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</div><h2>SL Paper 1</h2><div class="question">
<p>The enthalpy of combustion of ethanol is determined by heating a known mass of tap water in a glass beaker with a flame of burning ethanol.</p>
<p>Which will lead to the greatest error in the final result?</p>
<p>A. Assuming the density of tap water is 1.0 g cm<sup>−3</sup></p>
<p>B. Assuming all the energy from the combustion will heat the water</p>
<p>C. Assuming the specific heat capacity of the tap water is 4.18 J g<sup>−1</sup> K<sup>−1</sup></p>
<p>D. Assuming the specific heat capacity of the beaker is negligible</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the enthalpy of combustion of butane in <strong>kJ mol</strong><sup>−<strong>1</strong></sup>?</p>
<p>2C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub>(g) + 13O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 8CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + 10H<sub>2</sub>O(l)</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{C(s)}} + {{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}}}&{\Delta H = x{\text{ kJ}}} \\ {{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + \frac{{\text{1}}}{2}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}}&{\Delta H = y{\text{ kJ}}} \\ {4{\text{C(s)}} + {\text{5}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {{\text{C}}_4}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{10}}}}{\text{(g)}}}&{\Delta H = z{\text{ kJ}}} \end{array}\]</p>
<p>A. 4<em>x </em>+ 5<em>y </em>− <em>z<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></em></p>
<p>B. 4<em>x </em>+ 5<em>y </em>+ <em>z<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></em></p>
<p>C. 8<em>x </em>+ 10<em>y </em>− 2<em>z<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></em></p>
<p>D. 8<em>x </em>+ 5<em>y </em>+ 2<em>z</em></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">A 5.00 g sample of a substance was heated from 25.0 °C to 35.0 °C using \(2.00 \times {10^2}{\text{ J}}\) of energy. What is the specific heat capacity of the substance in \({\text{J}}\,{{\text{g}}^{ - 1}}{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(4.00 \times {10^{ - 3}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(2.50 \times {10^{ - 1}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2.00</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4.00</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which statement is correct for this reaction?</p>
<p style="padding-left: 90px;">Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (s) + 3CO (g) → 2Fe (s) + 3CO<sub>2</sub> (g) <em>ΔH</em> = −26.6 kJ</p>
<p>A. 13.3 kJ are released for every mole of Fe produced.</p>
<p>B. 26.6 kJ are absorbed for every mole of Fe produced.</p>
<p>C. 53.2 kJ are released for every mole of Fe produced.</p>
<p>D. 26.6 kJ are released for every mole of Fe produced.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The enthalpy changes for two reactions are given.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 120px;">Br<sub>2</sub> (l) + F<sub>2</sub> (g) → 2BrF (g) <em>ΔH</em> = <em>x</em> kJ<br>Br<sub>2</sub> (l) + 3F<sub>2</sub> (g) → 2BrF<sub>3</sub> (g) <em>ΔH</em> = <em>y</em> kJ</p>
<p>What is the enthalpy change for the following reaction?</p>
<p style="padding-left: 120px;">BrF (g) + F<sub>2</sub> (g) → BrF<sub>3</sub> (g)</p>
<p>A. <em>x</em> – <em>y</em></p>
<p>B. –<em>x</em> + <em>y</em></p>
<p>C. \(\frac{1}{2}\)(–<em>x</em> + <em>y</em>)</p>
<p>D. \(\frac{1}{2}\)(<em>x</em> – <em>y</em>)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">A student measured the temperature of a reaction mixture over time using a temperature probe. By considering the graph, which of the following deductions can be made?</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-03_om_13.22.39.png" alt="N11/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/14"></p>
<p class="p1" style="padding-left: 30px;">I. The reaction is exothermic.</p>
<p class="p1" style="padding-left: 30px;">II. The products are more stable than the reactants.</p>
<p class="p1" style="padding-left: 30px;">III. The reactant bonds are stronger than the product bonds.</p>
<p class="p1">A. I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the enthalpy change, in kJ, of the following reaction?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">3H<sub>2</sub> (g) + N<sub>2</sub> (g) \( \rightleftharpoons \) 2NH<sub>3</sub> (g)</p>
<p><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>A. (6 × 391) − [(3 × 436) + 945]</p>
<p>B. (3 × 391) − (436 + 945)</p>
<p>C. −[(3 × 436) + 945] + (3 × 391)</p>
<p>D. −(6 × 391) + [(3 × 436) + 945]</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which process is endothermic?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_4}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(g)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HCl(aq)}} + {\text{NaOH(aq)}} \to {\text{NaCl(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{CaC}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(s)}} \to {\text{CaO(s)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(g)}} \to {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Why is the value of the enthalpy change of this reaction calculated from bond enthalpy data less accurate than that calculated from standard enthalpies of formation?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>(g) + 7O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 4CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + 6H<sub>2</sub>O(g)</p>
<p>A. All the reactants and products are gases.</p>
<p>B. Bond enthalpy data are average values for many compounds.</p>
<p>C. Elements do not have standard enthalpy of formation.</p>
