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</div><h2>HL Paper 2</h2><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The Born-Haber cycle for MgO under standard conditions is shown below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-02_om_15.47.42.png" alt="N09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/07.a_1"></p>
<p class="p1">The values are shown in the table below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-02_om_15.48.28.png" alt="N09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/07.a_2"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the processes represented by <strong>A</strong>, <strong>B </strong>and <strong>D </strong>in the cycle.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the enthalpy change, <strong>F</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the value of the enthalpy change, <strong>E</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the enthalpy change <strong>C </strong>for the first value. Explain why the second value is significantly larger than the first.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The inter-ionic distance between the ions in NaF is very similar to that between the ions in MgO. Suggest with a reason, which compound has the higher lattice enthalpy value.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The standard enthalpy change of three combustion reactions is given below in kJ.</p>
<p class="p1">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{2}}{{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{7}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{4C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{6}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}}}&{\Delta {H^\Theta } = - 3120} \\ {{\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}({\text{g)}} + {{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}}&{\Delta {H^\Theta } = - {\text{572}}} \\ {{{\text{C}}_2}{{\text{H}}_4}({\text{g)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{2C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + 2{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}}&{\Delta {H^\Theta } = - {\text{1411}}} \end{array}\]</p>
<p class="p1">Based on the above information, calculate the standard change in enthalpy, \(\Delta {H^\Theta }\), for the following reaction.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{{\text{C}}_2}{{\text{H}}_6}({\text{g)}} \to {{\text{C}}_2}{{\text{H}}_4}({\text{g)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)}}\]</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Predict, stating a reason, whether the sign of \({\Delta {S^\Theta }}\) for the above reaction would be positive or negative.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Discuss why the above reaction is non-spontaneous at low temperature but becomes spontaneous at high temperatures.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Using bond enthalpy values, calculate \(\Delta {H^\Theta }\) for the following reaction.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{{\text{C}}_2}{{\text{H}}_6}({\text{g)}} \to {{\text{C}}_2}{{\text{H}}_4}({\text{g)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)}}\]</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Suggest with a reason, why the values obtained in parts (b) (i) and (b) (iv) are different.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Table 8 of the Data Booklet shows the atomic and ionic radii of the elements.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe and explain the trend in atomic radius across period 3.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A student formulates the following hypothesis: “If phosphorus were to form a positive ion, \({{\text{P}}^{3 + }}\), its ionic radius would probably be between \(110 \times {10^{ - 12}}{\text{ m}}\) and \(212 \times {10^{ - 12}}{\text{ m}}\).” Evaluate this hypothesis.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Oxidation and reduction can be defined in terms of electron transfer or oxidation numbers.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A reactivity series can be experimentally determined by adding the metals W, X, Y and Z to solutions of these metal ions. The following reactions were observed:</p>
<p> \({{\text{W}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{X(s)}} \to {\text{W(s)}} + {{\text{X}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p> \({\text{Y(s)}} + {{\text{W}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} \to {{\text{Y}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{W(s)}}\)</p>
<p> \({{\text{Z}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{W(s)}} \to {\text{Z(s)}} + {{\text{W}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p> \({\text{Y(s)}} + {{\text{X}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} \to {{\text{Y}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{X(s)}}\)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A student carries out the electrolysis of aqueous potassium iodide, KI, using inert electrodes.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Three electrolytic cells were set up in series (one cell after the other), as shown below.</p>
<p>All of the solutions had a concentration of \({\text{1.00 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\).</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-12_om_08.22.13.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/06.d"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Alcohols with the molecular formula \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{OH}}\) occur as four structural isomers. Three of the isomers can be oxidized with acidified potassium dichromate solution to form compounds with the molecular formula \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{8}}}{\text{O}}\).</p>
<p>(i) Deduce the half-equation for the oxidation of the alcohol \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{OH}}\).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Deduce the overall equation for the redox reaction.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) Two of the isomers with the molecular formula \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{OH}}\) can be oxidized further to form compounds with the molecular formula \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{8}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\). Deduce the structural formulas of these two isomers.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) One isomer cannot be oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate solution.</p>
<p>Deduce its structural formula, state its name and identify it as a primary, secondary or tertiary alcohol.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Name:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Alcohol:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(v) All isomers of the alcohol \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{OH}}\) undergo complete combustion. State an equation for the complete combustion of \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{OH}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[9]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Deduce the order of reactivity of these four metals, from the least to the most reactive.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) A voltaic cell is made by connecting a half-cell of X in \({\text{XC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}}\) to a half-cell of Z in \({\text{ZC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}}\). Deduce the overall equation for the reaction taking place when the cell is operating.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) The standard electrode potential for \({{\text{Z}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{Z(s)}}\) is \( + {\text{0.20 V}}\). State which species is oxidized when this half-cell is connected to a standard hydrogen electrode.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) Describe the standard hydrogen electrode including a fully labelled diagram.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State the half-equation for the reaction that occurs at each electrode.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Positive electrode (anode):</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Negative electrode (cathode):</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Suggest, giving a reason, what would happen if the electrodes were changed to aluminium.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Determine the mass of copper produced at one of the electrodes in cell 2 if the tin electrode in cell 1 decreased in mass by 0.034 g.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Compare the colour and the pH of the solutions in cells 2 and 3 after the current has been flowing for one hour.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) Explain your answer given for part (d) (ii).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Colour:</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>pH:</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Bromine is a member of group 7, the halogens.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Iron is a transition metal.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Freshly prepared iron(II) bromide can be electrolysed both in the liquid state and in aqueous solution.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain the trend in reactivity of the halogens.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce, using equations where appropriate, if bromine reacts with sodium chloride solution and with sodium iodide solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the bonding in metals and explain their malleability.