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</div><h2>HL Paper 2</h2><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Carboplatin used in the treatment of lung cancer has the following three-dimensional structure.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-15_om_17.38.38.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/03"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Elemental platinum has electrons occupying s, p, d and f atomic orbitals.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the name of the functional group circled in the structure of carboplatin.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the type of bonding between platinum and nitrogen in carboplatin.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the shape of an s orbital and a p<sub><span class="s1"><em>x </em></span></sub>orbital. Label the <em>x</em>, <em>y </em>and <em>z </em>axes on each diagram.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-16_om_05.38.56.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/03.c.i"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the maximum number of orbitals in the \(n = 4\) energy level.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A number of ruthenium-based anti-cancer drugs have also been developed. State the <strong>full </strong>electron configuration of the ruthenium(II) ion, \({\text{R}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Iron is in the same group in the periodic table as ruthenium.</p>
<p class="p1">Construct the orbital diagram (using the arrow-in-box notation) for iron, showing the electrons in the \(n = 3\) and \(n = 4\) energy levels only <strong>and </strong>label each sub-level on the diagram.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-16_om_05.51.58.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/3.e"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">ester;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept just carbonyl</em>.</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow carboxylato (ligand)/carboxylate (ligand) but not carboxyl/carboxy.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">dative (covalent) / coordinate;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not allow just covalent or co-dative.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-16_om_05.40.48.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/03.c.i_1/M"></p>
<p class="p2">symmetrical s orbital representation;</p>
<p class="p2"><em>Do not penalize if axes are not labelled for s orbital.</em></p>
<p class="p2"><em>x, y, z can be located in any direction.</em></p>
<p class="p3"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-16_om_05.41.49.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/03.c.i_2/M"></p>
<p class="p2">dumbbell-shaped p<sub><span class="s1"><em>x </em></span></sub>orbital representation with electron density located along <em>x</em>-axis;</p>
<p class="p2"><em>x-axis must be labelled for p</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>x </em></span></sub><em>orbital.</em></p>
<p class="p2"><em>Do not accept if p</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>y </em></span></sub><em>and p</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>z </em></span></sub><em>are also drawn as question asks for orbital not sub-level.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">16;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{{\text{10}}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{6}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Order of 4s and 3d levels can be interchanged.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept other notation such as subscripts.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-16_om_05.52.59.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/03.e/M"></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow full arrows instead of half-arrows in orbital diagram.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Sub-levels must be labelled for mark.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates identified the functional group but not the type of bond between Pt and N in carboplatin. A surprising number of candidates were unable to draw a <em>p</em><sub><span class="s1">x </span></sub>orbital or drew all <em>p </em>orbitals, or did not label the axis</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Very few gave 16 as the answer.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The emission spectrum of an element can be used to identify it.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Hydrogen spectral data give the frequency of 3.28 × 10<sup>15</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> for its convergence limit.</p>
<p>Calculate the ionization energy, in J, for a single atom of hydrogen using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the wavelength, in m, for the electron transition corresponding to the frequency in (a)(iii) using section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce any change in the colour of the electrolyte during electrolysis.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the gas formed at the anode (positive electrode) when graphite is used in place of copper.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states in contrast to alkali metals.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>IE <strong>«</strong>= Δ<em>E =</em> <em>h</em>ν = 6.63 × 10<sup>–34</sup> J s × 3.28 × 10<sup>15</sup> s<sup>–1</sup><strong>» =</strong> 2.17 × 10<sup>–18</sup> <strong>«</strong>J<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>\(\lambda = \frac{C}{{\text{v}}} = \frac{{3.00 \times {{10}^8}{\text{ m}}{{\text{s}}^{ - 1}}}}{{3.28 \times {{10}^{15}}{\text{ }}{{\text{s}}^{ - 1}}}} = \)<strong>»</strong> 9.15 × 10<sup>–8</sup> <strong>«</strong>m<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>no change <strong>«</strong>in colour<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “solution around cathode </em><em>will become paler and solution around </em><em>the anode will become darker”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>oxygen/O<sub>2</sub></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “carbon dioxide/CO2”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Transition metals:</em></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>contain<strong>» </strong>d and s orbitals <strong>«</strong>which are close in energy<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>successive<strong>» </strong>ionization energies increase gradually</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Alkali metals</em>:</p>
<p>second electron removed from <strong>«</strong>much<strong>» </strong>lower energy level</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>removal of second electron requires large increase in ionization energy</p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The element antimony, Sb, is usually found in nature as its sulfide ore, stibnite, \({\text{S}}{{\text{b}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{S}}_{\text{3}}}\). This ore was used two thousand years ago by ancient Egyptian women as a cosmetic to darken their eyes and eyelashes.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Antimony contains two stable isotopes, \(^{{\text{121}}}{\text{Sb}}\) and \(^{{\text{123}}}{\text{Sb}}\). The relative atomic mass of antimony is given in Table 5 of the Data Booklet.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the percentage by mass of antimony in a sample of pure stibnite. State your answer to <strong>four </strong>significant figures.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the percentage of each isotope in pure antimony. State your answers to <strong>three </strong>significant figures.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the number of neutrons present in an atom of \(^{{\text{121}}}{\text{Sb}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({{\text{M}}_{\text{r}}}{\text{ for S}}{{\text{b}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{S}}_{\text{3}}} = (2 \times 121.75) + (3 \times 32.06) = 339.68\);</p>
<p class="p1">% of Sb in \({\text{S}}{{\text{b}}_2}{{\text{S}}_3} = \frac{{(2 \times 121.75)}}{{339.68}} \times 100 = 71.69\% \);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept 71.68%.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">the (vaporized) ions are deflected by the (external) magnetic field;</p>
<p class="p1">the \(^{{\text{121}}}{\text{Sb}}\) /lighter ions are deflected more than the \(^{{\text{123}}}{\text{Sb}}\) /heavier ions / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow deflection depends on mass to charge ratio or momentum of ions.</em></p>
<p class="p1">the ions are detected by conversion into an electrical current / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">the ratio of the intensity of the peaks in the spectrum is equal to the ratio of the ions in the sample / the ratio of the height of the peaks due to \(^{{\text{121}}}{\text{Sb}}\) and \(^{{\text{123}}}{\text{Sb}}\) will be 62.5:37.5 / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>If atoms/elements used instead of ions, penalize only once.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow the use of sample or isotopes instead of ions.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">70;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (a) (i) most candidates calculated the molecular mass but many lost a mark as they forget to multiply by 2 when calculating the mass of antimony. A small number of candidates also lost the second mark as they failed to report the answer to four significant figures as directed by the question. Most candidates were able to deduce the oxidation state of antimony but many lost a mark as they used an incorrect format such as 3, or \(3 + \). It was expected that candidates would be able to deduce the other oxidation states from the position of the element in the periodic table but most candidates incorrectly gave \( + 2\) as an answer.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were aware of some environmental concerns due to the production of pollutant gases but some incorrectly identified both carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide as greenhouse gases. Most candidates were able to calculate the relative abundance of the two isotopes and the use of a magnetic field to deflect ions in a mass spectrometer was generally understood, although a significant number of responses were penalised as they referred to <em>atoms </em>rather than <em>ions</em>. Few students were able, however, to describe the deflection stage in sufficient detail.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were able to deduce the number of neutrons in \(^{{\text{121}}}{\text{Sb}}\).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the shape of the \({{\text{p}}_{\text{z}}}\) orbital using the coordinates shown.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-18_om_06.24.59.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/03.a.i"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the electron configuration of \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>ligand.</em></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why the complex \({{\text{[Fe(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{3 + }}\) is coloured.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The element selenium \({\text{(}}Z = 34{\text{)}}\) has electrons in the 4s, 3d and 4p orbitals. Draw an orbital box diagram (arrow-in-box notation) to represent these electrons.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">dumbbell-shaped representation along the \(z\)-axis:</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-18_om_06.26.59.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/03.a.i/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Sign of wave function not required. </em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}2{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}2{{\text{p}}^6}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^2}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^6}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^5}/{\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^2}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^2}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^6}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^2}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^6}{\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^0}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^5}/{\text{[Ar]4}}{{\text{s}}^0}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^5}/{\text{[Ar]3}}{{\text{d}}^5}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not allow 2, 8, 13.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Lewis base / (species/ion/molecule) with lone pair <strong>and </strong>dative covalent/coordinate bond (to metal) / bonds with metal (ion)/complex ion;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">has partially filled d subshell/sublevel/orbitals;</p>
<p class="p1">d orbitals are split (into two sets of different energies);</p>
<p class="p1">colour due to electron transition between (split) d orbitals;</p>
<p class="p1">frequencies of visible light absorbed by electrons moving from lower to higher d levels, colour due to remaining frequencies;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow wavelength as well as frequency.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-18_om_06.44.09.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/03.a.v/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept half-arrows or full arrows. </em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not penalize if additional sublevels are shown, if sublevels are not labelled or if no boxes are drawn (providing system of arrows correct). </em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not award mark if sublevels are incorrectly labelled. </em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Orbital diagram may also be represented with sublevels shown at different relative energy positions. </em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were able to draw the dumbbell shaped \({{\text{p}}_{\text{z}}}\) orbital, although some candidates drew all three p-orbitals, hence failing to read the question carefully.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">For (ii) the electron configuration of \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\) was well answered compared to recent sessions. The very weak candidates wrote incorrect answers such \({\text{[Ar]4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{2}}}\) and some very weak candidates just gave the electron arrangement 2, 8, 13, which would be a typical SL type answer.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The definition of a ligand was poorly answered (iii) by even the strongest candidates. In general candidates showed some understanding but good definitions were rare. Very often candidates did not mention dative covalent bonding and some said that ligands are simply just lone pairs of electrons.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (iv) most candidates referred to the splitting of d orbitals and related colour to d to d transitions. A very high number of candidates scored at least two points. Often candidates did not mention partially filled d subshells or did not score the point: frequencies of visible light absorbed by electrons moving from lower to higher d levels, colour due to remaining frequencies.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The orbital diagram of selenium (v) was very well answered by most candidates. The only minor mistake for the weaker candidates involved lack of understanding of Hund’s Rule for \({\text{4}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{4}}}\).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Two groups of students (Group A and Group B) carried out a project* on the chemistry of some group 7 elements (the halogens) and their compounds.</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">* Adapted from J Derek Woollins, (2009), Inorganic Experiments and Open University, (2008), Exploring the Molecular World.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">In this project the students explored several aspects of the chemistry of the halogens. In the original preparation of ICl(l), they observed the yellow-green colour of chlorine gas, Cl<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>(g), reacting with solid iodine, I<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>(s).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">When iodine reacts with excess chlorine, \({\text{IC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) can form. Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of \({\text{IC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and \({\text{ICl}}_2^ - \) and state the name of the shape of each species.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-22_om_06.59.30.png" alt="N12/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/01.e"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the <strong>full </strong>electron configuration of iodine \((Z = 53)\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">One important use of chlorine is in the synthesis of poly(chloroethene), PVC. Identify the monomer used to make PVC and state <strong>one </strong>of the uses of PVC.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Monomer:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Use:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-22_om_07.00.47.png" alt="N12/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/01.e/M"></p>
<p class="p1"><em>No ECF for shape if Lewis structure is incorrect.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{{\text{10}}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{5}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{d}}^{{\text{10}}}}{\text{5}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{5}}}{\text{/1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{{\text{10}}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{d}}^{{\text{10}}}}{\text{5}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{5}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{5}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>No mark for 2,8,18,18,7 or [Kr] 5s</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sup><em>4d</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>10</em></span></sup><em>5p</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>5</em></span></sup><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow electron configurations with order of sublevels interchanged.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Electrons must be represented as superscript to award mark.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Monomer</em>:</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-22_om_07.36.21.png" alt="N12/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/01.f.iii/M"> / chloroethene /\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{CHCl}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept vinyl chloride or chloroethylene</em>.</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow C</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>H</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>3</em></span></sub><em>Cl</em>.</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Use</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">raincoats / packaging / window frames / pipes / carpets / gutters / electrical cable sheathing / covers for electrical wires / rope / bottles;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept suitable alternatives.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not allow glue.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not allow just plastic(s) or just windows.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow plastic bag.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (e) was by far one of the most disappointing questions on the entire paper with only the top-end candidates scoring all four marks. Many mistakes were seen, such as the usual mistakes of omitting lone pairs on terminal atoms and not including square brackets and the negative charge for the Lewis structure of the anion. The biggest problem however for candidates was failing to realise that for Lewis structures based on five negative charge centres or five electron domains, the lone pairs are inserted in the equatorial position and not the axial position, resulting in a T-shaped molecular geometry for \({\text{IC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\)<span class="s1"> </span>and a linear shape for \({\text{ICl}}_2^ - \). Candidates may benefit in class from a careful discussion of the various angles resulting from LP-LP, LP-BP and BP-BP repulsions for such structures emanating from five electron domains. As a result of poor comprehension of this aspect of VSEPR Theory, a common incorrect molecular geometry of trigonal planar was often cited for the molecular geometry for\({\text{IC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (f), the better candidates gave the correct full electron configuration for iodine. Surprisingly some of the weaker candidates gave electron arrangements which scored no marks and a few candidates gave rather sloppy configurations, either putting subscripts instead of superscripts or not putting the number of electrons as superscripts, which was rather disconcerting to see at HL.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (iii), a large number of candidates stated chloroethane instead of chloroethene for the monomer. Plastic was often given as a use of PVC. This however was not allowed for M2 and a more precise answer was required.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>2-methylbutan-2-ol, \({{\text{(C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C(OH)C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\), is a liquid with a smell of camphor that was formerly used as a sedative. One way of producing it starts with 2-methylbut-2-ene.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>As well as 2-methylbutan-2-ol, the reaction also produces a small quantity of an optically active isomer, <strong>X</strong>.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>2-methylbutan-2-ol can also be produced by the hydrolysis of 2-chloro-2-methylbutane, \({{\text{(C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{CCl}}{{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{5}}}\), with aqueous sodium hydroxide.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>2-chloro-2-methylbutane contains some molecules with a molar mass of approximately \({\text{106 g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\) and some with a molar mass of approximately \({\text{108 g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>2-chloro-2-methylbutane can also be converted into compound <strong>Z</strong> by a two-stage reaction via compound <strong>Y</strong>:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-25_om_13.10.19.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/08.g"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the other substances required to convert 2-methylbut-2-ene to 2-methylbutan-2-ol.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain whether you would expect 2-methylbutan-2-ol to react with acidified potassium dichromate(VI).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State what is meant by <em>optical activity</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State what optical activity indicates about the structure of the molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Optical activity can be detected using a polarimeter. Explain how this works.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the structural formula of <strong>X</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why 2-methylbut-2-ene is less soluble in water than 2-methylbutan-2-ol.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the mechanism of this reaction using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the rate expression for this reaction and the units of the rate constant.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why, for some other halogenoalkanes, this hydrolysis is much more effective in alkaline rather than in neutral conditions.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why there are molecules with different molar masses.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the structure of <strong>Y</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the reagent and any catalyst required for both the formation of <strong>Y</strong> and the conversion of <strong>Y</strong> into <strong>Z</strong>.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Formation of <strong>Y</strong>:</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Conversion of <strong>Y</strong> into <strong>Z</strong>:</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>water/\({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\);</p>
<p><em>Accept steam.</em></p>
<p>(concentrated) sulfuric acid/\({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\) (catalyst);</p>
<p><em>Accept phosphoric acid/H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for HBr and NaOH (two-stage process via the halogenoalkane).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>not react;</p>
<p>tertiary alcohol (not easily oxidized);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>rotates the plane (of polarization) of plane polarized light;</p>
<p><em>Accept answers in which <strong>one</strong> of the “plane”s is missing.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>two isomers that are enantiomers/chiral/non-superimposable mirror images;</p>