<p>D. Standard enthalpies of formation are per mole.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>5.35g of solid ammonium chloride, NH<sub>4</sub>Cl(s), was added to water to form 25.0g of solution. The maximum decrease in temperature was 14 K. What is the enthalpy change, in kJmol<sup>-1</sup>, for this reaction? (Molar mass of NH<sub>4</sub>Cl = 53.5gmol<sup>-1</sup>; the specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.18 Jg<sup>-1</sup>K<sup>-1</sup>)</p>
<p>A. \(\Delta H = + \frac{{25.0 \times 4.18 \times \left( {14 + 273} \right)}}{{0.1 \times 1000}}\)</p>
<p>B. \(\Delta H = - \frac{{25.0 \times 4.18 \times 14}}{{0.1 \times 1000}}\)</p>
<p>C. \(\Delta H = + \frac{{25.0 \times 4.18 \times 14}}{{0.1 \times 1000}}\)</p>
<p>D. \(\Delta H = + \frac{{25.0 \times 4.18 \times 14}}{{1000}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">A simple calorimeter was set up to determine the enthalpy change occurring when one mole of ethanol is combusted. The experimental value was found to be \( - 867{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). The Data Booklet value is \( - 1367{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\) (at 298 K and \(1.01 \times {10^5}{\text{ Pa}}\)).</p>
<p class="p1">During the experiment some black soot formed.</p>
<p class="p1">Which statements are correct?</p>
<p class="p1">I. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The percentage error for the experiment can be calculated as follows:</p>
<p class="p1">\[(1367 - 867) \times 100\% \]</p>
<p class="p1">II. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The difference between the two values may be due to heat loss to the surroundings.</p>
<p class="p1">III. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The black soot suggests that incomplete combustion occurred.</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I, II and III</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which describes the reaction shown in the potential energy profile?</p>
<p><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-10_om_07.10.46.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/13"></p>
<p>A. The reaction is endothermic and the products have greater enthalpy than the reactants.</p>
<p>B. The reaction is endothermic and the reactants have greater enthalpy than the products.</p>
<p>C. The reaction is exothermic and the products have greater enthalpy than the reactants.</p>
<p>D. The reaction is exothermic and the reactants have greater enthalpy than the products.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which statement is correct?</p>
<p>A. In an exothermic reaction, the products have more energy than the reactants.</p>
<p>B. In an exothermic reversible reaction, the activation energy of the forward reaction is greater than that of the reverse reaction.</p>
<p>C. In an endothermic reaction, the products are more stable than the reactants.</p>
<p>D. In an endothermic reversible reaction, the activation energy of the forward reaction is greater than that of the reverse reaction.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Consider the following reactions.</p>
<p class="p1">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{C}}{{\text{u}}_2}{\text{O(s)}} + \frac{1}{2}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{2CuO(s)}}}&{\Delta {H^\Theta } = - 144{\text{ kJ}}} \\ {{\text{C}}{{\text{u}}_2}{\text{O(s)}} \to {\text{Cu(s)}} + {\text{CuO(s)}}}&{\Delta {H^\Theta } = + 11{\text{ kJ}}} \end{array}\]</p>
<p class="p1">What is the value of \(\Delta {H^\Theta }\), in kJ, for this reaction?</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{Cu(s)}} + \frac{1}{2}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{CuO(s)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\( - 144 + 11\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\( + 144 - 11\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\( - 144 - 11\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\( + 144 + 11\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Consider the following reactions.</p>
<p class="p1">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{{\text{N}}_2}({\text{g)}} + {{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{2NO(g)}}}&{\Delta {H^\Theta } = + 180{\text{ kJ}}} \\ {2{\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_2}({\text{g)}} \to {\text{2NO(g)}} + {{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}}}&{\Delta {H^\Theta } = + 112{\text{ kJ}}} \end{array}\]</p>
<p>What is the \({\Delta {H^\Theta }}\) value, in kJ, for the following reaction?</p>
<p>\[{{\text{N}}_2}({\text{g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{2N}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}}\]</p>
<p>A. \( - 1 \times ( + 180) + - 1 \times ( + 112)\)</p>
<p>B. \( - 1 \times ( + 180) + 1 \times ( + 112)\)</p>
<p>C. \(1 \times ( + 180) + - 1 \times ( + 112)\)</p>
<p>D. \(1 \times ( + 180) + 1 \times ( + 112)\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which combination is correct for the exothermic reaction that occurs between zinc and copper sulfate solution.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-22_om_19.00.33.png" alt="N12/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/14"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Some water is heated using the heat produced by the combustion of magnesium metal. Which values are needed to calculate the enthalpy change of reaction?</p>
<p class="p1" style="padding-left: 30px;">I. The mass of magnesium</p>
<p class="p1" style="padding-left: 30px;">II. The mass of the water</p>
<p class="p1" style="padding-left: 30px;">III. The change in temperature of the water</p>
