iii) the OH on carbon-1/C-1 is inverted / difference in position of OH on carbon-1/C-1;</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-30_om_09.39.20.png" alt="N10/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/B1.b_3/M"> ;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">energy reserve / can act as precursors in large number of metabolic reactions/for other biologically important molecules;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (a) SD’s proved the major issue. Most candidates scored the mark for \(\Delta T\). The candidates who struggled made the following errors: incorrect mass (0.85 g) of water was used in \(q = mc\Delta T\), and failure to convert to J per g by dividing \(q\) by 0.85.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (b)(i) many candidates struggled to draw the straight chain structure of glucose. In many instances the –OH groups were positioned incorrectly and some candidates were careless with bonding writing ‘-C–HO’ rather than ‘-C–OH’.</p>
<p class="p1">In (ii) a significant number of candidates mixed up the positions of the substituents on the two faces. In (iii) C1 was commonly omitted. It was surprising to see that quite a few candidates could not draw the structure of maltose in (iv). The most common mistake involved an incorrect linkage</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (c) was answered well by the vast majority.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Granola bars are a source of dietary fibre.</p>
</div>
<div class="question">
<p>When 1.13 g of a granola bar was combusted in a bomb calorimeter, the temperature of \({\text{500 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of water increased from 18.5 °C to 28.0 °C. Calculate the energy value, in kJ per 100 g, of the granola bar to the correct number of significant figures.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>energy (released by granola) \( = (500 \times 4.18 \times 9.5 = ){\text{ }}19855{\text{ (J)}}/2.0 \times {10^4}{\text{ (J)}}\);</p>
<p>energy released (in kJ per 100 g) \(\left( {\frac{{19855}}{{1000}} \times \frac{{100}}{{1.13}} = } \right){\text{ }}1757.079\);</p>
<p>\( = 1.8 \times {10^3}{\text{ (kJ per 100 g)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Allow 1800 (kJ per 100 g).</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[3] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2 max] </em></strong><em>for 1760 (kJ per 100 g).</em></p>
<p><em>Remember to allow </em><strong><em>ECF</em></strong>.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Candidates generally used the appropriate equations to solve for the energy value for part (a) however, many included 1.13g with the mass of water and on quite a few occasions, \({\text{22.4 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) was used in the question for to calculate energy per gram. Several missed the final mark for not expressing the final value in 2 significant figures. Candidates were not able to apply the rules for addition and subtraction within the mathematical process. Surprisingly defining dietary fibre in part (b) scored poorly. Many omitted reference to plant material or cellulose; there appears to be a general misunderstanding that any food that is not digested is dietary fibre. Most candidates were able to name two health problems for (b)(ii).</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Glucose, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>, is a monosaccharide that our body can use as a source of energy.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the equation for the cellular respiration of glucose.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the energy, in kJ, produced from 15.0g of glucose if its enthalpy of combustion is −2803kJmol<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Glucose is the basic building block of starch which can be used to make bioplastics. Outline <strong>two</strong> advantages and <strong>two</strong> disadvantages of biodegradable plastics.</p>