<p><em>Accept “contains an asymmetric/chiral carbon” or “contains a carbon bonded to four <span style="text-decoration: underline;">different</span> groups”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>polarizes light / polarized light source;</p>
<p>light passed through sample;</p>
<p>analyser / second polarizer detects whether plane of polarization rotated;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-25_om_11.21.36.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/08.c.iv/M"> ;</p>
<p><em>Accept C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>7</sub>–CH(OH)–CH<sub>3</sub>, but not CH<sub>3</sub>–CH<sub>2</sub>–CH<sub>2</sub>–CH(OH)–CH<sub>3</sub>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>2-methylbutan-2-ol has hydroxyl/OH group;</p>
<p><em>Do not accept “hydroxide group”.</em></p>
<p><em>Allow 2-methylbutan-2-ol is an alcohol.</em></p>
<p>2-methylbutan-2-ol can form <span style="text-decoration: underline;">H-bonds</span> (to water) / 2-methylbut-2-ene cannot form <span style="text-decoration: underline;">H-bonds</span> (to water);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-25_om_12.29.01.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/08.e.i/M"></p>
<p>curly arrow showing \({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }\) leaving;</p>
<p>representation of tertiary carbocation;</p>
<p>curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on O in \({\text{H}}{{\text{O}}^ - }\) to \({{\text{C}}^ + }\);</p>
<p><em>Do not allow arrow originating on H in HO<sup>–</sup>.</em></p>
<p>formation of organic product \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C(C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{OH}}\) <strong>and</strong> \({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }\)/NaCl</p>
<p>(somewhere in mechanism);</p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[3 max]</strong> if a candidate gives a fully correct S<sub>N</sub>2 mechanism.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{rate}} = {\text{k}} \times \) [2-chloro-2-methylbutane]/\({\text{[C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C(C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{Cl]}}\)/[halogenoalkane]</p>
<p>/[R–Cl];</p>
<p>\({{\text{s}}^{ - 1}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>hydroxide ion/\({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\) is a better nucleophile than water / hydroxide ion/\({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\) has negative charge;</p>
<p>undergo \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{2}}\) hydrolysis / RDS depends on attack of \({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\)/hydroxide ion (nucleophile);</p>
<p><em>Accept other suggestions that are chemically valid.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>chlorine can be \(^{{\text{35}}}{\text{Cl}}\)/Cl–35 or \(^{{\text{37}}}{\text{Cl}}\)/Cl–37;</p>
<p><em>Accept “chlorine can exist as two isotopes”.</em></p>
<p><em>Answer must refer to chlorine rather than isotopes in general.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-25_om_13.14.21.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/08.g.i/M"> ;</p>
<p><em>Do not accept condensed formulas such as CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>C(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CN.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept the cyanide group as –CN without showing the triple bond.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Formation of Y:</em></p>
<p>cyanide ion/\({\text{C}}{{\text{N}}^ - }\) / potassium cyanide/KCN;</p>
<p><em>Accept hydrogen cyanide/HCN.</em></p>
<p><em>Conversion of Y into Z:</em></p>
<p>hydrogen/\({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\);</p>
<p>nickel/Ni / platinum/Pt / palladium/Pd (catalyst);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students could recall the reagents for the hydration of an alkene and recognize the alcohol as a tertiary alcohol that would not undergo oxidation. Statements regarding optical activity often lacked precision and betrayed confusion with chirality. Very few could correctly describe how a polarimeter worked, especially the second rotating sheet of polaroid, and students frequently drew the structure of 2-methylbutan-2-ol rather than its chiral isomer. Most students stated that the alcohol was more polar than the alkene, but fewer mentioned that it could form hydrogen bonds to water and even less linked this to the presence of the hydroxyl group. Almost all students recognized that the hydrolysis was \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\), with an encouraging number being able to write reasonable mechanisms, though many still lost marks through a lack of precision in where their curly arrows started and ended. Many candidates also stated an appropriate rate equation along with the units of the rate constant. Very few students linked the difference of two molar mass units to the presence in the molecule of chlorine, with its naturally occurring isotopes, and the discussion of any effect on the hydrolysis rate often revealed a lack of clear thinking. In contrast many students correctly identified the nitrile as the intermediate in the chain extension reaction and reagents for its formation and hydrogenation were generally well known.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students could recall the reagents for the hydration of an alkene and recognize the alcohol as a tertiary alcohol that would not undergo oxidation. Statements regarding optical activity often lacked precision and betrayed confusion with chirality. Very few could correctly describe how a polarimeter worked, especially the second rotating sheet of polaroid, and students frequently drew the structure of 2-methylbutan-2-ol rather than its chiral isomer. Most students stated that the alcohol was more polar than the alkene, but fewer mentioned that it could form hydrogen bonds to water and even less linked this to the presence of the hydroxyl group. Almost all students recognized that the hydrolysis was \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\), with an encouraging number being able to write reasonable mechanisms, though many still lost marks through a lack of precision in where their curly arrows started and ended. Many candidates also stated an appropriate rate equation along with the units of the rate constant. Very few students linked the difference of two molar mass units to the presence in the molecule of chlorine, with its naturally occurring isotopes, and the discussion of any effect on the hydrolysis rate often revealed a lack of clear thinking. In contrast many students correctly identified the nitrile as the intermediate in the chain extension reaction and reagents for its formation and hydrogenation were generally well known.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students could recall the reagents for the hydration of an alkene and recognize the alcohol as a tertiary alcohol that would not undergo oxidation. Statements regarding optical activity often lacked precision and betrayed confusion with chirality. Very few could correctly describe how a polarimeter worked, especially the second rotating sheet of polaroid, and students frequently drew the structure of 2-methylbutan-2-ol rather than its chiral isomer. Most students stated that the alcohol was more polar than the alkene, but fewer mentioned that it could form hydrogen bonds to water and even less linked this to the presence of the hydroxyl group. Almost all students recognized that the hydrolysis was \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\), with an encouraging number being able to write reasonable mechanisms, though many still lost marks through a lack of precision in where their curly arrows started and ended. Many candidates also stated an appropriate rate equation along with the units of the rate constant. Very few students linked the difference of two molar mass units to the presence in the molecule of chlorine, with its naturally occurring isotopes, and the discussion of any effect on the hydrolysis rate often revealed a lack of clear thinking. In contrast many students correctly identified the nitrile as the intermediate in the chain extension reaction and reagents for its formation and hydrogenation were generally well known.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students could recall the reagents for the hydration of an alkene and recognize the alcohol as a tertiary alcohol that would not undergo oxidation. Statements regarding optical activity often lacked precision and betrayed confusion with chirality. Very few could correctly describe how a polarimeter worked, especially the second rotating sheet of polaroid, and students frequently drew the structure of 2-methylbutan-2-ol rather than its chiral isomer. Most students stated that the alcohol was more polar than the alkene, but fewer mentioned that it could form hydrogen bonds to water and even less linked this to the presence of the hydroxyl group. Almost all students recognized that the hydrolysis was \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\), with an encouraging number being able to write reasonable mechanisms, though many still lost marks through a lack of precision in where their curly arrows started and ended. Many candidates also stated an appropriate rate equation along with the units of the rate constant. Very few students linked the difference of two molar mass units to the presence in the molecule of chlorine, with its naturally occurring isotopes, and the discussion of any effect on the hydrolysis rate often revealed a lack of clear thinking. In contrast many students correctly identified the nitrile as the intermediate in the chain extension reaction and reagents for its formation and hydrogenation were generally well known.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students could recall the reagents for the hydration of an alkene and recognize the alcohol as a tertiary alcohol that would not undergo oxidation. Statements regarding optical activity often lacked precision and betrayed confusion with chirality. Very few could correctly describe how a polarimeter worked, especially the second rotating sheet of polaroid, and students frequently drew the structure of 2-methylbutan-2-ol rather than its chiral isomer. Most students stated that the alcohol was more polar than the alkene, but fewer mentioned that it could form hydrogen bonds to water and even less linked this to the presence of the hydroxyl group. Almost all students recognized that the hydrolysis was \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\), with an encouraging number being able to write reasonable mechanisms, though many still lost marks through a lack of precision in where their curly arrows started and ended. Many candidates also stated an appropriate rate equation along with the units of the rate constant. Very few students linked the difference of two molar mass units to the presence in the molecule of chlorine, with its naturally occurring isotopes, and the discussion of any effect on the hydrolysis rate often revealed a lack of clear thinking. In contrast many students correctly identified the nitrile as the intermediate in the chain extension reaction and reagents for its formation and hydrogenation were generally well known.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students could recall the reagents for the hydration of an alkene and recognize the alcohol as a tertiary alcohol that would not undergo oxidation. Statements regarding optical activity often lacked precision and betrayed confusion with chirality. Very few could correctly describe how a polarimeter worked, especially the second rotating sheet of polaroid, and students frequently drew the structure of 2-methylbutan-2-ol rather than its chiral isomer. Most students stated that the alcohol was more polar than the alkene, but fewer mentioned that it could form hydrogen bonds to water and even less linked this to the presence of the hydroxyl group. Almost all students recognized that the hydrolysis was \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\), with an encouraging number being able to write reasonable mechanisms, though many still lost marks through a lack of precision in where their curly arrows started and ended. Many candidates also stated an appropriate rate equation along with the units of the rate constant. Very few students linked the difference of two molar mass units to the presence in the molecule of chlorine, with its naturally occurring isotopes, and the discussion of any effect on the hydrolysis rate often revealed a lack of clear thinking. In contrast many students correctly identified the nitrile as the intermediate in the chain extension reaction and reagents for its formation and hydrogenation were generally well known.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students could recall the reagents for the hydration of an alkene and recognize the alcohol as a tertiary alcohol that would not undergo oxidation. Statements regarding optical activity often lacked precision and betrayed confusion with chirality. Very few could correctly describe how a polarimeter worked, especially the second rotating sheet of polaroid, and students frequently drew the structure of 2-methylbutan-2-ol rather than its chiral isomer. Most students stated that the alcohol was more polar than the alkene, but fewer mentioned that it could form hydrogen bonds to water and even less linked this to the presence of the hydroxyl group. Almost all students recognized that the hydrolysis was \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\), with an encouraging number being able to write reasonable mechanisms, though many still lost marks through a lack of precision in where their curly arrows started and ended. Many candidates also stated an appropriate rate equation along with the units of the rate constant. Very few students linked the difference of two molar mass units to the presence in the molecule of chlorine, with its naturally occurring isotopes, and the discussion of any effect on the hydrolysis rate often revealed a lack of clear thinking. In contrast many students correctly identified the nitrile as the intermediate in the chain extension reaction and reagents for its formation and hydrogenation were generally well known.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students could recall the reagents for the hydration of an alkene and recognize the alcohol as a tertiary alcohol that would not undergo oxidation. Statements regarding optical activity often lacked precision and betrayed confusion with chirality. Very few could correctly describe how a polarimeter worked, especially the second rotating sheet of polaroid, and students frequently drew the structure of 2-methylbutan-2-ol rather than its chiral isomer. Most students stated that the alcohol was more polar than the alkene, but fewer mentioned that it could form hydrogen bonds to water and even less linked this to the presence of the hydroxyl group. Almost all students recognized that the hydrolysis was \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\), with an encouraging number being able to write reasonable mechanisms, though many still lost marks through a lack of precision in where their curly arrows started and ended. Many candidates also stated an appropriate rate equation along with the units of the rate constant. Very few students linked the difference of two molar mass units to the presence in the molecule of chlorine, with its naturally occurring isotopes, and the discussion of any effect on the hydrolysis rate often revealed a lack of clear thinking. In contrast many students correctly identified the nitrile as the intermediate in the chain extension reaction and reagents for its formation and hydrogenation were generally well known.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students could recall the reagents for the hydration of an alkene and recognize the alcohol as a tertiary alcohol that would not undergo oxidation. Statements regarding optical activity often lacked precision and betrayed confusion with chirality. Very few could correctly describe how a polarimeter worked, especially the second rotating sheet of polaroid, and students frequently drew the structure of 2-methylbutan-2-ol rather than its chiral isomer. Most students stated that the alcohol was more polar than the alkene, but fewer mentioned that it could form hydrogen bonds to water and even less linked this to the presence of the hydroxyl group. Almost all students recognized that the hydrolysis was \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\), with an encouraging number being able to write reasonable mechanisms, though many still lost marks through a lack of precision in where their curly arrows started and ended. Many candidates also stated an appropriate rate equation along with the units of the rate constant. Very few students linked the difference of two molar mass units to the presence in the molecule of chlorine, with its naturally occurring isotopes, and the discussion of any effect on the hydrolysis rate often revealed a lack of clear thinking. In contrast many students correctly identified the nitrile as the intermediate in the chain extension reaction and reagents for its formation and hydrogenation were generally well known.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students could recall the reagents for the hydration of an alkene and recognize the alcohol as a tertiary alcohol that would not undergo oxidation. Statements regarding optical activity often lacked precision and betrayed confusion with chirality. Very few could correctly describe how a polarimeter worked, especially the second rotating sheet of polaroid, and students frequently drew the structure of 2-methylbutan-2-ol rather than its chiral isomer. Most students stated that the alcohol was more polar than the alkene, but fewer mentioned that it could form hydrogen bonds to water and even less linked this to the presence of the hydroxyl group. Almost all students recognized that the hydrolysis was \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\), with an encouraging number being able to write reasonable mechanisms, though many still lost marks through a lack of precision in where their curly arrows started and ended. Many candidates also stated an appropriate rate equation along with the units of the rate constant. Very few students linked the difference of two molar mass units to the presence in the molecule of chlorine, with its naturally occurring isotopes, and the discussion of any effect on the hydrolysis rate often revealed a lack of clear thinking. In contrast many students correctly identified the nitrile as the intermediate in the chain extension reaction and reagents for its formation and hydrogenation were generally well known.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students could recall the reagents for the hydration of an alkene and recognize the alcohol as a tertiary alcohol that would not undergo oxidation. Statements regarding optical activity often lacked precision and betrayed confusion with chirality. Very few could correctly describe how a polarimeter worked, especially the second rotating sheet of polaroid, and students frequently drew the structure of 2-methylbutan-2-ol rather than its chiral isomer. Most students stated that the alcohol was more polar than the alkene, but fewer mentioned that it could form hydrogen bonds to water and even less linked this to the presence of the hydroxyl group. Almost all students recognized that the hydrolysis was \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\), with an encouraging number being able to write reasonable mechanisms, though many still lost marks through a lack of precision in where their curly arrows started and ended. Many candidates also stated an appropriate rate equation along with the units of the rate constant. Very few students linked the difference of two molar mass units to the presence in the molecule of chlorine, with its naturally occurring isotopes, and the discussion of any effect on the hydrolysis rate often revealed a lack of clear thinking. In contrast many students correctly identified the nitrile as the intermediate in the chain extension reaction and reagents for its formation and hydrogenation were generally well known.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students could recall the reagents for the hydration of an alkene and recognize the alcohol as a tertiary alcohol that would not undergo oxidation. Statements regarding optical activity often lacked precision and betrayed confusion with chirality. Very few could correctly describe how a polarimeter worked, especially the second rotating sheet of polaroid, and students frequently drew the structure of 2-methylbutan-2-ol rather than its chiral isomer. Most students stated that the alcohol was more polar than the alkene, but fewer mentioned that it could form hydrogen bonds to water and even less linked this to the presence of the hydroxyl group. Almost all students recognized that the hydrolysis was \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\), with an encouraging number being able to write reasonable mechanisms, though many still lost marks through a lack of precision in where their curly arrows started and ended. Many candidates also stated an appropriate rate equation along with the units of the rate constant. Very few students linked the difference of two molar mass units to the presence in the molecule of chlorine, with its naturally occurring isotopes, and the discussion of any effect on the hydrolysis rate often revealed a lack of clear thinking. In contrast many students correctly identified the nitrile as the intermediate in the chain extension reaction and reagents for its formation and hydrogenation were generally well known.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students could recall the reagents for the hydration of an alkene and recognize the alcohol as a tertiary alcohol that would not undergo oxidation. Statements regarding optical activity often lacked precision and betrayed confusion with chirality. Very few could correctly describe how a polarimeter worked, especially the second rotating sheet of polaroid, and students frequently drew the structure of 2-methylbutan-2-ol rather than its chiral isomer. Most students stated that the alcohol was more polar than the alkene, but fewer mentioned that it could form hydrogen bonds to water and even less linked this to the presence of the hydroxyl group. Almost all students recognized that the hydrolysis was \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\), with an encouraging number being able to write reasonable mechanisms, though many still lost marks through a lack of precision in where their curly arrows started and ended. Many candidates also stated an appropriate rate equation along with the units of the rate constant. Very few students linked the difference of two molar mass units to the presence in the molecule of chlorine, with its naturally occurring isotopes, and the discussion of any effect on the hydrolysis rate often revealed a lack of clear thinking. In contrast many students correctly identified the nitrile as the intermediate in the chain extension reaction and reagents for its formation and hydrogenation were generally well known.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Bromine is a member of group 7, the halogens.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Iron is a transition metal.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Freshly prepared iron(II) bromide can be electrolysed both in the liquid state and in aqueous solution.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain the trend in reactivity of the halogens.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce, using equations where appropriate, if bromine reacts with sodium chloride solution and with sodium iodide solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the bonding in metals and explain their malleability.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">List <strong>three </strong>characteristic properties of transition elements.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the type of bonding between iron and cyanide in \({{\text{[Fe(CN}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{3 - }}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the oxidation number of iron in \({{\text{[Fe(CN}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{3 - }}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the abbreviated orbital diagram for an <strong>iron atom </strong>using the arrow-in-box notation to represent electrons.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the abbreviated orbital diagram for the <strong>iron ion in [Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3–</sup></strong> using the arrow-in-box notation to represent electrons.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe, using a diagram, the essential components of an electrolytic cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the <strong>two </strong>ways in which current is conducted in an electrolytic cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Predict and explain the products of electrolysis of a <strong>dilute </strong>iron(II) bromide solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify another product that is formed if the solution of iron(II) bromide is <strong>concentrated</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why this other product is formed.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">reactivity decreases down group;</p>