<p class="p1">A. I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What can be deduced from this reaction profile?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
<p>A. The reactants are less stable than the products and the reaction is exothermic.</p>
<p>B. The reactants are less stable than the products and the reaction is endothermic.</p>
<p>C. The reactants are more stable than the products and the reaction is exothermic.</p>
<p>D. The reactants are more stable than the products and the reaction is endothermic.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Identical pieces of magnesium are added to two beakers, A and B, containing hydrochloric acid. Both acids have the same initial temperature but their volumes and concentrations differ.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-27_om_06.45.17.png" alt="N10/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/15"></p>
<p class="p1">Which statement is correct?</p>
<p class="p1">A. The maximum temperature in A will be higher than in B.</p>
<p class="p1">B. The maximum temperature in A and B will be equal.</p>
<p class="p1">C. It is not possible to predict whether A or B will have the higher maximum temperature.</p>
<p class="p1">D. The temperature in A and B will increase at the same rate.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Hydrazine reacts with oxygen.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(l) + O<sub>2</sub>(g) → N<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l) Δ<em>H</em><sup>θ</sup> = -623 kJ</p>
<p>What is the standard enthalpy of formation of N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(l) in kJ? The standard enthalpy of formation of H<sub>2</sub>O(l) is -286 kJ.</p>
<p>A. -623 - 286<br>B. -623 + 572<br>C. -572 + 623<br>D. -286 + 623</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Two 100 cm<sup>3</sup> aqueous solutions, one containing 0.010 mol NaOH and the other 0.010 mol HCl, are at the same temperature.</p>
<p>When the two solutions are mixed the temperature rises by <em>y °</em>C.</p>
<p>Assume the density of the final solution is 1.00 g cm<sup>−3</sup>.</p>
<p>Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J g<sup>−1</sup> K<sup>−1</sup></p>
<p>What is the enthalpy change of neutralization in kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>?</p>
<p>A. \(\frac{{200 \times 4.18 \times y}}{{1000 \times 0.020}}\)</p>
<p>B. \(\frac{{200 \times 4.18 \times y}}{{1000 \times 0.010}}\)</p>
<p>C. \(\frac{{100 \times 4.18 \times y}}{{1000 \times 0.010}}\)</p>
<p>D. \(\frac{{200 \times 4.18 \times (y + 273)}}{{1000 \times 0.010}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which processes are exothermic?</p>
<p class="p1">I. Ice melting</p>
<p class="p1">II. Neutralization</p>
<p class="p1">III. Combustion</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">A. I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What can be deduced from the facts that ozone absorbs UV radiation in the region of 340 nm and molecular oxygen in the region of 242 nm?</p>
<p>A. The bond between atoms in molecular oxygen is a double bond.</p>
<p>B. The bonds in ozone are delocalized.</p>
<p>C. The bonds between atoms in ozone are stronger than those in molecular oxygen.</p>
<p>D. The bonds between atoms in molecular oxygen need more energy to break.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">The reaction between methane and oxygen is exothermic.</p>
<p class="p2">\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_4}({\text{g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{O}}_2}({\text{g)}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}({\text{g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}({\text{g)}}\)</p>
<p class="p2">Which statement is correct?</p>
<p class="p1">A. The total bond enthalpies of the reactants are less than the total bond enthalpies of the products.</p>
<p class="p1">B. The total bond enthalpies of the reactants are greater than the total bond enthalpies of the products.</p>
<p class="p1">C. The total energy released during bond formation is less than the total energy absorbed during bond breaking.</p>
<p class="p1">D. The activation energy is the difference between the total bond enthalpies of the products and the total bond enthalpies of the reactants.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which statement about bonding is correct?</p>
<p class="p1">A. Bond breaking is endothermic and requires energy.</p>
<p class="p1">B. Bond breaking is endothermic and releases energy.</p>
<p class="p1">C. Bond making is exothermic and requires energy.</p>
<p class="p1">D. Bond making is endothermic and releases energy.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">The specific heat of iron is \({\text{0.450 J}}\,{{\text{g}}^{ - 1}}{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}\). What is the energy, in J, needed to increase the temperature of 50.0 g of iron by 20.0 K?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>9.00</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>22.5</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>45.0</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>450</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the value of \(\Delta H\) for the exothermic reaction represented by the diagram below?</p>
<p style="text-align: right;"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-16_om_09.12.05.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/15"></p>
<p>A. \(y - z\)</p>
<p>B. \(z - y\)</p>
<p>C. \(x - z\)</p>
