File "SL-paper2.html"
Path: /IB QUESTIONBANKS/4 Fourth Edition - PAPER/HTML/Chemistry/Topic 4/SL-paper2html
File size: 332.26 KB
MIME-type: text/html
Charset: utf-8
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>IB Questionbank</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="css/application-746ec5d03ead8d9e8b3bb7d32173f2b4e2e22a05f0c5278e086ab55b3c9c238e.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="css/print-6da094505524acaa25ea39a4dd5d6130a436fc43336c0bb89199951b860e98e9.css">
<script src="js/application-3c91afd8a2942c18d21ed2700e1bdec14ada97f1d3788ae229315e1276d81453.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" async src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-MML-AM_CHTML-full"></script>
<!--[if lt IE 9]>
<script src='https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/html5shiv/3.7.3/html5shiv.min.js'></script>
<![endif]-->
<meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token">
<meta name="csrf-token" content="iHF+M3VlRFlNEehLVICYgYgqiF8jIFlzjGNjIwqOK9cFH3ZNdavBJrv/YQpz8vcspoICfQcFHW8kSsHnJsBwfg==">
<link href="favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon">
</head>
<body class="teacher questions-show">
<div class="navbar navbar-fixed-top">
<div class="navbar-inner">
<div class="container">
<div class="brand">
<div class="inner"><a href="http://ibo.org/">ibo.org</a></div>
</div>
<ul class="nav">
<li>
<a href="../../index.html">Home</a>
</li>
<li class="active dropdown">
<a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#">
Questionbanks
<b class="caret"></b>
</a><ul class="dropdown-menu">
<li>
<a href="../../geography.html" target="_blank">DP Geography</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="../../physics.html" target="_blank">DP Physics</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="../../chemistry.html" target="_blank">DP Chemistry</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="../../biology.html" target="_blank">DP Biology</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="../../furtherMath.html" target="_blank">DP Further Mathematics HL</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="../../mathHL.html" target="_blank">DP Mathematics HL</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="../../mathSL.html" target="_blank">DP Mathematics SL</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="../../mathStudies.html" target="_blank">DP Mathematical Studies</a>
</li>
</ul></li>
<!-- - if current_user.is_language_services? && !current_user.is_publishing? -->
<!-- %li= link_to "Language services", tolk_path -->
</ul>
<ul class="nav pull-right">
<li>
<a href="https://06082010.xyz">IB Documents (2) Team</a>
</li></ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page-content container">
<div class="row">
<div class="span24">
</div>
</div>
<div class="page-header">
<div class="row">
<div class="span16">
<p class="back-to-list">
</p>
</div>
<div class="span8" style="margin: 0 0 -19px 0;">
<img style="width: 100%;" class="qb_logo" src="images/logo.jpg" alt="Ib qb 46 logo">
</div>
</div>
</div><h2>SL Paper 2</h2><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the relative mass and charge of the subatomic particles of an atom.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-09_om_13.42.17.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/04.a"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Calculate the number of neutrons and electrons in one atom of \(^{{\text{65}}}{\text{Cu}}\).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Neutrons:</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Electrons:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) State one difference in the physical properties of the isotopes \(^{{\text{63}}}{\text{Cu}}\) and \(^{{\text{65}}}{\text{Cu}}\) and explain why their chemical properties are the same.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Physical:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Chemical:</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in solid copper.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two </strong>properties of copper that make it useful and economically important.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Graphite has a layered structure of carbon atoms. A section of the structure is shown below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-23_om_06.38.19.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/03"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the distance between adjacent carbon atoms within a layer is shorter than the distance between layers.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Graphite is used as a lubricant. Discuss <strong>two</strong> other uses of graphite with reference to its layered structure.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Ionic bonding and covalent bonding are two types of bonding.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Consider the molecules sulfur difluoride, \({\text{S}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{2}}}\), boron trifluoride, \({\text{B}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\), and phosphorus trichloride, \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Ionic bonding occurs in sodium chloride. Describe what is meant by the term <em>ionic bonding</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Sodium chloride has a lattice structure. Describe the lattice structure of sodium chloride including a suitable representative three-dimensional diagram. On the diagram, label each ion and distinguish between the different types of ions present using different sized spheres.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Ammonium phosphate is also an ionic compound, used in the manufacture of fertilizers. State the chemical formula of ammonium phosphate.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure and predict the shape of each molecule, using the valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR).</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-19_om_06.13.10.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/5.bi"></p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State and explain the F–S–F bond angle in SF<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce whether each of the three molecules is polar or non-polar, giving your reason in each case.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">SF<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">BF<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">PCl<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>:</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Using electronegativity values from Table 7 of the Data Booklet, state and explain which of the following compounds, IBr, BaCl<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>, CsI and HBr are ionic and which compounds are covalent.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">IBr:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">BaCl<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">CsI:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">HBr:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Lithium and boron are elements in period 2 of the periodic table. Lithium occurs in group 1 (the alkali metals) and boron occurs in group 3. Isotopes exist for both elements.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Every element has its own unique line emission spectrum.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Define the terms <em>atomic number</em>, <em>mass number </em>and <em>isotopes of an element</em>.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Atomic number:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Mass number:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Isotopes of an element:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Distinguish between the terms <em>group </em>and <em>period</em>.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Deduce the electron arrangements of the lithium ion, \({\text{L}}{{\text{i}}^ + }\), and the boron atom, B.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{L}}{{\text{i}}^ + }\):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">B:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Naturally occurring boron exists as two isotopes with mass numbers of 10 and 11. Calculate the percentage abundance of the lighter isotope, using this information and the relative atomic mass of boron in Table 5 of the Data Booklet.</p>
<p class="p1">v) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Lithium exists as two isotopes with mass numbers of 6 and 7. Deduce the number of protons, electrons and neutrons for each isotope.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-23_om_09.16.02.png" alt="N12/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/04.a"></p>
<div class="marks">[10]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) Distinguish between a <em>continuous spectrum </em>and a <em>line spectrum</em>.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) Draw a diagram to show the electron transitions between energy levels in a hydrogen atom that are responsible for the two series of lines in the ultraviolet and visible regions of the spectrum. Label your diagram to show <strong>three </strong>transitions for each series.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) Explain why metals are good conductors of electricity and why they are malleable.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) Iron is described as a transition metal. Identify the <strong>two </strong>most common ions of iron.</p>
<p class="p1">iii) Deduce the chemical formulas of lithium oxide and iron(II) oxide.</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Lithium oxide:</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Iron(II) oxide:</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Airbags are an important safety feature in vehicles. Sodium azide, potassium nitrate and silicon dioxide have been used in one design of airbag.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-03_om_14.35.39.png" alt="N11/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/01"></p>
<p class="p1">Sodium azide, a toxic compound, undergoes the following decomposition reaction under certain conditions.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{2Na}}{{\text{N}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(s)}} \to {\text{2Na(s)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">Two students looked at data in a simulated computer-based experiment to determine the volume of nitrogen generated in an airbag.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Using the simulation programme, the students entered the following data into the computer.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-03_om_15.10.05.png" alt="N11/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/01.b"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The chemistry of the airbag was found to involve three reactions. The first reaction involves the decomposition of sodium azide to form sodium and nitrogen. In the second reaction, potassium nitrate reacts with sodium.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{2KN}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{10Na(s)}} \to {{\text{K}}_2}{\text{O(s)}} + {\text{5N}}{{\text{a}}_2}{\text{O(s)}} + {{\text{N}}_2}{\text{(g)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">An airbag inflates very quickly.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Sodium azide involves ionic bonding, and metallic bonding is present in sodium. Describe ionic and metallic bonding.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the number of significant figures for the temperature, mass and pressure data.</p>
<p class="p1"><em>T</em>:</p>
<p class="p1"><em>m</em>:</p>
<p class="p1"><em>p</em>:</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the amount, in mol, of sodium azide present.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the volume of nitrogen gas, in \({\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), produced under these conditions based on this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Suggest why it is necessary for sodium to be removed by this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The metal oxides from the second reaction then react with silicon dioxide to form a silicate in the third reaction.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{{\text{K}}_2}{\text{O(s)}} + {\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_2}{\text{O(s)}} + {\text{Si}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(s)}} \to {\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_2}{{\text{K}}_2}{\text{Si}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(s)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">Draw the structure of silicon dioxide and state the type of bonding present.</p>
<p class="p1">Structure:</p>
<p class="p1">Bonding:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">It takes just 0.0400 seconds to produce nitrogen gas in the simulation. Calculate the average rate of formation of nitrogen in (b) (iii) and state its units.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The students also discovered that a small increase in temperature (<em>e.g. </em>10 °C) causes a large increase (<em>e.g. </em>doubling) in the rate of this reaction. State <strong>one </strong>reason for this.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">In December 2010, researchers in Sweden announced the synthesis of N,N–dinitronitramide, \({\text{N(N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{3}}}\). They speculated that this compound, more commonly called trinitramide, may have significant potential as an environmentally friendly rocket fuel oxidant.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Methanol reacts with trinitramide to form nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water. Deduce the coefficients required to balance the equation for this reaction.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;">___ \({\text{N(N}}{{\text{O}}_2}{{\text{)}}_3}{\text{(g)}} + \) ___ \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{OH(l)}} \to \) ___ \({{\text{N}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + \) ___ \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + \) ___ \({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\)</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the enthalpy change, in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), when one mole of trinitramide decomposes to its elements, using bond enthalpy data from Table 10 of the Data Booklet. Assume that all the N–O bonds in this molecule have a bond enthalpy of \({\text{305 kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Outline how the length of the N–N bond in trinitramide compares with the N–N bond in nitrogen gas, \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the N–N–N bond angle in trinitramide and explain your reasoning.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Predict, with an explanation, the polarity of the trinitramide molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Methanol can also be burnt as a fuel. Describe an experiment that would allow the molar enthalpy change of combustion to be calculated from the results.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain how the results of this experiment could be used to calculate the molar enthalpy change of combustion of methanol.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Predict, with an explanation, how the result obtained would compare with the value in Table 12 of the Data Booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Ammonia, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\), is a weak base.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Iron is more reactive than copper.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia and state the shape of the molecule and its bond angles.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The conjugate acid of ammonia is the ammonium ion, \({\text{NH}}_4^ + \). Draw the Lewis structure of the ammonium ion and deduce its shape and bond angles.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe <strong>two </strong>different properties that could be used to distinguish between a \({\text{1.00 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of a strong monoprotic acid and a \({\text{1.00 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of a weak monoprotic acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain, using the Brønsted-Lowry theory, how water can act either as an acid or a base. In <strong>each </strong>case identify the conjugate acid or base formed.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw a labelled diagram of a voltaic cell made from an \({\text{Fe(s)}}/{\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) half-cell connected to a \({\text{Cu(s)}}/{\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) half-cell. In your diagram identify the positive electrode (cathode), the negative electrode (anode) and the direction of electron flow in the external circuit.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the half-equations for the reactions taking place at the positive electrode (cathode) and negative electrode (anode) of this voltaic cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the overall equation for the reaction taking place in the voltaic cell and determine which species acts as the oxidizing agent and which species has been reduced.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Predict the shape and bond angles for the following species:</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Ethanoic acid, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\), is a weak acid.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the Lewis structures for carbon monoxide, CO, carbon dioxide, \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) and methanol, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{OH}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">List, with an explanation, the three compounds in order of increasing carbon to oxygen bond length (shortest first).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{CO}}_3^{2 - }\)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{BF}}_4^ - \)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define a Brønsted-Lowry acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the two acids and their conjugate bases in the following reaction:</p>