<p class="p1">as atomic radius increases / more electron shells;</p>
<p class="p1">attraction of nucleus on electrons decreases / electron affinity decreases;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept opposite argument for “up the group”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">no reaction with NaCl;</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2NaI(aq)}} \to {\text{2NaBr(aq)}} + {{\text{I}}_2}{\text{(aq)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept ionic equation.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(electrostatic attraction between a) lattice of positive ions/cations <strong>and</strong> delocalized/sea of electrons;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept suitable diagram.</em></p>
<p class="p1">atoms/ions/layers (of positive ions) can slide over each other <em>/ OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">without change in the bonding forces <em>/ OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">variable oxidation numbers/valency</p>
<p class="p1">form complex (ions)</p>
<p class="p1">form coloured <span style="text-decoration: underline;">compounds/ions</span></p>
<p class="p1">catalytic (behaviour)</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for any three, </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for any two.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">dative (covalent)/coordinate;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">III / \( + 3\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Penalize incorrect format such as 3+ only if not penalized in 4 (b).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-13_om_13.25.35.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/07.b.v/M"></em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Penalise missing [Ar] only once in (v) and (vi).</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept full orbital diagram; penalise only once in (v) and (vi).</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept full or half-arrows in (v) and (vi).</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore absence of labels 4s and 3d.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-13_om_13.38.44.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/07.b.vi/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p2"><em>Accept empty 4s box in (vi).</em></p>
<p class="p2"><em>No ECF from (iv).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-13_om_13.43.52.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/07.c.i/M"></p>
<p class="p1">clear diagram containing all elements (power supply, connecting wires,</p>
<p class="p1">electrodes, container and electrolyte);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept power supply if shown as conventional long/short lines (as in diagram </em><em>above) or clearly labelled DC power supply.</em></p>
<p class="p1">labelled positive electrode/anode <strong>and </strong>negative electrode/cathode;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept positive and negative by correct symbols near power supply.</em></p>
<p class="p1">labelled electrolyte/FeBr<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>(l)/FeBr<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>(aq);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>State must be included for FeBr</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Electrolyte: </em>positive ions/cations move to negative electrode/cathode <strong>and</strong> negative ions/anions to positive electrode/anode;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Conductors</em>: electrons flow from negative pole of battery to positive pole of battery / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Look at diagram in (i) for possible clarification of electron flow.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for “electrons in wire/external circuit </em><strong><em>and </em></strong><em>ions in solution”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Negative electrode/cathode</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\({E^\Theta }{\text{(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{)}}\) is less negative than \({E^\Theta }{\text{(Fe)}}\) / Fe is more reactive than \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\) / \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\) is lower in reactivity series / \({{\text{H}}^ + }\) more easily reduced than Fe<span class="s1">2+ </span>/ <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Positive electrode/anode</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\({E^\Theta }{\text{(}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{)}}\) is less positive than \({E^\Theta }{\text{(B}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{)}}\) / in a dilute \({\text{B}}{{\text{r}}^ - }\) solution \({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{/}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) is</p>
<p class="p1">preferably discharged / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[3 max] </em></strong><em>if electrodes reversed or omitted.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept Fe.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{2B}}{{\text{r}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_2} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - }\) shifts to the right;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept similar reason for Fe.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This was the least popular of the Section B questions. In (a) (i) the trend was generally correctly identified but the reasons were not clear, many confusing <em>electronegativity </em>with <em>electron affinity</em>. Most knew about the reactions (or lack thereof) of bromine but the equations were sometimes unbalanced or included halogen atoms rather than molecules.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This was the least popular of the Section B questions. In (a) (i) the trend was generally correctly identified but the reasons were not clear, many confusing <em>electronegativity </em>with <em>electron affinity</em>. Most knew about the reactions (or lack thereof) of bromine but the equations were sometimes unbalanced or included halogen atoms rather than molecules.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">There was a tendency to describe the bonding of metals in terms of nuclei rather than cations and malleability was not well understood.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The properties in (b) (ii) were surprisingly poor. Many suggested that the metals themselves are coloured rather than the compounds, for instance.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The bonding in (iii) was not well known but the oxidation number was generally answered correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (v), some candidates gave the <em>full </em>orbital diagram, some omitted [Ar] – and some just got it wrong!</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The diagrams in (c) were poorly presented and often inaccurate (much confusion with a voltaic cell) and there was little understanding of how current was transmitted.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The diagrams in (c) were poorly presented and often inaccurate (much confusion with a voltaic cell) and there was little understanding of how current was transmitted.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (iii), few candidates correctly predicted the products of electrolysis of dilute iron bromide, with many seeming to ignore the presence of hydrogen ions/hydroxide ions/water; correct explanations in terms of electrode potentials or preferential discharge were rare.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (iii), few candidates correctly predicted the products of electrolysis of dilute iron bromide, with many seeming to ignore the presence of hydrogen ions/hydroxide ions/water; correct explanations in terms of electrode potentials or preferential discharge were rare. Despite this, bromine was often correctly identified in (iv).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (v), few understood the impact of concentrating the electrolyte.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A sample of magnesium contains three isotopes: magnesium-24, magnesium-25 and magnesium-26, with abundances of 77.44%, 10.00% and 12.56% respectively.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A graph of the successive ionization energies of magnesium is shown below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-21_om_17.46.25.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/08.b"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The graph below shows pressure and volume data collected for a sample of carbon dioxide gas at 330 K.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-21_om_19.19.59.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/08.e"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of magnesium correct to <strong>two</strong> decimal places.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Predict the relative atomic radii of the three magnesium isotopes, giving your reasons.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Explain the increase in ionization energy values from the 3rd to the 8th electrons.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Explain the sharp increase in ionization energy values between the 10th and 11th electrons.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form an ionic compound, magnesium oxide. Describe how the ions are formed, and the structure and bonding in magnesium oxide.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Carbon reacts with oxygen to form a covalent compound, carbon dioxide. Describe what is meant by a covalent bond.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) State why magnesium and oxygen form an ionic compound while carbon and oxygen form a covalent compound.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Predict the type of hybridization of the carbon and oxygen atoms in \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\).</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Sketch the orbitals of an oxygen atom in \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) on the energy level diagram provided, including the electrons that occupy each orbital.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-21_om_19.10.24.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/08.d.ii"></p>
<p>(iii) Define the term electronegativity.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) Explain why oxygen has a larger electronegativity than carbon.</p>
<div class="marks">[7]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Draw a best-fit curve for the data on the graph.</p>
<p>(ii) Use the data point labelled <strong>X</strong> to determine the amount, in mol, of carbon dioxide gas in the sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Most indicators are weak acids. Describe qualitatively how indicators work.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Identify a suitable indicator for a titration between a weak acid and a strong base, using Table 16 of the Data Booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) \(\left( {\frac{{(77.44 \times 24) + (10.00 \times 25) + (12.56 \times 26)}}{{100}}} \right)\);</p>
<p>24.35;</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Two decimal places are required for M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not award any marks for 24.31 without showing method (as the value can be copied from the Data Booklet).</em></p>
<p>(ii) same atomic radii / 160 pm;</p>
<p>isotopes only differ by number of neutrons/size of nucleus / radius determined by electron shells and number of protons / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p><em>Accept neutrons do not affect distance of electrons / OWTTE.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) decreasing repulsion between electrons / radius decreases as electrons are removed;</p>
<p><em>Accept increasing positive charge on ion attracts electrons more strongly.</em></p>
<p>(ii) 10<sup>th</sup> electron is in second energy level/shell while 11<sup>th</sup> electron is in first energy level/shell / 10<sup>th</sup> is removing electron from electronic arrangement 2,1 while 11<sup>th</sup> ionization energy is removing electron from electronic arrangement 2;</p>
<p>11<sup>th</sup> electron removed is much closer to the nucleus / 11<sup>th</sup> electron removed from a (much) lower energy level/shell;</p>
<p><em>Accept opposite statement for 10<sup>th</sup></em> <em>electron.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) magnesium (atom) gives two electrons to oxygen (atom) / oxygen (atom) takes two electrons from magnesium (atom) / magnesium (atom) loses two electrons <strong>and </strong>oxygen (atom) gains two electrons;</p>
<p>3-dimensional/3-D arrangement of ions / lattice of ions;</p>
<p>(electrostatic) attraction between oppositely charged ions/\({\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}\) and \({{\text{O}}^{2 - }}\);</p>
<p>(ii) electrostatic attraction between a pair of electrons and (positively charged) nuclei;</p>
<p><em>Accept a/two pairs of shared electrons.</em></p>
<p>(iii) difference in <span style="text-decoration: underline;">electronegativity</span> is larger between Mg and O/smaller between C and O;</p>
<p><em>Accept reference to a numerical value of difference in electronegativity such as above and below 1.80.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) C: sp hybridization;</p>
<p>O: \({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\) hybridization;</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>if the answer is sp without specifying C or O atoms.</em></p>
<p>(ii) <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-21_om_19.15.25.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/08.d.ii/M"></p>
<p>three \({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\) orbitals <strong>and </strong>one p-orbital at higher energy;</p>
<p>\({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\) orbitals contain: two, two and one electron <strong>and </strong>p-orbital contains one electron;</p>
<p><em>Do not allow ECF from (d)(i).</em></p>
<p>(iii) ability of atom/nucleus to attract bonding/shared pair of electrons / attraction of nucleus for bonding/shared pair of electrons / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p>(iv) (same number of shells but) increase in nuclear charge/atomic number/number of protons increases electronegativity / O has more protons than C;</p>
<p><em>Accept oxygen has a higher effective nuclear charge.</em></p>
<p>decrease in radius along the period increases electronegativity / O has smaller radius than C;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) smooth curve through the data;</p>
<p><em>Do not accept a curve that passes through </em><strong><em>all </em></strong><em>of the points or an answer that joins the points using lines.</em></p>
<p>(ii) \(p = 21 \times {10^5}/2.1 \times {10^6}{\text{ (Pa)}}/2.1 \times {10^3}{\text{ (kPa)}}\) <strong>and</strong></p>
<p>\(V = 50 \times {10^{ - 6}}/5.0 \times {10^{ - 5}}{\text{ }}({{\text{m}}^3})/5.0 \times {10^{ - 2}}{\text{ }}({\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^3})\);</p>
<p>\(\left( {n = \frac{{pV}}{{RT}}} \right)\frac{{2.1 \times {{10}^6} \times 5.0 \times {{10}^{ - 5}}}}{{8.31 \times 330}}\);</p>
<p>\(n = 0.038{\text{ (mol)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[3] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>For M3 apply ECF for correct computation of the equation the student has written, unless more than one mistake is made prior this point.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) equilibrium between HIn and \({\text{I}}{{\text{n}}^ - }/{\text{HIn}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{I}}{{\text{n}}^ - } + {{\text{H}}^ + }\);</p>
<p>the colours of HIn and \({\text{I}}{{\text{n}}^ - }\) are different;</p>
<p>if added to acid, the equilibrium shifts to the left and the colour of HIn is seen / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p>if added to base/alkali, the equilibrium shifts to the right and the colour of \({\text{I}}{{\text{n}}^ - }\) is seen / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p>(ii) phenolphthalein;</p>
<p><em>Accept phenol red.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) Most candidates were able to calculate the relative atomic mass to the correct number of decimal places.</p>
<p>(ii) Only strong candidates were able to predict the same radius for the isotopes and gave correct reasoning. However, the majority of candidates predicted that a larger number of neutrons resulted is a smaller radius, reflecting a poor understanding of atomic structure.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) Very few candidates were able to explain the increase in successive ionization energies for electrons removed from the same sub-shell. Many candidates gave incorrect reasoning. </p>
<p>(ii) The increase between the 10<sup>th</sup> and 11<sup>th</sup> ionization energies of magnesium was explained correctly by about half of the candidates. Few candidates scored the first mark by identifying the correct shells or sub-shells the electrons are removed from. </p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) Well answered by many candidates. A few candidates were confusing ionic with covalent bonding, and some referred to a linear MgO molecule in an ionic lattice.</p>
<p>(ii) Few candidates were able to describe the covalent bond precisely. Those who didn’t score usually didn’t make any reference to pairs of electrons.</p>
<p>(iii) Many candidates obtained this mark with satisfactory arguments. It was disappointing to see the abundance of answers based on “is a metal with a non-metal” or “both are non-metals”.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) A few candidates identified sp hybridization based on a linear structure. Only the strongest candidates were able to give the correct hybridization for oxygen as well.</p>
<p>(ii) This was the most challenging question on the paper. It was rare to see a correct answer. It seems candidates did not have a good understanding of hybridization.</p>
<p>(iii) Less than half the candidates were able to define electronegativity precisely. Many candidates did not relate it to the pair of electrons in a covalent bond, and simply talked about attracting electrons, which was not sufficient for the mark.</p>
<p>(iv) Many candidates gained the first mark by stating that oxygen has more protons than carbon. But very few candidates identified the second factor, which is the smaller radius of oxygen.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) More than half of the candidates drew a smooth curve that was central to the data points. Errors included straight lines, curves joining all data points, or a curve that was not central to the points.</p>
<p>(ii) A very well answered question. Some candidates converted the units of <em>p </em>and <em>V </em>incorrectly and others did not read the scales of the graph correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) Many candidates could explain the behaviour of indicators, but there were also some poor answers that did not acknowledge the importance of equilibrium in the action of an indicator.</p>
<p>(ii) Most candidates suggested a suitable indicator.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Brass is a copper containing alloy with many uses. An analysis is carried out to determine the percentage of copper present in three identical samples of brass. The reactions involved in this analysis are shown below.</p>
<p class="p1">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{Step 1: Cu(s)}} + {\text{2HN}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2N}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}} \\ {{\text{Step 2: 4}}{{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2CuI(s)}} + {{\text{I}}_2}{\text{(aq)}}} \\ {{\text{Step 3: }}{{\text{I}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{S}}_2}{\text{O}}_3^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2}}{{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{S}}_4}{\text{O}}_6^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}}} \end{array}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">In step 1 the copper reacts to form a blue solution.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the full electronic configuration of \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why the copper solution is coloured.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{9}}}\);</p>
<p class="p2"><em>Do not allow [Ar]3d</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>9</em></span></sup><em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">d orbitals are split;</p>
<p class="p1">(3d) electrons move between orbitals <span class="s1"><strong>and </strong></span>absorb light/energy / complementary colour is transmitted when energy absorbed by d electrons moving / unpaired d electrons move between the different orbitals;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept levels instead of orbitals.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Several errors were seen in the electron configuration, the commonest of which was to give that of elemental copper.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Few attempts at the explanation of colour referred to the splitting of the d orbitals and electron transitions, and in several instances candidates referred to emission instead of absorption. This proved to be the most difficult part of question 1.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The electron configuration of chromium can be expressed as \({\text{[Ar]4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{x}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{y}}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Hydrogen and nitrogen(II) oxide react according to the following equation.</p>
<p class="p1">\[2{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2NO(g)}} \rightleftharpoons {{\text{N}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">At time <span class="s1">= \(t\)</span> seconds, the rate of the reaction is</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{rate}} = k{\text{[}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)][NO(g)}}{{\text{]}}^2}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">When concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to a solution containing hydrated copper(II) ions, the colour of the solution changes from light blue to green. The equation for the reaction is:</p>
<p>\[{{\text{[Cu(}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_6}{\text{]}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{4C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} \to {{\text{[CuC}}{{\text{l}}_4}{\text{]}}^{2 - }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{6}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain what the square brackets around argon, [Ar], represent.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the values of \(x\) and \(y\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Annotate the diagram below showing the 4s and 3d orbitals for a chromium atom using an arrow, <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-27_om_08.08.15.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/03.a.iii_1"> and <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-27_om_08.09.21.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/03.a.iii_2">, to represent a spinning electron.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-27_om_08.10.12.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/03.a.iii_3"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain precisely what the square brackets around nitrogen(II) oxide, [NO(g)], represent in this context.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the units for the rate constant \(k\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain what the square brackets around the copper containing species represent.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why the \({{\text{[Cu(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{2 + }}\) ion is coloured and why the \({{\text{[CuC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{]}}^{2 - }}\) ion has a different colour.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Some words used in chemistry can have a specific meaning which is different to their meaning in everyday English.</p>
<p class="p1">State what the term <em>spontaneous </em>means when used in a chemistry context.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">the electron configuration (of argon) / \({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(x = 1\) <strong>and </strong>\(y = 5\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-27_om_08.11.01.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/03.a.iii/M"></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept all six arrows pointing down rather than up.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">the concentration (of nitrogen(II) oxide);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[0] </em></strong><em>if reference made to equilibrium.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 2}}{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{6}}}{{\text{s}}^{ - 1}}/{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 2}}{{\text{s}}^{ - 1}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept (mol</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>–1 </em></span></sup><em>dm</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>3</em></span></sup><em>)</em><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span><em>s</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>–1</em></span></sup><em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">complex (ion) / the charge is delocalized over all that is contained in the brackets;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">colour is due to energy being absorbed when electrons are promoted within the split d orbitals;</p>
