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</div><h2>HL Paper 2</h2><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Carboplatin used in the treatment of lung cancer has the following three-dimensional structure.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-15_om_17.38.38.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/03"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Elemental platinum has electrons occupying s, p, d and f atomic orbitals.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the name of the functional group circled in the structure of carboplatin.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the type of bonding between platinum and nitrogen in carboplatin.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the shape of an s orbital and a p<sub><span class="s1"><em>x </em></span></sub>orbital. Label the <em>x</em>, <em>y </em>and <em>z </em>axes on each diagram.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-16_om_05.38.56.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/03.c.i"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the maximum number of orbitals in the \(n = 4\) energy level.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A number of ruthenium-based anti-cancer drugs have also been developed. State the <strong>full </strong>electron configuration of the ruthenium(II) ion, \({\text{R}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Iron is in the same group in the periodic table as ruthenium.</p>
<p class="p1">Construct the orbital diagram (using the arrow-in-box notation) for iron, showing the electrons in the \(n = 3\) and \(n = 4\) energy levels only <strong>and </strong>label each sub-level on the diagram.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-16_om_05.51.58.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/3.e"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The emission spectrum of an element can be used to identify it.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Hydrogen spectral data give the frequency of 3.28 × 10<sup>15</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> for its convergence limit.</p>
<p>Calculate the ionization energy, in J, for a single atom of hydrogen using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the wavelength, in m, for the electron transition corresponding to the frequency in (a)(iii) using section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce any change in the colour of the electrolyte during electrolysis.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the gas formed at the anode (positive electrode) when graphite is used in place of copper.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states in contrast to alkali metals.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The element antimony, Sb, is usually found in nature as its sulfide ore, stibnite, \({\text{S}}{{\text{b}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{S}}_{\text{3}}}\). This ore was used two thousand years ago by ancient Egyptian women as a cosmetic to darken their eyes and eyelashes.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Antimony contains two stable isotopes, \(^{{\text{121}}}{\text{Sb}}\) and \(^{{\text{123}}}{\text{Sb}}\). The relative atomic mass of antimony is given in Table 5 of the Data Booklet.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the percentage by mass of antimony in a sample of pure stibnite. State your answer to <strong>four </strong>significant figures.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the percentage of each isotope in pure antimony. State your answers to <strong>three </strong>significant figures.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the number of neutrons present in an atom of \(^{{\text{121}}}{\text{Sb}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the shape of the \({{\text{p}}_{\text{z}}}\) orbital using the coordinates shown.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-18_om_06.24.59.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/03.a.i"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the electron configuration of \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>ligand.</em></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why the complex \({{\text{[Fe(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{3 + }}\) is coloured.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The element selenium \({\text{(}}Z = 34{\text{)}}\) has electrons in the 4s, 3d and 4p orbitals. Draw an orbital box diagram (arrow-in-box notation) to represent these electrons.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Two groups of students (Group A and Group B) carried out a project* on the chemistry of some group 7 elements (the halogens) and their compounds.</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">* Adapted from J Derek Woollins, (2009), Inorganic Experiments and Open University, (2008), Exploring the Molecular World.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">In this project the students explored several aspects of the chemistry of the halogens. In the original preparation of ICl(l), they observed the yellow-green colour of chlorine gas, Cl<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>(g), reacting with solid iodine, I<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>(s).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">When iodine reacts with excess chlorine, \({\text{IC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) can form. Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of \({\text{IC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and \({\text{ICl}}_2^ - \) and state the name of the shape of each species.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-22_om_06.59.30.png" alt="N12/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/01.e"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the <strong>full </strong>electron configuration of iodine \((Z = 53)\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">One important use of chlorine is in the synthesis of poly(chloroethene), PVC. Identify the monomer used to make PVC and state <strong>one </strong>of the uses of PVC.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Monomer:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Use:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>2-methylbutan-2-ol, \({{\text{(C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C(OH)C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\), is a liquid with a smell of camphor that was formerly used as a sedative. One way of producing it starts with 2-methylbut-2-ene.