<p class="p1">\[{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} + {\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{(aq)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{NH}}_4^ + {\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>weak acid </em>and state the equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Vinegar, which contains ethanoic acid, can be used to clean deposits of calcium carbonate from the elements of electric kettles. State the equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with calcium carbonate.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Methoxymethane, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{OC}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\), and ethanol, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{5}}}{\text{OH}}\), have the same relative molecular mass. Explain why methoxymethane has a much lower boiling point than ethanol.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Biodiesel makes use of plants’ ability to fix atmospheric carbon by photosynthesis. Many companies and individuals are now using biodiesel as a fuel in order to reduce their carbon footprint. Biodiesel can be synthesized from vegetable oil according to the following reaction.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-16_om_07.10.38.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The reversible arrows in the equation indicate that the production of biodiesel is an equilibrium process.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the organic functional group present in both vegetable oil and biodiesel.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">For part of her extended essay investigation into the efficiency of the process, a student reacted a pure sample of a vegetable oil (where \({\text{R}} = {{\text{C}}_{{\text{17}}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{33}}}}\)) with methanol. The raw data recorded for the reaction is below.</p>
<p class="p2">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{Mass of oil}}}&{ = 1013.0{\text{ g}}} \\ {{\text{Mass of methanol}}}&{ = 200.0{\text{ g}}} \\ {{\text{Mass of sodium hydroxide}}}&{ = 3.5{\text{ g}}} \\ {{\text{Mass of biodiesel produced}}}&{ = 811.0{\text{ g}}} \end{array}\]</p>
<p class="p1">The relative molecular mass of the oil used by the student is 885.6. Calculate the amount (in moles) of the oil and the methanol used, and hence the amount (in moles) of excess methanol.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State what is meant by the term <em>dynamic equilibrium</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Using the abbreviations [vegetable oil], [methanol], [glycerol] and [biodiesel] deduce the equilibrium constant expression \({\text{(}}{K_{\text{c}}}{\text{)}}\) for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Suggest a reason why excess methanol is used in this process.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State and explain the effect that the addition of the sodium hydroxide catalyst will have on the position of equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The reactants had to be stirred vigorously because they formed two distinct layers in the reaction vessel. Explain why they form two distinct layers and why stirring increases the rate of reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the percentage yield of biodiesel obtained in this process.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Group 7 of the periodic table contains a number of reactive elements such as chlorine, bromine and iodine.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Bleaches in which chlorine is the active ingredient are the most common, although some environmental groups have concerns about their use. In aqueous chlorine the equilibrium below produces chloric(I) acid (hypochlorous acid), HOCl, the active bleach.</p>
<p>\[{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{HOCl (aq)}} + {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Aqueous sodium chlorate(I), NaOCl, the most common active ingredient in chlorine based bleaches, oxidizes coloured materials to colourless products while being reduced to the chloride ion. It will also oxidize sulfur dioxide to the sulfate ion.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Describe the colour change that occurs when aqueous chlorine is added to aqueous sodium bromide.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Outline, with the help of a chemical equation, why this reaction occurs.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The colour change in the reaction between aqueous chlorine and aqueous sodium iodide is very similar, but it differs with an excess of aqueous chlorine. Describe the appearance of the reaction mixture when <strong>excess </strong>aqueous chlorine has been added to aqueous sodium iodide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Chloric(I) acid is a weak acid, but hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. Outline how this is indicated in the equation above.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State a balanced equation for the reaction of chloric(I) acid with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, in terms of the equilibrium above, why it is dangerous to use an acidic toilet cleaner in combination with this kind of bleach.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why a covalent molecule, such as chloric(I) acid, is readily soluble in water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of chloric(I) acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the H–O–Cl bond angle in this molecule and explain this in terms of the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Deduce the coefficients required to balance the half-equations given below.</p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: center;">___ \({\text{Cl}}{{\text{O}}^ - } + \) ___ \({{\text{H}}^ + } + \) ___ \({{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons \) ___ \({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} + \) ___ \({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }\)</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">___ \({\text{SO}}_4^{2 - }\) ___ \({{\text{H}}^ + } + \) ___ \({{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons \) ___ \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_2} + \) ___ \({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}\)</p>
<p>(ii) State the initial and final oxidation numbers of both chlorine and sulfur in the equations in part (i).</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-17_om_12.00.52.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/04.d.ii"></p>
<p>(iii) Use the half-equations to deduce the balanced equation for the reaction between the chlorate(I) ion and sulfur dioxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Arsenic and nitrogen play a significant role in environmental chemistry. Arsenous acid, H<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>AsO<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>, can be found in oxygen-poor (anaerobic) water, and nitrogen-containing fertilizers can contaminate water.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Nitric acid, HNO<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>, is strong and nitrous acid, HNO<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>, is weak.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Define <em>oxidation </em>and <em>reduction </em>in terms of electron loss or gain.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Oxidation:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Reduction:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Deduce the oxidation numbers of arsenic and nitrogen in each of the following species.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{A}}{{\text{s}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{NO}}_3^ - \):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{As}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Distinguish between the terms <em>oxidizing agent </em>and <em>reducing agent</em>.</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>In the removal of arsenic from contaminated groundwater, \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{As}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) is often first oxidized to arsenic acid, \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{As}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">The following <strong>unbalanced </strong>redox reaction shows another method of forming \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{As}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{A}}{{\text{s}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{NO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}} \to {{\text{H}}_3}{\text{As}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{N}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">Deduce the balanced redox equation in <strong>acid</strong>, and then identify both the oxidizing and reducing agents.</p>
<div class="marks">[9]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define an <em>acid </em>according to the Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis theories.</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Brønsted–Lowry theory:</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Lewis theory:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The Lewis (electron dot) structure of nitrous acid is given below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-23_om_12.10.34.png" alt="N12/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/05.b.ii"></p>
<p class="p1">Identify which nitrogen-oxygen bond is the shorter.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the approximate value of the hydrogen-oxygen-nitrogen bond angle in nitrous acid and explain your answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Distinguish between a <em>strong acid </em>and a <em>weak acid </em>in terms of their dissociation in aqueous solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Ammonia, NH<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>, is a weak base. Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of NH<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>. State the name of the shape of the molecule and explain why NH<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>is a polar molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">When lime was added to a sample of soil, the pH changed from 5 to 7. Calculate the <strong>factor </strong>by which the hydrogen ion concentration changes.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">One common nitrogen-containing fertilizer is ammonium sulfate. State its chemical formula.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A class studied the equilibrium established when ethanoic acid and ethanol react together in the presence of a strong acid, using propanone as an inert solvent. The equation is given below.</p>
<p>\[{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}} + {{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{5}}}{\text{OH}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COO}}{{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{5}}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\]</p>
<p>One group made the following <strong>initial mixture</strong>:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-17_om_07.42.39.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/01"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>After one week, a \(5.00 \pm 0.05{\text{ c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) sample of the final equilibrium mixture was pipetted out and titrated with \({\text{0.200 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 2}}\) aqueous sodium hydroxide to determine the amount of ethanoic acid remaining. The following titration results were obtained:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-17_om_07.59.45.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/01.d"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The density of ethanoic acid is \({\text{1.05 g}}\,{\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\). Determine the amount, in mol, of ethanoic acid present in the initial mixture.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The hydrochloric acid does not appear in the balanced equation for the reaction. State its function.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the liquid whose volume has the greatest percentage uncertainty.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Calculate the absolute uncertainty of the titre for Titration 1 (\({\text{27.60 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\)).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Suggest the average volume of alkali, required to neutralize the \({\text{5.00 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) sample, that the student should use.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) \({\text{23.00 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of this \({\text{0.200 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) aqueous sodium hydroxide reacted with the ethanoic acid in the \({\text{5.00 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) sample. Determine the amount, in mol, of ethanoic acid present in the \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of final equilibrium mixture.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Referring back to your answer for part (a), calculate the percentage of ethanoic acid converted to ethyl ethanoate.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how you could establish that the system had reached equilibrium at the end of one week.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why changing the temperature has only a very small effect on the value of the equilibrium constant for this equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how adding some ethyl ethanoate to the initial mixture would affect the amount of ethanoic acid converted to product.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Propanone is used as the solvent because one compound involved in the equilibrium is insoluble in water. Identify this compound and explain why it is insoluble in water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">j.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>one</strong> other reason why using water as a solvent would make the experiment less successful.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">k.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Consider the following three organic compounds: butane, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\); propanal, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{CHO}}\); and ethanoic acid, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the order of <strong>increasing</strong> solubility in water of the three compounds.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain your reasoning.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Iron rusts in the presence of oxygen and water. Rusting is a redox process involving several steps that produces hydrated iron(III) oxide, \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}} \bullet {\text{n}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\), as the final product.</p>
<p>The half-equations involved for the first step of rusting are given below.</p>
<p> Half-equation 1: \({\text{Fe(s)}} \to {\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - }\)</p>
<p> Half-equation 2: \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{4}}{{\text{e}}^ - } + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \to {\text{4O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A voltaic cell is made from a half-cell containing a magnesium electrode in a solution of magnesium nitrate and a half-cell containing a silver electrode in a solution of silver(I) nitrate.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-23_om_10.08.47.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/08.c"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Hydrogen peroxide decomposes according to the equation below.</p>
<p>\[{\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} + {{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\]</p>