<p class="p1">the colour observed is the complementary colour to the energy absorbed / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept either answer for first mark.</em></p>
<p class="p1">changing the ligand / coordination number / geometry changes the amount the d orbitals are split/energy difference between the d orbitals / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">the reaction gives out (Gibbs Free) energy that can do work;</p>
<p class="p1">\(\Delta G\) for the reaction has a negative value;</p>
<p class="p1">a reaction that occurs without adding energy (beyond that required to overcome energy barrier);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were familiar with the use of square brackets to represent noble gas electron configurations and concentrations in rate expressions and it was encouraging to see candidates give a correct orbital diagram with the d electrons unpaired.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A significant number of students were unaware of the exceptional nature of the electron configuration for chromium.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A significant number of students were unaware of the exceptional nature of the electron configuration for chromium, but were able to gain the mark in (a) (iii) with ecf.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The understanding of the use of square bracket to represent complex ions was limited.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates omitted the \({{\text{s}}^{ - 1}}\) in the units for the rate constant.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(c) (ii) proved to be more challenging with many candidates mixing up sub-shells with orbitals and absorption with emission spectra.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates were familiar with the use of the term <em>spontaneous </em>when used in a chemical context<em>. </em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Nitrogen and silicon belong to different groups in the periodic table.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Draw the Lewis structures, state the shapes and predict the bond angles for the following species.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Consider the molecule \({\text{HCON}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Distinguish in terms of electronic structure, between the terms <em>group </em>and <em>period</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the maximum number of orbitals in the \(n = 2\) energy level.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{SiF}}_6^{2 - }\)</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{NO}}_2^ + \)</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain, using diagrams, why \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is a polar molecule but \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is a non-polar molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain the term <em>hybridization</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe how \(\sigma \) and \(\pi \) bonds form.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the type of hybridization of the carbon and nitrogen atoms in \({\text{HCON}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iv.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Group</em>: number of valence/outer energy level electrons same;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Period</em>: electrons are in same valence/outer energy level;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept number of energy levels containing electrons occupied.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept shell for energy level.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">4;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow the mark if the correct individual orbitals (e.g. 2s etc.) are listed.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-18_om_07.38.24.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/05.b.i/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p1">octahedral/octahedron/square bipyramidal;</p>
<p class="p1">90<span class="s1">° / 90° </span><strong>and </strong>180<span class="s1">°</span>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-18_om_07.45.27.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/05.b.ii/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p1">linear;</p>
<p class="p1">180°;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow dots, crosses or lines in Lewis structures.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Penalize missing charge, missing bracket once only in (i) and (ii). </em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Lone pairs required for BOTH (i) and (ii). </em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(N{O_2}\):</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-18_om_07.52.54.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/05.d_1/M"></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for correct representation of the bent shape </em><strong><em>and [1] </em></strong><em>for showing the net dipole moment, or explaining it in words (unsymmetrical distribution of charge). </em></p>
<p class="p1">\(C{O_2}\):</p>
<p class="p2"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-18_om_07.54.14.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/05.d_2/M"></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for correct representation of the linear shape </em><strong><em>and </em></strong><em>for showing the two equal but opposite dipoles or explaining it in words (symmetrical distribution of charge).</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>For both species, allow either arrow or arrow with bar for representation of dipole moment.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow correct partial charges instead of the representation of the vector dipole moment.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore incorrect bonds.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Lone pairs not needed.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">mixing/joining together/combining/merging of atomic orbitals to form molecular /new orbitals / orbitals of equal energy;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\(sigma \) <em>bond</em>:</p>
<p>end-on/axial overlap with electron density between the two atoms/nuclei;</p>
<p>\(\pi \) <em>bond</em>:</p>
<p>sideways/parallel overlap with electron density above <strong>and </strong>below internuclear axis/\(sigma \) bond;</p>
<p><em>Marks can be scored from a suitable diagram.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for stating end-on/axial overlap for </em>\(sigma \)<em> and sideways/parallel overlap for </em>\(\pi \)<em> only i.e. without mentioning electron density OR stating electron density between the two atoms/nuclei for </em>\(sigma \)<em> above and below internuclear axis/</em>\(sigma \)<em> bond for </em>\(\pi \)<em> i.e. without mentioning overlap.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-18_om_08.26.53.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/05.f.iv/M"></em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Correct answer is actually sp<sup>2</sup> for nitrogen because of delocalization/planar geometry.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept </em><em>sp<sup>3</sup>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iv.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (a) was very poorly answered which was surprising at HL. Most candidates described groups correctly but only a small majority stated that for a period the electrons are in the same valence level.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (ii) was well answered.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">For (b) VSEPR theory in general was well answered. The most common mistakes involved candidates failing to include square brackets or lone pairs of electrons or charges. Four G2 comments stated that expanded octets are not on the syllabus. However, AS 14.1.1 states explicitly that candidates should be able to predict the shape and bond angles of species of five and six negative charge centres. Four examples are included in the teachers note, including \({\text{S}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{6}}}\), but it has to emphasized again, as in previous subject reports that examples should not be confined in teaching programmes to just these four examples. Even \({\text{S}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{6}}}\) is a clear example of an expanded octet type structure, as is \({\text{SiF}}_6^{2 - }\), as asked in this question.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">There were five other G2 comments again stating the fact that \({\text{NO}}_2^ + \) is off-syllabus. Based on AS 4.2.7, this example is clearly on the syllabus as the AS states that candidates should be able to predict the shape and bond angles of species of two, three and four negative charge centres. All the examples in the teachers note should be covered at a minimum in the teaching programme, but these are not the only examples.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">There were seven G2 comments referring to (d); some respondents felt that the candidates had to answer the question by determining the shape of both \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) and\({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)<span class="s1"> </span>using VSEPR Theory. This is a classic example of candidates reading the question carefully and not making unnecessary assumptions in relation to what is being asked. Only three marks are allocated to this question and hence this should be another clue as to suggest that the answer can be given in a concise manner. All candidates had to do was determine the fact that both species are XY<span class="s1">2 </span>species (not XYZ even) and hence can only be one of two geometries, either linear or bent. \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) must be non-polar since it is a linear geometry and hence the two dipole moments cancel each other out, yielding a net dipole moment of zero. In the case of \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\), the geometry must be bent, and therefore there is a net dipole moment meaning it is a polar molecule. A simple diagram of the two species with the two bond dipole moments in each case and the resultant net dipole moment (in the case of \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)) would have scored both marks. There was no need to show lone pairs of electrons or isolated electrons etc. to answer this question, as candidates were not asked to write Lewis structures etc. Some candidates wasted time here trying to work these out and even some candidates thought that there might even be a mistake in the question and tried to answer the question with \({\text{NO}}_2^ - \), because this is an example given in the teachers note in AS 14.3.1, based on delocalization.</p>
<p class="p1">The very best candidates did draw dipole moments, as the question did ask for diagrams, when explaining polarity, as opposed to simply a description in words.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Hybridization was usually well answered in part (ii), but sometimes candidates did not score the mark due to lack of specific subject vocabulary.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Although candidates often had some understanding of sigma and pi bonding, very few mentioned electron density in (iii).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">For (iv) one G2 comment stated that the hybridization of N in \({\text{HCON}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\) will in fact be \({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\) due to the planar nature of the \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\) group here in this example, which is in fact correct, although it is unlikely that candidates at this level would know this. Nearly all candidates gave \({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{3}}}\) hybridization for N, which they based on a perceived pyramidal type geometry, like in ammonia. For this reason, during GA, we decided to allow both hybridizations, even though the correct answer is actually \({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\) in this example.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iv.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>EUK-134, the structure of which is shown below, is a complex ion of manganese(III) that is used in expensive sun-protection products because of its powerful antioxidant properties.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-25_om_05.49.36.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/04"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the electron configuration of the manganese ion in EUK-134.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the name given to species that bond to a central metal ion, and identify the type of bond present.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Name given:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Type of bond:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Transition metals have certain characteristic properties. State <strong>two</strong> properties that are involved in EUK-134 rapidly decreasing the concentration of oxidizing agents.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Substances like EUK-134 are often coloured. Explain why compounds of transition metals absorb visible radiation.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{4}}}\) / \({\text{[Ar]3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{4}}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>ligand;</p>
<p>dative/coordinate (covalent);</p>
<p><em>Do not accept “covalent”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>variable oxidation state/number;</p>
<p>catalytic properties;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>d sublevel/orbitals split (into two levels by ligands);</p>
<p>electrons absorb light/photons and move to the higher energy orbital;</p>
<p>frequency of light/photons absorbed in the visible region;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Very few candidates could interpret the electron structure of manganese from its oxidation state, though the term “ligand” and the nature of its bond to metal ions were almost universally known. The general properties of transition metals seemed to have been well memorized, even though they were not always correctly applied. The splitting of the d sub-shell was generally known, though a worrying number of students believe that transition metal ions emit coloured light.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Very few candidates could interpret the electron structure of manganese from its oxidation state, though the term “ligand” and the nature of its bond to metal ions were almost universally known. The general properties of transition metals seemed to have been well memorized, even though they were not always correctly applied. The splitting of the d sub-shell was generally known, though a worrying number of students believe that transition metal ions emit coloured light.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Very few candidates could interpret the electron structure of manganese from its oxidation state, though the term “ligand” and the nature of its bond to metal ions were almost universally known. The general properties of transition metals seemed to have been well memorized, even though they were not always correctly applied. The splitting of the d sub-shell was generally known, though a worrying number of students believe that transition metal ions emit coloured light.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Very few candidates could interpret the electron structure of manganese from its oxidation state, though the term “ligand” and the nature of its bond to metal ions were almost universally known. The general properties of transition metals seemed to have been well memorized, even though they were not always correctly applied. The splitting of the d sub-shell was generally known, though a worrying number of students believe that transition metal ions emit coloured light.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why the relative atomic mass of cobalt is greater than the relative atomic mass of nickel, even though the atomic number of nickel is greater than the atomic number of cobalt.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the numbers of protons and electrons in the ion \({\text{C}}{{\text{o}}^{2 + }}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the electron configuration for the ion \({\text{C}}{{\text{o}}^{2 + }}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">cobalt has a greater proportion of heavier isotopes / <em>OWTTE </em>/ cobalt has greater number of neutrons;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">27 protons <strong>and </strong>25 electrons;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{7}}}/{\text{[Ar] 3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{7}}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Candidates did reasonably well on this question. Many candidates got (a) correct.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates got the correct number of protons and electrons in the \({\text{C}}{{\text{o}}^{2 + }}\)<span class="s1"> </span>ion in part (b).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (c), a small minority of candidates tried to answer this question with a 2,8,15 type electron arrangement which showed weakness at HL and many candidates did not realise that electrons come out of the 4s level first before the 3d in part (c).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Chromium is a typical transition metal with many uses.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">A voltaic cell is constructed as follows. One half-cell contains a platinum electrode in a solution containing \({{\text{K}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}}\) and \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\). The other half-cell contains an iron electrode in a solution containing \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}\) ions. The two electrodes are connected to a voltmeter and the two solutions by a salt bridge.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Distinguish between the terms <em>oxidation </em>and <em>reduction </em>in terms of oxidation numbers.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the names of \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) and \({\text{Cr}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\):</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{Cr}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>oxidizing agent</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}}\) and \({{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\) ions react together in the <strong>presence of acid </strong>to form \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) and \({\text{IO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}}\) ions. Deduce the balanced chemical equation for this redox reaction and identify the species that acts as the oxidizing agent.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw a diagram of the voltaic cell, labelling the positive and negative electrodes (cathode and anode) and showing the direction of movement of the electrons and ions. Deduce an equation for the reaction occurring in each of the half-cells, and the equation for the overall cell reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>standard electrode potential</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the cell potential, in V, under standard conditions, using information from Table 14 of the Data Booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State <strong>two </strong>characteristic properties of transition elements.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the type of bond formed by a ligand and identify the feature that enables it to form this bond.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why the complex \({{\text{[Cr(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{{\text{3 + }}}}\) is coloured.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw an orbital box diagram (arrow-in-box notation) showing the electrons in the 4s and 3d sub-levels in chromium metal.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Chromium is often used in electroplating. State what is used as the positive electrode (anode), the negative electrode (cathode) and the electrolyte in the chromium electroplating process.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Oxidation: </em>increase in oxidation number <strong>and </strong><em>Reduction: </em>decrease in oxidation number / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></em>:</p>
<p class="p1">chromium(III) oxide;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not award mark for chromium oxide</em>.</p>
<p class="p1"><em>CrO<sub>3</sub></em>:</p>
<p class="p1">chromium(VI) oxide;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not award mark for chromium oxide</em>.</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not award any marks if chromium oxide without Roman numerals is given for both.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">substance reduced / causes other substance to be oxidized / increase oxidation number of another species / gains electrons / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Oxidizing agent:</em></p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }\) / dichromate (ion);</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{8}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{IO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}} + {\text{4}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for coefficients: Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>2–</sup>(aq), I<sup>–</sup></em>(<em>aq</em>)<em>, 2Cr<sup>3+</sup></em>(<em>aq</em>)<em>, IO<sup>3–</sup>(aq).</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for coefficients: 8H<sup>+</sup></em>(<em>aq</em>)<em>, 4H<sub>2</sub>O(l).</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>if coefficients of reactants only correct i.e. Cr</em><sub><span class="s2"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>O</em><span class="s2"><em><sub>7</sub><sup>2–</sup></em></span><em>, I</em><sup><span class="s2"><em>– </em></span></sup><em>and 8H</em><sup><span class="s2"><em>+</em></span></sup><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>if coefficients of products only correct i.e. 2Cr</em><sup><span class="s2"><em>3+</em></span></sup><em>, IO</em><sup><span class="s2"><em>3– </em></span></sup><em>and 4H</em><sub><span class="s2"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>O.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for correct reactants and products.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-03_om_07.28.08.png" alt="N11/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/07.d.i/M"></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Voltaic cell showing</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">labelled positive electrode (cathode) <strong>and </strong>negative electrode (anode);</p>
<p class="p1">direction of electrons in external circuit <strong>and </strong>direction of ions in salt bridge;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award mark if correct direction of electrons is indicated but e</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>– </em></span></sup><em>not labelled in </em><em>external circuit.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow e instead of e</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>–</em></span></sup><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Cations/positive ions and anions/negative ions must be identified in salt bridge. </em><em>Allow correct movement of ions in electrolyte instead of movement of ions in </em><em>salt bridge (e.g. Fe</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>2+</em></span></sup><span class="s1"><em> </em></span><em>from Fe at negative electrode/anode etc.).</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>If both movement of ions in salt bridge and movement of ions in electrolyte is </em><em>given but one is incorrect do not award mark.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Positive electrode (cathode)</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{14}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{6}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{2C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{7}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Negative electrode (anode):</em></p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{Fe(s)}} \to {\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - }\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Penalize </em><em>once only.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Penalize once only if electrodes or equations reversed.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>For both electrodes allow e instead of e</em><sup><span class="s2"><em>–</em></span></sup><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Overall cell reaction:</em></p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{3Fe(s)}} + {\text{14}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{3F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{7}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols throughout (d) (i).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">potential under standard conditions relative to standard hydrogen electrode/SHE;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Reference must be made to standard conditions.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Instead of standard conditions allow either solute concentration of 1 mol</em>\(\,\)<em>dm</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>–3</em></span></sup><em>/1 M/1 mol</em>\(\,\)<em>L</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>–1 </em></span></sup><em>or 100 kPa/10</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>5 </em></span></sup><em>Pa for gases.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow 1 bar for 100 kPa/10</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>5 </em></span></sup><em>Pa.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow 1 atm/1.01 </em>\( \times \)<em> 10</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>5 </em></span></sup><em>Pa.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow voltage instead of potential.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(( + )1.78{\text{ (V)}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">catalysts;</p>