<p>D. \(z - x\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">In a reaction that occurs in 50 g of aqueous solution, the temperature of the reaction mixture increases by 20 °C. If 0.10 mol of the limiting reagent is consumed, what is the enthalpy change (in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\)) for the reaction? Assume the specific heat capacity of the solution \( = 4.2{\rm{k}}{{\rm{J}}^{ - 1}}{{\rm{K}}^{ - 1}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\( - 0.10 \times 50 \times 4.2 \times 20\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\( - 0.10 \times 0.050 \times 4.2 \times 20\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{ - 50 \times 4{\text{.}}2 \times 20}}{{0{\text{.}}10}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{ - 0{\text{.}}050 \times 4{\text{.}}2 \times 20}}{{0{\text{.}}10}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the temperature rise when 2100 J of energy is supplied to 100 g of water? (Specific heat capacity of water \( = 4.2{\text{ J}}\,{{\text{g}}^{ - 1}}{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}\).)</p>
<p>A. 5 °C</p>
<p>B. 278 K</p>
<p>C. 0.2 °C</p>
<p>D. 20 °C</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which statement is correct given the enthalpy level diagram below?</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-27_om_06.42.53.png" alt="N10/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/14"></p>
<p class="p1">A. The reaction is endothermic and the products are more thermodynamically stable than the reactants.</p>
<p class="p1">B. The reaction is exothermic and the products are more thermodynamically stable than the reactants.</p>
<p class="p1">C. The reaction is endothermic and the reactants are more thermodynamically stable than the products.</p>
<p class="p1">D. The reaction is exothermic and the reactants are more thermodynamically stable than the products.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which of the following reactions are exothermic?</p>
<p class="p2">I. \({{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}}\)</p>
<p class="p2">II. \({{\text{NaOH}} + {\text{HCl}} \to {\text{NaCl}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}}\)</p>
<p class="p2">III. \({{\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_2} \to 2{\text{Br}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I, II and III</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The specific heat capacities of two substances are given in the table below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-15_om_18.00.11.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ1/15"></p>
<p>Which statement is correct?</p>
<p>A. More heat is needed to increase the temperature of 50 g of water by 50 °C than 50 g of ethanol by 50 °C.</p>
<p>B. If the same heat is supplied to equal masses of ethanol and water, the temperature of the water increases more.</p>
<p>C. If equal masses of water at 20 °C and ethanol at 50 °C are mixed, the final temperature is 35 °C .</p>
<p>D. If equal masses of water and ethanol at 50 °C cool down to room temperature, ethanol liberates more heat.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">.</div>
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<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The enthalpy changes of three reactions are given below.</p>
<p> \({\text{2HCOOH(l)}} + {{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{2C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\) \(\Delta H = a\)</p>
<p> \({{\text{C}}_2}{{\text{H}}_5}{\text{OH(l)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{2C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\) \(\Delta H = b\)</p>
<p> \({\text{2HCOO}}{{\text{C}}_2}{{\text{H}}_5}{\text{(l)}} + {\text{7}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{6C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{6}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\) \(\Delta H = c\)</p>
<p>What is the enthalpy change for the following reaction?</p>
<p>\[{\text{HCOOH(l)}} + {{\text{C}}_2}{{\text{H}}_5}{\text{OH(l)}} \to {\text{HCOO}}{{\text{C}}_2}{{\text{H}}_5}{\text{(l)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
<p>A. \(a + b + c\)</p>
<p>B. \(a + 2b - c\)</p>
<p>C. \(\frac{1}{2}a + b + \frac{1}{2}c\)</p>
<p>D. \(\frac{1}{2}a + b - \frac{1}{2}c\)</p>
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<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the enthalpy change of combustion of urea, (NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO, in kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2(NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO(s) + 3O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 2CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2N<sub>2</sub>(g) + 4H<sub>2</sub>O(l)</p>
<p><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-10_om_07.13.07.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/14"></p>
<p>A. 2 × (−333) −2 × (−394) −4 × (−286)</p>
<p>B. \(\frac{1}{2}\)[2 × (−394) + 4 × (−286) −2 × (−333)]</p>
<p>C. 2 × (−394) + 4 × (−286) −2 × (−333)</p>
<p>D. \(\frac{1}{2}\)[2 × (−333) −2 × (−394) −4 × (−286)]</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which is correct about energy changes during bond breaking and bond formation?</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-12_om_10.42.34.png" alt="M10/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/16"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>In which order does the oxygen–oxygen bond enthalpy increase?</p>
<p>A. H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> < O<sub>2</sub> < O<sub>3</sub></p>
<p>B. H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> < O<sub>3</sub> < O<sub>2</sub></p>
<p>C. O<sub>2</sub> < O<sub>3</sub> < H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></p>