<p>The rate of the decomposition can be monitored by measuring the volume of oxygen gas released. The graph shows the results obtained when a solution of hydrogen peroxide decomposed in the presence of a CuO catalyst.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-23_om_10.25.17.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/08.e"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Identify whether half-equation 1 represents oxidation or reduction, giving a reason for your answer.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Identify the oxidation number of each atom in the three species in half-equation 2.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-23_om_09.41.52.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/08.a.ii"></p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) Deduce the overall redox equation for the first step of rusting by combining half-equations 1 and 2.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) Identify the reducing agent in the redox equation in part (iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The oxygen in half-equation 2 is atmospheric oxygen that is found dissolved in water in very small concentrations. Explain, in terms of intermolecular forces, why oxygen is not very soluble in water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Given that magnesium is more reactive than silver, deduce the half-equations for the reactions occurring at each electrode, including state symbols.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Negative electrode (anode):</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Positive electrode (cathode):</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Outline <strong>one </strong>function of the salt bridge.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State the property that determines the order in which elements are arranged in the periodic table.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) State the relationship between the electron arrangement of an element and its group and period in the periodic table.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) The experiment is repeated with the same amount of a more effective catalyst, \({\text{Mn}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\), under the same conditions and using the same concentration and volume of hydrogen peroxide. On the graph above, sketch the curve you would expect.</p>
<p>(ii) Outline how the initial rate of reaction can be found from the graph.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) Outline a different experimental procedure that can be used to monitor the decomposition rate of hydrogen peroxide.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) A Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curve is drawn below. Label both axes and explain, by annotating the graph, how catalysts increase the rate of reaction.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-23_om_10.32.00.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/08.e.iv"></p>
<div class="marks">[7]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Bonds can be formed in many ways.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The landing module for the Apollo mission used rocket fuel made from a mixture of hydrazine, N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>, and dinitrogen tetraoxide, N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(l) + N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(l) → 3N<sub>2</sub>(g) + 4H<sub>2</sub>O(g)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State and explain the difference in bond strength between the nitrogen atoms in a hydrazine and nitrogen molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State why hydrazine has a higher boiling point than dinitrogen tetraoxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the oxidation state of nitrogen in the two reactants.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce, giving a reason, which species is the reducing agent.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structures of ozone.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of chloromethane.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the shape of the chloromethane molecule and the H–C–H bond angle.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Shape:</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Bond angle:</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why chloromethane is a polar molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Methanol has a lower molar mass than chloromethane. Explain why the boiling point of methanol is higher than that of chloromethane.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equation for the reaction between potassium and chlorine.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the nature of the metallic bonding present in potassium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the covalent bond present in the chlorine molecule and how it is formed.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the ionic bonding present in potassium chloride and how the ions are formed.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Potassium also reacts with water to form hydrogen gas. Determine the volume, in \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), of hydrogen gas that could theoretically be produced at 273 K and \(1.01 \times {10^5}{\text{ Pa}}\) when 0.0587 g of potassium reacts with excess water.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the acid-base character of the oxides of each of the elements from sodium to chlorine in period 3.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equations for the separate reactions of sodium oxide and phosphorus(V) oxide with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Across period 3, elements increase in atomic number, decrease in atomic radius and increase in electronegativity.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Define the term <em>electronegativity</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the atomic radius of elements decreases across the period.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equations for the reactions of sodium oxide with water and phosphorus(V) oxide with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest the pH of the solutions formed in part (c) (i).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe <strong>three </strong>tests that can be carried out in the laboratory, and the expected results, to distinguish between \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ HCl(aq)}}\) and \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH(aq)}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain whether BF<sub>3</sub> can act as a Brønsted-Lowry acid, a Lewis acid or both.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding and structure of sodium chloride.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the formula of the compounds formed between the elements below.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Sodium and sulfur:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Magnesium and phosphorus:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Covalent bonds form when phosphorus reacts with chlorine to form \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\). Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure, the shape and bond angle in \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and explain why the molecule is polar.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Lewis (electron dot) structure:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Name of shape:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Bond angle:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Explanation of polarity of molecule:</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Both sodium and sodium chloride can conduct electricity.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: left;"> </p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Compare how electric current passes through sodium and sodium chloride by completing the table below.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-14_om_17.26.11.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/03.a"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Sodium can be obtained by electrolysis from molten sodium chloride. Describe, using a diagram, the essential components of this electrolytic cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Phosphine (IUPAC name phosphane) is a hydride of phosphorus, with the formula PH<sub>3</sub>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of phosphine.</p>
<p>(ii) Outline whether you expect the bonds in phosphine to be polar or non-polar, giving a brief reason.</p>
<p>(iii) Explain why the phosphine molecule is not planar.</p>
<p>(iv) Phosphine has a much greater molar mass than ammonia. Explain why phosphine has a significantly lower boiling point than ammonia.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Phosphine is usually prepared by heating white phosphorus, one of the allotropes of phosphorus, with concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide. The equation for the reaction is:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">P4 (s) + 3OH<sup>−</sup> (aq) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → PH<sub>3</sub> (g) + 3H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq)</p>
<p>(i) Identify one other element that has allotropes and list <strong>two</strong> of its allotropes.</p>
<p>Element:</p>
<p>Allotrope 1:</p>
<p>Allotrope 2:</p>
<p>(ii) The first reagent is written as P<sub>4</sub>, not 4P. Describe the difference between P<sub>4</sub> and 4P.</p>
<p>(iii) The ion H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> is amphiprotic. Outline what is meant by amphiprotic, giving the formulas of both species it is converted to when it behaves in this manner.</p>
<p>(iv) State the oxidation state of phosphorus in P<sub>4</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>.</p>
<p>P<sub>4</sub>:</p>
<p>H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>:</p>
<p>(v) Oxidation is now defined in terms of change of oxidation number. Explore how earlier definitions of oxidation and reduction may have led to conflicting answers for the conversion of P<sub>4</sub> to H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> and the way in which the use of oxidation numbers has resolved this.</p>
<div class="marks">[10]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>2.478 g of white phosphorus was used to make phosphine according to the equation:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">P<sub>4</sub>(s) +3OH<sup>−</sup>(aq)+3H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → PH<sub>3</sub>(g)+3H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>(aq)</p>
<p>(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of white phosphorus used.</p>
<p>(ii) This phosphorus was reacted with 100.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 5.00 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous sodium hydroxide. Deduce, showing your working, which was the limiting reagent.</p>
<p>(iii) Determine the excess amount, in mol, of the other reagent.</p>
<p>(iv) Determine the volume of phosphine, measured in cm<sup>3</sup> at standard temperature and pressure, that was produced.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">PF<sub>3</sub>, SF<sub><span class="s1">2 </span></sub>and SiF<sub><span class="s1">4 </span></sub>have different shapes. Draw their Lewis structures and use the VSEPR theory to predict the name of the shape of each molecule.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-05_om_14.31.53.png" alt="N09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/02"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between molecules.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Consider the compounds \({{\text{(C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{NH}}\) and \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the intermolecular forces present in hydrogen iodide in the liquid state, HI(l).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the full structural formula for both compounds, showing <strong>all </strong>the bonds present.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;">\({{\text{(C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{NH}}\)\(\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \)\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State and explain which compound can form hydrogen bonds <strong>with water</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw a diagram showing the resulting hydrogen bonds between water and the compound chosen in (ii).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Phosphorus tribromide (\({\text{PB}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{3}}}\)) is used to manufacture alprazolam, a drug used to treat anxiety disorders. Methanal (HCHO) is used as a disinfectant.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Consider the following reaction sequence:</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-03_om_15.27.59.png" alt="N11/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/05.d"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between sodium and sulfur. State the electron arrangements of the reactants and product, and explain whether sulfur is oxidized or reduced.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the acid-base character of the oxides of the period 3 elements, Na to Cl. For the compounds sodium oxide and phosphorus(V) oxide, state the balanced chemical equations for the reaction of each oxide with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">For each of the species \({\text{PB}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{3}}}\) and HCHO:</p>
<p class="p1">• <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>deduce the Lewis structure.</p>
<p class="p1">• <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>predict the shape and bond angle.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why \({\text{PB}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{3}}}\) is a polar molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the name of <strong>A</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the redox behaviour of chromium with reference to oxidation numbers in the conversion of <strong>B </strong>to <strong>C</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>oxidizing agent </em>and identify the oxidizing agent in the following</p>
<p class="p1">reaction.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{8}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{IO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}} + {\text{4}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Chloroethene, C<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>H<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>Cl, is an important organic compound used to manufacture the polymer poly(chloroethene).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the Lewis structure for chloroethene and predict the H–C–Cl bond angle.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw a section of poly(chloroethene) containing six carbon atoms.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Outline why the polymerization of alkenes is of economic importance and why the disposal of plastics is a problem.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Chloroethene can be converted to ethanol in two steps. For each step deduce an overall equation for the reaction taking place.</p>
<p class="p1">Step 1:</p>
<p class="p1">Step 2:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the reagents and conditions necessary to prepare ethanoic acid from ethanol in the laboratory.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction of ethanoic acid with water. Identify a Brønsted-Lowry acid in the equation and its conjugate base.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>isotopes</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A sample of silicon contains three isotopes.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-19_om_12.45.06.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/07.a.ii"></p>
<p class="p1">Calculate the relative atomic mass of silicon using this data.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the structure and bonding in silicon dioxide and carbon dioxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the Lewis structure of NH<span class="s1">3</span>, state its shape and deduce and explain the H–N–H bond angle in \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The graph below shows the boiling points of the hydrides of group 5. Discuss the variation in the boiling points.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-19_om_12.58.00.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/07.b.ii"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain, using diagrams, why CO and \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) are polar molecules but \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is a non-polar molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A sample of magnesium contains three isotopes: magnesium-24, magnesium-25 and magnesium-26, with abundances of 77.44%, 10.00% and 12.56% respectively.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Phosphorus(V) oxide, \({{\text{P}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{10}}}}{\text{ }}({M_{\text{r}}} = 283.88)\), reacts vigorously with water \(({M_{\text{r}}} = 18.02)\), according to the equation below.</p>