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">List <strong>three </strong>characteristic properties of transition elements.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the type of bonding between iron and cyanide in \({{\text{[Fe(CN}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{3 - }}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the oxidation number of iron in \({{\text{[Fe(CN}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{3 - }}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the abbreviated orbital diagram for an <strong>iron atom </strong>using the arrow-in-box notation to represent electrons.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the abbreviated orbital diagram for the <strong>iron ion in [Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3–</sup></strong> using the arrow-in-box notation to represent electrons.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe, using a diagram, the essential components of an electrolytic cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the <strong>two </strong>ways in which current is conducted in an electrolytic cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Predict and explain the products of electrolysis of a <strong>dilute </strong>iron(II) bromide solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify another product that is formed if the solution of iron(II) bromide is <strong>concentrated</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why this other product is formed.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Calcium nitrate contains both covalent and ionic bonds.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Nitrogen also forms oxides, which are atmospheric pollutants.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the formula of both ions present and the nature of the force between these ions.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Ions:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Nature of force:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State which atoms are covalently bonded.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Bonding in the nitrate ion involves electron delocalization. Explain the meaning of electron delocalization and how it affects the ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the source of these oxides.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State <strong>one</strong> product formed from their reaction with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State <strong>one</strong> environmental problem caused by these atmospheric pollutants.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A sample of magnesium contains three isotopes: magnesium-24, magnesium-25 and magnesium-26, with abundances of 77.44%, 10.00% and 12.56% respectively.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A graph of the successive ionization energies of magnesium is shown below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-21_om_17.46.25.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/08.b"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The graph below shows pressure and volume data collected for a sample of carbon dioxide gas at 330 K.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-21_om_19.19.59.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/08.e"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of magnesium correct to <strong>two</strong> decimal places.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Predict the relative atomic radii of the three magnesium isotopes, giving your reasons.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Explain the increase in ionization energy values from the 3rd to the 8th electrons.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Explain the sharp increase in ionization energy values between the 10th and 11th electrons.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form an ionic compound, magnesium oxide. Describe how the ions are formed, and the structure and bonding in magnesium oxide.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Carbon reacts with oxygen to form a covalent compound, carbon dioxide. Describe what is meant by a covalent bond.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) State why magnesium and oxygen form an ionic compound while carbon and oxygen form a covalent compound.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Predict the type of hybridization of the carbon and oxygen atoms in \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\).</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Sketch the orbitals of an oxygen atom in \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) on the energy level diagram provided, including the electrons that occupy each orbital.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-21_om_19.10.24.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/08.d.ii"></p>
<p>(iii) Define the term electronegativity.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) Explain why oxygen has a larger electronegativity than carbon.</p>
<div class="marks">[7]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Draw a best-fit curve for the data on the graph.</p>
<p>(ii) Use the data point labelled <strong>X</strong> to determine the amount, in mol, of carbon dioxide gas in the sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Most indicators are weak acids. Describe qualitatively how indicators work.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Identify a suitable indicator for a titration between a weak acid and a strong base, using Table 16 of the Data Booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The oxides and chlorides of period 3 elements exhibit periodicity.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Chlorine gas, \({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\), is bubbled through separate solutions of aqueous bromine, \({\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}}\), and potassium bromide, \({\text{KBr(aq)}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The hydrogen halides do not show perfect periodicity. A bar chart of boiling points shows that the boiling point of hydrogen fluoride, HF, is much higher than periodic trends would indicate.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-12_om_06.29.26.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/05.c"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Transition metals form complex ions which are usually coloured.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State the changes in the acid-base nature of the oxides across period 3 (from \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_2}{\text{O}}\) to \({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}}\)), including equations for the reactions of \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_2}{\text{O}}\) and \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) with water.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) State whether or not molten aluminium chloride, \({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{6}}}\), and molten aluminium oxide, \({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\), conduct electricity. Explain this behaviour in terms of the structure and bonding of the two compounds.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) State the equation for the reaction of \({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\) with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[7]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Predict any changes that may be observed in each case.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>\({\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}}\):</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>\({\text{KBr(aq)}}\):</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) State the half-equations for the reactions that occur.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Explain why the boiling point of HF is much higher than the boiling points of the other hydrogen halides.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Explain the trend in the boiling points of HCl, HBr and HI.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electron configurations of Cr and \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Cr:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) ions and water molecules bond together to form the complex ion \({{\text{[Cr(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{3 + }}\).</p>
<p>Describe how the water acts and how it forms the bond, identifying the acid-base character of the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the \({{\text{[Cr(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{3 + }}\) ion is coloured.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, including a relevant equation, whether the \({{\text{[Cr(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{3 + }}\) ion is acidic, basic or neutral.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain how the number of electrons in the outer main energy level of phosphorus, P, can be determined using the data of successive ionization energies.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Draw the Lewis structures, state the shape and predict the bond angles for the following species.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Consider the following Born-Haber cycle:</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-14_om_07.05.32.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/06.b"></p>