<p class="p1">variable oxidation state/numbers;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow variable valency.</em></p>
<p class="p1">magnetic (properties);</p>
<p class="p1">(form) coloured ions/compounds;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow just coloured.</em></p>
<p class="p1">(form) complexes/complex ions;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow other metallic physical properties such as high densities/high melting </em><em>points etc.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow partially filled/incomplete d subshell/sub-level.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">dative (covalent)/coordinate;</p>
<p class="p1">Lewis base / (species/ion/molecule with) lone/non-bonding pair;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">partially filled/incomplete d subshell/sub-level/orbitals;</p>
<p class="p1">d orbitals split (into two sets of different energies);</p>
<p class="p1">colour due to electron transition between (split) d orbitals / frequencies of visible light absorbed by electrons moving from lower to higher d levels;</p>
<p class="p1">colour due to remaining frequencies / complementary colour seen;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow wavelength as well as frequency.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-03_om_07.56.16.png" alt="N11/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/07.e.iv/M"></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept half-arrows or full arrows and boxes in reverse order.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not penalize if additional sub-levels are shown, if sub-levels are not </em><em>labelled or if no boxes are drawn (providing system of arrows correct).</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not award mark if sub-levels are incorrectly labelled.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Orbital diagram may also be represented with sub-levels shown at different </em><em>relative energy positions.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Positive electrode (anode): </em>chromium;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow lead/titanium/platinum/graphite.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Negative electrode (cathode): </em>object to be plated;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow specific example here e.g. spoon.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Electrolyte: </em>\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow (mixture of) </em>\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) <strong><em>and </em></strong><em>CrO</em><span class="s2"><em><sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup></em></span><em>(aq)/chromate/chromic acid/H</em><sub><span class="s2"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>CrO</em><sub><span class="s2"><em>4</em></span></sub><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow any soluble salt of Cr</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>3+</em></span></sup><em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Candidates generally knew that oxidation involves an increase in oxidation number and reduction a decrease.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Some forgot to include the Roman Numerals here and a large majority simply got the Roman Numeral incorrect. One G2 comment suggested that it would have been better if systematic was included in the question which is a fair point, though typically candidates simply put chromium oxide for both compounds which showed misunderstanding of what was really required.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The definition of an oxidizing agent was well answered.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates knew that the dichromate ion acted as the oxidizing agent but many made lots of errors in deducing the balanced chemical equation.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Only the best candidates scored all five marks, though most candidates scored at least two marks. Some candidates mixed up the cathode and anode. Equilibrium signs were often written and very few gave the correct direction of the movement of ions. Some G2 comments stated that is was not clear what ion movement was required – flow of ions through the salt bridge or just movement of ions towards the electrodes in the electrolyte. In fact most candidates could not write either and the markscheme in fact allowed credit for either of these to be fair to candidates.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Standard conditions often was omitted.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(iii) was well answered.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates scored full marks here.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates scored full marks here.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates scored two out of three marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates put two electrons in the 4s level and four electrons in the 3d level which was incorrect in the orbital diagram.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Candidates often scored two out of three marks here with the most common error relating to the electrolyte.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different mass numbers. Two isotopes of cobalt are Co-59 and Co-60.</p>
</div>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">State why the Co-60 radioisotope is used in radiotherapy.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">Co-60 emits (penetrating) gamma radiation/rays / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow because Co-60 emits radiation which kills/treats cancer cells.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not allow answers such as Co-60 is radioactive or Co-60 treats cancer as single </em><em>statements.</em></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">The top students mentioned gamma rays and again this proved to be a good discriminator. One G2 comment stated that this question was not strictly part of AS 2.1.7. However, this is both an Aim 8 AS and Objective 3 and it is expected that candidates would be exposed to this degree of discussion.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>There are only two isotopes, \(_{{\text{29}}}^{{\text{63}}}{\text{Cu}}\) and \(_{{\text{29}}}^{{\text{65}}}{\text{Cu}}\), in naturally occurring copper.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A chemist considered preparing a copper(I) salt by reacting copper metal with the corresponding copper(II) salt according to the equation below.</p>
<p>\[{\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{Cu (s)}} \to {\text{2C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The relative atomic mass of copper is 63.55. Calculate the percentage of \(_{{\text{29}}}^{{\text{63}}}{\text{Cu}}\) in the naturally occurring element.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the <strong>full</strong> electronic configuration of a copper atom.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why most copper(II) compounds are coloured, whereas most copper(I) compounds are not.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Using data from Table 14 of the Data Booklet, calculate the cell potential for this reaction.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Use this result to predict, with a reason, whether this reaction will be spontaneous.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\(63x + 65(100 - x) = 63.55 \times 100\);</p>
<p>\((x = ){\text{ }}72.50(\% )\);</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{{\text{10}}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{1}}}/{\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{1}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{{\text{10}}}}\);</p>
<p><em>Do not accept upper case letters or numbers as subscripts.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>colour is due to movement of electrons (between d orbitals) / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p>copper(I) has a full d sub-shell(, hence electrons cannot move) / copper(II) has an incomplete d sub-shell(, hence electrons can move) / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) \(\left( {E_{{\text{cell}}}^\Theta = 0.15 - 0.52 = } \right) - 0.37{\text{ (V)}}\)</p>
<p>choosing correct \({E_{{\text{cell}}}^\Theta }\) values;</p>
<p>combining in correct way;</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer</em>.</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for –0.18 (0.34 instead of 0.15) and –0.19 (0.34 instead of 0.52).</em></p>
<p>(ii) not spontaneous <strong>because</strong> \({E^\Theta }\) negative / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question in general was well answered, with an encouraging number of students being able to both calculate the proportions of the two isotopes of copper and state its atypical electron configuration. Responses to part (c) often centred around the splitting of d-orbitals rather than their completeness and a disturbing number of answers implied, or stated, that transition metals emit, rather than absorb light. In the final part, as might have been predicted, a significant number of students used the electrode potential for \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{/Cu (}} + {\text{0.34 V)}}\), rather than those required, but a number of them managed to gain some credit by combining this with the other potential in a valid manner and correctly predicting the spontaneity that it would imply.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question in general was well answered, with an encouraging number of students being able to both calculate the proportions of the two isotopes of copper and state its atypical electron configuration. Responses to part (c) often centred around the splitting of d-orbitals rather than their completeness and a disturbing number of answers implied, or stated, that transition metals emit, rather than absorb light. In the final part, as might have been predicted, a significant number of students used the electrode potential for \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{/Cu (}} + {\text{0.34 V)}}\), rather than those required, but a number of them managed to gain some credit by combining this with the other potential in a valid manner and correctly predicting the spontaneity that it would imply.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question in general was well answered, with an encouraging number of students being able to both calculate the proportions of the two isotopes of copper and state its atypical electron configuration. Responses to part (c) often centred around the splitting of d-orbitals rather than their completeness and a disturbing number of answers implied, or stated, that transition metals emit, rather than absorb light. In the final part, as might have been predicted, a significant number of students used the electrode potential for \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{/Cu (}} + {\text{0.34 V)}}\), rather than those required, but a number of them managed to gain some credit by combining this with the other potential in a valid manner and correctly predicting the spontaneity that it would imply.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question in general was well answered, with an encouraging number of students being able to both calculate the proportions of the two isotopes of copper and state its atypical electron configuration. Responses to part (c) often centred around the splitting of d-orbitals rather than their completeness and a disturbing number of answers implied, or stated, that transition metals emit, rather than absorb light. In the final part, as might have been predicted, a significant number of students used the electrode potential for \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{/Cu (}} + {\text{0.34 V)}}\), rather than those required, but a number of them managed to gain some credit by combining this with the other potential in a valid manner and correctly predicting the spontaneity that it would imply.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the emission spectrum of hydrogen. Outline how this spectrum is related to the energy levels in the hydrogen atom.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Transition elements form complexes such as \({{\text{[Fe(CN}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{4 - }}\) and \({{\text{[FeC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{]}}^ - }\). Deduce the oxidation number of iron in each of these complex ions.</p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{[Fe(CN}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{4 - }}\)</p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{[FeC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{]}}^ - }\)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">series of lines/lines;</p>
<p class="p1">electron transfer/transition between higher energy level to lower energy level / electron transitions into first energy level causes UV series / transition into second energy level causes visible series / transition into third energy level causes infrared series;</p>
<p class="p1">convergence at higher frequency/energy/short wavelength;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow any of the above points to be shown on a diagram.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({{\text{[Fe(CN}}{{\text{)}}_6}{\text{]}}^{4 - }} = + 2\);</p>
<p>\({{\text{[FeC}}{{\text{l}}_4}{\text{]}}^ - } = + {\text{3}}\);</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>if 2+ and 3+, 2 and 3 or II and III stated.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In the emission spectrum of hydrogen some candidates missed stating about convergence at high energy/frequency while some other candidates forgot to write that it is a line spectrum.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The majority of candidates deduced the oxidation number of iron in the complex ions correctly although some candidates still wrote 2+ and 3+ which deprived them of one mark.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The graph of the first ionization energy plotted against atomic number for the first twenty elements shows periodicity.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-14_om_07.20.08.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/08.b"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain how information from this graph provides evidence for the existence of main energy levels and sub-levels within atoms.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State what is meant by the term <em>second ionization energy</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Sketch and explain the shape of the graph obtained for the successive ionization energies of potassium using a logarithmic scale for ionization energy on the <em>y</em>-axis against number of electrons removed on the <em>x</em>-axis.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-14_om_11.58.24.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/08.b.iv/M"></p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the <strong>full </strong>electronic configurations of copper, Cu, and the copper(I) ion, \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }\).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why copper(II) compounds in aqueous solution are coloured whereas scandium(III) compounds in aqueous solution are colourless.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(evidence for main levels)</p>
<p class="p1">highest values for noble gases / lowest values for alkali metals / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">general increase across a period;</p>
<p class="p1">(evidence for sub-levels)</p>
<p class="p1">drop in I.E. from Be to B/Mg to Al/Group 2 to Group 3;</p>
<p class="p1">drop in I.E. from N to O/P to S/Group 5 to Group 6;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({{\text{M}}^ + }{\text{(g)}} \to {{\text{M}}^{2 + }}{\text{(g)}} + {{\text{e}}^ - }\) / <em>OWTTE </em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept e instead of e</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>–</em></span></sup><em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Rough sketch to show:</p>
<p class="p1">Graph of successive ionization energies for potassium</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-14_om_11.58.24_1.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/08.b.iv/M"></p>
<p class="p1">correct use of axes <strong>and </strong>one electron relatively easy to remove;</p>
<p class="p1">a jump in value then eight, another jump to another eight <strong>and </strong>finally another jump for the remaining two electrons ;</p>
<p class="p1">electronic configuration of \({\text{K}} = {\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{1}}}\) / first electron due to removal of \({\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{1}}}\), next eight due to third level/\({\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}\), next eight due to second level/\({\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}\) and last two due to removal of first level/\({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">the more electrons removed the more the positive nucleus attracts the remaining electrons and each main energy level is closer to the nucleus / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{(Cu) 1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{1}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{{\text{10}}}}/{\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{{\text{10}}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{1}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept [Ar]4s</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>1</em></span></sup><em>3d</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>10</em></span></sup>.</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{(C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }{\text{) 1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{{\text{10}}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept [Ar]3d</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>10</em></span></sup>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}\) has an incomplete d sub-level <strong>and</strong> \({\text{S}}{{\text{c}}^{3 + }}\) has no d electrons;</p>
<p class="p1">the d sub-level is split so the d electrons (in copper) can be excited by visible light / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates had difficulty correlating the graph of first ionization energy to main energy levels and sub-levels.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Commonly the graph looked very similar to the graph provided of first ionization energy against atomic number. Even the few candidates who seemed to understand the ideas involved with successive ionization energies drew only partial graphs and did not continue for the removal of all 19 electrons. Some teachers commented on the G2 forms that sketching the graph is beyond the scope of the course but it is clearly covered by AS 12.1.2.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (c), few candidates could correctly write the electron configurations of Cu and \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }\), with many giving a full 4s orbital and only 9 electrons in the 3d orbitals. Candidates who managed to correctly write the electron configuration of Cu often removed a 3d electron when creating \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }\).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates could explain why aqueous solutions of copper(II) compounds are coloured but those of scandium(III) compounds are not, but some candidates responded very weakly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Calcium carbide, CaC<sub>2</sub>, is an ionic solid.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the nature of ionic bonding.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how the relative atomic mass of a sample of calcium could be determined from its mass spectrum.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>When calcium compounds are introduced into a gas flame a red colour is seen; sodium compounds give a yellow flame. Outline the source of the colours and why they are different.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two </strong>reasons why solid calcium has a greater density than solid potassium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why solid calcium is a good conductor of electricity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch a graph of the first six ionization energies of calcium.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calcium carbide reacts with water to form ethyne and calcium hydroxide.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">CaC<sub>2</sub>(s) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>(g) + Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>(aq)</p>
<p>Estimate the pH of the resultant solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how sigma (σ) and pi (\(\pi \)) bonds are formed.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the number of σ and \(\pi \) bonds in a molecule of ethyne.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrostatic attraction <strong><em>AND </em></strong>oppositely charged ions</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>multiply relative intensity by <strong>«</strong><em>m</em>/<em>z</em><strong>» </strong>value of isotope</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>find the frequency of each isotope</p>
<p> </p>
<p>sum of the values of products/multiplication <strong>«</strong>from each isotope<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>find/calculate the weighted average</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for stating “m/z values of </em><em>isotopes </em><strong><em>AND </em></strong><em>relative </em><em>abundance/intensity” but not stating </em><em>these need to be multiplied.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>promoted<strong>»</strong> electrons fall back to lower energy level</p>
<p>energy difference between levels is different</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “Na and Ca have different </em><em>nuclear charge” for M2.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>stronger metallic bonding</p>
<p>smaller ionic/atomic radius</p>
<p> </p>
<p>two electrons per atom are delocalized</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>greater ionic charge</p>
<p> </p>
<p>greater atomic mass</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept just “heavier” or “more </em><em>massive” without reference to atomic </em><em>mass.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>delocalized/mobile electrons <strong>«</strong>free to move<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_13.26.19.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/02.e/M"></p>
<p>general increase</p>
<p>only one discontinuity between “IE2” and “IE3”</p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>pH > 7</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept any specific pH value or range </em><em>of values above 7 and below 14.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>sigma (σ</em><em>)</em><em>:</em></p>
<p>overlap <strong>«</strong>of atomic orbitals<strong>» </strong>along the axial/internuclear axis</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>head-on/end-to-end overlap <strong>«</strong>of atomic orbitals<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>pi (\(\pi \))</em><em>:</em></p>
<p>overlap <strong>«</strong>of p-orbitals<strong>» </strong>above and below the internuclear axis</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>sideways overlap <strong>«</strong>of p-orbitals<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award marks for suitable diagrams.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>sigma (σ</em><em>)</em><em>:</em> 3</p>
<p><strong><em>AND</em></strong></p>
<p><em>pi (</em>\(\pi \)<em>)</em><em>:</em> 2</p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Iron rusts in the presence of oxygen and water. Rusting is a redox process involving several steps that produces hydrated iron(III) oxide, \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}} \bullet {\text{n}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\), as the final product.</p>
