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</div><h2>HL Paper 3</h2><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The colour of olive oil is due to pigments such as chlorophyll, pheophytin and carotenoids.</p>
<p class="p1">The absorption spectrum of one form of pheophytin is shown below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-08_om_08.31.40.png" alt="m15/4/CHEMI/HP3/eng/TZ2/28"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the structural feature of a pheophytin molecule which allows it to absorb visible light.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-08_om_08.37.15.png" alt="m15/4/CHEMI/HP3/eng/TZ2/28.a.ii"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Carotenoids may lose their colour and develop off odours when they are oxidized.</p>
<p class="p1">Identify, using table 22 of the data booklet, the structural feature that makes carotenoids susceptible to oxidation.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">List <strong>two </strong>factors which increase the rate of oxidation of carotenoids.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce, giving a reason, whether carotenoids are water-soluble or fat-soluble.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Nuclear reactions transform one nuclide into another. Fission, splitting a large nucleus into two smaller nuclei, releases vast amounts of energy.</p>
</div>
<div class="question">
<p>(i) Uranium hexafluoride, UF<sub>6</sub>, is used in the uranium enrichment process that produces fuel for nuclear reactors.</p>
<p>State the molecular shape of uranium hexafluoride.</p>
<p>(ii) Explain why uranium dioxide, UO<sub>2</sub>, has a very high melting point whereas uranium hexafluoride vapourises easily into gas.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The oxygen levels in water can change for a number of reasons.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The use of phosphate fertilizers can also produce changes in the oxygen concentrations in a river.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Phosphate ions can be removed from a solution by adding calcium ions. State the ionic equation for the reaction of calcium ions with phosphate ions.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the expression for the solubility product constant, \({K_{{\text{sp}}}}\), of calcium phosphate.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><span class="s1">The solubility product of calcium phosphate is \({\text{2.07}} \times {\text{1}}{{\text{0}}^{ - 33}}\) </span>at 298 K. Determine the concentration, in \({\text{mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\), of calcium ions, \({\text{C}}{{\text{a}}^{2 + }}\), in a saturated aqueous solution of calcium phosphate.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Low density polyethene (LDPE) and high density polyethene (HDPE) are both addition polymers.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how the monomers of addition polymers and of condensation polymers differ.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the type of intermolecular bonding that is responsible for Kevlar<sup>®</sup>’s strength.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>