<p>\[{{\text{P}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{10}}}}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{6}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \to {\text{4}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of magnesium correct to <strong>two</strong> decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the relative atomic radii of the three magnesium isotopes, giving your reasons.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in magnesium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State an equation for the reaction of magnesium oxide with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A student added 5.00 g of \({{\text{P}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{10}}}}\) to 1.50 g of water. Determine the limiting reactant, showing your working.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the mass of phosphoric(V) acid, \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\), formed in the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State a balanced equation for the reaction of aqueous \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\) with excess aqueous sodium hydroxide, including state symbols.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the formula of the conjugate base of \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Deduce the Lewis structure of \({\text{PH}}_4^ + \).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Predict, giving a reason, the bond angle around the phosphorus atom in \({\text{PH}}_4^ + \).</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) Predict whether or not the P–H bond is polar, giving a reason for your choice.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The element boron has two naturally occurring isotopes, \(^{{\text{10}}}{\text{B}}\) and \(^{{\text{11}}}{\text{B}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>isotopes of an element</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the percentage abundance of <strong>each </strong>isotope, given that the relative atomic mass of B is 10.81.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the Lewis structures of \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\) and \({\text{B}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad {\text{B}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\]</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe how covalent bonds are formed.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Compare the shapes of the two molecules and explain the difference using valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR).</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><span class="s1">Predict and explain whether the molecules </span>\({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\) <span class="s1">and </span>\({\text{B}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\) <span class="s1">are polar molecules.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The concentration of a solution of a weak acid, such as ethanedioic acid, can be determined<br>by titration with a standard solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Distinguish between a weak acid and a strong acid.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Weak acid:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Strong acid:</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why it is more convenient to express acidity using the pH scale instead of using the concentration of hydrogen ions.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>5.00 g of an impure sample of hydrated ethanedioic acid, (COOH)<sub>2</sub>•2H<sub>2</sub>O, was dissolved in water to make 1.00 dm<sup>3</sup> of solution. 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> samples of this solution were titrated against a 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution of sodium hydroxide using a suitable indicator.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">(COOH)<sub>2</sub> (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) → (COONa)<sub>2</sub> (aq) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
<p>The mean value of the titre was 14.0 cm<sup>3</sup>.</p>
<p>(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of NaOH in 14.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution.</p>
<p>(ii) Calculate the amount, in mol, of ethanedioic acid in each 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> sample.</p>
<p>(iii) Determine the percentage purity of the hydrated ethanedioic acid sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The Lewis (electron dot) structure of the ethanedioate ion is shown below.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>Outline why all the C–O bond lengths in the ethanedioate ion are the same length and suggest a value for them. Use section 10 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Aspirin, one of the most widely used drugs in the world, can be prepared according to the equation given below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-19_om_08.15.13.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/01"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">A student reacted some salicylic acid with excess ethanoic anhydride. Impure solid aspirin was obtained by filtering the reaction mixture. Pure aspirin was obtained by recrystallization. The following table shows the data recorded by the student.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-19_om_08.18.46.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/01.b"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the names of the <strong>three </strong>organic functional groups in aspirin.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the amount, in mol, of salicylic acid, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{6}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(OH)COOH}}\), used.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the theoretical yield, in g, of aspirin, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{6}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(OCOC}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{)COOH}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the percentage yield of pure aspirin.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the number of significant figures associated with the mass of pure aspirin obtained, and calculate the percentage uncertainty associated with this mass.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Another student repeated the experiment and obtained an experimental yield of 150%. The teacher checked the calculations and found no errors. Comment on the result.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The following is a three-dimensional computer-generated representation of aspirin.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-19_om_09.08.18.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/01.b.vi_1"></p>
<p class="p1">A third student measured selected bond lengths in aspirin, using this computer program and reported the following data.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-19_om_09.09.34.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/01.b.vi_2"></p>
<p class="p1">The following hypothesis was suggested by the student: “<em>Since all the measured </em><em>carbon-carbon bond lengths are equal, all the carbon-oxygen bond lengths must </em><em>also be equal in aspirin. Therefore, the C8–O4 bond length must be 1.4 </em>\( \times \)<em> 10</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>–10 </em></span></sup><em>m</em>”. Comment on whether or not this is a valid hypothesis.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The other product of the reaction is ethanoic acid, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\). Define an acid according to the Brønsted-Lowry theory and state the conjugate base of \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">Brønsted-Lowry definition of an acid:</p>
<p class="p1">Conjugate base of \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Periodic trends enable chemists to predict the behaviour of related compounds.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Chlorine gas, \({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\), is bubbled through separate solutions of aqueous bromine, \({\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}}\), and potassium bromide, \({\text{KBr(aq)}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The hydrogen halides do not show perfect periodicity. A bar chart of boiling points shows that the boiling point of hydrogen fluoride, HF, is much higher than periodic trends would indicate.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-16_om_15.00.41.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/05.c"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>\({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) and \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) are two oxides of period 3 elements.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State the equation for the reaction of sodium metal with water.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Describe <strong>two </strong>changes that could be observed during the reaction.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) Predict the relative reaction rates of lithium, sodium and potassium with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Predict any changes that may be observed in each case.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>\({\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}}\):</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>\({\text{KBr(aq)}}\):</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) State the half-equations for the reactions that occur.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Explain why the boiling point of HF is much higher than the boiling points of the other hydrogen halides.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Explain the trend in the boiling points of HCl, HBr and HI.</p>
<div class="marks">[[N/A]]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the ionic radius of a chloride ion is greater than the atomic radius of a chlorine atom.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) does not conduct electricity in the solid state but it does when molten. Pure \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) does not conduct electricity in either the solid or liquid states.</p>
<p>Explain these facts.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the acid-base natures of \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) and \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State equations for the reactions of \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) and \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Consider the following reactions.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-03_om_15.38.14.png" alt="N11/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/07.b"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">An important environmental consideration is the appropriate disposal of cleaning solvents. An environmental waste treatment company analysed a cleaning solvent, <strong>J</strong>, and found it to contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and chlorine only. The chemical composition of <strong>J </strong>was determined using different analytical chemistry techniques.</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Combustion Reaction:</em></p>
<p class="p1">Combustion of 1.30 g of <strong>J </strong>gave 0.872 g \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) and 0.089 g \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\).</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Precipitation Reaction with AgNO</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>3</em></span></sub><em>(aq):</em></p>
<p class="p1">0.535 g of <strong>J </strong>gave 1.75 g AgCl precipitate.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">One example of a homologous series is the alcohols. Describe <strong>two </strong>features of a homologous series.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The IUPAC name of <strong>X </strong>is 4-methylpentan-1-ol. State the IUPAC names of <strong>Y </strong>and <strong>Z</strong>.</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>Y</strong>:</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>Z</strong>:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the reagents and reaction conditions used to convert <strong>X </strong>to <strong>Y </strong>and <strong>X </strong>to <strong>Z</strong>.</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>X </strong>to <strong>Y</strong>:</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>X </strong>to <strong>Z</strong>:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><strong>Z </strong>is an example of a weak acid. State what is meant by the term <em>weak acid</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Discuss the volatility of <strong>Y </strong>compared to <strong>Z</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the percentage by mass of carbon and hydrogen in <strong>J</strong>, using the combustion data.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the percentage by mass of chlorine in <strong>J</strong>, using the precipitation data.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The molar mass was determined to be \({\text{131.38 g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). Deduce the molecular formula of <strong>J</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Alkenes are an economically and chemically important family of organic compounds.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The reaction of alkenes with bromine water provides a test for unsaturation in the laboratory. Describe the colour change when bromine water is added to chloroethene.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the Lewis structure of chloroethene and identify the formula of the repeating unit of the polymer poly(chloroethene).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Deduce the structural formulas of the <strong>two </strong>alcohol isomers of molecular formula \({{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{8}}}{\text{O}}\). Name each isomer and identify each as either a primary or a secondary alcohol.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Oxidation of the alcohol isomers lead to the formation of different organic products. Determine the structures of the organic products formed from the oxidation of each alcohol isomer in (c) (i) above and list the conditions required to obtain the different products.</p>
<div class="marks">[8]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Carbon and silicon belong to the same group of the periodic table.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Both silicon and carbon form oxides.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the period numbers of both carbon and silicon.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe and compare <strong>three </strong>features of the structure and bonding in the three allotropes of carbon: diamond, graphite and \({{\text{C}}_{{\text{60}}}}\) fullerene.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the Lewis structure of \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) and predict its shape and bond angle.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the structure and bonding in \({\text{Si}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why silicon dioxide is a solid and carbon dioxide is a gas at room temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the bonding within the carbon monoxide molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Silicon has three stable isotopes, \(^{{\text{28}}}{\text{Si}}\), \(^{{\text{29}}}{\text{Si}}\) and \(^{{\text{30}}}{\text{Si}}\). The heaviest isotope, \(^{{\text{30}}}{\text{Si}}\), has a percentage abundance of 3.1%. Calculate the percentage abundance of the lightest isotope to one decimal place.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>0.100 g of magnesium ribbon is added to \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{1.00 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sulfuric acid to produce hydrogen gas and magnesium sulfate.</p>
<p>\[{\text{Mg(s)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(aq)}} \to {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{MgS}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Magnesium sulfate can exist in either the hydrated form or in the anhydrous form. Two students wished to determine the enthalpy of hydration of anhydrous magnesium sulfate. They measured the initial and the highest temperature reached when anhydrous magnesium sulfate, \({\text{MgS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(s)}}\), was dissolved in water. They presented their results in the following table.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-16_om_10.27.16.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01.0b"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The students repeated the experiment using 6.16 g of solid hydrated magnesium sulfate, \({\text{MgS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}} \bullet {\text{7}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(s)}}\), and \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of water. They found the enthalpy change, \(\Delta {H_2}\), to be \( + 18{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\).</p>