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>As well as 2-methylbutan-2-ol, the reaction also produces a small quantity of an optically active isomer, <strong>X</strong>.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>2-methylbutan-2-ol can also be produced by the hydrolysis of 2-chloro-2-methylbutane, \({{\text{(C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{CCl}}{{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{5}}}\), with aqueous sodium hydroxide.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>2-chloro-2-methylbutane contains some molecules with a molar mass of approximately \({\text{106 g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\) and some with a molar mass of approximately \({\text{108 g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>2-chloro-2-methylbutane can also be converted into compound <strong>Z</strong> by a two-stage reaction via compound <strong>Y</strong>:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-25_om_13.10.19.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/08.g"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the other substances required to convert 2-methylbut-2-ene to 2-methylbutan-2-ol.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain whether you would expect 2-methylbutan-2-ol to react with acidified potassium dichromate(VI).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State what is meant by <em>optical activity</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State what optical activity indicates about the structure of the molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Optical activity can be detected using a polarimeter. Explain how this works.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the structural formula of <strong>X</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why 2-methylbut-2-ene is less soluble in water than 2-methylbutan-2-ol.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the mechanism of this reaction using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the rate expression for this reaction and the units of the rate constant.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why, for some other halogenoalkanes, this hydrolysis is much more effective in alkaline rather than in neutral conditions.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why there are molecules with different molar masses.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the structure of <strong>Y</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the reagent and any catalyst required for both the formation of <strong>Y</strong> and the conversion of <strong>Y</strong> into <strong>Z</strong>.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Formation of <strong>Y</strong>:</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Conversion of <strong>Y</strong> into <strong>Z</strong>:</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Bromine is a member of group 7, the halogens.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Iron is a transition metal.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Freshly prepared iron(II) bromide can be electrolysed both in the liquid state and in aqueous solution.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain the trend in reactivity of the halogens.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce, using equations where appropriate, if bromine reacts with sodium chloride solution and with sodium iodide solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the bonding in metals and explain their malleability.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">List <strong>three </strong>characteristic properties of transition elements.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the type of bonding between iron and cyanide in \({{\text{[Fe(CN}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{3 - }}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the oxidation number of iron in \({{\text{[Fe(CN}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{3 - }}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the abbreviated orbital diagram for an <strong>iron atom </strong>using the arrow-in-box notation to represent electrons.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the abbreviated orbital diagram for the <strong>iron ion in [Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3–</sup></strong> using the arrow-in-box notation to represent electrons.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe, using a diagram, the essential components of an electrolytic cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the <strong>two </strong>ways in which current is conducted in an electrolytic cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Predict and explain the products of electrolysis of a <strong>dilute </strong>iron(II) bromide solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify another product that is formed if the solution of iron(II) bromide is <strong>concentrated</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why this other product is formed.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A sample of magnesium contains three isotopes: magnesium-24, magnesium-25 and magnesium-26, with abundances of 77.44%, 10.00% and 12.56% respectively.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A graph of the successive ionization energies of magnesium is shown below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-21_om_17.46.25.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/08.b"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The graph below shows pressure and volume data collected for a sample of carbon dioxide gas at 330 K.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-21_om_19.19.59.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/08.e"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of magnesium correct to <strong>two</strong> decimal places.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Predict the relative atomic radii of the three magnesium isotopes, giving your reasons.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Explain the increase in ionization energy values from the 3rd to the 8th electrons.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Explain the sharp increase in ionization energy values between the 10th and 11th electrons.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form an ionic compound, magnesium oxide. Describe how the ions are formed, and the structure and bonding in magnesium oxide.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Carbon reacts with oxygen to form a covalent compound, carbon dioxide. Describe what is meant by a covalent bond.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) State why magnesium and oxygen form an ionic compound while carbon and oxygen form a covalent compound.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Predict the type of hybridization of the carbon and oxygen atoms in \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\).</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Sketch the orbitals of an oxygen atom in \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) on the energy level diagram provided, including the electrons that occupy each orbital.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-21_om_19.10.24.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/08.d.ii"></p>