<p>D. O<sub>3</sub> < H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> < O<sub>2</sub></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which change of state is exothermic? </p>
<p>A. CO<sub>2</sub>(s) → CO<sub>2</sub>(g)<br>B. H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → H<sub>2</sub>O(g) <br>C. NH<sub>3</sub>(g) → NH<sub>3</sub>(l) <br>D. Fe(s) → Fe(l)</p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which process represents the C–Cl bond enthalpy in tetrachloromethane?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{CC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{C(g)}} + {\text{4Cl(g)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{CC}}{{\text{l}}_4}({\text{g)}} \to {\text{CC}}{{\text{l}}_3}({\text{g)}} + {\text{Cl(g)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{CC}}{{\text{l}}_4}({\text{l)}} \to {\text{C(g)}} + 4{\text{Cl(g)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{CC}}{{\text{l}}_4}({\text{l)}} \to {\text{C(s)}} + 2{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2}({\text{g)}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>When 25.0cm<sup>3</sup> 0.100moldm<sup>−3</sup> NaOH(aq) is mixed with 25.0cm<sup>3</sup> 0.100moldm<sup>−3</sup> HCl(aq) at the same temperature, a temperature rise, <em>∆T</em>, is recorded. What is the expression, in kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, for the enthalpy of neutralisation? (Assume the density of the mixture = 1.00 g cm<sup>−3</sup> and its specific heat capacity=4.18kJkg<sup>−1</sup>K<sup>−1</sup> =4.18Jg<sup>−1</sup>K<sup>−1</sup>)</p>
<p>A. \( - \frac{{25.0 \times 4.18 \times \Delta T}}{{50.0 \times 0.100}}\)</p>
<p>B. \( - \frac{{25.0 \times 4.18 \times \Delta T}}{{25.0 \times 0.100}}\)</p>
<p>C. \( - \frac{{50.0 \times 4.18 \times \Delta T}}{{50.0 \times 0.100}}\)</p>
<p>D. \( - \frac{{50.0 \times 4.18 \times \Delta T}}{{25.0 \times 0.100}}\)</p>
</div>
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<p>Which expression gives the mass, in g, of ethanol required to produce 683.5 kJ of heat upon complete combustion?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">(<em>M</em><sub>r</sub> for ethanol = 46.0, \(\Delta H_c^\theta = - 1367{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\))</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">A. \(\frac{{683.5}}{{1367 \times 46.0}}\)</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">B. \(\frac{{1367}}{{683.5 \times 46.0}}\)</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">C. \(\frac{{683.5 \times 46.0}}{{1367}}\)</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">D. \(\frac{{1367 \times 46.0}}{{683.5}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Using the equations below:</p>
<p>\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{C(s)}} + {{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}}&{\Delta {H^\Theta } = - 390{\text{ kJ}}} \\ {{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + \frac{1}{2}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}}&{\Delta {H^\Theta } = - 286{\text{ kJ}}} \\ {{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_4}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}}&{\Delta {H^\Theta } = - 890{\text{ kJ}}} \end{array}\]</p>
<p>what is \({\Delta {H^\Theta }}\), in kJ, for the following reaction?</p>
<p>\[{\text{ C(s)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_4}{\text{(g)}}\]</p>
<p>A. –214</p>
<p>B. –72</p>
<p>C. +72</p>
<p>D. +214</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Consider the following enthalpy of combustion data.</p>
<p class="p2">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{C(s)}} + {{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}}&{\Delta {H^\Theta } = - x{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}} \\ {{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g) + }}\frac{1}{2}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}}&{\Delta {H^\Theta } = - y{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}} \\ {{{\text{C}}_2}{{\text{H}}_6}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{3}}\frac{1}{2}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{2C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g) + 3}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}}&{\Delta {H^\Theta } = - z{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}} \end{array}\]</p>
<p class="p1">What is the enthalpy of formation of ethane in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{2C(s)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {{\text{C}}_2}{{\text{H}}_6}{\text{(g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\left[ {( - x) + ( - y)} \right] - ( - z)\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(( - z) - \left[ {( - x) + ( - y)} \right]\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\left[ {( - 2x) + ( - 3y)} \right] - ( - z)\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(( - z) - \left[ {( - 2x) + ( - 3y)} \right]\)</p>
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<div class="column">Which equation represents the average bond enthalpy of the Si−H bond in SiH<sub>4</sub>?</div>
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<div class="column">A. SiH<sub>4</sub>(g)→SiH<sub>3</sub>(g)+H(g)<br>B. \(\frac{1}{4}\) SiH<sub>4</sub> (g) → \(\frac{1}{4}\) Si(g) + H(g)<br>C. SiH<sub>4</sub>(g) → SiH<sub>3</sub>(g) + \(\frac{1}{2}\) H<sub>2</sub>(g)<br>D. SiH<sub>4</sub> (g) → Si(g) + 4H(g)</div>
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<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>In which reaction do the reactants have a lower potential energy than the products? </p>