<p class="p1">The magnitudes for each of the enthalpy changes (<strong>a </strong>to <strong>e</strong>) are given in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\) but their signs (+ or –) have been omitted.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{NH}}_2^ - \)</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{Xe}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the names for the enthalpy changes <strong>c </strong>and <strong>d</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce which <strong>two </strong>of the enthalpy changes <strong>a </strong>to <strong>e </strong>have negative signs.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the value for the enthalpy of formation of potassium bromide.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why the quantitative value for the lattice enthalpy of calcium bromide is larger than the value for the lattice enthalpy of potassium bromide.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Compare the formation of a sigma \((\sigma )\) and a pi \((\pi )\) bond between two carbon atoms in a molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify how many sigma and pi bonds are present in propene, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce all the bond angles present in propene.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain how the concept of hybridization can be used to explain the bonding in the triple bond present in propyne.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The graph of the first ionization energy plotted against atomic number for the first twenty elements shows periodicity.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-14_om_07.20.08.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/08.b"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain how information from this graph provides evidence for the existence of main energy levels and sub-levels within atoms.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State what is meant by the term <em>second ionization energy</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Sketch and explain the shape of the graph obtained for the successive ionization energies of potassium using a logarithmic scale for ionization energy on the <em>y</em>-axis against number of electrons removed on the <em>x</em>-axis.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-14_om_11.58.24_1.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/08.b.iv/M"></p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the <strong>full </strong>electronic configurations of copper, Cu, and the copper(I) ion, \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }\).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why copper(II) compounds in aqueous solution are coloured whereas scandium(III) compounds in aqueous solution are colourless.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Acids can be described as strong or weak.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Outline the difference in dissociation between strong and weak acids of the same concentration.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Describe <strong>three </strong>tests that can be carried out in the laboratory, and the expected results, to distinguish between \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ HCl(aq)}}\) and \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH(aq)}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the pH, using table 15 of the data booklet, of a solution of ethanoic acid made by dissolving 1.40 g of the acid in distilled water to make a \({\text{500 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the pH at the equivalence point of the titration and the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) of an unknown acid using the acid-base titration curve below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-03_om_08.33.12.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/08.c.i"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify, using table 16 of the data booklet, a suitable indicator to show the end-point of this titration.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe how an indicator, that is a weak acid, works. Use Le Chatelier’s principle in your answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the formula of the conjugate base of chloroethanoic acid, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{ClCOOH}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify, with a reason, whether chloroethanoic acid is weaker or stronger than ethanoic acid using table 15 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the pH of the solution resulting when \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.50 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{ClCOOH}}\) is mixed with \({\text{200 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) NaOH.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe how chlorine’s position in the periodic table is related to its electron arrangement.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{SC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\) and \({\text{SCl}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{5}}}\) are two sulfur chloride type compounds with sulfur having different oxidation states. Predict the name of the shape, the bond angle and polarity of these molecules.</p>
<div class="marks">[[N/A]]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The periodic table shows the relationship between electron configuration and the properties of elements and is a valuable tool for making predictions in chemistry.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The ten elements in the first-row d-block have characteristic properties and many uses.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>electronegativity</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Outline <strong>two </strong>reasons why a sodium ion has a smaller radius than a sodium atom.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Explain why the ionic radius of \({{\text{P}}^{3 - }}\) is <strong>greater </strong>than the ionic radius of \({\text{S}}{{\text{i}}^{4 + }}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The graph below represents the successive ionization energies of sodium. The vertical axis plots log (ionization energy) instead of ionization energy to allow the data to be represented without using an unreasonably long vertical axis.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-11_om_06.18.18.png" alt="M10/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/06.d"></p>
<p class="p1">State the full electron configuration of sodium and explain how the successive ionization energy data for sodium are related to its electron configuration.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) Explain why the first ionization energy of aluminium is <strong>lower </strong>than the first ionization energy of magnesium.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) Explain why the first ionization energy of sulfur is <strong>lower </strong>than the first ionization energy of phosphorus.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State and explain the type of reaction that takes place between \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\) and \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) to form \({{\text{[Fe(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{3 + }}\) in terms of acid-base theories.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why \({{\text{[Fe(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{3 + }}\) is coloured.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Outline the economic significance of the use of a catalyst in the Haber process which is an exothermic reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the earth’s crust. The successive ionization energies of the element are shown below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-25_om_14.06.48.png" alt="N10/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/04"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Magnesium can be produced from the electrolysis of molten magnesium chloride, MgCl<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The lattice enthalpy of magnesium chloride can be calculated from the Born-Haber cycle shown below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-25_om_14.10.58.png" alt="N10/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/04.c"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Define the term <em>first ionization energy </em>and state the equation for the first ionization of magnesium.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Explain the general increase in successive ionization energies of the element.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Explain the large increase between the tenth and eleventh ionization energies.</p>
<div class="marks">[8]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Explain how molten magnesium chloride conducts an electric current.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Identify the electrode where oxidation occurs during electrolysis of molten magnesium chloride and state an equation for the half-reaction.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Explain why magnesium is not formed during the electrolysis of aqueous magnesium chloride solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Identify the enthalpy changes labelled by <strong>I </strong>and <strong>V </strong>in the cycle.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Use the ionization energies given in the cycle above and further data from the Data Booklet to calculate a value for the lattice enthalpy of magnesium chloride.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The theoretically calculated value for the lattice enthalpy of magnesium chloride is +2326 kJ. Explain the difference between the theoretically calculated value and the experimental value.</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The experimental lattice enthalpy of magnesium oxide is given in Table 13 of the Data Booklet. Explain why magnesium oxide has a higher lattice enthalpy than magnesium chloride.</p>