<p>(iii) Define the term electronegativity.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) Explain why oxygen has a larger electronegativity than carbon.</p>
<div class="marks">[7]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Draw a best-fit curve for the data on the graph.</p>
<p>(ii) Use the data point labelled <strong>X</strong> to determine the amount, in mol, of carbon dioxide gas in the sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Most indicators are weak acids. Describe qualitatively how indicators work.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Identify a suitable indicator for a titration between a weak acid and a strong base, using Table 16 of the Data Booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Brass is a copper containing alloy with many uses. An analysis is carried out to determine the percentage of copper present in three identical samples of brass. The reactions involved in this analysis are shown below.</p>
<p class="p1">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{Step 1: Cu(s)}} + {\text{2HN}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2N}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}} \\ {{\text{Step 2: 4}}{{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2CuI(s)}} + {{\text{I}}_2}{\text{(aq)}}} \\ {{\text{Step 3: }}{{\text{I}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{S}}_2}{\text{O}}_3^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2}}{{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{S}}_4}{\text{O}}_6^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}}} \end{array}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">In step 1 the copper reacts to form a blue solution.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the full electronic configuration of \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why the copper solution is coloured.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The electron configuration of chromium can be expressed as \({\text{[Ar]4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{x}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{y}}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Hydrogen and nitrogen(II) oxide react according to the following equation.</p>
<p class="p1">\[2{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2NO(g)}} \rightleftharpoons {{\text{N}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">At time <span class="s1">= \(t\)</span> seconds, the rate of the reaction is</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{rate}} = k{\text{[}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)][NO(g)}}{{\text{]}}^2}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">When concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to a solution containing hydrated copper(II) ions, the colour of the solution changes from light blue to green. The equation for the reaction is:</p>
<p>\[{{\text{[Cu(}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_6}{\text{]}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{4C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} \to {{\text{[CuC}}{{\text{l}}_4}{\text{]}}^{2 - }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{6}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain what the square brackets around argon, [Ar], represent.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the values of \(x\) and \(y\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Annotate the diagram below showing the 4s and 3d orbitals for a chromium atom using an arrow, <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-27_om_08.08.15.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/03.a.iii_1"> and <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-27_om_08.09.21.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/03.a.iii_2">, to represent a spinning electron.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-27_om_08.10.12.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/03.a.iii_3"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain precisely what the square brackets around nitrogen(II) oxide, [NO(g)], represent in this context.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the units for the rate constant \(k\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain what the square brackets around the copper containing species represent.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why the \({{\text{[Cu(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{2 + }}\) ion is coloured and why the \({{\text{[CuC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{]}}^{2 - }}\) ion has a different colour.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Some words used in chemistry can have a specific meaning which is different to their meaning in everyday English.</p>