<p>A. CH<sub>4</sub>(g) + 2O<sub>2</sub>(g) → CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(g)<br>B. HBr(g) → H(g) + Br(g) <br>C. Na<sup>+</sup>(g) + Cl<sup>-</sup>(g) → NaCl(s) <br>D. NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the energy, in kJ, released when 1.00 mol of carbon monoxide is burned according to the following equation?</p>
<p class="p2">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{2CO(g)}} + {{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{2C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}}&{\Delta {H^\Theta } = - 564{\text{ kJ}}} \end{array}\]</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>141</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>282</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>564</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1128</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which statements are correct for an exothermic reaction?</p>
<p class="p1">I. The products are more stable than the reactants.</p>
<p class="p1">II. The enthalpy change, \(\Delta H\), is negative.</p>
<p class="p1">III. The temperature of the surroundings increases.</p>
<p class="p1">A. I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">When \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{1.0 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) HCl is mixed with \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{1.0 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) NaOH, the temperature of the resulting solution increases by 5.0 °C. What will be the temperature change, in °C, when \({\text{50 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of these two solutions are mixed?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2.5</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5.0</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>10</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>20</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Consider the following two equations.</p>
<p>\({\text{2Ca(s)}} + {{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{2CaO(s)}}\) \(\Delta {H^\Theta } = + x{\text{ kJ}}\)</p>
<p>\({\text{Ca(s)}} + {\text{0.5}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{CaC}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(s)}}\) \(\Delta {H^\Theta } = + y{\text{ kJ}}\)</p>
<p>What is \(\Delta {H^\Theta }\), in kJ, for the following reaction?</p>
<p>\[{\text{CaO(s)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{CaC}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(s)}}\]</p>
<p>A. \(y - 0.5x\)</p>
<p>B. \(y - x\)</p>
<p>C. \(0.5 - y\)</p>
<p>D. \(x - y\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which processes have a negative enthalpy change?</p>
<p class="p1">I. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(2{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{OH(l)}} + 3{{\text{O}}_2}({\text{g)}} \to {\text{2C}}{{\text{O}}_2}({\text{g)}} + 4{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">II. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HCl(aq)}} + {\text{NaOH(aq)}} \to {\text{NaCl(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">III. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(g)}} \to {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I, II and III</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">When some solid barium hydroxide and solid ammonium thiosulfate were reacted together, the temperature of the surroundings was observed to decrease from 15 °C to –4 °C. What can be deduced from this observation?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The reaction is exothermic and \(\Delta H\) is negative.</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The reaction is exothermic and \(\Delta H\) is positive.</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The reaction is endothermic and \(\Delta H\) is negative.</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The reaction is endothermic and \(\Delta H\) is positive.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">At <span class="s1">25 °C</span>, \({\text{200 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{1.0 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) nitric acid is added to 5.0 g of magnesium powder. If the experiment is repeated using the same mass of magnesium powder, which conditions will result in the same initial reaction rate?</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-29_om_17.47.23.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/17"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>When four moles of aluminium and four moles of iron combine with oxygen to form their oxides, the enthalpy changes are –3338 kJ and –1644 kJ respectively.</p>
<p> \({\text{4Al(s)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{2A}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(s)}}\) \(\Delta H = - 3338{\text{ kJ}}\)</p>
<p> \({\text{4Fe(s)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{2F}}{{\text{e}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(s)}}\) \(\Delta H = - 1644{\text{ kJ}}\)</p>
<p>What is the enthalpy change, in kJ, for the reduction of one mole of iron(III) oxide by aluminium?</p>
<p>\[{\text{F}}{{\text{e}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{2Al(s)}} \to {\text{2Fe(s)}} + {\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(s)}}\]</p>
<p>A. \( + 1694\)</p>
<p>B. \( + 847\)</p>
<p>C. \( - 847\)</p>
<p>D. \( - 1694\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which processes are exothermic?</p>