<p>Two advantages:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Two disadvantages:<br> <br> </p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Bioplastics are broken down by enzyme catalysed reactions. Sketch a graph illustrating how the rate of this reaction varies with pH.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<div class="page" title="Page 15">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> (aq) + 6O<sub>2</sub> (aq) → 6CO<sub>2</sub> (aq) + 6H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
<div class="page" title="Page 15">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><em>Accept equations for anaerobic respiration, such as C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> (aq) → 2C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (aq)<br></em><em>Ignore ATP if added as a product.</em></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\(n\left( {{{\rm{C}}_{\rm{6}}}{{\rm{H}}_{{\rm{12}}}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{6}}}} \right)\left\langle { = \frac{{15.0}}{{180.18}}} \right\rangle = 0.0833 \ll {\rm{mol}} \gg \)</p>
<p>«energy=0.0833×2803=»233«kJ»</p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.<br>Accept -233«kJ».</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<div class="page" title="Page 16">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><em>Two advantages: <br></em>renewable resource<br>broken down/digested by bacteria or other organisms within a relatively short time/quickly <br>reduce <strong>«</strong>volume of<strong>»</strong> plastic waste/landfill</p>
<p>reduce use of petrochemicals<br><strong><em>OR</em><br></strong>reduce use of fossil fuels as hydrocarbon source</p>
<p>degrade into non-toxic products</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><em>Any <strong>two</strong> advantages for <strong>[2 max].<br></strong>M2: reference must be made to time. Do <strong>not</strong> accept “biodegradable” (since stated in question).<br>Ignore any mention of cost.<br></em></p>
<p><em>Two disadvantages:<br></em>require use of land <strong>«</strong>for crop production<strong>»</strong></p>
<p>increased use of fertilizers/pesticides «leading to pollution»<br><strong><em>OR</em><br></strong>eutrophication</p>
<p>might break down before end of use<br>release of methane/CH4/greenhouse gas <strong>«</strong>during degradation<strong>»</strong></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><em>Any <strong>two</strong> disadvantages for <strong>[2 max]</strong>. </em><br><em>Ignore any mention of cost.</em></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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" alt></p>
<div class="page" title="Page 16">
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<div class="layoutArea">
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<p>typical curve as shown in example above <strong>√<br></strong></p>
<div class="page" title="Page 16">
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<p><em>Accept any curve with a single maximum (not just bell-shaped).<br>Ignore features such as pH values on a pH scale or a pH value at maximum (if given).<br>Do <strong>not</strong> penalize if curve does not touch the x-axis.</em></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><em><strong> </strong></em></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Vegetable oils, such as that shown, require conversion to biodiesel for use in current internal combustion engines.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State <strong>two</strong> reagents required to convert vegetable oil to biodiesel.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the formula of the biodiesel formed when the vegetable oil shown is reacted with the reagents in (a).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain, in terms of the molecular structure, the critical difference in properties that makes biodiesel a more suitable liquid fuel than vegetable oil.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the specific energy, in kJ\(\,\)g<sup>−1</sup>, and energy density, in kJ\(\,\)cm<sup>−3</sup>, of a particular biodiesel using the following data and section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>Density = 0.850 g\(\,\)cm<sup>−3</sup>; Molar mass = 299 g\(\,\)mol<sup>−1</sup>;</p>
<p>Enthalpy of combustion = 12.0 MJ\(\,\)mol<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>methanol<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>ethanol</p>