<p class="p1">State what the term <em>spontaneous </em>means when used in a chemistry context.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Nitrogen and silicon belong to different groups in the periodic table.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Draw the Lewis structures, state the shapes and predict the bond angles for the following species.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Consider the molecule \({\text{HCON}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Distinguish in terms of electronic structure, between the terms <em>group </em>and <em>period</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the maximum number of orbitals in the \(n = 2\) energy level.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{SiF}}_6^{2 - }\)</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{NO}}_2^ + \)</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain, using diagrams, why \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is a polar molecule but \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is a non-polar molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain the term <em>hybridization</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe how \(\sigma \) and \(\pi \) bonds form.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the type of hybridization of the carbon and nitrogen atoms in \({\text{HCON}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iv.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>EUK-134, the structure of which is shown below, is a complex ion of manganese(III) that is used in expensive sun-protection products because of its powerful antioxidant properties.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-25_om_05.49.36.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/04"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the electron configuration of the manganese ion in EUK-134.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the name given to species that bond to a central metal ion, and identify the type of bond present.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Name given:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Type of bond:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Transition metals have certain characteristic properties. State <strong>two</strong> properties that are involved in EUK-134 rapidly decreasing the concentration of oxidizing agents.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Substances like EUK-134 are often coloured. Explain why compounds of transition metals absorb visible radiation.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why the relative atomic mass of cobalt is greater than the relative atomic mass of nickel, even though the atomic number of nickel is greater than the atomic number of cobalt.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the numbers of protons and electrons in the ion \({\text{C}}{{\text{o}}^{2 + }}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the electron configuration for the ion \({\text{C}}{{\text{o}}^{2 + }}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Chromium is a typical transition metal with many uses.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">A voltaic cell is constructed as follows. One half-cell contains a platinum electrode in a solution containing \({{\text{K}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}}\) and \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\). The other half-cell contains an iron electrode in a solution containing \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}\) ions. The two electrodes are connected to a voltmeter and the two solutions by a salt bridge.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Distinguish between the terms <em>oxidation </em>and <em>reduction </em>in terms of oxidation numbers.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the names of \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) and \({\text{Cr}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\):</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{Cr}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>oxidizing agent</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}}\) and \({{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\) ions react together in the <strong>presence of acid </strong>to form \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) and \({\text{IO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}}\) ions. Deduce the balanced chemical equation for this redox reaction and identify the species that acts as the oxidizing agent.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw a diagram of the voltaic cell, labelling the positive and negative electrodes (cathode and anode) and showing the direction of movement of the electrons and ions. Deduce an equation for the reaction occurring in each of the half-cells, and the equation for the overall cell reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>standard electrode potential</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the cell potential, in V, under standard conditions, using information from Table 14 of the Data Booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State <strong>two </strong>characteristic properties of transition elements.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the type of bond formed by a ligand and identify the feature that enables it to form this bond.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why the complex \({{\text{[Cr(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{{\text{3 + }}}}\) is coloured.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw an orbital box diagram (arrow-in-box notation) showing the electrons in the 4s and 3d sub-levels in chromium metal.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Chromium is often used in electroplating. State what is used as the positive electrode (anode), the negative electrode (cathode) and the electrolyte in the chromium electroplating process.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different mass numbers. Two isotopes of cobalt are Co-59 and Co-60.</p>
</div>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">State why the Co-60 radioisotope is used in radiotherapy.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>There are only two isotopes, \(_{{\text{29}}}^{{\text{63}}}{\text{Cu}}\) and \(_{{\text{29}}}^{{\text{65}}}{\text{Cu}}\), in naturally occurring copper.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A chemist considered preparing a copper(I) salt by reacting copper metal with the corresponding copper(II) salt according to the equation below.</p>