<p>The half-equations involved for the first step of rusting are given below.</p>
<p> Half-equation 1: \({\text{Fe(s)}} \to {\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - }\)</p>
<p> Half-equation 2: \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{4}}{{\text{e}}^ - } + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \to {\text{4O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Identify whether half-equation 1 represents oxidation or reduction, giving a reason for your answer.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Identify the oxidation number of each atom in the three species in half-equation 2.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-22_om_05.46.30.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/10.a.ii"></p>
<p>(iii) Deduce the overall redox equation for the first step of rusting by combining half-equations 1 and 2.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) Identify the reducing agent in the redox equation in part (iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The oxygen in half-equation 2 is atmospheric oxygen that is found dissolved in water in very small concentrations. Explain, in terms of intermolecular forces, why oxygen is not very soluble in water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the relationship between the electron arrangement of an element and its group and period in the periodic table.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Transition metals and their compounds often catalyse reactions. The catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by CuO is an example. State <strong>two other</strong> examples of catalyzed reactions giving the transition metal or its compound acting as catalyst.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State a chemical equation for the partial dissociation of water into ions, including state symbols.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) The dissociation of water into ions is reversible. State the expression for the ionic product constant of water.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) The ionic product constant of water was measured at three different temperatures.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-22_om_06.07.14.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/10.e.iii"></p>
<p>Deduce whether the ionization of water is exothermic or endothermic, giving your reason.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) Use the data in part (iii) to determine the pH of water at 373 K, correct to <strong>two</strong> decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) An aqueous solution of sodium chloride is electrolysed using inert electrodes. Explain which product is obtained at the positive electrode (anode) if the concentration of sodium chloride is high.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) State the half-equations occurring at the electrodes during the electrolysis of the <strong>concentrated </strong>aqueous solution of sodium chloride.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Negative electrode (cathode):</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Positive electrode (anode):</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how electrolysis can be used to electroplate a bracelet with a layer of silver metal. Include the choice of electrodes and electrolyte needed in your description.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) oxidation <strong>and </strong>(iron/Fe) loses electrons/increases in oxidation number/state;</p>
<p>(ii) <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-22_om_05.51.02.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/10.a.ii/M"> ;</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for five correct.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for four correct.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept use of oxidation states (0, +1, –2, –2, +1) for oxidation numbers.</em></p>
<p><em>Penalize once for incorrect notation (eg, 2, 2–).</em></p>
<p>(iii) \({{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} + {\text{2Fe(s)}} \to {\text{2F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{4O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<p>(iv) Fe/iron;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>needs to break strong <span style="text-decoration: underline;">hydrogen bonds/H–bonds</span> between water molecules (to dissolve) / oxygen cannot form <span style="text-decoration: underline;">hydrogen bonds/H–bonds</span> with water;</p>
<p>oxygen can only form (weak) van der Waals’/vdW/LDF/London/dispersion forces with water;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>groups indicate the number of electrons in the highest energy level/outer/valence shell;</p>
<p>periods indicate the number of (occupied) energy levels/shells (in the atom);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({{\text{V}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{5}}}\) catalyses oxidation of \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) / \({{\text{V}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{5}}}\) is a catalyst in the Contact Process;</p>
<p>Fe catalyses the reaction between \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}\) and \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\) / Fe is a catalyst in the Haber Process;</p>
<p>Ni/Pd/Pt catalyses hydrogenation / manufacture of margarine / addition of hydrogen to C=C / conversion of alkenes to alkanes;</p>
<p>Pd/Pt is a catalyst in catalytic converters / Pd/Pt catalyzes reaction of \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) and CO/\({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) and (unburnt) fuel/exhaust gases;</p>
<p><em>Accept other correct examples.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept formulas or names of substances.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) \({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}/{\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {{\text{H}}_3}{{\text{O}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\);</p>
<p>\( \rightleftharpoons \) <em>and state symbols are necessary for the mark.</em></p>
<p>(ii) \({K_w} = {\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{][O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{]}}/{K_w} = {\text{[}}{{\text{H}}_3}{{\text{O}}^ + }{\text{][O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{]}}\);</p>
<p>(iii) at higher temperatures ionization increases / at higher temperatures equilibrium shifts to right;</p>
<p>ionization is endothermic;</p>
<p><em>Do not allow ECF for M2.</em></p>
<p>(iv) \({\text{5.13}} \times {\text{1}}{{\text{0}}^{ - 13}} = {{\text{[}}{{\text{H}}_3}{{\text{O}}^ + }{\text{]}}^2}/{{\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}^2}/{\text{[}}{{\text{H}}_3}{{\text{O}}^ + }{\text{]}}/{\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}} = {\text{7.16}} \times {\text{1}}{{\text{0}}^{ - 7}}{\text{ (mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{)}}\);</p>
<p>\({\text{pH}} = 6.14/6.15\);</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer</em>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) chlorine/\({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\) (is produced at the positive electrode/anode);</p>
<p>according to electrochemical series/ \(E^\circ \) values/ease of oxidation \({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\)/\({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) reacts/oxygen is released / <em>OWTTE </em>/ at low chloride concentration \({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\)/\({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) reacts/oxygen is released;</p>
<p>high concentration makes \({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }\) oxidize/react in preference to \({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\)/\({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p>(ii) <em>Negative electrode (cathode):</em></p>
<p>\({\text{2}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)}}/{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{e}}^ - } \to \frac{1}{2}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)}}/{\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Positive electrode (anode):</em></p>
<p>\({\text{2C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - }/{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} \to \frac{1}{2}{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {{\text{e}}^ - }/{\text{2C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} - {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{(g)}}/\)</p>
<p>\({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} - {{\text{e}}^ - } \to \frac{1}{2}{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{(g)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept e instead of e</em><sup><em>–</em></sup><em>.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>if half-equations are correct but placed at the wrong electrodes.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>bracelet/object to be electroplated is the cathode/negative electrode;</p>
<p>silver anode/positive electrode;</p>
<p><em>Accept Pt anode.</em></p>
<p><em>Electrolyte: </em>liquid \({\text{Na[Ag(C}}{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{)]}}\)/sodium dicyanoargentate/\({{\text{[Ag(CN}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{]}}^ - }\)/ solution of an appropriate silver salt;</p>
<p><em>Accept AgNO<sub>3</sub>/silver nitrate.</em></p>
<p><em>All marks can be scored with a labelled diagram.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) Very well answered.</p>
<p>(ii) Most candidates answered correctly. The most common mistakes were doubling the oxidation number of H in \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\), and entering a wrong oxidation number for elemental oxygen.</p>
<p>(iii) A well-answered question.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The aqueous solubility of oxygen gas was often poorly explained, with the discussion focussing on the intermolecular forces found in each substance separately and then stating that “like dissolves like”.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Well answered by most candidates.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The majority of candidates were able to give two valid examples of transition metals or their compounds acting as catalysts.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) Very well answered.</p>
<p>(ii) Well answered.</p>
<p>(iii) About half of the candidates were able to gain full marks. Some candidates found difficulty in connecting the increase in \({K_{\text{w}}}\) to the position of equilibrium.</p>
<p>(iv) About half of the candidates were able to calculate the pH from the \({K_{\text{w}}}\) value.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) Many candidates identified chlorine as the product, but the other two marks were more discriminating. Some candidates clarified that \({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }\) was oxidized in preference to OH- because of its high concentration, but very few related the situation to the electrochemical series.</p>
<p>(ii) This was poorly answered by many candidates. Common mistakes included releasing sodium at the cathode, reversing electrodes and unbalanced redox half-reactions where the electrons were sometimes on the wrong side of the equation.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Very well answered. Most candidates determined both electrodes correctly. The main difficulty for some candidates was choosing a suitable electrolyte.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The element boron has two naturally occurring isotopes, \(^{{\text{10}}}{\text{B}}\) and \(^{{\text{11}}}{\text{B}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Phosphorus forms two chlorides, \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Apply the Aufbau principle to state the <strong>full </strong>electron configuration for an atom of phosphorus.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the Lewis structures for \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\).</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;">\({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\)\(\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \)\({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Predict the shapes and the bond angles in the two molecules.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-13_om_12.11.34.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/06.c.iii"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the type of hybridization present in \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Compare the melting points of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\) and explain the difference.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define an <em>acid </em>according to the Lewis theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State and explain the acid–base character of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) according to the Lewis theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain the delocalization of \(\pi \) electrons using the \({{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) molecule as an example, including <strong>two </strong>facts that support the delocalization.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{3}}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-13_om_12.08.24.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/06.c.ii/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p2"><em>Penalize missing lone pairs on chlorine only once.</em></p>
<p class="p2"><em>Accept any combination of lines, dots or crosses to represent electron pairs.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-13_om_12.40.42.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/06.c.iii/M"></p>
<p class="p2"><em>Shape and bond angle must be consistent with the number of electron domains given in the diagram in (ii).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{3}}}\) (hybridization);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\) has higher melting point than \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\) has stronger intermolecular/London/dispersion/van der Waals’ forces;</p>
<p class="p1">(because of) more electrons/greater mass;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept the opposite argument for <em>PCl<sub>3</sub></em></em><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for answers suggesting PCl<sub>3</sub></em> <em>has higher melting point because it is polar and PCl<sub>5</sub></em> <em>is not.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">electron pair acceptor;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Lewis base;</p>
<p class="p1">has non-bonding/lone pair of electrons;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>No ECF from (i).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">overlap of \(p\) orbitals / \(p\) electrons of double/\(\pi \) bond and non-bonding/lone pair on oxygen interact / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">\(\pi \) electrons not localized / different resonance structures possible /</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-13_om_13.01.55.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/06.e/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p2">both bonds/O–O and O=O have equal length / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p2">both bonds/O–O and O=O have equal bond energy <em>/ OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The electron configuration of phosphorus was successfully answered (even by apparently weaker candidates) and there were many good answers for the Lewis structures. Candidates would do well to draw the “dots” clearly remembering that their answer will be scanned. They should group the electron dots neatly in pairs (much easier for the examiner to count, for one thing) or use a line to represent an electron pair. The usual errors occurred namely missing lone pairs on P and/or Cl atoms.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The electron configuration of phosphorus was successfully answered (even by apparently weaker candidates) and there were many good answers for the Lewis structures. Candidates would do well to draw the “dots” clearly remembering that their answer will be scanned. They should group the electron dots neatly in pairs (much easier for the examiner to count, for one thing) or use a line to represent an electron pair. The usual errors occurred namely missing lone pairs on P and/or Cl atoms.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The shapes and angles in (iii) were patchy but there were also some impressive answers.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">About half knew that \({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{3}}}\) was the answer to (iv) and in (v) about half based their explanation on the dipole moment in \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\). (One mark was allowed for those who recognized that \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) would be polar whilst \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\) would not – thus suggesting that \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) had the higher melting point.) Candidates were expected to know the order of melting points as this had been studied in 13.1.1. Very few were able to write a balanced equation for the reaction of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\) with water.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">About half knew that \({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{3}}}\) was the answer to (iv) and in (v) about half based their explanation on the dipole moment in \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\). (One mark was allowed for those who recognized that \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) would be polar whilst \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\) would not – thus suggesting that \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) had the higher melting point.) Candidates were expected to know the order of melting points as this had been studied in 13.1.1. Very few were able to write a balanced equation for the reaction of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\) with water.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many failed to note that a Lewis acid is an electron <em>pair </em>acceptor and the definition was often muddled with that of Brønsted-Lowry.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Some, in (d) (ii), treated the P and Cl atoms separately.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (e) there was little discussion of overlap of \(p\)<em> </em>orbitals, some of resonance but hardly any evidence in terms of equal bond length and equal bond strength. The bonding in an ozone molecule was not well-understood.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Magnesium is a group 2 metal which exists as a number of isotopes and forms many compounds.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium ions produce no emission or absorption lines in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Suggest why most magnesium compounds tested in a school laboratory show traces of yellow in the flame.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Explain the convergence of lines in a hydrogen emission spectrum.</p>
<p>(ii) State what can be determined from the frequency of the convergence limit.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium chloride can be electrolysed.</p>
<p>(i) Deduce the half-equations for the reactions at each electrode when <strong>molten</strong> magnesium chloride is electrolysed, showing the state symbols of the products. The melting points of magnesium and magnesium chloride are 922K and 987K respectively.</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
<p>(ii) Identify the type of reaction occurring at the cathode (negative electrode).</p>
<p>(iii) State the products when a very <strong>dilute</strong> aqueous solution of magnesium chloride is electrolysed.</p>
<p><img 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QQQQAABBBBAIJsABUQ2GdoRQAABBBBAAAEEEEAgTYACIo2EBgQQQAABBBBAAAEEEMgmQAGRTYZ2BBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQSBOggEgjoQEBBBBAAAEEEEAAAQSyCVBAZJOhHQEEEEAAAQQQQAABBNIEKCDSSGhAAAEEEEAAAQQQQACBbAIUENlkaEcAAQQQQAABBBBAAIE0AQqINBIaEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAIJsABUQ2GdoRQAABBBBAAAEEEEAgTYACIo2EBgQQQAABBBBAAAEEEMgmQAGRTYZ2BBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQSBOggEgjoQEBBBBAAAEEEEAAAQSyCVBAZJOhHQEEEEAAAQQQQAABBNIEKCDSSGhAAAEEEEAAAQQQQACBbAIUENlkaEcAAQQQQAABBBBAAIE0AQqINBIaEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAIJsABUQ2GdoRQAABBBBAAAEEEEAgTYACIo2EBgQQQAABBBBAAAEEEMgmQAGRTYZ2BBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQSBOggEgjoQEBBBBAAAEEEEAAAQSyCVBAZJOhHQEEEEAAAQQQQAABBNIEKCDSSGhAAAEEEEAAAQQQQACBbAIUENlkaEcAAQQQQAABBBBAAIE0AQqINBIaEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAIJsABUQ2GdoRQAABBBBAAAEEEEAgTWDSFBCx3mZVBQIK1Yc1kDZNuyHWreaqkAKhBoUHYll6faHe5hUKBBaqPnw6Sx9pso8nrCRxLlh/ASb7uc78rCRPxH8bOffi/wc0IXPDv43822hfHnF+Jv6ajts1qO1aBD8CxhhjxRkIBGS/LIKwCREBBBBAAAEEEEAAAQSulIC7Vpg0n0BcKTzGQQABBBBAAAEEEEDAzwIUEH7OPnNHAAEEEEAAAQQQQMCjAAWERzC6I4AAAggggAACCCDgZwEKCD9nn7kjgAACCCCAAAIIIOBRgALCIxjdEUAAAQQQQAABBBDwswAFhJ+zz9wRQAABBBBAAAEEEPAoQAHhEYzuCCCAAAIIIIAAAgj4WYACws/ZZ+4IIIAAAggggAACCHgUoIDwCEZ3BBBAAAEEEEAAAQT8LEAB4efsM3cEEEAAAQQQQAABBDwKUEB4BKM7AggggAACCCCAAAJ+FqCA8HP2mTsCCCCAAAIIIIAAAh4FKCA8gtEdAQQQQAABBBBAAAE/C1BA+Dn7zB0BBBBAAAEEEEAAAY8CFBAeweiOAAIIIIAAAggggICfBSgg/Jx95o4AAggggAACCCCAgEcBCgiPYHRHAAEEEEAAAQQQQMDPAhQQfs4+c0cAAQQQQAABBBBAwKMABYRHMLojgAACCCCAAAIIIOBnAQoIP2efuSOAAAIIIIAAAggg4FGAAsIjGN0RQAABBBBAAAEEEPCzAAWEn7PP3BFAAAEEEEAAAQQQ8ChAAeERjO4IIIAAAggggAACCPhZgALCz9ln7ggggAACCCCAAAIIeBSggPAIRncEEEAAAQQQQAABBPwsQAHh5+wzdwQQQAABBBBAAAEEPApQQHgEozsCCCCAAAIIIIAAAn4WoIDwc/aZOwIIIIAAAggggAACHgUoIDyC0R0BBBBAAAEEEEAAAT8LUED4OfvMHQEEEEAAAQQQQAABjwIUEB7B6I4AAggggAACCCCAgJ8FKCD8nH3mjgACCCCAAAIIIICARwEKCI9gdEcAAQQQQAABBBBAwM8Ck6CAiGmw96DebqxWKBBQIP7fPFU37lG4d2AMuR1Q73vPq2F3t2Lxvb9Qb/MKBUINCg8kWsZw0By7xDQQblAosELNvV/k6Odh0+BhNVY/r67ByxGvhzhydR3s1XuNW7TbmXOsW81VIYXqwxpL1nIN5X2bnfOqZvWOK6F1rh5QY8Mb43xc1wwHwqoPhVTV7Jy/rm1ZX55VV+NDqm37rX3OZ+3IBgQQQAABBBBAQEVeQAyot+0J3V3+jP75hkfUNWRkjJE536pV+l9aVf6gGrvOekvzQKeaqp9V15C33SZO79MKb35Sx++5R7dMm6jpjWng8C5Vb/yVhplLblLNgYgiW5eqdOJgjnMkZ3S46W+0sWucCsVxi+46LXi4VtPrtmvvyUvjdlQOhAACCCCAAAKTU2CiXmHmoR3TYFeT1t6/T7NbX9Ez1YsUdGYzbY7u3LBT+7ZLG+/edpk+OcgjxCvexTJp0eajK1V/7zeKvTq84nq+HrD0NtU2/Kseff7QBPgEyNeZYPIIIIAAAghMeAHnknvCB5oe4BkdfvN1Haz8z1kulq/TLQ/9V+19oVIznVnGoupqa1R1yFnqFNKS+uaRpU7W8o+blmlbNKr22ps1JWnZ0kkd2b9jZN9QtRrf69WgO7DBXoWb67XEWUq1pF7N4ZQ+KTGEqndo/5GT7qPEX8eih7W7vspekpUSZ1pvuyH2qdpfel1TV96msvicR5ZHvRo+6DqetcTrgHpTljjlNWZ86ZGzXMw6TouarTjdVilzDATc8VsxPaGblj2jqN5SbflXE8uW3EuY4q/LMizDOa1w/ULXMqdLina1qH5JyHaqUn1zOG1e6Vxj2S+/fZIN3c5W7Hdp2bYuqb1W5VMWqj78r/bytSrVv/qsfW5Z7aclDag33DzK3KyY2tRYPS8xf+uc3H9Ep1InbOVj9yjnpa5SWdX3tbzlH/R2yrKywLgv5UoNkPcIIIAAAgggUFQCxv4jWat/iujPuQ5TF5QJ1nWYc3mF/XvTuf27JrjmBfNR5GJij6ETpmNTpVHFDtN5fijRFj9u0FQ2HTeJls9NT9MDRgqairpW0xPvd9FEOv7OVOi7Znvn7xP7nT9mmtbMdR3/ool89IJZEwyaiu0fmfPxXokYVLHJtPZYUQ+Z8z2tpq4iaKQHTFPP5/FeQydaTU1wrlmz45CJxIM4Z4431Zhg8BHTesKOPTFq0v8O9TSZStdxrOOf69hkgpIZGdOYoUi72VTxTVdcxuQ15lC/aa2x5rjLHI872HFZxw9uMh3nrGDzcXbiGpmzGTpumiqDdj5t88om02OnJT7ReG4WmLqOz4wxF82J1kdMMLjG7PgoksiVk4OaVnPCvV+SUj77pY6fzz6Ooes8SYvnM9NRt8BoeF6Og4ZNhyJ9pu/8GTvfI3MbihwyO9bMdZ2rQ+Z85w5ToUpT13o8cX6dP25a6yrj5+rw+TucM+e8HzLnj+8ya4JzTU1rv32O20DxHHzTde4nwfEGAQQQQAABBHws4K4VhqsGd2Mx2CQult0X+qNEnXTxOdI37aI7WwExfIFs75t0sWVfCKZd4DsXiPaFcsYYUvqY1ItMJ9ZEe/aCyYnBuZC39nOO7Vx0Jx9r5EI2nzGd46cWMfa+jk/GORqT7OzEla2AcPq7CjRnLknjZMh/lvGdmZu0/NpbkvZLKSC87OPEFz9s6jxTnZ3tKfmJj5fhAj8pjiznQ1If5/guZ3dcSbFaG1Ljs234gQACCCCAAAK+F3DXCs7inqL61GRMwZYu1dZIp7YuOqNwW5varP+a67WsvFbtYzqgtdMFHeuJaFBn1HmgXdF5t2pucKrraCWaNrNM8/SJek4MaKDzfbVEZ6t85rQMfeymgV/rQEuXgvNnaUZSdqZpZvlsRVveV2fGp0Fd0qn+PkXnlWnmqDdPJ46lY306YS1jymvM01nmaB/LmdE4OZeULdPamt9qx5tHEmvyY5/q/dfbVf74vVpUKtsypPmzpiff6zEtpPJ5EbUc+HWGtfyxMeyX5z6xfh3ac0hK8i9R6dKnFTFvqmbOVY7QKD+d8W7Wd+Z+PcPclDjn4jmLaF55SO6zSfH5f80ewz4vg2WaNSPDeRlt14HOM654Us4L1xZeIoAAAggggAACjkDSJarTWAw/S2bM0vxg1L6AzyfiAXU31yp0TbmW/eQjxZ/NdN1yvdz5iirjF/hJdzPkc8CRPrHT6j8aGXmf9iqio/0nFbEu8NO2ZW6Ibluma517KeI/v6ry2rcyd463DupEzyc5to++yfuYmY45Ts4lf6w7HrpbsgumWF+Hfto8W6v/4luuC+YubVt2g33/g31fy5SbVds+mvJY9hvLPpl8RmuzC8Ec3aJH+xWJ9OvoaNN0jhF9RsuunZLkNOVLFc7OgfmJAAIIIIAAAn4U+ErRTrr0W6pavUDbjvbrVEwqzVgKWTeZ/pOOX/PnqtDbWl97WMtb+/Xqfc4Tiqwbett1TNL8LwNRMl2z5oeko9kOYv2m/EaFVKag+rJ1crUHVdkU1v6am5J/A+3qkf7S/u1x1hjS90huGW3M0won75DxXax3vJxLVLrwDq1WnQ50/lAz+99Ve+Vd+kmZ9Zt858sZHlBTz888/HbfCXm0/b5IvxFZo+wT63YO/iV/TtWMWbnPE+vTqVBImh/Mccq5o6hsUs/+Gs3J+HfE3ZHXCCCAAAIIIIDA6AJFfElxvRateEgV7c9p695MX4Bl/Sb8h1pw9z6dvXqqBk/06ZhSl4X8QefPjsfXll2vhVWVCh47oo+j7ufox+xxrWVLpYkL4qC1nMn9aYfTx05WvDAK6diHv1HUuU6Ob7K+7Ot7yv5EHPvC01mWNHruR3rkNaYzR3vZ0/De7k8+nLmMk3M8Lqnl56+rbc8RVQ4/XcouLoLH9eHHvxsuJ+IhWV+ityTTE5ysrWPZL899SmZp8crFGl4WZvvEeptVFfDyxW65xouo55gSy5acnMWX0A0nQxq0+lywG5ycZTgvu57TkrQvL7RzmbQMy3VsXiKAAAIIIIAAAvErqqJlKNG0BbV6uWmR9t//sDbtPjxywR1/1Og6La09ob98bZPuvfEq++L9kFp2/cLud0nRw6+q4dEXk5cVudeQXxhUypNOs2iVqHTRg3rqzg/0aMOrOhwvImIa7G7RulW7VL59g1ZYa+BLF+uxF/5MLavq1dxtFS7WNxPv1ZbNu1wxTFfFYw1avv9v1bDzQztW6wvztmnDRmn70/dl+U2yfb9FtE/9p9xFTJaQk5rzGbNEpRVr9cLydm3estd+VKoV1w5tth5NGv/jXPyO5uzcG2LtFNOFwQvJRYB9NClRJJbv2KRN7bdq5eJZI5/IxC1v1/5Hf6ydh6OJ/Qe71bb5SW3UI3p6xZyRvsPHk50Dj/vlNdZVKlv+A20qf1Obn+1I5C12Ugd37VF7xUY7Hvf9Il9ocPAP7shGXpcu1F89tShlbh+red16bSt3jmXnrGW91jV/nHicsDX/LVu1bXhpk5OzlPOyd682b3hRcs5LZ+T4UryzrkLN2cBPBBBAAAEEEEBgRKCIP4GwJlGqm2peVlfnOpX/5kmFptjr4K+5X6/p3+u1nrf09NIbExeSpYv1o31btej/VNv9Fui//O/pqt77luqCIyAqma3l9at1yfoeiKtr9GZfnt8aPG2ual5s1Wu3/z/Vh/5IgcAUXfPD3+j21w5q34ZF9rr9qbrxvqd1cPdcfbD02kSftZ369rrHVOkO4cZ7tfPgTt1+6u/tWK9VxTvXa13nq3p8wXWunskvS+b8herrTmrPof4sF+TJ/d3vSvIZs+Qbum/nG2q44R1VXGOtqf+OtnyyUOu23ztyqDydS8qqVL/pnGrLr9bV9/8P9SV92uIcrkTTblmu1ZVBBWu+r6r48iVnm2352u06Vb9AU6z7RK55QO/csFadbzyiBVlvJB/LfvntUxK8U0+98Yb+cqgxkbcp39bmoVWueOwi49ITKp8yW/e/2TfyTdzOtOI/rfP6OR1Mmttfq+f2nerZt354bomcNWreB/9B18Tnv14ffbtG2yudm6itXxFYOUs5Lyve0Q3r9uiNx53zMjF4rO+X2uMu1Ozv5sj+qVdS0LxBAAEEEEAAAZ8IBKxnUllzDQQC1iNdfTLtyTpN65uod+ruDVKj60Lz8s72C/U2r1FFz39S99alKr28g3H0yyZAHi8bLQdGAAEEEEBgEgi4a4Ui/wRiEmRjXKdgLetarScXvauX2j/1/ClE7lDsb7UO1drLr6ze1jKwJm154oIeX3ErxUNuwIm9deCXajH1mF0AAAeESURBVHr63+iFxxaTx4mdKaJDAAEEEECg4AIUEAVPwXgHMF0VP9qgr7/zjv4lvxs48gzAWk+/TvteuNlefmUtF/sjLXjxc92zL/fSqjwHoFvBBM6q65Umnd62Uffe6P6+iIIFxMAIIIAAAgggMIEFWMI0gZNDaAgggAACCCCAAAIITAQBljBNhCwQAwIIIIAAAggggAACRSjAEqYiTBohI4AAAggggAACCCBQKAEKiELJMy4CCCCAAAIIIIAAAkUoQAFRhEkjZAQQQAABBBBAAAEECiVAAVEoecZFAAEEEEAAAQQQQKAIBSggijBphIwAAggggAACCCCAQKEEKCAKJc+4CCCAAAIIIIAAAggUoQAFRBEmjZARQAABBBBAAAEEECiUAAVEoeQZFwEEEEAAAQQQQACBIhSggCjCpBEyAggggAACCCCAAAKFEqCAKJQ84yKAAAIIIIAAAgggUIQCFBBFmDRCRgABBBBAAAEEEECgUAIUEIWSZ1wEEEAAAQQQQAABBIpQgAKiCJNGyAgggAACCCCAAAIIFEqAAqJQ8oyLAAIIIIAAAggggEARClBAFGHSCBkBBBBAAAEEEEAAgUIJUEAUSp5xEUAAAQQQQAABBBAoQgEKiCJMGiEjgAACCCCAAAIIIFAoAQqIQskzLgIIIIAAAggggAACRShAAVGESSNkBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQKJUABUSh5xkUAAQQQQAABBBBAoAgFKCCKMGmEjAACCCCAAAIIIIBAoQQoIAolz7gIIIAAAggggAACCBShAAVEESaNkBFAAAEEEEAAAQQQKJQABUSh5BkXAQQQQAABBBBAAIEiFKCAKMKkETICCCCAAAIIIIAAAoUSoIAolDzjIoAAAggggAACCCBQhAIUEEWYNEJGAAEEEEAAAQQQQKBQAhQQhZJnXAQQQAABBBBAAAEEilCAAqIIk0bICCCAAAIIIIAAAggUSoAColDyjIsAAggggAACCCCAQBEKUEAUYdIIGQEEEEAAAQQQQACBQglQQBRKnnERQAABBBBAAAEEEChCAQqIIkwaISOAAAIIIIAAAgggUCgBCohCyTMuAggggAACCCCAAAJFKEABUYRJI2QEEEAAAQQQQAABBAolMGkKiFhvs6oCAYXqwxrIphnrVnNVSIFQg8IDsSy9vlBv8woFAgtVHz6dpY802ccTVpI4F6y/AJP9XGd+VpIn4r+NnHvx/wOakLnh30b+bbQvjzg/E39Nx+0a1HYtgh8BY4yx4gwEArJfFkHYhIgAAggggAACCCCAAAJXSsBdK0yaTyCuFB7jIIAAAggggAACCCDgZwEKCD9nn7kjgAACCCCAAAIIIOBRgALCIxjdEUAAAQQQQAABBBDwswAFhJ+zz9wRQAABBBBAAAEEEPAoQAHhEYzuCCCAAAIIIIAAAgj4WYACws/ZZ+4IIIAAAggggAACCHgUoIDwCEZ3BBBAAAEEEEAAAQT8LEAB4efsM3cEEEAAAQQQQAABBDwKUEB4BKM7AggggAACCCCAAAJ+FqCA8HP2mTsCCCCAAAIIIIAAAh4FKCA8gtEdAQQQQAABBBBAAAE/C1BA+Dn7zB0BBBBAAAEEEEAAAY8CFBAeweiOAAIIIIAAAggggICfBSgg/Jx95o4AAggggAACCCCAgEcBCgiPYHRHAAEEEEAAAQQQQMDPAhQQfs4+c0cAAQQQQAABBBBAwKMABYRHMLojgAACCCCAAAIIIOBnAQoIP2efuSOAAAIIIIAAAggg4FGAAsIjGN0RQAABBBBAAAEEEPCzAAWEn7PP3BFAAAEEEEAAAQQQ8ChAAeERjO4IIIAAAggggAACCPhZgALCz9ln7ggggAACCCCAAAIIeBSggPAIRncEEEAAAQQQQAABBPwsQAHh5+wzdwQQQAABBBBAAAEEPApQQHgEozsCCCCAAAIIIIAAAn4WoIDwc/aZOwIIIIAAAggggAACHgUoIDyC0R0BBBBAAAEEEEAAAT8LUED4OfvMHQEEEEAAAQQQQAABjwIUEB7B6I4AAggggAACCCCAgJ8FKCD8nH3mjgACCCCAAAIIIICARwEKCI9gdEcAAQQQQAABBBBAwM8CFBB+zj5zRwABBBBAAAEEEEDAowAFhEcwuiOAAAIIIIAAAggg4GcBCgg/Z5+5I4AAAggggAACCCDgUYACwiMY3RFAAAEEEEAAAQQQ8LMABYSfs8/cEUAAAQQQQAABBBDwKEAB4RGM7ggggAACCCCAAAII+FmAAsLP2WfuCCCAAAIIIIAAAgh4FKCA8AhGdwQQQAABBBBAAAEE/CxAAeHn7DN3BBBAAAEEEEAAAQQ8ClBAeASjOwIIIIAAAggggAACfhaggPBz9pk7AggggAACCCCAAAIeBSggPILRHQEEEEAAAQQQQAABPwsEjDEmEAj42YC5I4AAAggggAACCCCAQB4Cxhh9xepnveAPAggggAACCCCAAAIIIDCaAEuYRhNiOwIIIIAAAggggAACCAwLUEAMU/ACAQQQQAABBBBAAAEERhOggBhNiO0IIIAAAggggAACCCAwLPD/ASxlefJ48e4GAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" alt></p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Standard electrode potentials are measured relative to the standard hydrogen electrode. Describe a standard hydrogen electrode.