<p>strong acid<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>strong base</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “alcohol”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept any specific strong acid or strong base other than HNO<sub>3</sub>/nitric acid.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>16</sub>COOCH<sub>3</sub> / CH<sub>3</sub>OCO(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>16</sub>CH<sub>3</sub><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>16</sub>COOC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub> / C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OCO(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>16</sub>CH<sub>3</sub></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Product <strong>must</strong> correspond to alcohol chosen in (a), but award mark for either structure if neither given for (a).</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>lower viscosity</p>
<p>weaker intermolecular/dispersion/London/van der Waals’ forces<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>smaller/shorter molecules</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “lower molecular mass/M<sub>r</sub>” or “lower number of electrons”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept converse arguments.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Specific energy:</em> «\( = \frac{{12\,000{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}{{299{\text{ g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}\)» = 40.1 «kJ g<sup>−1</sup>»</p>
<p><em>Energy density:</em> «= 40.1 kJ\(\,\)g<sup>−1</sup> x 0.850 g\(\,\)cm<sup>−3</sup>» = 34.1 «kJ\(\,\)cm<sup>−3</sup>»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award [1] if both are in terms of a unit other than kJ (such as J or MJ).</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Polymers are made up of repeating monomer units which can be manipulated in various ways to give structures with desired properties.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Draw the structure of 2-methylpropene.</p>
<p>(ii) Deduce the repeating unit of poly(2-methylpropene).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the percentage atom economy for polymerization of 2-methylpropene.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Suggest why incomplete combustion of plastic, such as polyvinyl chloride, is common in industrial and house fires.</p>
<p>(ii) Phthalate plasticizers such as DEHP, shown below, are frequently used in polyvinyl chloride.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
<p>With reference to bonding, suggest a reason why many adults have measurable levels of phthalates in their bodies.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>i</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>H<sub>2</sub>C=C(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></p>
<p> </p>
<p>ii</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAJQAAAB0CAYAAABjeBtWAAAIuklEQVR4Ae2dX2hbVRzHv7dTkdnOPlQ0bcWHRlOFvqylIj4s3diKFH0ZDBFtZgXZ2EAZa2Z1+tiiN2Qd+4ObWDfni0qLzo2x1tTsoYiQWwRF16ogbMlVGNg2dWDX3iPJmlqTJrs3/345p79AaHLuOef3+35/n9ycJOUeTQghwDd2oEgOVBVpHp6GHUg6wEAxCEV1gIEqqp08mVxALRoIuDVo7gCMxfTizcMIdEDT9mDEzDiY3pnuuWXC+PIDHOqoh6Zpt+/1PgRGDJhWKq2Ulg4EjPlU48rfRSMAt+aGb+TaSlulPJALqEpxLd885n/E0Ms70Db4KzxvhxEXAkL8g9gX7fhhfxtaXz6Lq/MrVOUbhXTcXaTR11XwGRjvv4FXPn4EeqQPPa21y+rvgat9L459EkXztj68tuVJXOpplNYZBqpcpZubxGfBi3D5Q3h1BaZU8Cps2tqPmOhfbsh8m0v1rPS/cgL1Wy/a7u7N4q0nSztt8+Ivkxg2XWjx1KPadiph9LbVYG2lTXja9jzl6yjnGqpJR+RWYv2x+h5HRPeWz7m8Im3EQ7X3wb7pXuiReJpOgVsRHU15xS/9IPvaSp/LOohwE3/M/A25l925y8RA5fanaEfvenQzdrpM/DAVw5orpLlxHOo8hKHx6bWP58jEMidwxNey/DVEC3xHJlZ9BZFjYAkOMVAlMHXNKTdtxq4DXTDfC+K0MZPWZQHRr0dwbvQcPv3dwsa0o7mf3kB40I/zDUHElgSWYkE0nPdjMHwj97ASHWWgSmRs5rS1aN3zDnTvJHoPDqw6E81heuwE3tx/AugewNFdjzlYYyWi1GHruxP4pn87XFUWbs7GEJ1qgKfR/tI/M9f8Wxio/L1zPrK6HQe/CiO07wFcedGDmuQ35ffD4/seLccjMD7yobk6z5JYVzHU2Yiax3dj7Jnn0em+13l+RRih8b+vFMHFCprCMsdw+IW9MF66gEs9zQ7PdoULyfPlUHhgnqFYDsxhevwyDHMhOWGV6yns7HoYo1d+wp/FCuFgHgbKgVmV2XUB1y+/hWcPX0DUAizzWwxfvIYdW57AgwQJSw9U6hd7Au8KDlmc3Ovgff0kBupOoXGDhg31BxB97izO7C7/213CEOnXUImiJG4y/iezzLlnezVJf4bKJozbaRxgoGh8VzYqA6VsaWmEMVA0visblYFStrQ0whgoGt+VjcpAKVtaGmEMFI3vykZloJQtLY0wBorGd2WjMlDKlpZGGANF47uyURkoZUtLI4yBovFd2agMlLKlpRHGQNH4rmxUBkrZ0tIIY6BofFc2KgOlbGlphDFQNL4rG5WBUra0NMIYKBrflY3KQClbWhphDBSN78pGZaCULS2NMAaKxndlozJQypaWRhgDReO7slEZKGVLSyNM+quv0NjGUbM5wGeobM5we14OyAmUrS3C8vKj9INkzt2GO/IBJfMWYTLnbgOmZJfEVYDluf0lInqXALqEHvkrLe0lMRvqEy64xI4PfxZLaUfpn8qcu333EpcSlOc2GxJ+F4TLHxKz8mR9O1OZc3fgdXJ7s9S1Hu2e1crdL3X9zHy2CKPWJnPud6pzStvqfvKtoeB0i7DVcqkfy5y7Pe+SZ6i1SLM3nKLXf1uE2Xk1VJY2mXO3V2s7NbE3Uxl6lXKLsFKnL3PujrxxsN6qgK65Pin9I64P75P0U16l526/9HJ9ykvoin8ndK9LwOsXH4amRDypdVZMjQZFd+ITYPcZ8XO88r40SKYpc+42mZIPqCRUUyL0uZ4EKLGJQvLu6hb6cETEKpSllXrEJc59RUT2B/zjsKMFAne+kwNSLcrvJIaP0zvAQNHXQKkMpAcq8U049bfh+RIhc+7ZNEsPVDZh3E7jAANF47uyURkoZUtLI4yBovFd2agMlLKlpRHGQNH4rmxUBkrZ0tIIY6BofFc2KgOlbGlphDFQNL4rG5WBUra0NMIYKBrflY3KQClbWhphDBSN78pGZaCULS2NMAaKxndlozJQypaWRhgDReO7slEZKGVLSyOMgaLxXdmoDJSypaURxkDR+K5sVAZK2dLSCGOgaHxXNioDpWxpaYQxUDS+KxuVgVK2tDTCGCga35WNykApW1oaYQwUje/KRuUr2ClbWhphfIai8V3ZqHIBtWgg4NaguQMwFtNrMg8j0AFN24MRM+Ngeme657a2N0tp6UDAmM/IddEIwK254Ru5lnGMukEuoKjdKjT+OtjeLLk1R6E+8Xg7DszAeP8NvPLxI9AjfehprV0edA9c7Xtx7JMomrf14bUtT+JST6OdCSuyDwNVrrLMTeKz4EW4/CG8ugJTKngVNm3tR0z0Lzdkvs2lelb6XzmB+q0XbXf3ZvHWk6WdtjmfrdmAMHrbarC20iY8TStpzehyrqGadERuicQuEKvucUR075oiK6fR6fZmXuiR+CqNt/XeiuhoqhxR/8tETqD+J0GmJ/9tbyZT1k5yZaCcuFVA31Jub2aZEzjia0ler13TWuA7MgHTKiDZAoYyUAWY52jops3YdaAL5ntBnDZm0oYuIPr1CM6NnsOnv1vYmHY099MbCA/6cb4hiNiSwFIsiIbzfgyGb+QeVqKjDFSJjM2cthate96B7p1E78EBDI1P4/ZnuTlMj53Am/tPAN0DOLrrMTgrSh22vjuBb/q3w1Vl4eZsDNGpBngaqzNTKEOLs9zLkJDSIarbcfCrMEL7HsCVFz2oSW4rcj88vu/RcjwC4yMfmqvzLIl1FUOdjah5fDfGnnkene57SazkH4dJbC9dUMscw+EX9sJ46QIu9TQ7PNsVnleeL4fCA/MMxXJgDtPjl2GYC8kJq1xPYWfXwxi98hP+LFYIB/MwUA7MqsyuC7h++S08e/gCohZgmd9i+OI17NjyBB4kSJiBIjC9uCHr4H39JAbqTqFxg4YN9QcQfe4szuwu/9tdQhevoYpb3XU/G5+h1j0CxTWAgSqun+t+tn8BHwSbfTjY1YQAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>−CH<sub>2</sub>C(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>−</p>
<p><em>Continuation bonds needed for mark.</em><br><em>No penalty if square brackets present or “n” appears after the bracket/formula.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«same mass of product as reactant, thus» 100«%»</p>
<p><em>Accept “less than 100%” only if a reason is given (eg, the catalyst is not converted into the product, or other reasonable answer).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>i</p>
<p>due to stability of plastics/strong covalent bonds<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>low volatility preventing good mixing with oxygen «gas»<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>lack of/insufficient oxygen<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>plastics are often parts of devices with non-combustible components «which mechanically prevent the combustion of plastic components»<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>PVC already partly oxidised «because some C–H bonds are replaced with C–Cl bonds», so it cannot produce enough heat for complete combustion<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>many industrial/household materials contain additives that reduce their flammability/act as flame retardants</p>
<p> </p>
<p>ii</p>
<p>weakly bound to the PVC/no covalent bonds to PVC/only London/dispersion/instantaneous induced dipole-induced dipole forces between DEHP and PVC <em><strong>AND</strong></em> leach/evaporate «from PVC» to atmosphere/food chain<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>has low polarity/contains non-polar hydrocarbon chains <em><strong>AND</strong></em> fat-soluble/deposits in the fatty tissues<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>has unusual structural fragments/is a xenobiotic/difficult to metabolise <em><strong>AND</strong></em> stays in the body for a long time</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A class was determining the concentration of aqueous sodium hydroxide by titrating it with hydrochloric acid, whilst monitoring the pH of the solution. The sodium hydroxide solution was added into a glass beaker from a measuring cylinder and the hydrochloric acid added using a burette. One group of students accidentally used a temperature probe rather than a pH probe. Their results are given below.</p>