<p>\[{\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{Cu (s)}} \to {\text{2C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The relative atomic mass of copper is 63.55. Calculate the percentage of \(_{{\text{29}}}^{{\text{63}}}{\text{Cu}}\) in the naturally occurring element.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the <strong>full</strong> electronic configuration of a copper atom.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why most copper(II) compounds are coloured, whereas most copper(I) compounds are not.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Using data from Table 14 of the Data Booklet, calculate the cell potential for this reaction.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Use this result to predict, with a reason, whether this reaction will be spontaneous.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the emission spectrum of hydrogen. Outline how this spectrum is related to the energy levels in the hydrogen atom.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Transition elements form complexes such as \({{\text{[Fe(CN}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{4 - }}\) and \({{\text{[FeC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{]}}^ - }\). Deduce the oxidation number of iron in each of these complex ions.</p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{[Fe(CN}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{4 - }}\)</p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{[FeC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{]}}^ - }\)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The graph of the first ionization energy plotted against atomic number for the first twenty elements shows periodicity.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-14_om_07.20.08.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/08.b"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain how information from this graph provides evidence for the existence of main energy levels and sub-levels within atoms.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State what is meant by the term <em>second ionization energy</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Sketch and explain the shape of the graph obtained for the successive ionization energies of potassium using a logarithmic scale for ionization energy on the <em>y</em>-axis against number of electrons removed on the <em>x</em>-axis.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-14_om_11.58.24.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/08.b.iv/M"></p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the <strong>full </strong>electronic configurations of copper, Cu, and the copper(I) ion, \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }\).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why copper(II) compounds in aqueous solution are coloured whereas scandium(III) compounds in aqueous solution are colourless.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Calcium carbide, CaC<sub>2</sub>, is an ionic solid.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the nature of ionic bonding.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how the relative atomic mass of a sample of calcium could be determined from its mass spectrum.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>When calcium compounds are introduced into a gas flame a red colour is seen; sodium compounds give a yellow flame. Outline the source of the colours and why they are different.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two </strong>reasons why solid calcium has a greater density than solid potassium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why solid calcium is a good conductor of electricity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch a graph of the first six ionization energies of calcium.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calcium carbide reacts with water to form ethyne and calcium hydroxide.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">CaC<sub>2</sub>(s) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>(g) + Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>(aq)</p>
<p>Estimate the pH of the resultant solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how sigma (σ) and pi (\(\pi \)) bonds are formed.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the number of σ and \(\pi \) bonds in a molecule of ethyne.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAxAAAADFCAYAAADE4hT8AAAZ90lEQVR4Ae3dC5BddZ0n8C93GApj2xUGB2MQq7vSIWV4yLayCqEgzuCMzDA2rGUcHg6PRVyLRQglMg9iwKwODzURJ8M6zEBSMo6iQCIio+hsw6JQC2lBCFOxO3YPbEJwccz29HSlGPf21u2km07Io282Zzl9+tNVqXv79jm/+/99fjed8825j4NGRkZG4osAAQIECBAgQIAAAQKTEKhNYhubECBAgAABAgQIECBAYFTg4DGHjrb2sasuCRAgQIAAAQIECBAgsFuBgyY+hakRIvoG+ne7oRsJECBAgAABAgQIEJi+AmNZwVOYpu9jQOcECBAgQIAAAQIEmhYQIJomswMBAgQIECBAgACB6SsgQEzf2eucAAECBAgQIECAQNMCAkTTZHYgQIAAAQIECBAgMH0FBIjpO3udEyBAgAABAgQIEGhaQIBomswOBAgQIECAAAECBKavgAAxfWevcwIECBAgQIAAAQJNCwgQTZPZgQABAgQIECBAgMD0FRAgpu/sdU6AAAECBAgQIECgaQEBomkyOxAgQIAAAQIECBCYvgICxPSdvc4JECBAgAABAgQINC0gQDRNZgcCBAgQIECAAAEC01dAgJi+s9c5AQIECBAgQIAAgaYFBIimyexAgAABAgQIECBAYPoKCBDTd/Y6J0CAAAECBAgQINC0gADRNJkdCBAgQIAAAQIECExfAQFi+s5e5wQIECBAgAABAgSaFhAgmiazAwECBAgQIECAAIHpKyBATN/Z65wAAQIECBAgQIBA0wICRNNkdiBAgAABAgQIECAwfQUEiOk7e50TIECAAAECBAgQaFqg4gFiW3pXnZ+O+UvTPVhvGuf//w5b07P86qzo2drEXdcztOEbWXHLg+kdmgo9NtGaTQkQIECAAAECBEonUPEAcWjmXnhn+p69Pgtby95qPYPdy3PpTxdk0Qkzm3ig1NIy74P5+KJavnbD17JBiGjCzqYECBAgQIAAAQLNCpT9qLrZfqbu9kPrcvuNz+Xyq96X2fsxldqs9+SK0zfkvKu/lc1OREzdx4GVEyBAgAABAgRKLrAfh6pl6qieod7urL62Kx1t7dv/nHFtVnf3Zmh0mbt7CtNgen/wpVw6f/v2x1+yPPeuuja/33ZalnS/lKRxJmBpjm87JyvWrMmKS07aUbsrS77yeLYM9uYfln8kx4/e30m59JZHs2XCAXt9S0/Wjv+8cR9dWbKqex9PL3o5m7//1dx+yGk5ec6h+wlcS+up5+byzStz68ONPhqtbMjqrmPS0bUqvRPWuJ93YDcCBAgQIECAAAECmdoBYmhd/vrjS/PDjs/myYH+9A1syCPXvC53XXh97u7dtpvxvpzNa5bmA5c/mwX3PpW+gY350dW/mQdu+ttseNXWj+UvvvzjtF/z3e11V/379CxZlFPefVPWn7IsTw5szJPfvSz5r1fl0996LqPH50OP55aLFuf+X7s43/tZYz39+eljH8+vff2qXHnbuh2h5lV3lNT78+AdD2XO2SdlzsSJ1LekZ83y8bAzHpLGwlJbZy5d8z9fKVg7Msct/PX83fJvbw8MtXm5YO369K29MHMn1n1lD9cIECBAgAABAgQINCUwpQ8r6y+sz0P/eFQWLJiTltG2D8mshX+W+wfuzAVzd/M/+YM/yq1/+lhO+eyf5MPzWpM0Xj9wbj73l3+UGa9ie2vOuebydM1tbHdIZnUuSOeMGTnuk5/IZSfOSq2x79wTs2DuYB554mcZapy5eOLbuf2fFubcC9+VWTtka7MW5LwPzc+G7vV5YU9nAYZeSF/vG3Js2+ETEt3W9Hzxsiz602cz/0vf2xGQnsr9112c81f8/Y7ve/JXZ71lwsoPzez2juSpnjz7819NuN1VAgQIECBAgAABAgdGYEoHiNqbj8lpb/txPr/6O3mi+zvp7h3ci0o9gz3/LWuH5+Rdxxwx4UC9lpYj2zNnL3tO7ke1tC68Pj95dmne+eIjWbtmTdauuSerr/1Qzrjuh3stUX9xIM8MH5WOI7fHoMbG9d41WfbFl3LOX/55rvztuTsCUmvm/dEF+XffXZyrVq3fzRmNWmbMPCwz0pf+zbs7A7PXZfghAQIECBAgQIAAgX0KTOkAkZYTc+U31uSWd27N2huvziXvffskX3OwT5ckOx/QT2aPDK3P6ksW5IT3fix/9cQ/j57hmHn6stx13YKktz+bdvsOSfUMberPxp3uYOy21+fw1l3OpNTekvd86MQ8dtNdeeJVb01by4zWmTlkp1q+IUCAAAECBAgQIHDgBKZ2gGg4tMzNwrMuzrIH1qfvZ4/mrhUL8+JNF+UDNzycvZ2POHCEY5W2pfebf55lP3p3Pv+jH+f+/3Jxus46K10LZ2ew7/mxjXZzubszIGNB4F/zi8FdzyTs+Nnw43myb3iXevUMD27Ny7vc6lsCBAgQIECAAAECB0pg6geIiRK1Wek868M59z+8NcNPD+TFnV5zUEtr53vSNeP59G3a/h5N23cd+9/+iYX25/pQNjWCwty3Z/6sCecA6sP537/Y+yF97U1tOXaXdR189Ck5/20vZe3XH9nlbVm3pf8n67I1v5HD3nDwLgutZ3jrLzOcjrTP3uXMxS5b+pYAAQIECBAgQIDA/ghM6QBR712Vsxtvk7pmw47XAzTe1vWR/GBd8jsX/dbO72jU0Gk9OR/7bGfW3vilrB19vURj+2/l5hu/mV3/L795zN9I5+kLM+Ope/O3D2/e/q5M9S154i+WZckDW/ZeruXN6Zj7L3lm4Bfb92ts3fKOXPKZ/5SjHvizfORTa3a8DezL2fL4qtx8048z74KL8ruvesvXbdnc35e8vTPzj9g1XOx9CX5KgAABAgQIECBAYDICUzpA1Oaem1vvuSiHf/vCnDD