<p class="p1">I. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{5}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{3C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{4}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(g)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">II. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{2Cl(g)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">III. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{COOH(aq)}} + {\text{NaOH(aq)}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{COONa(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I, II and III</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which combination is correct for the standard enthalpy change of neutralization?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-09_om_09.21.33.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/14"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The table shows information about temperature increases when an acid and an alkali are mixed.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-16_om_09.08.30.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/14"></p>
<p>What is the value of \(y\)?</p>
<p>A. \(\frac{1}{2}x\)</p>
<p>B. \(x\)</p>
<p>C. \(2x\)</p>
<p>D. \(4x\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which processes are exothermic?</p>
<p class="p1">I. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH(aq)}} + {\text{NaOH(aq)}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COONa(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}}\)</p>
<p class="p2">II. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{2C(s)}} + {{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{2CO(g)}}\)</p>
<p class="p2">III. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C(s)}} + {{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I, II and III</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which equation best represents the bond enthalpy of HCl?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HCl(g)}} \to {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(g)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }{\text{(g)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HCl(g)}} \to {\text{H(g)}} + {\text{Cl(g)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HCl(g)}} \to \frac{{\text{1}}}{2}{{\text{H}}_2}({\text{g)}} + \frac{1}{2}{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2}({\text{g)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{2HCl(g)}} \to {{\text{H}}_2}({\text{g)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2}({\text{g)}}\)</p>
</div>
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<p class="p1">Which combination is correct about the energy changes during bond breaking and bond formation?</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-14_om_14.35.30.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ1/16"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">The specific heat capacity of aluminium is \({\text{0.900 J}}\,{{\text{g}}^{ - 1}}{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}\). What is the heat energy change, in J, when 10.0 g of aluminium is heated and its temperature increases from <span class="s2">15.0 °C</span><span class="s3"> </span>to <span class="s2">35.0 °C</span>?</p>
<p class="p1">A. +180</p>
<p class="p1">B. +315</p>
<p class="p1">C. +1800</p>
<p class="p1">D. +2637</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">The standard enthalpy changes for the combustion of carbon and carbon monoxide are shown below.</p>
<p class="p2">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{C(s)}} + {{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}}&{\Delta H_{\text{c}}^\Theta = - 394{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}} \\ {{\text{CO(g)}} + \frac{1}{2}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}}}&{\Delta H_{\text{c}}^\Theta = - 283{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}} \end{array}\]</p>
<p class="p1">What is the standard enthalpy change, in kJ, for the following reaction?</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{C(s)}} + \frac{1}{2}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{CO(g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>–677</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>–111</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+111</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+677</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which is true for a chemical reaction in which the products have a higher enthalpy than the reactants?</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-04_om_08.18.37.png" alt="N09/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/15"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which statement is correct for the enthalpy level diagram shown?</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-14_om_14.33.33.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ1/15"></p>
<p class="p1">A. The reaction is exothermic and the products are more stable than the reactants.</p>
<p class="p1">B. The reaction is exothermic and the sign of the enthalpy change is positive.</p>
<p class="p1">C. The reaction is endothermic and the sign of the enthalpy change is negative.</p>
<p class="p1">D. The reaction is endothermic and the products are more stable than the reactants.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which statement is correct for the reaction with this enthalpy level diagram?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-15_om_17.58.30.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ1/14"></p>
<p>A. Heat energy is released during the reaction and the reactants are more stable than the products.</p>
<p>B. Heat energy is absorbed during the reaction and the reactants are more stable than the products.</p>
<p>C. Heat energy is released during the reaction and the products are more stable than the reactants.</p>