<div class="marks">[10]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State whether aqueous solutions of magnesium oxide and magnesium chloride are acidic, alkaline or neutral.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">This question is about the compounds of some period 3 elements.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the equations for the reactions of sodium oxide with water and phosphorus(V) oxide with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why the melting point of phosphorus(V) oxide is lower than that of sodium oxide in terms of their bonding and structure.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Predict whether phosphorus(V) oxide and sodium oxide conduct electricity in their solid and molten states. Complete the boxes with “yes” or “no”.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-02_om_17.40.18.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/02.b.ii"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Predict and explain the pH of the following aqueous solutions, using equations to support your answer.</p>
<p class="p1">Ammonium chloride, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{Cl(aq)}}\):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Sodium methanoate, \({\text{HCOONa(aq)}}\):</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Consider the structure and bonding in \({\text{MgC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\) and \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Consider the molecules \({\text{PB}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{3}}}\) and \({\text{S}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{4}}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The structure of <em>cis</em>-but-2-ene-1,4-dioic acid is shown below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-07_om_13.26.13.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/09.d"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State and explain the electrical conductivities of these two chloride compounds in their liquid state.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Suggest, giving your reasons, the approximate pH values of the solutions formed by adding each chloride compound separately to distilled water.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{MgC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the acid-base character of the oxides of each of the elements from sodium to chlorine in period 3.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the equations for the separate reactions of sodium oxide and phosphorus(V) oxide with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of both molecules.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Predict the shapes of the two molecules, giving the Br–P–Br bond angle in \({\text{PB}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{3}}}\) and the F–S–F bond angles in \({\text{S}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{4}}}\).</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-07_om_13.18.11.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/09.c.ii"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why both \({\text{PB}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{3}}}\) and \({\text{S}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{4}}}\) are polar.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the covalent bond between carbon and hydrogen in the molecule above and how it is formed.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the hybridization of the oxygen atoms labelled \(\alpha \) and \(\beta \)<span class="s1">.</span></p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\(\alpha \)<span class="s1">:</span></p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\(\beta \)<span class="s1">:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe sigma \((\sigma )\) and pi \((\pi )\) bonds between atoms.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\(\sigma \) bond:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\(\pi \) <span class="s1">bond:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the number of sigma \((\sigma )\) and pi \((\pi )\) <span class="s1">bonds present in a molecule of <em>cis</em>-but-2-ene-1,4-dioic acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Antimony, Sb, forms a fluoride, \({\text{Sb}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{5}}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The equilibrium that occurs when antimony(V) fluoride is dissolved in liquid hydrogen fluoride can be represented by the equation below.</p>
<p>\[{\text{Sb}}{{\text{F}}_5}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{2HF(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{SbF}}_6^ - {\text{(sol)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{{\text{F}}^ + }{\text{(sol)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Outline how the following factors account for the fact that HCl is a strong acid and HF is a weak acid.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Some students were provided with a \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of a monobasic acid, HQ, and given the problem of determining whether HQ was a weak acid or a strong acid.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The second problem set for the students was to determine the acid dissociation constant, \({K_{\text{a}}}\), of the acid HQ and its \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the element that you would expect to have chemical properties most similar to those of antimony.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the relationship between \({\text{Sb}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{5}}}\) and \({\text{SbF}}_6^ - \) in terms of the Lewis theory of acids.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the behaviour of HF in terms of the Brønsted–Lowry theory of acids.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The strength of the hydrogen–halogen bond.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The interaction between an undissociated hydrogen halide molecule and a water molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Neelu and Charles decided to solve the problem by determining the volume of \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sodium hydroxide solution needed to neutralize \({\text{25.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of the acid. Outline whether this was a good choice.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify <strong>one</strong> indicator that could be used when titrating aqueous sodium hydroxide with both a strong acid and a weak acid, and outline the reason for your choice.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Indicator:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Reason:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Neelu and Charles decided to compare the volume of sodium hydroxide solution needed with those required by known \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) strong and weak acids. Unfortunately they chose sulfuric acid as the strong acid. Outline why this was an unsuitable choice.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Francisco and Shamiso decided to measure the pH of the initial solution, HQ, and they found that its pH was 3.7. Deduce, giving a reason, the strength (weak or strong) of the acid HQ.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain how the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) could be determined from a graph of pH against the volume of \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sodium hydroxide added.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Francisco and Shamiso found that the pH of the initial \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution was 3.7. However, this reading was inaccurate because they forgot to wash the pH probe. Calculate the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) of HQ using the reading they obtained.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Bleaches in which chlorine is the active ingredient are the most common, although some environmental groups have concerns about their use.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>In aqueous chlorine the equilibrium below produces chloric(I) acid (hypochlorous acid), HOCl, the active bleach.</p>
<p>\[{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{HOCl(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Aqueous sodium chlorate(I), NaOCl, the most common active ingredient in chlorine based bleaches, oxidizes coloured materials to colourless products while being reduced to the chloride ion. It will also oxidize sulfur dioxide to the sulfate ion.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The standard electrode potential for the reduction of the chlorate(V) ion to the chloride ion is \( + 1.49{\text{ V}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Describe the colour change that occurs when aqueous chlorine is added to aqueous sodium bromide.</p>