61qZzckLX/Tn8o8vzqfe/dcILpccoDsnss67P3Z94Y+7varxeYk5OvvH5nPrRi3Lc2Cb7fdn4HIaPZdWy4/L4hQtydGM9xy7JI285L7evOG837/I04Y5qc3P24j/Ixnsfzcbxsya1tHRelq8/uDKLckfOOHZOOtrm5ZQL1mX+Z7+Sv1n62+Pv9DReqb4pT3f/W85ZfOb2t231ORDjNK4QIECAAAECBAgcGIGDRkZGRsZKNT5noPHZBdPtq3Em4wNd/bnisaVZ2PoaZaqhx7Pig19IPnNrruycuR8jqGeoZ2U+fNtRWbnyrP36NOv9uFO7ECBAgAABAgQITBOBsazwGh0tv0bKg91ZMv+kXDrhLVDrWx7NyhvvyMsfOTPvfK3CQ4Oj5R25+Jqjc+dt3bu85mGSVkPrcsc9h+eGm98vPEySzGYECBAgQIAAAQLNC0yvANF6ci6785rMf+SSHU95as/Rv3V7/s+Zy/M3V5y447MWmkc8MHs0ngL10XzuiIdy15NbmyjZeB3HfVlx25a874//MPNaptdIm4CyKQECBAgQIECAwAEQ8BSmA4CoBAECBAgQIECAAIGqC0zPpzBVfar6I0CAAAECBAgQIFCwgOe7FAysPAECBAgQIECAAIEqCQgQVZqmXggQIECAAAECBAgULCBAFAysPAECBAgQIECAAIEqCQgQVZqmXggQIECAAAECBAgULCBAFAysPAECBAgQIECAAIEqCQgQVZqmXggQIECAAAECBAgULCBAFAysPAECBAgQIECAAIEqCQgQVZqmXggQIECAAAECBAgULCBAFAysPAECBAgQIECAAIEqCQgQVZqmXggQIECAAAECBAgULCBAFAysPAECBAgQIECAAIEqCQgQVZqmXggQIECAAAECBAgULCBAFAysPAECBAgQIECAAIEqCQgQVZqmXggQIECAAAECBAgULCBAFAysPAECBAgQIECAAIEqCQgQVZqmXggQIECAAAECBAgULCBAFAysPAECBAgQIECAAIEqCQgQVZqmXggQIECAAAECBAgULCBAFAysPAECBAgQIECAAIEqCQgQVZqmXggQIECAAAECBAgULCBAFAysPAECBAgQIECAAIEqCQgQVZqmXggQIECAAAECBAgULCBAFAysPAECBAgQIECAAIEqCQgQVZqmXggQIECAAAECBAgULCBAFAysPAECBAgQIECAAIEqCVQqQNR7V+XstvYcf213Bvc0pfqGrO46Jh3zl6Z7sL6Hrbald9X56Wg7LUu6X9rDNknV7y+skngsNP4CVP2xrr/GkMv4u9Fjb/QfoFLOxu9Gvxt3HB55fG7/a3rAjkF3uJb84qCRkZGRsTV2tLWnb6B/7FuXBAgQIECAAAECBAgQGBUYywqVOgNhtgQIECBAgAABAgQIFCsgQBTrqzoBAgQIECBAgACBSgkIEJUap2YIECBAgAABAgQIFCsgQBTrqzoBAgQIECBAgACBSgkIEJUap2YIECBAgAABAgQIFCsgQBTrqzoBAgQIECBAgACBSgkIEJUap2YIECBAgAABAgQIFCsgQBTrqzoBAgQIECBAgACBSgkIEJUap2YIECBAgAABAgQIFCsgQBTrqzoBAgQIECBAgACBSgkIEJUap2YIECBAgAABAgQIFCsgQBTrqzoBAgQIECBAgACBSgkIEJUap2YIECBAgAABAgQIFCsgQBTrqzoBAgQIECBAgACBSgkIEJUap2YIECBAgAABAgQIFCsgQBTrqzoBAgQIECBAgACBSgkIEJUap2YIECBAgAABAgQIFCsgQBTrqzoBAgQIECBAgACBSgkIEJUap2YIECBAgAABAgQIFCsgQBTrqzoBAgQIECBAgACBSgkIEJUap2YIECBAgAABAgQIFCsgQBTrqzoBAgQIECBAgACBSgkIEJUap2YIECBAgAABAgQIFCsgQBTrqzoBAgQIECBAgACBSgkIEJUap2YIECBAgAABAgQIFCsgQBTrqzoBAgQIECBAgACBSgkIEJUap2YIECBAgAABAgQIFCsgQBTrqzoBAgQIECBAgACBSgkIEJUap2YIECBAgAABAgQIFCsgQBTrqzoBAgQIECBAgACBSgkIEJUap2YIECBAgAABAgQIFCsgQBTrqzoBAgQIECBAgACBSgkIEJUap2YIECBAgAABAgQIFCsgQBTrqzoBAgQIECBAgACBSgkIEJUap2YIECBAgAABAgQIFCsgQBTrqzoBAgQIECBAgACBSgkIEJUap2YIECBAgAABAgQIFCsgQBTrqzoBAgQIECBAgACBSgkIEJUap2YIECBAgAABAgQIFCsgQBTrqzoBAgQIECBAgACBSgkIEJUap2YIECBAgAABAgQIFCsgQBTrqzoBAgQIECBAgACBSgkIEJUap2YIECBAgAABAgQIFCsgQBTrqzoBAgQIECBAgACBSgkIEJUap2YIECBAgAABAgQIFCsgQBTrqzoBAgQIECBAgACBSgkIEJUap2YIECBAgAABAgQIFCsgQBTrqzoBAgQIECBAgACBSgkIEJUap2YIECBAgAABAgQIFCsgQBTrqzoBAgQIECBAgACBSgkIEJUap2YIECBAgAABAgQIFCswDQLEtvSuOj8d85eme7C+D82t6Vl+dVb0bN3HdmM/rmdowzey4pYH0zu0r9pj+7gkQIAAAQIECBAgMHUFpkGAODRzL7wzfc9en4Wte2u3nsHu5bn0pwuy6ISZk5xoLS3zPpiPL6rlazd8LRuEiEm62YwAAQIECBAgQGCqCuztiHqq9rR/6x5al9tvfC6XX/W+zG5SpTbrPbni9A057+pvZbMTEfvnby8CBAgQIECAAIEpIdDkoXLJehrszpL5x+Ts23+Q/3HLR3J8W3s62o7J71/71fRseXnHYifzFKaXs/n7X83th5yWk+ccuh9N1tJ66rm5fPPK3PrwS/uxv10IECBAgAABAgQITA2BqR0gRo2H8/Snr81f5+J872f96Xvmnlyar2fRRV9Oz2SfUlTvz4N3PJQ5Z5+UOeMijdc33JlL5zdCye7/vHN5T341NufakTlu4a/n75Z/O72jZyGG0rP899LR9ntZ0TM0tpVLAgQIECBAgAABAlNaYPxweSp3MeOMa3Ldfz4psxrdtMxL1ycX55x/+mbufeKfJ9fW0Avp631Djm07POMg9d7cvWJTzv2HdbnrigU5Z9Xj6Rv47/n86bNy3HV/n58O9OeJxZ05ePweDs3s9o7kqZ48+/NGrGhJ5+LvpG/gO7mys2V8K1cIECBAgAABAgQITGWB8ePlqdvEjMx519u2h4exJlrenI65L2Xt95/J4Nhte7msvziQZ4aPSseRYwf69Qw+fF/6P/Qfs3DWIUlel8NbD03q/5qt/yv5zZmvfyVojNetZcbMwzIjfenfvG38VlcIECBAgAABAgQIVEmgAgFiz+MYfnogL+7zRc31DG3qz8adytTSuvATuW7hG5NszfPrk8PecPBogPjlc4fkTTN39zqJWma0zkwjbvgiQIAAAQIECBAgUFWBSgeIGce15U377LCWliPbM2dPE/7Vz9O/7nWZ2QgQo1+v33424lXb1zM8uDVjL91+1Y/dQIAAAQIECBAgQKACAvs8vC5/j8PZ2PdCdnqZ8uhrGt6YrtOPTeskGqi9qS3Hzng+fZt2qjK6Z73/J3ko7TnqjWMBYk8F6xne+ssMpyPts3d3hmJP+7mdAAECBAgQIECAwNQRqECASIbvXJ6b12zYHiKG1mf1VX+StactzsdObTwFaRJfo6+Z+Jc8M/CL7PSMp/pzue8LX87T72jP7EZ+qL0+h711Sx586B8zuPm+LPvKhgnbb8vm/r7k7Z2Zf8S+wsYk1mQTAgQIECBAgAABAiUUqECAmJF553els/9zObnxdqvHXpIfHvPp3H3z+yf/gXC1uTl78R9k472PZuOEBPGrJ+/OsgeS3zmzM0c0hldrz+8u/kDyxUU55VObcsZ72195MXV9U57u/recs/jMzB1V9TauJXy8WxIBAgQIECBAgMD/o8BBIyMjI2M1Gp930DfQP/Zt+S8bHyT37svyzCfvyd0XznvlYH5/Vj70eFZ88AvJZ27NlZ0zm6xQz1DPynz4tqOycuVZkw8uTd6LzQkQIECAAAECBAi8VgJjWaECZyAOEGHLO3LxNUfnztu6s3nCWYhJVR9alzvuOTw3NHPWY1KFbUSAAAECBAgQIECgXAICxPg8amk99aP53BEP5a4nt47fuvcr9Qz13pcVt23J+/74DzOvBefevfyUAAECBAgQIEBgqgtM7acwTXV96ydAgAABAgQIECAwRQQ8hWmKDMoyCRAgQIAAAQIECJRJwHNuyjQNayFAgAABAgQIECBQcgEBouQDsjwCBAgQIECAAAECZRIQIMo0DWshQIAAAQIECBAgUHIBAaLkA7I8AgQIECBAgAABAmUSECDKNA1rIUCAAAECBAgQIFByAQGi5AOyPAIECBAgQIAAAQJlEhAgyjQNayFAgAABAgQIECBQcgEBouQDsjwCBAgQIECAAAECZRIQIMo0DWshQIAAAQIECBAgUHIBAaLkA7I8AgQIECBAgAABAmUSECDKNA1rIUCAAAECBAgQIFByAQGi5AOyPAIECBAgQIAAAQJlEhAgyjQNayFAgAABAgQIECBQcgEBouQDsjwCBAgQIECAAAECZRIQIMo0DWshQIAAAQIECBAgUHIBAaLkA7I8AgQIECBAgAABAmUSECDKNA1rIUCAAAECBAgQIFByAQGi5AOyPAIECBAgQIAAAQJlEhAgyjQNayFAgAABAgQIECBQcgEBouQDsjwCBAgQIECAAAECZRIQIMo0DWshQIAAAQIECBAgUHIBAaLkA7I8AgQIECBAgAABAmUSECDKNA1rIUCAAAECBAgQIFByAQGi5AOyPAIECBAgQIAAAQJlEhAgyjQNayFAgAABAgQIECBQcoFKBYh676qc3dae46/tzuCe4OsbsrrrmHTMX5ruwfoettqW3lXnp6PttCzpfmkP2yRVv7+wSuKx0PgLUPXHuv4aQy7j70aPvdF/gEo5G78b/W7ccXjk8bn9r+kBOwbd4Vryi4NGRkZGxtbY0daevoH+sW9dEiBAgAABAgQIECBAYFRgLCtU6gyE2RIgQIAAAQIECBAgUKyAAFGsr+oECBAgQIAAAQIEKiUgQFRqnJohQIAAAQIECBAgUKyAAFGsr+oECBAgQIAAAQIEKiUgQFRqnJohQIAAAQIECBAgUKyAAFGsr+oECBAgQIAAAQIEKiUgQFRqnJohQIAAAQIECBAgUKyAAFGsr+oECBAgQIAAAQIEKiUgQFRqnJohQIAAAQIECBAgUKyAAFGsr+oECBAgQIAAAQIEKiUgQFRqnJohQIAAAQIECBAgUKyAAFGsr+oECBAgQIAAAQIEKiUgQFRqnJohQIAAAQIECBAgUKyAAFGsr+oECBAgQIAAAQIEKiUgQFRqnJohQIAAAQIECBAgUKyAAFGsr+oECBAgQIAAAQIEKiUgQFRqnJohQIAAAQIECBAgUKyAAFGsr+oECBAgQIAAAQIEKiUgQFRqnJohQIAAAQIECBAgUKyAAFGsr+oECBAgQIAAAQIEKiUgQFRqnJohQIAAAQIECBAgUKyAAFGsr+oECBAgQIAAAQIEKiUgQFRqnJohQIAAAQIECBAgUKyAAFGsr+oECBAgQIAAAQIEKiUgQFRqnJohQIAAAQIECBAgUKyAAFGsr+oECBAgQIAAAQIEKiUgQFRqnJohQIAAAQIECBAgUKyAAFGsr+oECBAgQIAAAQIEKiUgQFRqnJohQIAAAQIECBAgUKyAAFGsr+oECBAgQIAAAQIEKiVw0MjIyEijo4629ko1phkCBAgQIECAAAECBA68wHiAOPClVSRAgAABAgQIECBAoGoCnsJUtYnqhwABAgQIECBAgECBAv8XeCFL33YqtRYAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Iron rusts in the presence of oxygen and water. Rusting is a redox process involving several steps that produces hydrated iron(III) oxide, \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}} \bullet {\text{n}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\), as the final product.</p>
<p>The half-equations involved for the first step of rusting are given below.</p>
<p> Half-equation 1: \({\text{Fe(s)}} \to {\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - }\)</p>