<p>The enthalpy of hydration of solid anhydrous magnesium sulfate is difficult to determine experimentally, but can be determined using the diagram below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-16_om_11.08.23.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01.c"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Magnesium sulfate is one of the products formed when acid rain reacts with dolomitic limestone. This limestone is a mixture of magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) The graph shows the volume of hydrogen produced against time under these experimental conditions.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-16_om_10.18.50.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01.a"></p>
<p>Sketch two curves, labelled <strong>I</strong> and <strong>II</strong>, to show how the volume of hydrogen produced (under the same temperature and pressure) changes with time when:</p>
<p>I. using the same mass of magnesium powder instead of a piece of magnesium ribbon;</p>
<p>II. 0.100 g of magnesium ribbon is added to \({\text{50 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.500 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sulfuric acid.</p>
<p>(ii) Outline why it is better to measure the volume of hydrogen produced against time rather than the loss of mass of reactants against time.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of anhydrous magnesium sulfate.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change, \(\Delta {H_1}\), for anhydrous magnesium sulfate dissolving in water, in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). State your answer to the correct number of significant figures.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Determine the enthalpy change, \(\Delta H\), in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), for the hydration of solid anhydrous magnesium sulfate, \({\text{MgS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\).</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) The literature value for the enthalpy of hydration of anhydrous magnesium sulfate is \( - 103{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). Calculate the percentage difference between the literature value and the value determined from experimental results, giving your answer to <strong>one</strong> decimal place. (If you did not obtain an answer for the experimental value in (c)(i) then use the value of \( - 100{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), but this is <strong>not</strong> the correct value.)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Another group of students experimentally determined an enthalpy of hydration of \( - 95{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). Outline two reasons which may explain the variation between the experimental and literature values.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State the equation for the reaction of sulfuric acid with magnesium carbonate.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the carbonate ion, giving the shape and the oxygen-carbon-oxygen bond angle.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Lewis (electron dot) structure:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Shape:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Bond angle:</p>
<div class="marks">[[N/A]]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Explain why:</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>first ionization energy</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why the first ionization energy of magnesium is higher than that of sodium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">calcium has a higher melting point than potassium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">sodium oxide has a higher melting point than sulfur trioxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the terms <em>acid </em>and <em>base </em>according to the Brønsted-Lowry theory <strong>and </strong>state <strong>one </strong>example of a weak acid and <strong>one </strong>example of a strong base.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe <strong>two </strong>different methods, one chemical and one physical, other than measuring the pH, that could be used to distinguish between ethanoic acid and hydrochloric acid solutions of the same concentration.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Black coffee has a pH of 5 and toothpaste has a pH of 8. Identify which is more acidic <strong>and </strong>deduce how many times the \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\) is greater in the more acidic product.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Samples of sodium oxide and sulfur trioxide are added to separate beakers of water. Deduce the equation for <strong>each </strong>reaction <strong>and </strong>identify each oxide as acidic, basic or neutral.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">An organic compound, <strong>X</strong>, with a molar mass of approximately \({\text{88 g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\) contains 54.5% carbon, 36.3% oxygen and 9.2% hydrogen by mass.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) Distinguish between the terms <em>empirical formula </em>and <em>molecular formula</em>.</p>
<p class="p1">Empirical formula:</p>
<p class="p1">Molecular formula:</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) Determine the empirical formula of <strong>X</strong>.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) Determine the molecular formula of <strong>X</strong>.</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <strong>X </strong>is a straight-chain carboxylic acid. Draw its structural formula.</p>
<p class="p1">(v) Draw the structural formula of an isomer of <strong>X </strong>which is an ester.</p>
<p class="p1">(vi) The carboxylic acid contains two different carbon-oxygen bonds. Identify which bond is stronger and which bond is longer.</p>
<p class="p1">Stronger bond:</p>
<p class="p1">Longer bond:</p>
<div class="marks">[9]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State and explain which of propan-1-ol, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{OH}}\), and methoxyethane, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{OC}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\), is more volatile.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Propan-1-ol, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{OH}}\), and hexan-l-ol, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{(C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{)}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{OH}}\), are both alcohols. State and explain which compound is more soluble in water.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Graphite is used as a lubricant and is an electrical conductor. Diamond is hard and does not conduct electricity. Explain these statements in terms of the structure and bonding of these allotropes of carbon.</p>
<p class="p1">Graphite:</p>
<p class="p1">Diamond:</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Urea, (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO, is excreted by mammals and can be used as a fertilizer.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in urea to two decimal places using section 6 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest how the percentage of nitrogen affects the cost of transport of fertilizers giving a reason.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The structural formula of urea is shown.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-09_om_13.51.02.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01.b_01"></p>
<p>Predict the electron domain and molecular geometries at the nitrogen and carbon atoms, applying the VSEPR theory.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-09_om_13.52.37.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01.b_02"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Urea can be made by reacting potassium cyanate, KNCO, with ammonium chloride, NH<sub>4</sub>Cl.</p>
<p>                   KNCO(aq) + NH<sub>4</sub>Cl(aq) → (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO(aq) + KCl(aq)</p>
<p>Determine the maximum mass of urea that could be formed from 50.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> potassium cyanate solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Urea can also be made by the direct combination of ammonia and carbon dioxide gases.</p>
<p>                  2NH<sub>3</sub>(g) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g) \( \rightleftharpoons \) (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(g)   Δ<em>H </em>< 0</p>
<p>Predict, with a reason, the effect on the equilibrium constant, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, when the temperature is increased.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest one reason why urea is a solid and ammonia a gas at room temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch <strong>two </strong>different hydrogen bonding interactions between ammonia and water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The combustion of urea produces water, carbon dioxide and nitrogen.</p>
<p>Formulate a balanced equation for the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The mass spectrum of urea is shown below.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-09_om_14.15.23.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01.g_01"></p>
<p>Identify the species responsible for the peaks at <em>m</em>/<em>z </em>= 60 and 44.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>Â </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The IR spectrum of urea is shown below.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-09_om_14.21.30.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01.h_01"></p>
<p>Identify the bonds causing the absorptions at 3450 cm<sup>−1</sup> and 1700 cm<sup>−1</sup> using section 26 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>Â </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the number of signals in the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of urea.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Two hydrides of nitrogen are ammonia and hydrazine, N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>. One derivative of ammonia is methanamine whose molecular structure is shown below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-22_om_18.03.06.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/04"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Hydrazine is used to remove oxygen from water used to generate steam or hot water.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(aq) + O<sub>2</sub>(aq) → N<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l)</p>
<p>The concentration of dissolved oxygen in a sample of water is 8.0 × 10<sup>−3</sup> g\(\,\)dm<sup>−3</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Estimate the H−N−H bond angle in methanamine using VSEPR theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ammonia reacts reversibly with water.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">NH<sub>3</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) \( \rightleftharpoons \) NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>(aq) + OH<sup>−</sup>(aq)</p>
<p>Explain the effect of adding H<sup>+</sup>(aq) ions on the position of the equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Hydrazine reacts with water in a similar way to ammonia. Deduce an equation for the reaction of hydrazine with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, using an ionic equation, what is observed when magnesium powder is added to a solution of ammonium chloride.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Hydrazine has been used as a rocket fuel. The propulsion reaction occurs in several stages but the overall reaction is:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(l) → N<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<p>Suggest why this fuel is suitable for use at high altitudes.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the enthalpy change of reaction, Δ<em>H</em>, in kJ, when 1.00 mol of gaseous hydrazine decomposes to its elements. Use bond enthalpy values in section 11 of the data booklet.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(g) → N<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The standard enthalpy of formation of N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(l) is +50.6 kJ\(\,\)mol<sup>−1</sup>. Calculate the enthalpy of vaporization, Δ<em>H</em><sub>vap</sub>, of hydrazine in kJ\(\,\)mol<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(l) → N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(g)</p>
<p>(If you did not get an answer to (f), use −85 kJ but this is not the correct answer.)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate, showing your working, the mass of hydrazine needed to remove all the dissolved oxygen from 1000 dm<sup>3</sup> of the sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the volume, in dm<sup>3</sup>, of nitrogen formed under SATP conditions. (The volume of 1 mol of gas = 24.8 dm<sup>3</sup> at SATP.)</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Alkenes are important starting materials for a variety of products.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State and explain the trend of the boiling points of the first five members of the alkene homologous series.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe <strong>two </strong>features of a homologous series.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Below is a schematic diagram representing some reactions of ethene. The letters <strong>A</strong>–<strong>D</strong> represent the organic compounds formed from the reactants and catalysts shown.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-25_om_07.02.49.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/06.c"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-25_om_07.02.49_1.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/06.c"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-25_om_07.03.48.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/06.c_1"></p>
<p class="p1">Deduce the structural formulas of compounds <strong>A</strong>, <strong>B</strong>, <strong>C</strong>, and <strong>D </strong>and state the IUPAC name of compound <strong>C</strong>.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-25_om_07.04.58.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/06.c_2"></p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<div class="marks">[[N/A]]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe a chemical test that could be used to distinguish between pent-1-ene and pentane.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State and explain whether the following molecules are primary, secondary or tertiary halogenoalkanes.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-25_om_11.47.01.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/06.e_1"></p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-25_om_11.47.51.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/06.e_2"></p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-25_om_11.50.10.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/06.e_3"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain, using equations, the following steps in the free-radical mechanism of the reaction of methane with chlorine.</p>
<p class="p1">• Initiation</p>
<p class="p1">• Propagation</p>
<p class="p1">• Termination</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Calcium carbide, CaC<sub>2</sub>, is an ionic solid.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the nature of ionic bonding.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the electron configuration of the Ca<sup>2+</sup> ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>When calcium compounds are introduced into a gas flame a red colour is seen; sodium compounds give a yellow flame. Outline the source of the colours and why they are different.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two </strong>reasons why solid calcium has a greater density than solid potassium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why solid calcium is a good conductor of electricity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calcium carbide reacts with water to form ethyne and calcium hydroxide.</p>
<p>CaC<sub>2</sub>(s) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>(g) + Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>(aq)</p>
<p>Estimate the pH of the resultant solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A hydrocarbon has the empirical formula \({{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{7}}}\). When 1.17 g of the compound is heated to 85 °C at a pressure of 101 kPa it occupies a volume of \({\text{400 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\).</p>
<p>(i) Calculate the molar mass of the compound, showing your working.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Deduce the molecular formula of the compound.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({{\text{C}}_{\text{5}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{12}}}}\) exists as three isomers. Identify the structure of the isomer with the <strong>lowest</strong> boiling point and explain your choice.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ethanol is a primary alcohol that can be oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate(VI). Distinguish between the reaction conditions needed to produce ethanal and ethanoic acid.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Ethanal:</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Ethanoic acid:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the oxidation number of carbon in ethanol and ethanal.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Ethanol:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Ethanal:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the half-equation for the oxidation of ethanol to ethanal.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the overall redox equation for the reaction of ethanol to ethanal with acidified potassium dichromate(VI) by combining your answer to part (c) (iii) with the following half-equation:</p>