<p>(ii) Outline, with the help of a chemical equation, why this reaction occurs.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Chloric(I) acid is a weak acid, but hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. Outline how this is indicated in the equation above.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State a balanced equation for the reaction of chloric(I) acid with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, in terms of the equilibrium in aqueous chlorine, why it is dangerous to use an acidic toilet cleaner in combination with this kind of bleach.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why a covalent molecule, such as chloric(I) acid, is readily soluble in water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Partial neutralization of chloric(I) acid creates a buffer solution. Given that the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) of chloric(I) acid is 7.53, determine the pH of a solution that has \({\text{[HOCl]}} = 0.100{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) and \({\text{[Cl}}{{\text{O}}^ - }{\text{]}} = 0.0500{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe, using HIn to represent the indicator in its acid form, why an indicator changes colour when excess alkali is added.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Deduce a balanced equation for the reaction between the chlorate(I) ion and sulfur dioxide from the appropriate half-equations.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) State the initial and final oxidation numbers of both chlorine and sulfur in the final equation.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-12_om_18.13.59.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/05.c.ii"></p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Define the term <em>standard electrode potential</em>.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Referring to Table 14 of the Data Booklet, deduce, giving a reason, whether the oxidation of the chromium(III) ion to the dichromate(VI) ion by the chlorate(V) ion is energetically feasible.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Carbon and silicon belong to the same group of the periodic table.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the delocalization of pi (\(\pi \)) electrons and explain how this can account for the structure and stability of the carbonate ion, \({\text{CO}}_3^{2 - }\).</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain the meaning of the term <em>hybridization</em>. State the type of hybridization shown by the carbon atoms in carbon dioxide, diamond, graphite and the carbonate ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain the electrical conductivity of molten sodium oxide and liquid sulfur trioxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Samples of sodium oxide and solid sulfur trioxide are added to separate beakers of water. Deduce the equation for each reaction and predict the electrical conductivity of each of the solutions formed.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The standard electrode potential for a half-cell made from iron metal in a solution of iron(II) ions, \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\), has the value \( - 0.45{\text{ V}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Consider the following table of standard electrode potentials.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-27_om_06.52.51.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/07.b"></p>
<p class="p1">From the list above:</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">An acidified solution of potassium dichromate is often used as an oxidizing agent in organic chemistry. During the oxidation reaction of ethanol to ethanal the dichromate ion is reduced to chromium(III) ions according to the following <strong>unbalanced </strong>half-equation.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Sodium metal can be obtained by the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define <em>standard electrode potential</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain the significance of the minus sign in \( - {\text{0.45 V}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the species which is the strongest oxidizing agent.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce which species can reduce \({\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{4 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) to \({\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) but will not reduce \({\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) to Sn(s) under standard conditions.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce which species can reduce \({\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) to Sn(s) under standard conditions.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw a labelled diagram of a voltaic cell made from an Fe (s) / \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) half-cell connected to an Ag(s) / \({\text{A}}{{\text{g}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}}\) half-cell operating under standard conditions. In your diagram identify the positive electrode (cathode), the negative electrode (anode) and the direction of electron flow in the external circuit.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the equation for the chemical reaction occurring when the cell in part (c) (i) is operating under standard conditions and calculate the voltage produced by the cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the colour change that will be observed in the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the oxidation number of chromium in \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the balanced half-equation for the reduction of dichromate ions to chromium(III) ions.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the half-equation for the oxidation of ethanol to ethanal and hence the overall redox equation for the oxidation of ethanol to ethanal by acidified dichromate ions.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why it is necessary to carry out the reaction under acidic conditions.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the organic product formed if excess potassium dichromate is used and the reaction is carried out under reflux.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why it is very difficult to obtain sodium from sodium chloride by any other method.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why an aqueous solution of sodium chloride cannot be used to obtain sodium metal by electrolysis.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>In acidic solution, ions containing titanium can react according to the half-equation below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">\({\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{T}}{{\text{i}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\) \({E^\Theta } = - 0.06{\text{ V}}\)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>In the diagram below, <strong>A</strong> and <strong>B</strong> are inert electrodes and, in the aqueous solutions, all ions have a concentration of \({\text{1 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\).</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-25_om_08.07.03.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/06.d"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Sodium, silicon and sulfur are elements in period 3 of the periodic table that all form oxides.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Although carbon and silicon both belong to group 4 of the periodic table, carbon dioxide and silicon dioxide are different in many ways.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Define the term <em>standard electrode potential</em>, \({E^\Theta }\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the initial and final oxidation numbers of titanium and hence deduce whether it is oxidized or reduced in this change.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-25_om_07.45.44.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/06.b.i"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Considering the above equilibrium, predict, giving a reason, how adding more acid would affect the strength of the \({\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}\) ion as an oxidizing agent.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>In the two experiments below, predict whether a reaction would occur and deduce an equation for any reaction that takes place. Refer to Table 14 of the Data Booklet if necessary.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>KI(aq) is added to a solution containing \({\text{T}}{{\text{i}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) ions:</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Zn (s) is added to a solution containing \({\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) and \({{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}}\) ions:</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Using Table 14 of the Data Booklet, state the balanced half-equation for the reaction that occurs at electrode <strong>A</strong> and whether it involves oxidation or reduction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the cell potential in V.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>On the diagram above label with an arrow</p>
<p>• the direction of electron flow in the wire</p>