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">j.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A magnesium half-cell, Mg(s)/Mg<sup>2+</sup>(aq), can be connected to a copper half-cell, Cu(s)/Cu<sup>2+</sup>(aq).</p>
<p>(i) Formulate an equation for the spontaneous reaction that occurs when the circuit is completed.</p>
<p>(ii) Determine the standard cell potential, in V, for the cell. Refer to section 24 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>(iii) Predict, giving a reason, the change in cell potential when the concentration of copper ions increases.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">k.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>contamination with sodium/other «compounds»</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>i<br>energy levels are closer together <span style="text-decoration: underline;">at high energy / high frequency / short wavelength</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p>ii<br>ionisation energy</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>i)</p>
<p><em>Anode (positive electrode):</em></p>
<p>2Cl<sup>–</sup> → Cl<sub>2</sub> (g) + 2e<sup>–</sup></p>
<p><em>Cathode (negative electrode):</em></p>
<p>Mg<sup>2+</sup> + 2e<sup>–</sup> → Mg (l)</p>
<p><em>Penalize missing/incorrect state symbols at Cl<sub>2</sub> and Mg once only.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> if equations are at wrong electrodes. </em></p>
<p><em>Accept Mg (g).</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>ii)</p>
<p>reduction</p>
<p> </p>
<p>iii)</p>
<p><em>Anode (positive electrode):</em><br>oxygen/O<sub>2</sub><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>hydogen ion/proton/H<sup>+</sup> <em><strong>AND</strong></em> oxygen/O<sub>2</sub><br><em>Cathode (negative electrode):</em><br>hydrogen/H<sub>2</sub><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>hydroxide «ion»/OH<sup>–</sup> <em><strong>AND</strong></em> hydrogen/H<sub>2</sub></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> if correct products given at wrong electrodes.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>«inert» Pt electrode<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>platinum black conductor</p>
<p>1 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> H<sup>+ </sup>(aq)</p>
<p>H<sub>2</sub> (g) at 100 kPa</p>
<p><em>Accept 1 atm H<sub>2</sub> (g).</em><br><em>Accept 1 bar H<sub>2</sub> (g)</em><br><em>Accept a labelled diagram.</em><br><em>Ignore temperature if it is specified.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">j.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>i</p>
<p>Mg(s) + Cu<sup>2+</sup> (aq) → Mg<sup>2+</sup> (aq) + Cu(s)</p>
<p> </p>
<p>ii</p>
<p>«+0.34V – (–2.37V) = +»2.71 «V»</p>
<p> </p>
<p>iii</p>
<p>cell potential increases</p>
<p>reaction «in Q4(k)(i)» moves to the right<br><em><strong>OR <br></strong></em>potential of the copper half-cell increases/becomes more positive</p>
<p><em>Accept correct answers based on the Nernst equation</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">k.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">j.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">k.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Copper is a metal that has been used by humans for thousands of years.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the full electron configuration of \(^{{\text{65}}}{\text{Cu}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State one difference in the physical properties of the isotopes \(^{{\text{63}}}{\text{Cu}}\) and \(^{{\text{65}}}{\text{Cu}}\) and explain why their chemical properties are the same.</p>
<p class="p1">Physical:</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Chemical:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the bonding in solid copper.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{{\text{10}}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{1}}}{\text{/1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{{\text{13}}}}{{\text{d}}^{{\text{10}}}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Physical:</em></p>
<p class="p1">\(^{{\text{63}}}{\text{Cu}}\) lower boiling point/melting point/density/greater rate of diffusion than \(^{{\text{65}}}{\text{Cu}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept converse argument.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept “different mass”.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Chemical:</em></p>
<p class="p1">(properties identical because) same electron configuration/arrangement of electrons;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept “same number of protons </em><strong><em>and </em></strong><em>electrons”.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept “same number of electrons” OR “same valence (electrons)” OR “same atomic number” only.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">electrostatic</span> attraction;</p>
<p class="p1">between (a lattice of) cations/positive ions <strong>and </strong>delocalized/sea of electrons;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not award any mark for only stating “metallic bonding”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most were able to quote the electron configuration of copper correctly; but some gave [Ar] \({\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{1}}}\,{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{9}}}\) when they were specifically asked for the <em>full </em>configuration. A few, inevitably gave \({\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{9}}}\,{\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}\). In (b), few related the difference in mass to a <em>property </em>and most did not give the comparison; “the same number of electrons and protons” was more popular than “the same electron configuration”. The descriptions of metallic bonding were disappointing; the mark for electrostatic attraction was rarely scored and many confused “nuclei” with “cations/positive ions”.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most were able to quote the electron configuration of copper correctly; but some gave [Ar] \({\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{1}}}\,{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{9}}}\) when they were specifically asked for the <em>full </em>configuration. A few, inevitably gave \({\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{9}}}\,{\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}\). In (b), few related the difference in mass to a <em>property </em>and most did not give the comparison; “the same number of electrons and protons” was more popular than “the same electron configuration”. The descriptions of metallic bonding were disappointing; the mark for electrostatic attraction was rarely scored and many confused “nuclei” with “cations/positive ions”.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most were able to quote the electron configuration of copper correctly; but some gave [Ar] \({\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{1}}}\,{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{9}}}\) when they were specifically asked for the <em>full </em>configuration. A few, inevitably gave \({\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{9}}}\,{\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}\). In (b), few related the difference in mass to a <em>property </em>and most did not give the comparison; “the same number of electrons and protons” was more popular than “the same electron configuration”. The descriptions of metallic bonding were disappointing; the mark for electrostatic attraction was rarely scored and many confused “nuclei” with “cations/positive ions”.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Acids can be described as strong or weak.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Outline the difference in dissociation between strong and weak acids of the same concentration.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Describe <strong>three </strong>tests that can be carried out in the laboratory, and the expected results, to distinguish between \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ HCl(aq)}}\) and \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH(aq)}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the pH, using table 15 of the data booklet, of a solution of ethanoic acid made by dissolving 1.40 g of the acid in distilled water to make a \({\text{500 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the pH at the equivalence point of the titration and the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) of an unknown acid using the acid-base titration curve below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-03_om_08.33.12.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/08.c.i"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify, using table 16 of the data booklet, a suitable indicator to show the end-point of this titration.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe how an indicator, that is a weak acid, works. Use Le Chatelier’s principle in your answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the formula of the conjugate base of chloroethanoic acid, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{ClCOOH}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify, with a reason, whether chloroethanoic acid is weaker or stronger than ethanoic acid using table 15 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the pH of the solution resulting when \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.50 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{ClCOOH}}\) is mixed with \({\text{200 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) NaOH.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe how chlorine’s position in the periodic table is related to its electron arrangement.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{SC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\) and \({\text{SCl}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{5}}}\) are two sulfur chloride type compounds with sulfur having different oxidation states. Predict the name of the shape, the bond angle and polarity of these molecules.</p>
<div class="marks">[[N/A]]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>weak acids dissociate only partially <strong>and </strong>strong acids (are assumed to) dissociate fully;</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>measuring electrical conductivity <strong>and </strong>strong acids have greater electrical conductivity/weak acids have lower electrical conductivity;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept conductivity for electrical conductivity.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept explanation in terms of lightbulb in circuit.</em></p>
<p class="p1">measure pH/use universal indicator <strong>and </strong>pH higher for weak acid/pH lower for strong acid;</p>
<p class="p1">conduct titration with a strong base <strong>and </strong>equivalence point higher for weak acid / buffer region for weak acid;</p>
<p class="p1">adding a reactive metal/carbonate/hydrogen carbonate <strong>and </strong>stronger effervescence/faster reaction with strong acids;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept converse argument.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept correct example.</em></p>
<p class="p1">adding a strong base <strong>and </strong>strong acid would increase more in temperature/weak acids increase less in temperature;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept correct example.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for three suitable tests without correct results.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept specific examples with given strong acid and weak acid.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept “addition of </em>\(AgN{O_3}(aq)\) <strong><em>and </em></strong><em>white precipitate with HCl (aq)”.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept “smell”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\(\frac{{1.40}}{{60.06}} = 0.0233{\text{ (mol)}}\,\,\,\)<strong>and</strong>\(\,\,\,\frac{{0.0233}}{{0.500}} = 0.0466{\text{ (mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}})\);</p>
<p>\({\text{(p}}{K_{\text{a}}} = 4.76{\text{)}}{K_{\text{a}}} = 1.7 \times {10^{ - 5}}\);</p>
<p>\({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}} = \sqrt {{K_{\text{a}}}{\text{[HA]}}} = 8.9 \times {10^{ - 4}}\);</p>
<p><em>Accept </em>\(9.0 \times 1{0^{ - {\text{4}}}}\).</p>
<p>\({\text{pH}} = 3.05\);</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[4] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept alternative methods.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Equivalence point</em>: pH of 9.5;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept values between 9 and 10.</em></p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}} = {\text{pH}}\) at half equivalence point;</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}} = 5.4\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept any value between 5.2 and 5.6.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for M2 and M3 if correct </em>\(p{K_a}\) <em>given without explanation.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">phenolphthalein;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{HIn(aq)}} \rightleftharpoons {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{I}}{{\text{n}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\)<span class="s1"> <strong>and </strong></span>HIn and \({\text{I}}{{\text{n}}^ - }\) <span class="s1">have different colours;</span></p>
<p class="p2"><em>Ignore state symbols</em>.</p>
<p class="p2">equilibrium shifts depending on addition of \({{\text{H}}^ + }\) and \({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\) <span class="s3">/ more HIn in acid/low pH / more \({\text{I}}{{\text{n}}^ - }\)</span> in alkali/high pH;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{ClCO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">stronger because \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) of chloroethanoic acid is \( < {\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) of ethanoic acid;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Concentration of acid</em>: \(\frac{{0.030}}{{0.300}} = 0.10{\text{ (mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Concentration of base/salt</em>: \(\frac{{0.020}}{{0.300}} = 0.067{\text{ (mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{)}}\);</p>
<p>\([{{\text{H}}^ + }] = \frac{{{K_{\text{a}}} \times [{\text{HA}}]}}{{[{{\text{A}}^ - }]}}/\frac{{1.3 \times {{10}^{ - 3}} \times 0.10}}{{0.067}}{\text{/}}1.9 \times {10^{ - 3}}{\text{ (mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{)}}\);</p>
<p>\({\text{pH}} = 2.72\);</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[4] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept 2.69, 2.70 or 2.7.</em></p>
<p><em>Alternative for M3 and M4 if Henderson-Hasselbalch equation used:</em></p>
<p><em>M3: \(pH = p{K_a} + log\frac{{[base]}}{{[acid]}}{\text{/ }}2.87 + log\left( {\frac{{{\text{0.067}}}}{{0.10}}} \right)\)</em></p>
<p><em>M4: </em>\(pH = 2.70\).</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for </em>\({n_{acid}} ( = 100 \times 0.50 \div 1000) = 0.050 mol\) <strong><em>and</em></strong></p>
<p>\({n_{base}}( = 200 \times 0.10 \div 1000) = 0.020 mol\).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Cl has 7 valence electrons <strong>and </strong>is in group 7;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept “group 17” as suggested by IUPAC.</em></p>
<p class="p1">Cl has 3 occupied (electron) shells/energy levels <strong>and </strong>so is in period 3;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1" style="text-align: left;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-03_om_09.22.43.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/08.f/M"></p>
<p class="p2"><em>Do not accept ECF for bond angles and polarities from incorrect shapes</em>.</p>
<p class="p2"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[3] </em></strong><em>for all six correct.</em></p>
<p class="p2"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for four or five correct.</em></p>
<p class="p2"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for two or three correct.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">There is a difference, which candidates should note, between “not fully dissociated” and “partially dissociated” when describing a weak acid. The latter is correct; the former is not accepted as it could mean anything between 1% and 99%. In (ii), many did not state the difference in behaviour of the two acids. Many gained the first mark in (b) for finding the concentration of ethanoic acid. Thereafter either full marks was obtained – or there was total confusion. The equivalence point in (c) was better known than the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) where an explanation was expected. The best candidates annotated the graph. Almost all candidates identified phenolphthalein in (ii) correctly but in (iii) any answer that did not begin with an equation was likely to score zero. In questions such as (d) (i), candidates should avoid writing a balanced equation (and there were many) unless the actual answer is clearly indicated. Many were able to identify the stronger acid with the correct reason but in (iii) there were few successful conclusions, many not having recognized that a buffer solution was formed. In (e), most were able to explain why chlorine is in group 7, but the explanation for the period, when it was given, often omitted the idea of <em>occupied </em>shells. In (f), it was disappointing to note that many thought \({\text{SC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\) to be linear and \({\text{SCl}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{5}}}\) trigonal bipyramidal or square pyramidal. Two respondents commented that the column headed “polarity” was confusing; although we could have expressed this more clearly, the candidates did not seem to have a difficulty with this.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">There is a difference, which candidates should note, between “not fully dissociated” and “partially dissociated” when describing a weak acid. The latter is correct; the former is not accepted as it could mean anything between 1% and 99%. In (ii), many did not state the difference in behaviour of the two acids. Many gained the first mark in (b) for finding the concentration of ethanoic acid. Thereafter either full marks was obtained – or there was total confusion. The equivalence point in (c) was better known than the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) where an explanation was expected. The best candidates annotated the graph. Almost all candidates identified phenolphthalein in (ii) correctly but in (iii) any answer that did not begin with an equation was likely to score zero. In questions such as (d) (i), candidates should avoid writing a balanced equation (and there were many) unless the actual answer is clearly indicated. Many were able to identify the stronger acid with the correct reason but in (iii) there were few successful conclusions, many not having recognized that a buffer solution was formed. In (e), most were able to explain why chlorine is in group 7, but the explanation for the period, when it was given, often omitted the idea of <em>occupied </em>shells. In (f), it was disappointing to note that many thought \({\text{SC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\) to be linear and \({\text{SCl}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{5}}}\) trigonal bipyramidal or square pyramidal. Two respondents commented that the column headed “polarity” was confusing; although we could have expressed this more clearly, the candidates did not seem to have a difficulty with this.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">There is a difference, which candidates should note, between “not fully dissociated” and “partially dissociated” when describing a weak acid. The latter is correct; the former is not accepted as it could mean anything between 1% and 99%. In (ii), many did not state the difference in behaviour of the two acids. Many gained the first mark in (b) for finding the concentration of ethanoic acid. Thereafter either full marks was obtained – or there was total confusion. The equivalence point in (c) was better known than the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) where an explanation was expected. The best candidates annotated the graph. Almost all candidates identified phenolphthalein in (ii) correctly but in (iii) any answer that did not begin with an equation was likely to score zero. In questions such as (d) (i), candidates should avoid writing a balanced equation (and there were many) unless the actual answer is clearly indicated. Many were able to identify the stronger acid with the correct reason but in (iii) there were few successful conclusions, many not having recognized that a buffer solution was formed. In (e), most were able to explain why chlorine is in group 7, but the explanation for the period, when it was given, often omitted the idea of <em>occupied </em>shells. In (f), it was disappointing to note that many thought \({\text{SC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\) to be linear and \({\text{SCl}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{5}}}\) trigonal bipyramidal or square pyramidal. Two respondents commented that the column headed “polarity” was confusing; although we could have expressed this more clearly, the candidates did not seem to have a difficulty with this.