<p>Volume of aqueous NaOH = 25.0 ± 0.5 cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Concentration of HCl = 1.00 ± 0.01 mol dm<sup>−3</sup></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The graph of temperature against titre can be used to calculate the concentration of alkali without knowing the concentration of the hydrochloric acid, using the enthalpy of neutralization.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain how the concentration may be calculated in this way.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Heat losses would make this method less accurate than the pH probe method. Outline why the thermometric method would always give a lower, not a higher, concentration.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest how heat loss could be reduced.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State <strong>one</strong> other assumption that is usually made in the calculation of the heat produced.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why scientists often make assumptions that do not correspond to reality.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why the thermochemical method would not be appropriate for 0.001 mol\(\,\)dm<sup>−3</sup> hydrochloric acid and aqueous sodium hydroxide of a similar concentration.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>heat change/evolved can be calculated from the «maximum» temperature increase and the mass of solution<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br><em>q</em> = <em>mc</em>Δ<em>T</em></p>
<p>heat «evolved» gives the number of moles «of both acid and alkali present when neutralisation occurs»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>\(n = \frac{q}{{\Delta {H_{neut}}}}\)</p>
<p>volume «of acid and the volume of alkali required to just neutralise each other» can be used to calculate the concentration«s of both»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>\(\left[ {{\text{NaOH}}} \right] = \frac{n}{V}\)</p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>smaller temperature increase/Δ<em>T</em><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>heat released would «appear to» be less</p>
<p>amount of substance/n calculated is smaller</p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>using «expanded» polystyrene cup<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>insulating beaker<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>putting a lid on beaker</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept calorimeter by itself.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept any other reasonable suggestion.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«specific» heat capacity of the beaker/container/thermometer is ignored<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>density of the solutions is assumed as 1.00 g\(\,\)cm<sup>–3</sup>/same as water<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>specific heat capacity of the solutions is assumed as 4.18 J g<sup>–1</sup>\(\,\)K<sup>–1</sup>/same as water</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “reaction goes to completion”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “reaction is conducted under standard conditions”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “no evaporation occurs”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept any other relevant valid assumption.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “heat is not released from other reactions”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>allows simple theories to be applied to real life situations<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>enables us to start to understand complex situations<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>gives answers that are accurate to the required order of magnitude<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>simplifies the calculations involved</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “to simplify the situation” without further detail.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “errors do not have a major impact on the results”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>temperature rise would be too small «to be accurately measured»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “heat released would be too small «to be accurately measured»”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
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