<p>D. Heat energy is absorbed during the reaction and the products are more stable than the reactants.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which equation corresponds to the bond enthalpy of the H–I bond?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HI(g)}} \to \frac{1}{2}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} + \frac{1}{2}{{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HI(g)}} \to \frac{1}{2}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} + \frac{1}{2}{{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(s)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HI(g)}} \to {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(g)}} + {{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(g)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HI(g)}} \to {\text{H(g)}} + {\text{I(g)}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Consider the following equations.</p>
<p> \({\text{2Fe(s)}} + {\text{1}}\frac{1}{2}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{F}}{{\text{e}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(s) }}\) \(\Delta {{\text{H}}^\Theta } = x\)</p>
<p> \({\text{CO(g)}} + \frac{1}{2}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\) \(\Delta {{\text{H}}^\Theta } = y\)</p>
<p>What is the enthalpy change of the reaction below?</p>
<p>\[{\text{F}}{{\text{e}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{3CO(g)}} \to {\text{3C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2Fe(s)}}\]</p>
<p>A. \(3y - x\)</p>
<p>B. \(3y + x\)</p>
<p>C. \( - 3y - x\)</p>
<p>D. \( - 3y + x\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Use the average bond enthalpies below to calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ, for the following reaction.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {{\text{I}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{2HI(g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p2" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-04_om_08.30.14.png" alt="N09/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/17"></p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+290</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+10</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>–10</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>–290</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The enthalpy change for the reaction between zinc metal and copper(II) sulfate solution is \(-217{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). Which statement about this reaction is correct?</p>
<p>A. The reaction is endothermic and the temperature of the reaction mixture initially rises.</p>
<p>B. The reaction is endothermic and the temperature of the reaction mixture initially drops.</p>
<p>C. The reaction is exothermic and the temperature of the reaction mixture initially rises.</p>
<p>D. The reaction is exothermic and the temperature of the reaction mixture initially drops.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Consider the equations:</p>
<p class="p1">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(l)}}}&{\Delta {H^\Theta } = + 50.6{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}} \\ {{{\text{N}}_2}{{\text{H}}_4}({\text{l)}} \to {{\text{N}}_2}{{\text{H}}_4}({\text{g)}}}&{\Delta {H^\Theta } = + 44.8{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}} \end{array}\]</p>
<p class="p1">What is \({\Delta {H^\Theta }}\), in kJ, for the following reaction?</p>
<p class="p1">\[{{\text{N}}_2}({\text{g)}} + 2{{\text{H}}_2}({\text{g)}} \to {{\text{N}}_2}{{\text{H}}_4}({\text{g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\( - 95.4\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\( - 5.80\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\( + 5.80\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\( + 95.4\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which expression gives the enthalpy change, Δ<em>H</em>, for the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>A. Δ<em>H</em> = Δ<em>H</em><sub>1</sub> − Δ<em>H</em><sub>2</sub></p>
<p>B. Δ<em>H</em> = 2Δ<em>H</em><sub>1</sub> − Δ<em>H</em><sub>2</sub></p>
<p>C. Δ<em>H</em> = Δ<em>H</em><sub>1</sub> − 2Δ<em>H</em><sub>2</sub></p>
<p>D. Δ<em>H</em> = Δ<em>H</em><sub>1</sub> + Δ<em>H</em><sub>2</sub></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which enthalpy changes can be calculated using <strong>only </strong>bond enthalpy data?</p>
<p>I. \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{2N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(g)}}\)</p>
<p>II. \({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{5}}}{\text{OH(l)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{2C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(g)}}\)</p>
<p>III. \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{Cl(g)}} + {\text{HCl(g)}}\)</p>
<p>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
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<div class="column">What is the enthalpy of formation of ethyne, in kJmol<sup>−1</sup>, represented by the arrow <strong>Y</strong> on the diagram?</div>
<div class="column"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" 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" alt></div>
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<div class="column">A. −788−286+1301<br>B. −788−286−1301<br>C. +788+286−1301<br>D. +788+286+1301</div>
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<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The C=N bond has a bond length of 130 pm and an average bond enthalpy of 615kJmol<sup>-1</sup>. Which values would be most likely for the C-N bond?</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
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