<p>\[{\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{14}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{6}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{2C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{7}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe <strong>two </strong>characteristics of a reaction at equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State and explain the effect of a catalyst on the position of equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol to form the ester ethyl ethanoate.</p>
<p>\[{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH(l)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{OH(l)?????C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOC}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(l)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
<p>The esterification reaction is exothermic. State the effect of increasing temperature on the value of the equilibrium constant (\({K_{\text{c}}}\)) for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Molten sodium chloride can be electrolysed using graphite electrodes.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the essential components of this electrolytic cell and identify the products that form at each electrode.</p>
<p class="p1">Product formed at positive electrode (anode):</p>
<p class="p1">Product formed at negative electrode (cathode):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the half-equations for the oxidation and reduction processes and deduce the overall cell reaction, including state symbols.</p>
<p class="p1">Oxidation half-equation:</p>
<p class="p1">Reduction half-equation:</p>
<p class="p1">Overall cell reaction:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Consider the following equilibrium.</p>
<p class="p1">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{2S}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{2S}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(g)}}}&{\Delta {H^\Theta } = - 198{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}} \end{array}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State and explain the effect of increasing the temperature on the yield of sulfur trioxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the effect of a catalyst on the value of \({K_{\text{c}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State and explain the effect of a catalyst on the position of equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define <em>oxidation </em>in terms of oxidation numbers.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe using a labelled diagram, the essential components of an electrolytic cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity but <strong>molten </strong>sodium chloride does.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Molten sodium chloride undergoes electrolysis in an electrolytic cell. For each electrode deduce the half-equation and state whether oxidation or reduction takes place. Deduce the equation of the overall cell reaction including state symbols.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Electrolysis has made it possible to obtain reactive metals such as aluminium from their ores, which has resulted in significant developments in engineering and technology. State <strong>one </strong>reason why aluminium is preferred to iron in many uses.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Outline <strong>two </strong>differences between an electrolytic cell and a voltaic cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vi.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Sodium oxide, \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\), is a white solid with a high melting point.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why solid sodium oxide is a non-conductor of electricity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Molten sodium oxide is a good conductor of electricity. State the half-equation for the reaction occurring at the positive electrode during the electrolysis of molten sodium oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the acid-base nature of sodium oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the equation for the reaction of sodium oxide with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Calcium nitrate contains both covalent and ionic bonds.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Nitrogen also forms oxides, which are atmospheric pollutants.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the formula of <strong>both </strong>ions present and the nature of the force between these ions.</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Ions:</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Nature of force:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State which atoms are covalently bonded.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Outline the source of these oxides.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State <strong>one </strong>product formed from their reaction with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State <strong>one </strong>environmental problem caused by these atmospheric pollutants.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Ethane-1,2-diol, HOCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH, has a wide variety of uses including the removal of ice from aircraft and heat transfer in a solar cell.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ethane-1,2-diol can be formed according to the following reaction.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2CO (g) + 3H<sub>2 </sub>(g) \( \rightleftharpoons \) HOCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH (g)</p>
<p>(i) Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, for this reaction.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) State how increasing the pressure of the reaction mixture at constant temperature will affect the position of equilibrium and the value of <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Position of equilibrium:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em>K</em><sub>c</sub>:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"> </p>
<p>(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change, Δ<em>H</em><sup>θ</sup>, in kJ, for this reaction using section 11 of the data booklet. The bond enthalpy of the carbon–oxygen bond in CO (g) is 1077kJmol<sup>-1</sup>.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) The enthalpy change, ΔH<sup>θ</sup>, for the following similar reaction is –233.8 kJ.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2CO(g) + 3H<sub>2</sub>(g) \( \rightleftharpoons \) HOCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH (l)</p>
<p>Deduce why this value differs from your answer to (a)(iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[7]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the average oxidation state of carbon in ethene and in ethane-1,2-diol.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Ethene:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Ethane-1,2-diol:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the boiling point of ethane-1,2-diol is significantly greater than that of ethene.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ethane-1,2-diol can be oxidized first to ethanedioic acid, (COOH)<sub>2</sub>, and then to carbon dioxide and water. Suggest the reagents to oxidize ethane-1,2-diol.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Iron has three main naturally occurring isotopes which can be investigated using a mass spectrometer.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A sample of iron has the following isotopic composition by mass.</p>
<p class="p2" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-30_om_05.32.14.png" alt="N10/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/03.b"></p>
<p class="p1">Calculate the relative atomic mass of iron based on this data, giving your answer to <strong>two decimal places</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the number of electrons in the ion \(^{{\text{56}}}{\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the bonding in iron and explain the electrical conductivity and malleability of the metal.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The following equation represents a combustion reaction of propane, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{8}}}{\text{(g)}}\) when the oxygen supply is limited.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{{\text{C}}_3}{{\text{H}}_8}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{3}}\frac{1}{2}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{3CO(g)}} + {\text{4}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(g)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>average bond enthalpy</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Determine \(\Delta H\), the enthalpy change of the reaction, in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), using average bond enthalpy data from Table 10 of the Data Booklet. The bond enthalpy for the carbon-oxygen bond in carbon monoxide, CO, is \({\text{1072 kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The CO molecule has dative covalent bonding. Identify a nitrogen-containing positive ion which also has this type of bonding.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Electrolysis is an important industrial process used to obtain very reactive elements from their common ores.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Molten magnesium chloride can be electrolysed using inert graphite electrodes at 800 °C.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe, using a labelled diagram, the essential components of this electrolytic cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p align="LEFT">Molten magnesium chloride can be electrolysed using inert graphite electrodes at 800 °C.</p>
<p>Deduce the half-equations, including state symbols, for the reactions occurring at each electrode. (The melting points of MgCl<sub>2</sub> and Mg are 714 °C and 649 °C respectively.)</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Positive electrode (anode):</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Negative electrode (cathode):</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why solid magnesium chloride does not conduct electricity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Aluminium can also be obtained by electrolysis. Suggest <strong>one </strong>reason why aluminium is often used instead of iron by engineers.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Chlorine occurs in Group 7, the halogens.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Two stable isotopes of chlorine are \(^{{\text{35}}}{\text{Cl}}\) and \(^{{\text{37}}}{\text{Cl}}\) with mass numbers 35 and 37 respectively.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Chlorine has an electronegativity value of 3.2 on the Pauling scale.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Chloroethene, H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>C=CHCl, the monomer used in the polymerization reaction in the manufacture of the polymer poly(chloroethene), PVC, can be synthesized in the following two-stage reaction pathway.</p>
<p class="p1">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{Stage 1:}}}&{{{\text{C}}_2}{{\text{H}}_4}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{ClC}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{Cl(g)}}} \\ {{\text{Stage 2:}}}&{{\text{ClC}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{Cl(g)}} + {\text{HC=CHCl(g)}} + {\text{HCl(g)}}} \end{array}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>isotopes of an element</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the isotopes <sup><span class="s1">35</span></sup>Cl and <sup><span class="s1">37</span></sup>Cl.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-19_om_06.41.13.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/06.a.ii"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Using the mass numbers of the two isotopes and the relative atomic mass of chlorine from Table 5 of the Data Booklet, determine the percentage abundance of each isotope.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Percentage abundance <sup><span class="s1">35</span></sup>Cl:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Percentage abundance <sup><span class="s1">37</span></sup>Cl:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>electronegativity</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Using Table 7 of the Data Booklet, explain the trends in electronegativity values of the Group 7 elements from F to I.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of potassium bromide, KBr(aq), with chlorine, Cl<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>(aq).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the colour change likely to be observed in this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the enthalpy change, \(\Delta H\), in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), for stage 1 using average bond enthalpy data from Table 10 of the Data Booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State whether the reaction given in stage 1 is exothermic or endothermic.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the structure of poly(chloroethene) showing <strong>two </strong>repeating units.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Suggest why monomers are often gases or volatile liquids whereas polymers are solids.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">2-methylbutan-2-ol, \({{\text{(C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C(OH)C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\), is a liquid with a smell of camphor that was formerly used as a sedative. One way of producing it starts with 2-methylbut-2-ene.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">2-chloro-2-methylbutane contains some molecules with a molar mass of approximately \({\text{106 g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\) and some with a molar mass of approximately \({\text{108 g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the structure of 2-methylbut-2-ene.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the other substances required to convert 2-methylbut-2-ene to 2-methylbutan-2-ol.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain whether you would expect 2-methylbutan-2-ol to react with acidified potassium dichromate(VI).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why 2-methylbut-2-ene is less soluble in water than 2-methylbutan-2-ol.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Outline why there are molecules with different molar masses.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Some reactions of but-2-ene are given below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-10_om_09.21.33.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/07"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the full structural formula of compound <strong>A</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Apply IUPAC rules to name compound <strong>A</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the colour change observed when excess but-2-ene reacts with bromine to form compound <strong>A</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the names of the reagents <strong>D </strong>and <strong>E</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Outline <strong>two </strong>reasons why the polymerization of alkenes is of economic importance.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Identify the structure of the repeating unit of poly(but-2-ene).</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Compound <strong>C</strong>, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{OH}}\), can also be formed directly from compound <strong>B</strong>, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{CHBrC}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\).</p>
<p>(i) State the reagent and the conditions required for this reaction.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) State the name of the type of reaction occurring in this conversion.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Compound <strong>C </strong>can be oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate(VI) to form compound <strong>F</strong>.</p>
<p>(i) State the name of the functional group present in compound <strong>F</strong>.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Deduce the structural formula of an alcohol which is a structural isomer of compound <strong>C </strong>and <strong>cannot </strong>be oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate(VI).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why but-2-ene is more volatile than compound <strong>C</strong>, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{OH}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Define the term <em>average bond enthalpy</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the equation for the complete combustion of compound <strong>C</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the enthalpy change, \(\Delta H\), in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), for the complete combustion of compound <strong>C </strong>when all reactants and products are in the gaseous state, using table 10 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Ethanedioic acid is a diprotic acid. A student determined the value of x in the formula of hydrated ethanedioic acid, \({\text{HOOC}}\)–\({\text{COOH}} \bullet {\text{x}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\), by titrating a known mass of the acid with a \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of \({\text{NaOH(aq)}}\).</p>