<p>• the direction in which the positive ions flow in the salt bridge.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Compare the properties of the three oxides by completing the table below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-25_om_08.18.33.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/06.e.i"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sulfur dioxide is a significant contributor to acid deposition. Identify a major, man-made source of this pollutant.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>As well as the oxide above, sodium forms a peroxide that contains the peroxide ion, \({\text{O}}_2^{2 - }\). Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the peroxide ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the differences in the hybridization of these group 4 elements and the precise nature of the bonds that they form with the oxygen atoms.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Xenon, although a noble gas, forms an oxide, \({\text{Xe}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\), that has a structure related to that of \({\text{Si}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\). Compare the geometry around the silicon atoms in \({\text{Si}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) with the geometry around the xenon atoms in \({\text{Xe}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\), using the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Magnesium, a reactive metal found in many common minerals, is also an essential nutrient for both plants and animals.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Successive ionization energies of magnesium are given in the table below.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-14_om_07.56.03.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/08.b"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Magnesium metal is mainly used as a component in lightweight alloys, particularly in combination with aluminium and titanium.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Magnesium is usually produced by the electrolysis of molten magnesium chloride.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Define the term <em>first ionization energy</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Explain why the second ionization energy is greater than the first ionization energy.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Explain why the third ionization energy is much greater than the second ionization energy.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Although magnesium is usually found as \({\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}\) in its compounds, it is possible to use the Born-Haber cycle to investigate the possibility of \({\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^ + }\) being able to form stable compounds.</p>
<p>Use the ionization energy data from part (b), along with the other data provided below, to determine the enthalpy change of formation of MgCl(s). Assume that, because \({\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^ + }\) would be similar in size to \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}^ + }\), MgCl would have a similar lattice enthalpy to NaCl.</p>
<p> Enthalpy of atomization of Mg \( + 146{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\)</p>
<p> Bond enthalpy in \({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\) \( + 243{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\)</p>
<p> Electron affinity of Cl \( + 349{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\)</p>
<p> Lattice enthalpy of NaCl \( + 790{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\)</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Consider the lattice enthalpies of \({\text{Mg}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{2}}}\), \({\text{MgC}}{{\text{l}}_2}\) and \({\text{CaC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\). List these from the most endothermic to the least endothermic and explain your order.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>\({\text{Most endothermic}} \to {\text{Least endothermic}}\)</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium hydroxide, \({\text{Mg(OH}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}\), is only sparingly soluble in water and the equilibrium below exists when excess solid is in contact with a saturated solution.</p>
<p>\[{\text{Mg(OH}}{{\text{)}}_2}{\text{(s)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<p>Outline how the solubility of magnesium hydroxide will vary with pH.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Describe the bonding present in magnesium metal.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Suggest why magnesium is harder than sodium.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) Outline why alloys are generally less malleable than their component metals.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Draw a labelled diagram of a suitable apparatus for the electrolysis.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) State equations for the reactions that take place at the electrodes.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Negative electrode (cathode) reaction:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Positive electrode (anode) reaction:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) When dilute aqueous magnesium chloride is used as the electrolyte, the reactions at both electrodes are different. State equations for the reactions that occur in aqueous solution.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Negative electrode (cathode) reaction:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Positive electrode (anode) reaction:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) Outline why magnesium metal is not produced in the electrolysis of aqueous magnesium chloride.</p>
<div class="marks">[7]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Nitrogen and silicon belong to different groups in the periodic table.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Draw the Lewis structures, state the shapes and predict the bond angles for the following species.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Consider the molecule \({\text{HCON}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Distinguish in terms of electronic structure, between the terms <em>group </em>and <em>period</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the maximum number of orbitals in the \(n = 2\) energy level.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{SiF}}_6^{2 - }\)</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{NO}}_2^ + \)</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain, using diagrams, why \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is a polar molecule but \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is a non-polar molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain the term <em>hybridization</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe how \(\sigma \) and \(\pi \) bonds form.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the type of hybridization of the carbon and nitrogen atoms in \({\text{HCON}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iv.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Ammonia, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\), is a weak base. It has a \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{b}}}\) value of 4.75.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Salts may form neutral, acidic or alkaline solutions when dissolved in water.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Another weak base is nitrogen trifluoride, \({\text{N}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\). Explain how \({\text{N}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\) is able to function as a Lewis base.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the pH of a \({\text{1.00}} \times {\text{1}}{{\text{0}}^{ - 2}}{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) aqueous solution of ammonia at 298 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{25.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \(1.00 \times {10^{ - 2}}{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) hydrochloric acid solution is added to \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{1.00}} \times {\text{1}}{{\text{0}}^{ - 2}}{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) aqueous ammonia solution. Calculate the concentrations of both ammonia and ammonium ions in the resulting solution and hence determine the pH of the solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State what is meant by a buffer solution and explain how the solution in (v), which contains ammonium chloride dissolved in aqueous ammonia, can function as a buffer solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the equations for the reactions of sodium oxide, \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\), and phosphorus(V)oxide, \({{\text{P}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{10}}}}\), with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Calcium carbide, CaC<sub>2</sub>, is an ionic solid.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the nature of ionic bonding.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how the relative atomic mass of a sample of calcium could be determined from its mass spectrum.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>When calcium compounds are introduced into a gas flame a red colour is seen; sodium compounds give a yellow flame. Outline the source of the colours and why they are different.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two </strong>reasons why solid calcium has a greater density than solid potassium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why solid calcium is a good conductor of electricity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch a graph of the first six ionization energies of calcium.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calcium carbide reacts with water to form ethyne and calcium hydroxide.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">CaC<sub>2</sub>(s) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>(g) + Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>(aq)</p>