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">There is a difference, which candidates should note, between “not fully dissociated” and “partially dissociated” when describing a weak acid. The latter is correct; the former is not accepted as it could mean anything between 1% and 99%. In (ii), many did not state the difference in behaviour of the two acids. Many gained the first mark in (b) for finding the concentration of ethanoic acid. Thereafter either full marks was obtained – or there was total confusion. The equivalence point in (c) was better known than the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) where an explanation was expected. The best candidates annotated the graph. Almost all candidates identified phenolphthalein in (ii) correctly but in (iii) any answer that did not begin with an equation was likely to score zero. In questions such as (d) (i), candidates should avoid writing a balanced equation (and there were many) unless the actual answer is clearly indicated. Many were able to identify the stronger acid with the correct reason but in (iii) there were few successful conclusions, many not having recognized that a buffer solution was formed. In (e), most were able to explain why chlorine is in group 7, but the explanation for the period, when it was given, often omitted the idea of <em>occupied </em>shells. In (f), it was disappointing to note that many thought \({\text{SC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\) to be linear and \({\text{SCl}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{5}}}\) trigonal bipyramidal or square pyramidal. Two respondents commented that the column headed “polarity” was confusing; although we could have expressed this more clearly, the candidates did not seem to have a difficulty with this.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">There is a difference, which candidates should note, between “not fully dissociated” and “partially dissociated” when describing a weak acid. The latter is correct; the former is not accepted as it could mean anything between 1% and 99%. In (ii), many did not state the difference in behaviour of the two acids. Many gained the first mark in (b) for finding the concentration of ethanoic acid. Thereafter either full marks was obtained – or there was total confusion. The equivalence point in (c) was better known than the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) where an explanation was expected. The best candidates annotated the graph. Almost all candidates identified phenolphthalein in (ii) correctly but in (iii) any answer that did not begin with an equation was likely to score zero. In questions such as (d) (i), candidates should avoid writing a balanced equation (and there were many) unless the actual answer is clearly indicated. Many were able to identify the stronger acid with the correct reason but in (iii) there were few successful conclusions, many not having recognized that a buffer solution was formed. In (e), most were able to explain why chlorine is in group 7, but the explanation for the period, when it was given, often omitted the idea of <em>occupied </em>shells. In (f), it was disappointing to note that many thought \({\text{SC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\) to be linear and \({\text{SCl}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{5}}}\) trigonal bipyramidal or square pyramidal. Two respondents commented that the column headed “polarity” was confusing; although we could have expressed this more clearly, the candidates did not seem to have a difficulty with this.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">There is a difference, which candidates should note, between “not fully dissociated” and “partially dissociated” when describing a weak acid. The latter is correct; the former is not accepted as it could mean anything between 1% and 99%. In (ii), many did not state the difference in behaviour of the two acids. Many gained the first mark in (b) for finding the concentration of ethanoic acid. Thereafter either full marks was obtained – or there was total confusion. The equivalence point in (c) was better known than the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) where an explanation was expected. The best candidates annotated the graph. Almost all candidates identified phenolphthalein in (ii) correctly but in (iii) any answer that did not begin with an equation was likely to score zero. In questions such as (d) (i), candidates should avoid writing a balanced equation (and there were many) unless the actual answer is clearly indicated. Many were able to identify the stronger acid with the correct reason but in (iii) there were few successful conclusions, many not having recognized that a buffer solution was formed. In (e), most were able to explain why chlorine is in group 7, but the explanation for the period, when it was given, often omitted the idea of <em>occupied </em>shells. In (f), it was disappointing to note that many thought \({\text{SC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\) to be linear and \({\text{SCl}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{5}}}\) trigonal bipyramidal or square pyramidal. Two respondents commented that the column headed “polarity” was confusing; although we could have expressed this more clearly, the candidates did not seem to have a difficulty with this.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">There is a difference, which candidates should note, between “not fully dissociated” and “partially dissociated” when describing a weak acid. The latter is correct; the former is not accepted as it could mean anything between 1% and 99%. In (ii), many did not state the difference in behaviour of the two acids. Many gained the first mark in (b) for finding the concentration of ethanoic acid. Thereafter either full marks was obtained – or there was total confusion. The equivalence point in (c) was better known than the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) where an explanation was expected. The best candidates annotated the graph. Almost all candidates identified phenolphthalein in (ii) correctly but in (iii) any answer that did not begin with an equation was likely to score zero. In questions such as (d) (i), candidates should avoid writing a balanced equation (and there were many) unless the actual answer is clearly indicated. Many were able to identify the stronger acid with the correct reason but in (iii) there were few successful conclusions, many not having recognized that a buffer solution was formed. In (e), most were able to explain why chlorine is in group 7, but the explanation for the period, when it was given, often omitted the idea of <em>occupied </em>shells. In (f), it was disappointing to note that many thought \({\text{SC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\) to be linear and \({\text{SCl}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{5}}}\) trigonal bipyramidal or square pyramidal. Two respondents commented that the column headed “polarity” was confusing; although we could have expressed this more clearly, the candidates did not seem to have a difficulty with this.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">There is a difference, which candidates should note, between “not fully dissociated” and “partially dissociated” when describing a weak acid. The latter is correct; the former is not accepted as it could mean anything between 1% and 99%. In (ii), many did not state the difference in behaviour of the two acids. Many gained the first mark in (b) for finding the concentration of ethanoic acid. Thereafter either full marks was obtained – or there was total confusion. The equivalence point in (c) was better known than the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) where an explanation was expected. The best candidates annotated the graph. Almost all candidates identified phenolphthalein in (ii) correctly but in (iii) any answer that did not begin with an equation was likely to score zero. In questions such as (d) (i), candidates should avoid writing a balanced equation (and there were many) unless the actual answer is clearly indicated. Many were able to identify the stronger acid with the correct reason but in (iii) there were few successful conclusions, many not having recognized that a buffer solution was formed. In (e), most were able to explain why chlorine is in group 7, but the explanation for the period, when it was given, often omitted the idea of <em>occupied </em>shells. In (f), it was disappointing to note that many thought \({\text{SC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\) to be linear and \({\text{SCl}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{5}}}\) trigonal bipyramidal or square pyramidal. Two respondents commented that the column headed “polarity” was confusing; although we could have expressed this more clearly, the candidates did not seem to have a difficulty with this.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">There is a difference, which candidates should note, between “not fully dissociated” and “partially dissociated” when describing a weak acid. The latter is correct; the former is not accepted as it could mean anything between 1% and 99%. In (ii), many did not state the difference in behaviour of the two acids. Many gained the first mark in (b) for finding the concentration of ethanoic acid. Thereafter either full marks was obtained – or there was total confusion. The equivalence point in (c) was better known than the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) where an explanation was expected. The best candidates annotated the graph. Almost all candidates identified phenolphthalein in (ii) correctly but in (iii) any answer that did not begin with an equation was likely to score zero. In questions such as (d) (i), candidates should avoid writing a balanced equation (and there were many) unless the actual answer is clearly indicated. Many were able to identify the stronger acid with the correct reason but in (iii) there were few successful conclusions, many not having recognized that a buffer solution was formed. In (e), most were able to explain why chlorine is in group 7, but the explanation for the period, when it was given, often omitted the idea of <em>occupied </em>shells. In (f), it was disappointing to note that many thought \({\text{SC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\) to be linear and \({\text{SCl}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{5}}}\) trigonal bipyramidal or square pyramidal. Two respondents commented that the column headed “polarity” was confusing; although we could have expressed this more clearly, the candidates did not seem to have a difficulty with this.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">There is a difference, which candidates should note, between “not fully dissociated” and “partially dissociated” when describing a weak acid. The latter is correct; the former is not accepted as it could mean anything between 1% and 99%. In (ii), many did not state the difference in behaviour of the two acids. Many gained the first mark in (b) for finding the concentration of ethanoic acid. Thereafter either full marks was obtained – or there was total confusion. The equivalence point in (c) was better known than the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) where an explanation was expected. The best candidates annotated the graph. Almost all candidates identified phenolphthalein in (ii) correctly but in (iii) any answer that did not begin with an equation was likely to score zero. In questions such as (d) (i), candidates should avoid writing a balanced equation (and there were many) unless the actual answer is clearly indicated. Many were able to identify the stronger acid with the correct reason but in (iii) there were few successful conclusions, many not having recognized that a buffer solution was formed. In (e), most were able to explain why chlorine is in group 7, but the explanation for the period, when it was given, often omitted the idea of <em>occupied </em>shells. In (f), it was disappointing to note that many thought \({\text{SC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\) to be linear and \({\text{SCl}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{5}}}\) trigonal bipyramidal or square pyramidal. Two respondents commented that the column headed “polarity” was confusing; although we could have expressed this more clearly, the candidates did not seem to have a difficulty with this.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Analytical chemistry uses instruments to separate, identify, and quantify matter.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Menthol is an organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Nitric oxide reacts with chlorine.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2NO (g) + Cl<sub>2</sub> (g) → 2NOCl (g)</p>
<p>The following experimental data were obtained at 101.3 kPa and 263 K.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how this spectrum is related to the energy levels in the hydrogen atom.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A sample of magnesium has the following isotopic composition.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
<p>Calculate the relative atomic mass of magnesium based on this data, giving your answer to <strong>two</strong> decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Complete combustion of 0.1595 g of menthol produces 0.4490 g of carbon dioxide and 0.1840 g of water. Determine the empirical formula of the compound showing your working.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>0.150 g sample of menthol, when vaporized, had a volume of 0.0337 dm<sup>3</sup> at 150 °C and 100.2 kPa. Calculate its molar mass showing your working.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the molecular formula of menthol using your answers from parts (d)(i) and (ii).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the order of reaction with respect to Cl<sub>2</sub> and NO.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the rate expression for the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the value of the rate constant at 263 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electron transfer/transition between high«er» energy level to low«er» energy level</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>electron transitions into first energy level causes UV series</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>transition into second energy level causes visible series</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>transition into third energy level causes infrared series</p>
<p><em>Accept any of the points shown on a diagram.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>24 x 0.786 + 25 x 0.101 + 26 x 0.113</p>
<p>24.33</p>
<p>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.<br>Award <strong>[0]</strong> for 24.31 with no working (data booklet value).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>carbon: «\(\frac{{0.4490\,{\text{g}}}}{{44.01\,{\text{g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}\) =» 0.01020 «mol» / 0.1225 «g»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>hydrogen: «\(\frac{{0.1840 \times 2}}{{18.02\,g\,mo{l^{ - 1}}}}\) =» 0.02042 «mol» / 0.0206 «g»</p>
<p>oxygen: «0.1595 – (0.1225 + 0.0206)» = 0.0164 «g» / 0.001025 «mol»</p>
<p>empirical formula: C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>20</sub>O</p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[3]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> award M3 for a hydrocarbon.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«temperature =» 423 K<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br><em>M</em> \( = \frac{{mRT}}{{pV}}\)</p>
<p>«<em>M </em>\( = \frac{{0.150\,{\text{g}} \times 8.31\,{\text{J}}{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}\,{\text{mol}}{}^{ - 1} \times 423\,{\text{K}}}}{{100.2\,{\text{kPa}} \times 0.0337\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^3}}} = \)» 156 «g mol<sup>–1</sup>»</p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1]</strong> for correct answer with no working shown.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “pV = nRT <strong>AND</strong> n = \(\frac{m}{M}\)” for M1.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>20</sub>O</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 Mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Cl<sub>2</sub>:</em> first<br><em>NO:</em> second</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>rate = <em>k</em> [NO]<sup>2</sup> [Cl<sub>2</sub>]</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>180 / 1.80 x 10<sup>2</sup> «dm<sup>6</sup> mol<sup>–2</sup> min<sup>–1</sup>»</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Tin(II) chloride is a white solid that is commonly used as a reducing agent.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State why you would expect tin(II) chloride to have a similar lattice enthalpy to strontium chloride, using section 9 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>(ii) Calculate the molar enthalpy change when strontium chloride is dissolved in water, using sections 18 and 20 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>(iii) Tin(II) chloride reacts with water to precipitate the insoluble basic chloride, Sn(OH)Cl.</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
<p>Suggest why tin(II) chloride is usually dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Tin can also exist in the +4 oxidation state.</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
<p>Vanadium can be reduced from an oxidation state of +4 to +3 according to the equation:</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>(i) Calculate the cell potential, <em>E</em><sup>Θ</sup>, and the standard free energy, Δ<em>G</em><sup>Θ</sup>, change for the reaction between the VO<sup>2+</sup> and Sn<sup>2+</sup> ions, using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><em>E</em><sup>Θ</sup>:</p>
<p>Δ<em>G</em><sup>Θ</sup>:</p>
<p>(ii) Deduce, giving your reason, whether a reaction between Sn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) and VO<sup>2+</sup>(aq) would be spontaneous.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, giving the <strong>full</strong> electron configuration of the vanadium atom, what is meant by the term transition metal.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>In an aqueous solution of vanadium(III) chloride, the vanadium exists as [V (H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup>, [VCl (H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> or [VCl<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>]<sup>+</sup> depending on the concentration of chloride ions in the solution.</p>
<p>(i) Describe how Cl<sup>−</sup> and H<sub>2</sub>O bond to the vanadium ion.</p>
<p>(ii) Outline what would happen to the wavelength at which the vanadium complex ions would absorb light as the water molecules are gradually replaced by chloride ions, using section 15 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Eight successive ionisation energies of vanadium are shown in the graph below:</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>(i) State the sub-levels from which each of the first four electrons are lost.</p>
<p>First: Second: Third: Fourth: </p>
<p>(ii) Outline why there is an increase in ionization energy from electron 3 to electron 5.</p>
<p>(iii) Explain why there is a large increase in the ionization energy between electrons 5 and 6.</p>
<p>(iv) Vanadium is comprised almost entirely of <sup>51</sup>V. State the number of neutrons an atom of <sup>51</sup>V has in its nucleus.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i)<br>same charge <em><strong>AND</strong></em> same/similar ionic radius</p>
<p>(ii)<br>enthalpy of hydration «= −1483 + 2 (−359)» = −2201 «kJmol<sup>−1</sup>»<br>enthalpy of solution <strong>«</strong>= 2170 − 2201<strong>»</strong> = −31 <strong>«</strong>kJmol<sup>−1</sup><strong>»</strong></p>
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<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em><br><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for +31 «kJmol<sup>−1</sup>».</em><br><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for ±4371.</em></p>
<p>(iii)<br>hydrochloric acid shifts equilibrium to left<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>hydrochloric acid prevents the basic chloride forming/precipitating</p>
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<p><em>Accept “hydrochloric acid reacts with «basic» chloride” <strong>OR</strong> “hydrochloric acid suppresses salt hydrolysis”.</em></p>
<p> </p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i)</p>
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<p>E<sup>Θ </sup><strong>«</strong>= 0.34 − 0.15<strong>»</strong> = 0.19«V»<br> ∆GO<sup>Θ</sup>«= − nFE<sup>Θ</sup> = −2 × 96500 × 0.19<strong>»</strong> = −36670 / −37000«J» / − 37«kJ»</p>
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<p><em>Accept −18335 «J» or −18 «kJ» as equation not specified.</em></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>(ii) </p>
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<p>yes <em><strong>AND</strong></em> ∆G<sup>Θ</sup> is negative<br> <em><strong>OR</strong></em><br> yes <em><strong>AND</strong></em> E<sup>Θ</sup> for the cell is positive<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>yes <em><strong>AND</strong></em> Sn<sup>2+</sup> (aq) is a stronger reducing agent than V<sup>3+</sup>(aq)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>yes <em><strong>AND</strong></em> E<sup>Θ </sup>SN<sup>4+ </sup>(aq) is more negative that<sup> </sup>E<sup>Θ</sup> or VO<sup>2+</sup> (aq)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>yes <em><strong>AND</strong></em> VO<sup>2+</sup> (aq) is a stronger oxidizing agent than Sn<sup>4+</sup> (aq)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>yes <em><strong>AND</strong></em> E<sup>Θ</sup> for VO<sup>2+</sup> (aq) is more positive than E<sup>Θ</sup> for SN<sup>4+</sup> (aq)</p>
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<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept reference to anti-clockwise rule.</em></p>
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<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
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<p>1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>3d<sup>3</sup>4s<sup>2</sup><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>4s<sup>2</sup>3d<sup>3</sup> </p>
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<p>incomplete d <strong>«</strong>sub-<strong>»</strong> level/orbital/shell <strong>«</strong>in its compounds/ions<strong>»</strong></p>
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<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
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<p>(i)<br>give/donate a lone/non-bonding electron pair</p>
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<p><em>Accept “through the formation of a dative/ coordinate bond”.</em><br><em> Accept “by acting as Lewis bases”.</em><br><em> Do not accept “act as ligands”.</em></p>
<p>(ii)<br>«more chlorido ligands» smaller energy gap between split d-orbitals<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Cl<sup>−</sup> is lower than H<sub>2</sub>O in spectrochemical series <br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Cl<sup>−</sup> is a weaker ligand/has lower charge density</p>
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<p>the absorption will move to longer wavelengths<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>the absorption wavelength will increase</p>
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<p><em>Do not accept answers in terms of change of frequency.</em></p>
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<p>(i)<br><em>First:</em> 4s <em><strong>AND</strong></em> <em>Second:</em> 4s <em><strong>AND</strong></em> <em>Third:</em> 3d <em><strong>AND</strong></em> <em>Fourth:</em> 3d</p>
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<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> apply <strong>ECF</strong> from (c).</em></p>
<p>(ii)<br><strong>«</strong>in the same sub-shell and a<strong>»</strong> decrease in electron-electron repulsion<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br><strong>«</strong>in the same sub-shell and<strong>»</strong> as more electrons removed, the pull of of the nucleus/positive ions holds the remaining electrons more tightly</p>
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<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “greater nuclear charge/ effective nuclear charge”.</em></p>
<p>(iii)<br>electron 5 is lost from the 3d orbital<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>electron 5 is lost from the valence shell</p>
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<p>electron 6 is lost from a 3p orbital<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>electron 6 is lost from a <strong>«</strong>complete<strong>»</strong> inner shell</p>
<p>3p orbital/complete inner shell experiences a much larger effective nuclear charge<br> <em><strong>OR</strong></em><br> 3p orbital/complete inner shell is less well shielded<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>3p orbital/complete inner shell is nearer the nucleus</p>
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<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> (for M1/M2) (<strong>ECF</strong>) if candidate recognises electrons 5 and 6 are from different levels.</em></p>
<p>(iv)<br>28</p>
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<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
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[N/A]
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[N/A]
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[N/A]
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[N/A]
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[N/A]
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