<p>0.795 g of ethanedioic acid was dissolved in distilled water and made up to a total volume of \({\text{250 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) in a volumetric flask.</p>
<p>\({\text{25 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of this ethanedioic acid solution was pipetted into a flask and titrated against aqueous sodium hydroxide using phenolphthalein as an indicator.</p>
<p>The titration was then repeated twice to obtain the results below.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-09_om_11.19.20.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the uncertainty of the volume of NaOH added in \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the average volume of NaOH added, in \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), in titrations 2 and 3, and then calculate the amount, in mol, of NaOH added.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) The equation for the reaction taking place in the titration is:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">\({\text{HOOC}}\)−\({\text{COOH(aq)}} + {\text{2NaOH(aq)}} \to {\text{NaOOC}}\)−\({\text{COONa(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}}\)</p>
<p>Determine the amount, in mol, of ethanedioic acid that reacts with the average volume of \({\text{NaOH(aq)}}\).</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Determine the amount, in mol, of ethanedioic acid present in \({\text{250 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of the original solution.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Determine the molar mass of hydrated ethanedioic acid.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) Determine the value of x in the formula \({\text{HOOC}}\)−\({\text{COOH}} \bullet {\text{x}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the strongest intermolecular force in solid ethanedioic acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of ethanedioic acid, HOOC−COOH.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Some physical properties of molecular substances result from the different types of forces between their molecules.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the hydrides of group 16 elements (H<sub>2</sub>O, H<sub>2</sub>S, H<sub>2</sub>Se and H<sub>2</sub>Te) are polar molecules.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The graph shows the boiling points of the hydrides of group 16 elements.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-10_om_10.27.26.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/06.a.ii"></p>
<p>Explain the increase in the boiling point from H<sub>2</sub>S to H<sub>2</sub>Te.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Lewis structures show electron domains and are used to predict molecular geometry.</p>
<p>Deduce the electron domain geometry and the molecular geometry for the NH<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> ion.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>Â </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Consider the following sequence of reactions.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{RC}}{{\text{H}}_3}\xrightarrow{{reaction 1}}{\text{RC}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{Br}}\xrightarrow{{reaction 2}}{\text{RC}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{OH}}\xrightarrow{{reaction 3}}{\text{RCOOH}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{RC}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\) is an unknown alkane in which R represents an alkyl group.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The mechanism in <em>reaction 2 </em>is described as S<sub><span class="s1">N</span></sub>2.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Propan-1-ol has two structural isomers.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The alkane contains 81.7% by mass of carbon. Determine its empirical formula, showing your working.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Equal volumes of carbon dioxide and the unknown alkane are found to have the same mass, measured to an accuracy of two significant figures, at the same temperature and pressure. Deduce the molecular formula of the alkane.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State the reagent and conditions needed for <em>reaction 1</em>.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State the reagent(s) and conditions needed for <em>reaction 3</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Reaction 1 </em>involves a free-radical mechanism. Describe the stepwise mechanism, by giving equations to represent the initiation, propagation and termination steps.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State the meaning of each of the symbols in S<sub><span class="s1">N</span></sub>2.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Explain the mechanism of this reaction using curly arrows to show the movement of electron pairs, and draw the structure of the transition state.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Deduce the structural formula of each isomer.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Identify the isomer from part (f) (i) which has the higher boiling point and explain your choice. Refer to both isomers in your explanation.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Three compounds with similar relative molecular masses are butane, propanal and propan-1-ol.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">List the three compounds in order of increasing boiling point (lowest first) and explain the differences in their boiling points.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Predict, with an explanation, which of the three compounds is <strong>least </strong>soluble or miscible in water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">When propan-1-ol is oxidized using a warm acidified solution of potassium dichromate(VI) two different organic products can be obtained. Deduce the name and structural formula for each of these two products.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Propan-2-ol is an isomer of propan-1-ol. Draw the structure of propan-2-ol.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the class of alcohols that propan-2-ol belongs to and state the name of the organic product formed when it is oxidized by an acidified solution of potassium dichromate(VI).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Ethene, C<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>H<sub><span class="s1">4</span></sub>, and hydrazine, N<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>H<sub><span class="s1">4</span></sub>, are hydrides of adjacent elements in the periodic table.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The polarity of a molecule can be explained in terms of electronegativity.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The reaction between N<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>H<sub><span class="s1">4</span></sub>(aq) and HCl (aq) can be represented by the following equation.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{{\text{N}}_2}{{\text{H}}_4}({\text{aq)}} + 2{\text{HCl(aq)}} \to {{\text{N}}_2}{\text{H}}_6^{2 + }({\text{aq)}} + 2{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }({\text{aq)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Draw Lewis (electron dot) structures for \({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}\) and \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}\) showing all valence electrons.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State and explain the H–C–H bond angle in ethene and the H–N–H bond angle in hydrazine.</p>
<div class="marks">[7]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Define the term <em>electronegativity</em>.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Compare the relative polarities of the C–H bond in ethene and the N–H bond in hydrazine.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Hydrazine is a polar molecule and ethene is non-polar. Explain why ethene is non-polar.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The boiling point of hydrazine is much higher than that of ethene. Explain this difference in terms of the intermolecular forces in each compound.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Hydrazine is a valuable rocket fuel.</p>
<p class="p1">The equation for the reaction between hydrazine and oxygen is given below.</p>
<p class="p2">\[{{\text{N}}_2}{{\text{H}}_4}({\text{g)}} + {{\text{O}}_2}({\text{g)}} \to {{\text{N}}_2}({\text{g)}} + 2{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">Use the bond enthalpy values from Table 10 of the Data Booklet to determine the enthalpy change for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the name of the product and identify the type of reaction which occurs between ethene and hydrogen chloride.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Identify the type of reaction that occurs.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Predict the value of the H–N–H bond angle in \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{H}}_6^{2 + }\).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Boron is most often encountered as a component in borosilicate glass (heat resistant glass).</p>
<p>The naturally occurring element contains two stable isotopes, \(_{\;{\text{5}}}^{{\text{10}}}{\text{B}}\) and \(_{\;{\text{5}}}^{{\text{11}}}{\text{B}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom of \(_{\;{\text{5}}}^{{\text{11}}}{\text{B}}\).</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-17_om_08.42.37.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/02.a"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The relative atomic mass of boron is 10.8, to three significant figures. Calculate the percentage of \(_{\;{\text{5}}}^{{\text{10}}}{\text{B}}\) in the naturally occurring element.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Isotopes of boron containing 7 and 8 neutrons also exist. Suggest why releasing isotopes containing more neutrons than the stable isotope into the environment can be dangerous.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State the formula of the compound that boron forms with fluorine.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Explain why this compound acts as a Lewis acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Brass is a copper containing alloy with many uses. An analysis is carried out to determine the percentage of copper present in three identical samples of brass. The reactions involved in this analysis are shown below.</p>
<p class="p1">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{Step 1: Cu(s)}} + {\text{2HN}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2N}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}} \\ {{\text{Step 2: 4}}{{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2CuI(s)}} + {{\text{I}}_2}{\text{(aq)}}} \\ {{\text{Step 3: }}{{\text{I}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{S}}_2}{\text{O}}_3^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2}}{{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{S}}_4}{\text{O}}_6^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}}} \end{array}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">(a) (i) Deduce the change in the oxidation numbers of copper and nitrogen in step 1.</p>
<p class="p1">Copper:</p>
<p class="p1">Nitrogen:</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) Identify the oxidizing agent in step 1.</p>
<p class="p1">(b) A student carried out this experiment three times, with three identical small brass nails, and obtained the following results.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{Mass of brass}} = 0.456{\text{ g}} \pm 0.001{\text{ g}}\]</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-07_om_10.02.04.png" alt="M10/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/01.b"></p>
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Calculate the average amount, in mol, of \({{\text{S}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_3^{2 - }\) added in step 3.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Calculate the amount, in mol, of copper present in the brass.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Calculate the mass of copper in the brass.</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Calculate the percentage by mass of copper in the brass.</p>
<p class="p1">(v) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The manufacturers claim that the sample of brass contains 44.2% copper by mass. Determine the percentage error in the result.</p>
<p class="p1">(c) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>With reference to its metallic structure, describe how brass conducts electricity.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Two groups of students (Group A and Group B) carried out a project* on the chemistry of some group 7 elements (the halogens) and their compounds.</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1"><span class="s1"><em>* </em></span><em>Adapted from J Derek Woollins, (2009), Inorganic Experiments and Open University, (2008), Exploring the Molecular World.</em></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">In the first part of the project, the two groups had a sample of iodine monochloride (a corrosive brown liquid) prepared for them by their teacher using the following reaction.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{2ICl(l)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">The following data were recorded.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-23_om_06.15.25.png" alt="N12/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/01.a"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The students reacted ICl(l) with CsBr(s) to form a yellow solid, \({\text{CsIC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(s)}}\), as one of the products. \({\text{CsIC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(s)}}\) has been found to produce very pure CsCl(s) which is used in cancer treatment.</p>
<p class="p1">To confirm the composition of the yellow solid, Group A determined the amount of iodine in 0.2015 g of \({\text{CsIC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(s)}}\) by titrating it with \({\text{0.0500 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{S}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}}\). The following data were recorded for the titration.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-23_om_06.22.04.png" alt="N12/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/01.c"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State the number of significant figures for the masses of \({{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(s)}}\) and ICl(l).</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(s)}}\):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">ICl (l):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The iodine used in the reaction was in excess. Determine the theoretical yield, in g, of ICl(l).</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Calculate the percentage yield of ICl(l).</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Using a digital thermometer, the students discovered that the reaction was exothermic. State the sign of the enthalpy change of the reaction, \(\Delta H\).</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Although the molar masses of ICl and <span class="s1">\({\rm{B}}{{\rm{r}}_2}\) </span>are very similar, the boiling point of ICl is 97.4 °C and that of <span class="s1">\({\rm{B}}{{\rm{r}}_2}\) </span>is 58.8 °C. Explain the difference in these boiling points in terms of the intermolecular forces present in each liquid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Calculate the percentage of iodine by mass in \({\text{CsIC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(s)}}\), correct to <strong>three</strong> significant figures.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State the volume, in \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), of \({\text{0.0500 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{S}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}}\) used in the titration.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Determine the amount, in mol, of \({\text{0.0500 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{S}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}}\) added in the titration.</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The overall reaction taking place during the titration is:</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{CsICl(s)}} + {\text{2N}}{{\text{a}}_2}{{\text{S}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{NaCl(aq)}} + {\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_2}{{\text{S}}_4}{{\text{O}}_6}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{CsCl(aq)}} + {\text{NaI(aq)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">Calculate the amount, in mol, of iodine atoms, I, present in the sample of \({\text{CsIC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(s)}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">(v) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Calculate the mass of iodine, in g, present in the sample of \({\text{CsIC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">(vi) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Determine the percentage by mass of iodine in the sample of \({\text{CsIC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(s)}}\), correct to <strong>three </strong>significant figures, using your answer from (v).</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>average bond enthalpy</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the balanced chemical equation for the complete combustion of butan-1-ol.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the standard enthalpy change, in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), for the complete combustion of butan-1-ol, using the information from Table 10 of the Data Booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Based on the types of intermolecular force present, explain why butan-1-ol has a higher boiling point than butanal.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Ammonia, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\), is a base according to both the Brønsted–Lowry and the Lewis theories of acids and bases.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide, NaOH, and nitric acid, \({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\), is shown below.</p>