<p>Estimate the pH of the resultant solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how sigma (σ) and pi (\(\pi \)) bonds are formed.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAxUAAAEGCAYAAAATwLgWAAAfeklEQVR4Ae3dDZCddX0v8C9bymCMmVAsRhBnd7IhYwLIjXIVwkBssZWWuuQ6xvJiebmI1+EihBHpS2JArpYXNRGbci0tbEZqFQUSEamivQsXhbmQFeSlE3dxt3ATghdr7nabyVDv2TtnswkhZP/PJmS7Z89+diazm/09z//5/z+/Z0+eb55zzh4wNDQ0FB8ECBAgQIAAAQIECBDYR4GWfdzPbgQIECBAgAABAgQIEBgWECqcCAQIECBAgAABAgQIvCaBA+t7t7e2vaZB7EyAAAECBAgQIECAQPML9Pb37XGRB+x4TUU9WIy20R739E0CBAgQIECAAAECBKaEQFVW8PSnKXEaWCQBAgQIECBAgACB8RMQKsbP1sgECBAgQIAAAQIEpoSAUDEl2myRBAgQIECAAAECBMZPQKgYP1sjEyBAgAABAgQIEJgSAkLFlGizRRIgQIAAAQIECBAYPwGhYvxsjUyAAAECBAgQIEBgSggIFVOizRZJgAABAgQIECBAYPwEhIrxszUyAQIECBAgQIAAgSkhIFRMiTZbJAECBAgQIECAAIHxExAqxs/WyAQIECBAgAABAgSmhIBQMSXabJEECBAgQIAAAQIExk9AqBg/WyMTIECAAAECBAgQmBICQsWUaLNFEiBAgAABAgQIEBg/AaFi/GyNTIAAAQIECBAgQGBKCAgVU6LNFkmAAAECBAgQIEBg/ASEivGzNTIBAgQIECBAgACBKSEgVEyJNlskAQIECBAgQIAAgfETECrGz9bIBAgQIECAAAECBKaEgFAxJdpskQQIECBAgAABAgTGT0CoGD9bIxMgQIAAAQIECBCYEgJCxZRos0USIECAAAECBAgQGD+BJg4V29LTeU7a561I10Bt/AT328hb0r3yiqzq3rIXI9YyuOEbWXXjfekZnAxr3Iul2ZQAAQIECBAgQGDSCDRxqDg4c867Lb1PX51FMxp9mbUMdK3MRT9dmCXHzdyLk6cl0+d+MB9f0pKvXfu1bBAs9sLOpgQIECBAgAABAvtLoNGvtvfXOht7nMH1ueW6Z3PJ5e/L4fvQkZZZ78mlp27I2Vd8K5vcsGjsXpsdAQIECBAgQKAJBfbhErZRFGoZ7OnKmmUdaW9t2/7ntGVZ09WTweEp7unpTwPp+cGXctG87dsfe+HK3NW5LL/fekqWd72YpH7HYEWObT0zq9auzaoLTxgZuyPLv/JINg/05B9WfiTHDh/vhFx040PZvMtFfG1zd9btrNeP0ZHlnV0VT016KZu+/9XcctApOXH2wfuI25IZJ5+VSzatzk0P1NdRX8qGrOmYn/aOzvTsMsd9PIDdCBAgQIAAAQIECIwqMHlDxeD6/PXHV+SH7Z/NY/196e3fkAevfF1uP+/q3NGzbQ8Lfimb1q7IBy55Ogvvejy9/c/kR1f8Zu69/m+z4VVbP5y/+PKP03bld7eP2/kf0718SU569/V56qRr8lj/M3nsuxcn//3yfPpbz2b4mn3wkdx4/tLc82sX5Hs/q8+nLz99+OP5ta9fnstuXj8SdF51oKTWl/tuvT+zF5+Q2bt2o7Y53WtX7gxAO4PTjgDVuiAXrf3fLw/YckSOWfTr+buV394eIlrm5tx1T6V33XmZs+u4L+/hKwIECBAgQIAAAQL7RWDSXm7Wnn8q9//jkVm4cHamD1MclFmL/iz39N+Wc+fs4X/8B36Um/704Zz02T/Jh+fOSFJ/PcJZ+dxf/lGmvYryrTnzykvSMae+3UGZtWBhFkyblmM++YlcfPystNT3nXN8Fs4ZyIOP/iyD9Tscj347t/zTopx13rsya0S1ZdbCnP2hednQ9VSeH+1uweDz6e15Q45uPTQvN2NLur94cZb86dOZ96XvjYSmx3PPVRfknFV/P/L37vzVGW/ZZeYH5/C29uTx7jz981/t8n1fEiBAgAABAgQIEBhfgZevY8f3OPt99JY3z88pb/txPr/mO3m06zvp6hkoHKOWge7/kXVbZ+dd8w/b5eK9JdOPaMvswp5jK7VkxqKr85OnV+SdLzyYdWvXZt3aO7Nm2Ydy2lU/LA5Re6E/T249Mu1HbI9G9Y1rPWtzzRdfzJl/+ee57LfnjISmGZn7R+fmP3x3aS7vfGoPdz5aMm3mIZmW3vRt2tOdmuI0FAkQIECAAAECBAjss8CkDRWZfnwu+8ba3PjOLVl33RW58L1vH+NrGMZi9cqL/LHskcGnsubChTnuvR/LXz36z8N3Qmaeek1uv2ph0tOXjXt8Z6ZaBjf25ZlXHGDH916fQ2fsdsel5S15z4eOz8PX355HX/U2uS2ZNmNmDnrFWP5CgAABAgQIECBAYPwFJm+oqNtMn5NFZ1yQa+59Kr0/eyi3r1qUF64/Px+49oGU7lvsf9Zt6fnmn+eaH707n//Rj3PPf7sgHWeckY5Fh2eg97nC4fZ0p2RHOPjX/GJg9zsOI7Wtj+Sx3q27jVvL1oEteWm37/orAQIECBAgQIAAgfEWmNyhYledlllZcMaHc9Z/emu2PtGfF17xGoaWzFjwnnRMey69G7e/N9T2XXfcFdh1oH35ejAb6+Fhztszb9Yu9wpqW/N/f1G+zG95U2uO3m1eBx51Us5524tZ9/UHd3uL2G3p+8n6bMlv5JA3HLjbRGvZuuWX2Zr2tB2+2x2O3bb0VwIECBAgQIAAAQL7U2DShopaT2cW19+yde2GkdcX1N9i9sH8YH3yO+f/1ivfSakuNuPEfOyzC7Luui9l3fDrL+rbfys3XPfN7P5//nsP/BtZcOqiTHv8rvztA5u2vxtUbXMe/YtrsvzezeXhpr857XP+JU/2/2L7fvWtp78jF37mv+TIe/8sH/nU2pG3pH0pmx/pzA3X/zhzzz0/v/uqt5/dlk19vcnbF2TeYbsHjvIUVAkQIECAAAECBAi8FoFJGypa5pyVm+48P4d++7wcN/w2q7NzXMc9OfSjK/Op9791lxdj7+A5KIefcXXu+MQbc09H/fUXs3Pidc/l5I+en2N2bLLPn+u/J+Jj6bzmmDxy3sIcVZ/P0cvz4FvOzi2rzt7Du0vtcqCWOVm89A/yzF0P5Zmdd1daMn3Bxfn6fauzJLfmtKNnp711bk46d33mffYr+ZsVv73zHaZ2jlTbmCe6/i1nLj19+1vI+j0VO2l8QYAAAQIECBAgML4CBwwNDQ3VD1H/PQj1360w1T7qdzw+0NGXSx9ekUUzJihjDT6SVR/8QvKZm3LZgpn70IJaBrtX58M3H5nVq8/Yp9/KvQ8HtQsBAgQIECBAgMAUEajKChN0FT0B+gNdWT7vhFy0y9ux1jY/lNXX3ZqXPnJ63jlRgaJOMf0dueDKo3LbzV27vYZijE6D63PrnYfm2hveL1CMkcxmBAgQIECAAAEC+09g6oSKGSfm4tuuzLwHLxx5ulRbjvqtW/L/Tl+Zv7n0+JHfBbH/YPdupPrTpz6azx12f25/bMte7Fp/XcjdWXXz5rzvj/8wc6dPnXbuBZJNCRAgQIAAAQIExllgyj/9aZx9DU+AAAECBAgQIEBg0gt4+tOkb6EFECBAgAABAgQIEGhsAc+Xaez+mB0BAgQIECBAgACBhhcQKhq+RSZIgAABAgQIECBAoLEFhIrG7o/ZESBAgAABAgQIEGh4AaGi4VtkggQIECBAgAABAgQaW0CoaOz+mB0BAgQIECBAgACBhhcQKhq+RSZIgAABAgQIECBAoLEFhIrG7o/ZESBAgAABAgQIEGh4AaGi4VtkggQIECBAgAABAgQaW0CoaOz+mB0BAgQIECBAgACBhhcQKhq+RSZIgAABAgQIECBAoLEFhIrG7o/ZESBAgAABAgQIEGh4AaGi4VtkggQIECBAgAABAgQaW0CoaOz+mB0BAgQIECBAgACBhhcQKhq+RSZIgAABAgQIECBAoLEFhIrG7o/ZESBAgAABAgQIEGh4AaGi4VtkggQIECBAgAABAgQaW0CoaOz+mB0BAgQIECBAgACBhhcQKhq+RSZIgAABAgQIECBAoLEFhIrG7o/ZESBAgAABAgQIEGh4AaGi4VtkggQIECBAgAABAgQaW0CoaOz+mB0BAgQIECBAgACBhhcQKhq+RSZIgAABAgQIECBAoLEFhIrG7o/ZESBAgAABAgQIEGh4AaGi4VtkggQIECBAgAABAgQaW0CoaOz+mB0BAgQIECBAgACBhhdomlBR6+nM4ta2HLusKwOjsdc2ZE3H/LTPW5GugdooW21LT+c5aW89Jcu7Xhxlm6TZjxdWSZwL9R+AZj/Xra/e5EZ8bHTuDf8D1JC98djosXHk8sj5uf3HdL9dg464TtJPBwwNDQ3V597e2pbe/r5JugzTJkCAAAECBAgQIEBgvASqskLT3KkYL0DjEiBAgAABAgQIECBQFhAqyj6qBAgQIECAAAECBAhUCAgVFUDKBAgQIECAAAECBAiUBYSKso8qAQIECBAgQIAAAQIVAkJFBZAyAQIECBAgQIAAAQJlAaGi7KNKgAABAgQIECBAgECFgFBRAaRMgAABAgQIECBAgEBZQKgo+6gSIECAAAECBAgQIFAhIFRUACkTIECAAAECBAgQIFAWECrKPqoECBAgQIAAAQIECFQICBUVQMoECBAgQIAAAQIECJQFhIqyjyoBAgQIECBAgAABAhUCQkUFkDIBAgQIECBAgAABAmUBoaLso0qAAAECBAgQIECAQIWAUFEBpEyAAAECBAgQIECAQFlAqCj7qBIgQIAAAQIECBAgUCEgVFQAKRMgQIAAAQIECBAgUBYQKso+qgQIECBAgAABAgQIVAgIFRVAygQIECBAgAABAgQIlAWEirKPKgECBAgQIECAAAECFQJCRQWQMgECBAgQIECAAAECZQGhouyjSoAAAQIECBAgQIBAhYBQUQGkTIAAAQIECBAgQIBAWUCoKPuoEiBAgAABAgQIECBQISBUVAApEyBAgAABAgQIECBQFhAqyj6qBAgQIECAAAECBAhUCAgVFUDKBAgQIECAAAECBAiUBYSKso8qAQIECBAgQIAAAQIVAkJFBZAyAQIECBAgQIAAAQJlgaYJFbWezixubcuxy7oyMNqaaxuypmN+2uetSNdAbZSttqWn85y0t56S5V0vjrJN0uzHC6skzoX6D0Czn+vWV29yIz42OveG/wFqyN54bPTYOHJ55Pzc/mO6365BR1wn6acDhoaGhupzb29tS29/3yRdhmkTIECAAAECBAgQIDBeAlVZoWnuVIwXoHEJECBAgAABAgQIECgLCBVlH1UCBAgQIECAAAECBCoEhIoKIGUCBAgQIECAAAECBMoCQkXZR5UAAQIECBAgQIAAgQoBoaICSJkAAQIECBAgQIAAgbKAUFH2USVAgAABAgQIECBAoEJAqKgAUiZAgAABAgQIECBAoCwgVJR9VAkQIECAAAECBAgQqBAQKiqAlAkQIECAAAECBAgQKAsIFWUfVQIECBAgQIAAAQIEKgSEigogZQIECBAgQIAAAQIEygJCRdlHlQABAgQIECBAgACBCgGhogJImQABAgQIECBAgACBsoBQUfZRJUCAAAECBAgQIECgQkCoqABSJkCAAAECBAgQIECgLCBUlH1UCRAgQIAAAQIECBCoEBAqKoCUCRAgQIAAAQIECBAoCwgVZR9VAgQIECBAgAABAgQqBISKCiBlAgQIECBAgAABAgTKAkJF2UeVAAECBAgQIECAAIEKAaGiAkiZAAECBAgQIECAAIGygFBR9lElQIAAAQIECBAgQKBCQKioAFImQIAAAQIECBAgQKAsIFSUfVQJECBAgAABAgQIEKgQECoqgJQJECBAgAABAgQIECgLCBVlH1UCBAgQIECAAAECBCoEhIoKIGUCBAgQIECAAAECBMoCQkXZR5UAAQIECBAgQIAAgQoBoaICSJkAAQIECBAgQIAAgbKAUFH2USVAgAABAgQIECBAoEJAqKgAUiZAgAABAgQIECBAoCwgVJR9VAkQIECAAAECBAgQqBAQKiqAlAkQIECAAAECBAgQKAsIFWUfVQIECBAgQIAAAQIEKgSEigogZQIECBAgQIAAAQIEygJCRdlHlQABAgQIECBAgACBCgGhogJImQABAgQIECBAgACBsoBQUfZRJUCAAAECBAgQIECgQkCoqABSJkCAAAECBAgQIECgLCBUlH1UCRAgQIAAAQIECBCoEBAqKoCUCRAgQIAAAQIECBAoCwgVZR9VAgQIECBAgAABAgQqBISKCiBlAgQIECBAgAABAgTKAkJF2UeVAAECBAgQIECAAIEKAaGiAkiZAAECBAgQIECAAIGygFBR9lElQIAAAQIECBAgQKBCQKioAFImQIAAAQIECBAgQKAsIFSUfVQJECBAgAABAgQIEKgQECoqgJQJECBAgAABAgQIECgLCBVlH1UCBAgQIECAAAECBCoEmjxUbEtP5zlpn7ciXQO1Coot6V55RVZ1b6nYbke5lsEN38iqG+9Lz2DV2Dv28ZkAAQIECBAgQIBA8wk0eag4OHPOuy29T1+dRTNKS61loGtlLvrpwiw5buYYu9yS6XM/mI8vacnXrv1aNggWY3SzGQECBAgQIECAQLMJlK60m22to69ncH1uue7ZXHL5+3L4Xoq0zHpPLj11Q86+4lvZ5IbF6MYqBAgQIECAAAECTSuwl5fQDeQw0JXl8+Zn8S0/yP+68SM5trUt7a3z8/vLvpruzS+NTHQsT396KZu+/9XcctApOXH2wfuwwJbMOPmsXLJpdW564MV92N8uBAgQIECAAAECBCa3wOQNFcPuW/PEp5flr3NBvvezvvQ+eWcuytez5Pwvp3usT0eq9eW+W+/P7MUnZPZOjfrrJW7LRfPqQWXPf965sju/2tH7liNyzKJfz9+t/HZ6hu9WDKZ75e+lvfX3sqp7cMdWPhMgQIAAAQIECBBoSoGdl9GTdXXTTrsyV/3XEzKrvpLpc9PxyaU585++mbse/eexLWnw+fT2vCFHtx6anRi1ntyxamPO+of1uf3ShTmz85H09v/PfP7UWTnmqr/PT/v78ujSBTlw5xEOzuFt7cnj3Xn65/WoMT0Lln4nvf3fyWULpu/cyhcECBAgQIAAAQIEmlFg53X05FzctMx+19u2B4odC5j+5rTPeTHrvv9kBnZ8r/C59kJ/ntx6ZNqP2HHxX8vAA3en70P/OYtmHZTkdTl0xsFJ7V+z5f8kvznz9S+Hj53jtmTazEMyLb3p27Rt53d9QYAAAQIECBAgQGAqCEzyUDF6i7Y+0Z8XKl84Xcvgxr4884phWjJj0Sdy1aI3JtmS555KDnnDgcOh4pfPHpQ3zdzT6y5aMm3GzNQjiA8CBAgQIECAAAECU02gaUPFtGNa86bK1bVk+hFtmT1a13/18/Stf11m1kPF8Mfrt9+1eNX2tWwd2JIdLw9/Vdk3CBAgQIAAAQIECDSxQOVld2OvfWue6X0+r3gp9PBrJN6YjlOPzowxTL7lTa05etpz6d34ilGG96z1/ST3py1HvnFHqBhtwFq2bvlltqY9bYfv6U7GaPv5PgECBAgQIECAAIHJLzDJQ0Wy9baVuWHthu3BYvCprLn8T7LulKX52Mn1py+N4WP4NRj/kif7f5FXPFuq9mzu/sKX88Q72nJ4PVO0vD6HvHVz7rv/HzOw6e5c85UNu2y/LZv6epO3L8i8w6oCyBjmZBMCBAgQIECAAAECk0hgkoeKaZl7TkcW9H0uJ9bf+vXoC/PD+Z/OHTe8f+y/xK5lThYv/YM8c9dDeWaXVPGrx+7INfcmv3P6ghxWb2hLW3536QeSLy7JSZ/amNPe2/byC7ZrG/NE17/lzKWnZ86wqLeUnUQ/A6ZKgAABAgQIECDwGgUOGBoaGqqPUf99DL39fa9xuH/H3eu//O7dF+fJT96ZO86b+/IF/r5MYfCRrPrgF5LP3JTLFszcyxFqGexenQ/ffGRWrz5j7GFmL49icwIECBAgQIAAAQITJVCVFSb5nYr9xDr9HbngyqNy281d2bTL3YoxjT64PrfeeWiu3Zu7I2Ma2EYECBAgQIAAAQIEJoeAUDHcp5bMOPmj+dxh9+f2x7aMsXO1DPbcnVU3b877/vgPM3c6yjHC2YwAAQIECBAgQKDJBCbv05+arBGWQ4AAAQIECBAgQKBRBTz9qVE7Y14ECBAgQIAAAQIEmkTAc3aapJGWQYAAAQIECBAgQGCiBISKiZJ3XAIECBAgQIAAAQJNIiBUNEkjLYMAAQIECBAgQIDARAkIFRMl77gECBAgQIAAAQIEmkRAqGiSRloGAQIECBAgQIAAgYkSEComSt5xCRAgQIAAAQIECDSJgFDRJI20DAIECBAgQIAAAQITJSBUTJS84xIgQIAAAQIECBBoEgGhokkaaRkECBAgQIAAAQIEJkpAqJgoecclQIAAAQIECBAg0CQCQkWTNNIyCBAgQIAAAQIECEyUgFAxUfKOS4AAAQIECBAgQKBJBISKJmmkZRAgQIAAAQIECBCYKAGhYqLkHZcAAQIECBAgQIBAkwgIFU3SSMsgQIAAAQIECBAgMFECQsVEyTsuAQIECBAgQIAAgSYRECqapJGWQYAAAQIECBAgQGCiBISKiZJ3XAIECBAgQIAAAQJNIiBUNEkjLYMAAQIECBAgQIDARAkIFRMl77gECBAgQIAAAQIEmkRAqGiSRloGAQIECBAgQIAAgYkSEComSt5xCRAgQIAAAQIECDSJgFDRJI20DAIECBAgQIAAAQITJSBUTJS84xIgQIAAAQIECBBoEgGhokkaaRkECBAgQIAAAQIEJkqgaUJFraczi1vbcuyyrgyMplnbkDUd89M+b0W6BmqjbLUtPZ3npL31lCzvenGUbZJmP15YJXEu1H8Amv1ct756kxvxsdG5N/wPUEP2xmOjx8aRyyPn5/Yf0/12DTriOkk/HTA0NDRUn3t7a1t6+/sm6TJMmwABAgQIECBAgACB8RKoygpNc6divACNS4AAAQIECBAgQIBAWUCoKPuoEiBAgAABAgQIECBQISBUVAApEyBAgAABAgQIECBQFhAqyj6qBAgQIECAAAECBAhUCAgVFUDKBAgQIECAAAECBAiUBYSKso8qAQIECBAgQIAAAQIVAkJFBZAyAQIECBAgQIAAAQJlAaGi7KNKgAABAgQIECBAgECFgFBRAaRMgAABAgQIECBAgEBZQKgo+6gSIECAAAECBAgQIFAhIFRUACkTIECAAAECBAgQIFAWECrKPqoECBAgQIAAAQIECFQICBUVQMoECBAgQIAAAQIECJQFhIqyjyoBAgQIECBAgAABAhUCQkUFkDIBAgQIECBAgAABAmUBoaLso0qAAAECBAgQIECAQIWAUFEBpEyAAAECBAgQIECAQFlAqCj7qBIgQIAAAQIECBAgUCEgVFQAKRMgQIAAAQIECBAgUBYQKso+qgQIECBAgAABAgQIVAgIFRVAygQIECBAgAABAgQIlAWEirKPKgECBAgQIECAAAECFQJCRQWQMgECBAgQIECAAAECZQGhouyjSoAAAQIECBAgQIBAhYBQUQGkTIAAAQIECBAgQIBAWUCoKPuoEiBAgAABAgQIECBQISBUVAApEyBAgAABAgQIECBQFhAqyj6qBAgQIECAAAECBAhUCAgVFUDKBAgQIECAAAECBAiUBZomVNR6OrO4tS3HLuvKwGhrrm3Imo75aZ+3Il0DtVG22paeznPS3npKlne9OMo2SbMfL6ySOBfqPwDNfq5bX73JjfjY6Nwb/geoIXvjsdFj48jlkfNz+4/pfrsGHXGdpJ8OGBoaGqrPvb21Lb39fZN0GaZNgAABAgQIECBAgMB4CVRlhaa5UzFegMYlQIAAAQIECBAgQKAsIFSUfVQJECBAgAABAgQIEKgQECoqgJQJECBAgAABAgQIECgLCBVlH1UCBAgQIECAAAECBCoEhIoKIGUCBAgQIECAAAECBMoCQkXZR5UAAQIECBAgQIAAgQoBoaICSJkAAQIECBAgQIAAgbKAUFH2USVAgAABAgQIECBAoEJAqKgAUiZAgAABAgQIECBAoCwgVJR9VAkQIECAAAECBAgQqBAQKiqAlAkQIECAAAECBAgQKAsIFWUfVQIECBAgQIAAAQIEKgSEigogZQIECBAgQIAAAQIEygJCRdlHlQABAgQIECBAgACBCgGhogJImQABAgQIECBAgACBsoBQUfZRJUCAAAECBAgQIECgQkCoqABSJkCAAAECBAgQIECgLCBUlH1UCRAgQIAAAQIECBCoEBAqKoCUCRAgQIAAAQIECBAoCwgVZR9VAgQIECBAgAABAgQqBISKCiBlAgQIECBAgAABAgTKAkJF2UeVAAECBAgQIECAAIEKAaGiAkiZAAECBAgQIECAAIGygFBR9lElQIAAAQIECBAgQKBCQKioAFImQIAAAQIECBAgQKAsIFSUfVQJECBAgAABAgQIEKgQECoqgJQJECBAgAABAgQIECgLCBVlH1UCBAgQIECAAAECBCoEhIoKIGUCBAgQIECAAAECBMoCQkXZR5UAAQIECBAgQIAAgQqBA4aGhobaW9sqNlMmQIAAAQIECBAgQGCqC/T29+2RYDhU7LHimwQIECBAgAABAgQIEBiDgKc/jQHJJgQIECBAgAABAgQIjC4gVIxuo0KAAAECBAgQIECAwBgEhIoxINmEAAECBAgQIECAAIHRBYSK0W1UCBAgQIAAAQIECBAYg8D/B8gWvn75M7M+AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC"></p>
<p>Â </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the number of σ and \(\pi \) bonds in a molecule of ethyne.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>Â </p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Trends in physical and chemical properties are useful to chemists.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Cobalt forms the transition metal complex [Co(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (H<sub>2</sub>O)Cl]Br.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group whereas the melting points of the group 17 elements (F → I) increase down the group.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the shape of the complex ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the charge on the complex ion and the oxidation state of cobalt.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe, in terms of acid-base theories, the type of reaction that takes place between the cobalt ion and water to form the complex ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Titanium and vanadium are consecutive elements in the first transition metal series.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>\({\text{TiC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}\) reacts with water and the resulting titanium(IV) oxide can be used as a smoke screen.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in metals.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Titanium exists as several isotopes. The mass spectrum of a sample of titanium gave the following data:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-20_om_08.37.43.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/02.b"></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Calculate the relative atomic mass of titanium to two decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the \(_{{\text{22}}}^{{\text{48}}}{\text{Ti}}\) atom.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-20_om_08.43.58.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/02.c"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electron configuration of the \(_{{\text{22}}}^{{\text{48}}}{\text{T}}{{\text{i}}^{2 + }}\) ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the melting point of vanadium is higher than that of titanium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch a graph of the first six successive ionization energies of vanadium on the axes provided.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-20_om_09.09.57.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/02.d.iii"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why an aluminium-titanium alloy is harder than pure aluminium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe, in terms of the electrons involved, how the bond between a ligand and a central metal ion is formed.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why transition metals form coloured compounds.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of bonding in potassium chloride which melts at 1043 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A chloride of titanium, \({\text{TiC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}\), melts at 248 K. Suggest why the melting point is so much lower than that of KCl.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest one disadvantage of using this smoke in an enclosed space.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Phosphine (IUPAC name phosphane) is a hydride of phosphorus, with the formula PH<sub>3</sub>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of phosphine.</p>
<p>(ii) State the hybridization of the phosphorus atom in phosphine.</p>
<p>(iii) Deduce, giving your reason, whether phosphine would act as a Lewis acid, a Lewis base, or neither.</p>
<p>(iv) Outline whether you expect the bonds in phosphine to be polar or non-polar, giving a brief reason.</p>
<p>(v) Phosphine has a much greater molar mass than ammonia. Explain why phosphine has a significantly lower boiling point than ammonia.</p>
<p>(vi) Ammonia acts as a weak Brønsted–Lowry base when dissolved in water.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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" alt></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Outline what is meant by the terms “weak” and “Brønsted–Lowry base”.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Weak:</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Brønsted–Lowry base:</p>
<div class="marks">[8]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Phosphine is usually prepared by heating white phosphorus, one of the allotropes of phosphorus, with concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide. The equation for the reaction is:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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" alt></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">(i) The first reagent is written as P<sub>4</sub>, not 4P. Describe the difference between P<sub>4</sub> and 4P.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">(ii) The ion H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> is amphiprotic. Outline what is meant by amphiprotic, giving the formulas of <strong>both</strong> species it is converted to when it behaves in this manner.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">(iii) State the oxidation state of phosphorus in P<sub>4</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">P<sub>4</sub>:</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>:</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">(iv) Oxidation is now defined in terms of change of oxidation number. Explore how earlier definitions of oxidation and reduction may have led to conflicting answers for the conversion of P<sub>4</sub> to H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> and the way in which the use of oxidation numbers has resolved this.</p>
<div class="marks">[8]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>2.478 g of white phosphorus was used to make phosphine according to the equation:<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of white phosphorus used.</p>
<p>(ii) This phosphorus was reacted with 100.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 5.00 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous sodium hydroxide. Deduce, showing your working, which was the limiting reagent.</p>
<p>(iii) Determine the excess amount, in mol, of the other reagent.</p>
<p>(iv) Determine the volume of phosphine, measured in cm<sup>3</sup> at standard temperature and pressure, that was produced.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Impurities cause phosphine to ignite spontaneously in air to form an oxide of phosphorus and water.</p>
<p>(i) 200.0 g of air was heated by the energy from the complete combustion of 1.00 mol phosphine. Calculate the temperature rise using section 1 of the data booklet and the data below.</p>
<p>Standard enthalpy of combustion of phosphine, <img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt><br>Specific heat capacity of air = 1.00Jg<sup>−1</sup>K<sup>−1</sup>=1.00kJkg<sup>−1</sup>K<sup>−1</sup></p>
<p>(ii) The oxide formed in the reaction with air contains 43.6% phosphorus by mass. Determine the empirical formula of the oxide, showing your method.</p>
<p>(iii) The molar mass of the oxide is approximately 285 g mol<sup>−1</sup>. Determine the molecular formula of the oxide.</p>
<p>(iv) State the equation for the reaction of this oxide of phosphorus with water.</p>
<p>(v) Suggest why oxides of phosphorus are not major contributors to acid deposition.</p>
<p>(vi) The levels of sulfur dioxide, a major contributor to acid deposition, can be minimized by either pre-combustion and post-combustion methods. Outline <strong>one</strong> technique of each method.</p>
<p>Pre-combustion:</p>
<p>Post-combustion:</p>
<div class="marks">[9]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
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