<p> Half-equation 2: \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{4}}{{\text{e}}^ - } + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \to {\text{4O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Identify whether half-equation 1 represents oxidation or reduction, giving a reason for your answer.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Identify the oxidation number of each atom in the three species in half-equation 2.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-22_om_05.46.30.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/10.a.ii"></p>
<p>(iii) Deduce the overall redox equation for the first step of rusting by combining half-equations 1 and 2.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) Identify the reducing agent in the redox equation in part (iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The oxygen in half-equation 2 is atmospheric oxygen that is found dissolved in water in very small concentrations. Explain, in terms of intermolecular forces, why oxygen is not very soluble in water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the relationship between the electron arrangement of an element and its group and period in the periodic table.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Transition metals and their compounds often catalyse reactions. The catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by CuO is an example. State <strong>two other</strong> examples of catalyzed reactions giving the transition metal or its compound acting as catalyst.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State a chemical equation for the partial dissociation of water into ions, including state symbols.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) The dissociation of water into ions is reversible. State the expression for the ionic product constant of water.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) The ionic product constant of water was measured at three different temperatures.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-22_om_06.07.14.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/10.e.iii"></p>
<p>Deduce whether the ionization of water is exothermic or endothermic, giving your reason.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) Use the data in part (iii) to determine the pH of water at 373 K, correct to <strong>two</strong> decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) An aqueous solution of sodium chloride is electrolysed using inert electrodes. Explain which product is obtained at the positive electrode (anode) if the concentration of sodium chloride is high.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) State the half-equations occurring at the electrodes during the electrolysis of the <strong>concentrated </strong>aqueous solution of sodium chloride.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Negative electrode (cathode):</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Positive electrode (anode):</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how electrolysis can be used to electroplate a bracelet with a layer of silver metal. Include the choice of electrodes and electrolyte needed in your description.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The element boron has two naturally occurring isotopes, \(^{{\text{10}}}{\text{B}}\) and \(^{{\text{11}}}{\text{B}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Phosphorus forms two chlorides, \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Apply the Aufbau principle to state the <strong>full </strong>electron configuration for an atom of phosphorus.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the Lewis structures for \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\).</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;">\({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\)\(\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \)\({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Predict the shapes and the bond angles in the two molecules.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-13_om_12.11.34.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/06.c.iii"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the type of hybridization present in \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Compare the melting points of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\) and explain the difference.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define an <em>acid </em>according to the Lewis theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State and explain the acid–base character of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) according to the Lewis theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain the delocalization of \(\pi \) electrons using the \({{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) molecule as an example, including <strong>two </strong>facts that support the delocalization.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Magnesium is a group 2 metal which exists as a number of isotopes and forms many compounds.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium ions produce no emission or absorption lines in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Suggest why most magnesium compounds tested in a school laboratory show traces of yellow in the flame.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Explain the convergence of lines in a hydrogen emission spectrum.</p>
<p>(ii) State what can be determined from the frequency of the convergence limit.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium chloride can be electrolysed.</p>
<p>(i) Deduce the half-equations for the reactions at each electrode when <strong>molten</strong> magnesium chloride is electrolysed, showing the state symbols of the products. The melting points of magnesium and magnesium chloride are 922K and 987K respectively.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>(ii) Identify the type of reaction occurring at the cathode (negative electrode).</p>
<p>(iii) State the products when a very <strong>dilute</strong> aqueous solution of magnesium chloride is electrolysed.</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Standard electrode potentials are measured relative to the standard hydrogen electrode. Describe a standard hydrogen electrode.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">j.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A magnesium half-cell, Mg(s)/Mg<sup>2+</sup>(aq), can be connected to a copper half-cell, Cu(s)/Cu<sup>2+</sup>(aq).</p>
<p>(i) Formulate an equation for the spontaneous reaction that occurs when the circuit is completed.</p>