<p class="p1">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{NaOH(aq)}} + {\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{NaN}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}}&{{\text{ }}\Delta H = - 57.6{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}} \end{array}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Distinguish between the terms <em>strong base </em>and <em>weak base</em>, and state one example of each.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the equation for the reaction of ammonia with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why ammonia can act as a Brønsted–Lowry base.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why ammonia can also act as a Lewis base.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>When ammonium chloride, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{Cl(aq)}}\), is added to excess solid sodium carbonate, \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(s)}}\), an acid–base reaction occurs. Bubbles of gas are produced and the solid sodium carbonate decreases in mass. State <strong>one </strong>difference which would be observed if nitric acid, \({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}}\), was used instead of ammonium chloride.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Deduce the Lewis structures of the ammonium ion, \({\text{NH}}_4^ + \), and the carbonate ion, \({\text{CO}}_3^{2 - }\).</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;">Ammonium ion\(\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \)Carbonate ion</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Predict the shapes of \({\text{NH}}_4^ + \) and \({\text{CO}}_3^{2 - }\).</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{NH}}_4^ + \):</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{CO}}_3^{2 - }\):</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sketch and label an enthalpy level diagram for this reaction.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Deduce whether the reactants or the products are more energetically stable, stating your reasoning.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Calculate the change in heat energy, in kJ, when \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{2.50 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sodium hydroxide solution is added to excess nitric acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">When 5.35 g ammonium chloride, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{Cl(s)}}\), is added to \({\text{100.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of water, the temperature of the water decreases from 19.30 °C to 15.80 °C. Determine the enthalpy change, in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), for the dissolving of ammonium chloride in water.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">In some countries, ethanol is mixed with gasoline (petrol) to produce a fuel for cars called gasohol.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>average bond enthalpy</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Use the information from Table 10 of the Data Booklet to determine the standard enthalpy change for the complete combustion of ethanol.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{OH(g)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{2C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(g)}}\]</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The standard enthalpy change for the complete combustion of octane, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{8}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{18}}}}\), is \( - 5471{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). Calculate the amount of energy produced in kJ when 1 g of ethanol and 1 g of octane is burned completely in air.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Ethanol can be oxidized using acidified potassium dichromate, \({{\text{K}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}}\), to form two different organic products.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;">\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{OH}}\xrightarrow[{{{\text{H}}^ + }}]{{{\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }}}\) <strong>A</strong> \(\xrightarrow[{{{\text{H}}^ + }}]{{{\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }}}\) <strong>B</strong></p>
<p class="p1">State the structural formulas of the organic products <strong>A </strong>and <strong>B </strong>and describe the conditions required to obtain a high yield of each of them.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce and explain whether ethanol or <strong>A </strong>has the higher boiling point.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Ethene can be converted into ethanol by direct hydration in the presence of a catalyst according to the following equation.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(g)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(g)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{OH(g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">For this reaction identify the catalyst used and state <strong>one </strong>use of the ethanol formed other than as a fuel.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the name of <strong>one </strong>structural isomer of pentane.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The boiling points of the isomers of pentane, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{5}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{12}}}}\), shown are 10, 28 and 36 °C, but not necessarily in that order.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-04_om_09.39.27.png" alt="N09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/04.a"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the boiling points for each of the isomers <strong>A</strong>, <strong>B </strong>and <strong>C </strong>and state a reason for your answer.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-05_om_15.50.19.png" alt="N09/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/04.a.i"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the IUPAC names of isomers <strong>B </strong>and <strong>C</strong>.</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>B</strong>:</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>C</strong>:</p>
<div class="marks">[[N/A]]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Both \({{\text{C}}_{\text{5}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{12}}}}\) and \({{\text{C}}_{\text{5}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{11}}}}{\text{OH}}\) can be used as fuels. Predict which compound would release a greater amount of heat per gram when it undergoes complete combustion. Suggest <strong>two</strong> reasons to support your prediction.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In many cities around the world, public transport vehicles use diesel, a liquid hydrocarbon fuel, which often contains sulfur impurities and undergoes incomplete combustion. All public transport vehicles in New Delhi, India, have been converted to use compressed natural gas (CNG) as fuel. Suggest <strong>two </strong>ways in which this improves air quality, giving a reason for your answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The alkenes are an example of a homologous series.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Bromine water, Br<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>(aq), can be used to distinguish between the alkanes and the alkenes.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The polymerization of the alkenes is one of the most significant reactions of the twentieth century.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the name of the alkene shown.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-30_om_05.11.39.png" alt="N10/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/02.a"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Bromine water, Br<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>(aq), can be used to distinguish between the alkanes and the alkenes.</p>
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Describe the colour change observed when the alkene shown in part (a) is added to bromine water.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Draw the structural formula and state the name of the product formed.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Outline <strong>two </strong>reasons why the polymers of the alkenes are of economic importance.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State the type of polymerization reaction shown by the alkene in part (a).</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Deduce the structure of the resulting polymer showing <strong>three </strong>repeating units.</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Explain why monomers are often gases or volatile liquids, but polymers are solids.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Magnesium is a group 2 metal which exists as a number of isotopes and forms many compounds.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the nuclear symbol notation, \({}_Z^AX\), for magnesium-26.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Mass spectroscopic analysis of a sample of magnesium gave the following results:</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>Calculate the relative atomic mass, <em>A</em><sub>r</sub>, of this sample of magnesium to two decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium burns in air to form a white compound, magnesium oxide. Formulate an equation for the reaction of magnesium oxide with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the trend in acid-base properties of the oxides of period 3, sodium to chlorine.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>In addition to magnesium oxide, magnesium forms another compound when burned in air. Suggest the formula of this compound</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the structure and bonding in solid magnesium oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium chloride can be electrolysed.</p>
<p>Deduce the half-equations for the reactions at each electrode when <strong>molten</strong> magnesium chloride is electrolysed, showing the state symbols of the products. The melting points of magnesium and magnesium chloride are 922 K and 987 K respectively.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Anode (positive electrode):</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Cathode (negative electrode):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Titanium is a transition metal.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>TiCl<sub>4</sub> reacts with water and the resulting titanium(IV) oxide can be used as a smoke screen.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in metals.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Titanium exists as several isotopes. The mass spectrum of a sample of titanium gave the following data:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>Calculate the relative atomic mass of titanium to two decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the \({}_{22}^{48}{\text{Ti}}\) atom.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electron configuration of the \({}_{22}^{48}{\text{Ti}}\)<sup>2+</sup> ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why an aluminium-titanium alloy is harder than pure aluminium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of bonding in potassium chloride which melts at 1043 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A chloride of titanium, TiCl<sub>4</sub>, melts at 248 K. Suggest why the melting point is so much lower than that of KCl.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>one</strong> disadvantage of using this smoke in an enclosed space.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>There are many oxides of silver with the formula Ag<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub>. All of them decompose into their elements when heated strongly.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>After heating 3.760 g of a silver oxide 3.275 g of silver remained. Determine the empirical formula of Ag<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the final mass of solid obtained by heating 3.760 g of Ag<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub> may be greater than 3.275 g giving one design improvement for your proposed suggestion. Ignore any possible errors in the weighing procedure.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Naturally occurring silver is composed of two stable isotopes, <sup>107</sup>Ag and <sup>109</sup>Ag.</p>
<p>The relative atomic mass of silver is 107.87. Show that isotope <sup>107</sup>Ag is more abundant.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Some oxides of period 3, such as Na<sub>2</sub>O and P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>, react with water. A spatula measure of each oxide was added to a separate 100 cm<sup>3</sup> flask containing distilled water and a few drops of bromothymol blue indicator.</p>
<p>The indicator is listed in section 22 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>Deduce the colour of the resulting solution and the chemical formula of the product formed after reaction with water for each oxide.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the electrical conductivity of molten Na<sub>2</sub>O and P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the model of electron configuration deduced from the hydrogen line emission spectrum (Bohr’s model).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>PCl<sub>5</sub>(g) and Cl<sub>2</sub>(g) were placed in a sealed flask and allowed to reach equilibrium at 200 °C. The enthalpy change, Δ<em>H</em>, for the decomposition of PCl<sub>5</sub>(g) is positive.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-21_om_08.14.28.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/03"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, for the decomposition of PCl<sub>5</sub>(g).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce, giving a reason, the factor responsible for establishing the new equilibrium after 14 minutes.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure and molecular geometry of PCl<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Lewis (electron dot) structures are useful models.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structures of PF<sub>3</sub> and PF<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> and use the VSEPR theory to deduce the molecular geometry of each species.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict with a reason, whether the molecule PF<sub>3</sub> is polar or non-polar.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Trends in physical and chemical properties are useful to chemists.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The Activity series lists the metal in order of reactivity.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the general increasing trend in the first ionization energies of the period 3 elements, Na to Ar.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State an equation for the reaction of phosphorus (V) oxide, P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> (s), with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the emission spectrum of hydrogen.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the strongest reducing agent in the given list.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A voltaic cell is made up of a Mn<sup>2+</sup>/Mn half-cell and a Ni<sup>2+</sup>/Ni half-cell.</p>
<p>Deduce the equation for the cell reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The voltaic cell stated in part (ii) is partially shown below.</p>
<p>Draw and label the connections needed to show the direction of electron movement and ion flow between the two half-cells.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>