<p>(ii) Determine the standard cell potential, in V, for the cell. Refer to section 24 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>(iii) Predict, giving a reason, the change in cell potential when the concentration of copper ions increases.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">k.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Copper is a metal that has been used by humans for thousands of years.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the full electron configuration of \(^{{\text{65}}}{\text{Cu}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State one difference in the physical properties of the isotopes \(^{{\text{63}}}{\text{Cu}}\) and \(^{{\text{65}}}{\text{Cu}}\) and explain why their chemical properties are the same.</p>
<p class="p1">Physical:</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Chemical:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the bonding in solid copper.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Acids can be described as strong or weak.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Outline the difference in dissociation between strong and weak acids of the same concentration.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Describe <strong>three </strong>tests that can be carried out in the laboratory, and the expected results, to distinguish between \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ HCl(aq)}}\) and \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH(aq)}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the pH, using table 15 of the data booklet, of a solution of ethanoic acid made by dissolving 1.40 g of the acid in distilled water to make a \({\text{500 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the pH at the equivalence point of the titration and the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) of an unknown acid using the acid-base titration curve below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-03_om_08.33.12.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/08.c.i"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify, using table 16 of the data booklet, a suitable indicator to show the end-point of this titration.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe how an indicator, that is a weak acid, works. Use Le Chatelier’s principle in your answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the formula of the conjugate base of chloroethanoic acid, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{ClCOOH}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify, with a reason, whether chloroethanoic acid is weaker or stronger than ethanoic acid using table 15 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the pH of the solution resulting when \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.50 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{ClCOOH}}\) is mixed with \({\text{200 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) NaOH.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe how chlorine’s position in the periodic table is related to its electron arrangement.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{SC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\) and \({\text{SCl}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{5}}}\) are two sulfur chloride type compounds with sulfur having different oxidation states. Predict the name of the shape, the bond angle and polarity of these molecules.</p>
<div class="marks">[[N/A]]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Analytical chemistry uses instruments to separate, identify, and quantify matter.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Menthol is an organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Nitric oxide reacts with chlorine.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2NO (g) + Cl<sub>2</sub> (g) → 2NOCl (g)</p>
<p>The following experimental data were obtained at 101.3 kPa and 263 K.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how this spectrum is related to the energy levels in the hydrogen atom.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A sample of magnesium has the following isotopic composition.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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AFGYBgJsAZ4GGGzpBgBRoARYAQYAYnAgA1wb2MJEvjdbuiON4F/KcgtqUKj64oUX3hnVxVy+bhWocrVG14Y3pcHPS02HCwpwPZG6bNSdD/oVULecqv4TxAOIsIh8+rjNlgZhyxL8OYpoQSNg8E+dFkaZMx0v+GlUCiWwtxyKUhYWj6qUJCu4suDKncXGvzKpgc9jduRrlCjoO5ckPCRcEnYzrDvuyq9u3LZr8DVWOnlpVBkoqC8AS7vd7VD8/C4GlBekCnWCSqkF1QOvh4IHf0tcucCGksehaqgDsIHV33Z9uejgCK9AOZ3G8NiK8QiltWo/VTqQPIPdN/3LHhXTwsOl+QKn9JVKKDK3Y7DLYFPLSDMMPwcsAHuPw/HUZGfDfWyXWiU9i7tP8D13e39K3b/NB1L8hvgvr6YWOhbksBZHD9yDOASMH2S+NUtuRxdNryiyUZl2jvodDej+MyrWFz0B5yWGhRPCw5sNMKm/TnyNMOzqb08e8PjvgsZW+38x1XoCgfvX/dRGDXx0BjfxCZ+Q39age3CsseOYs477YI/91uY8+efY1lpg3e/3GB59pyuwjM/3gP3078TwnXXYS3egXrFO2iRWAcLGFHXunCifAs2/v5YX6k8p3Co6Ocow89gd14GIZfh3PqvOPLvK/FrWzgdPw96TvwWr2zcC1vf2KPgykDyD3Q/AJHnFKrWLcPms4tg63aDkE7YFp3F5sRlKGm8EOB5eH+G3wDHG2G/KnuhiRvdzWXCZwRte3Gg4fzw5tyb2ihwWbuFioB9DclLJSIdXV/g6OGT4HIehjrIl0s8Z9rxqSse8+fcgzjlnRg/aQxcH9jh4DuHHnTZKlBUOxvGzVmYGX7JjwCUF9C4+2XkYzVKVqnFfW/Po+HAXjhysvCw9AlR5VQ8vFwLR+khNHSFaknPwfb6ZnyQvRxPJMUJbGKTkPV8AQxNb8IUVgNzayMVRrcb8YdZj+PJIJsIe1qt2GOegZy8JUjlaEdxNLi0PDxfPAOVNZ/3GS370fC40FhehNV/UGHpkzP8bkXFj4HkH+h+H0j0vd+DNR9osen5xZgZS1/8OMxcrEOO9hhKDxzr/3n0ie/GXriOakiJ2KQMLJofD+ACzlz4RswZVQPWweynnjKjbsDhPg1Xg5LcFJ+qW5WLkipRbUPV1repkX+SJmNDvnosFLwqNVAF7VPB+auGxK+4UNW3V60zRHkNeEYeZz22S3JRmQ63yEYY/0BVbgIUigTkVv3DF7K3ESUJVG0oqbDlcu5DY2OVj5UqF9sbXPCrMv1ULnSqoAYtncH0zl1oObwduSpJRUnVMyWoapTiG1y6HlcjqmSqHkUfeQH0tKDOXIB0aUqDqufq5Ex8GOQuoYHlkJKoGvzm6T12vPVKGaDX46n7xsujjXA3Hen+Bhvyz8CwKSe8Df1drWg/E2Jaqetz1FQCOZn3Qmx+BX5xGdjqtA/b5/Ju2kPznEDZipfhyCzEevW3g2TDg56OVjT10dKMxqTpCUDlh7CH7NxcQkvZBmxwpOO19T/C2CCxR/algeQf6H4wOkrEZWyG07l52D43GCwXIa/R7wHT3bBCHVftRhJPd8uKNxL7Vbmvy8R5dCfRcXQnrSXE5PiGv+nusBA9f43fYYuPm99ti9MTU3OnEIHTQnT8DlwricUpRBoyHJKJ3tJO3N4wsnj5PF0lTstKIR2dhTgJIW6HiWhp/FwhsXa6xUyfJVZDKgE4ojEeJd3UXzh5lYssukOGk/JKCPFyE3Ya83HgfycTnamJzwMhfycWXTwB4onO8ndfalftxBhPZZUYyeQMGqfvGRB3O7HokwPSDORGk7pMOiyrCRcsPm41sXRcppL4+AbzJ3v2pPsoMWq4IOmKz5AmGTJvciY+DD7XN8RhWuJX1nz3RFenlRg4EM5gJZ3uZmLScoTTW0iHW5JTxqhP4KG70N/7NXSpijGLvAUO8tTcpNteSjTe58y/EMRauND7fsh9S27h3VpCTPZPidVkIBqpPBv/RBzd0rsm+R768/Cz7SZOJ609KC+xjNHy5hVVLKd+dQ/vmXRaCwknf1+8YSSHm3Q7vxTrhVDxSH6H9jz8XKk8A8k/0P0wmbid5GipjnDysh9m0BvhTc42/BHwyXyob/ONkugnyFRz1qDCxUFT+AwWJNwBQFBPmV3J0Jma0M3PQXWi2aQH5zKj6Df2EMP9S2it+S3MNC7jUSGcux0WfTKA4zjSdg4eLgvlV+0w0gE3NDDau0FaNyB1VN++hTLhATyp5QBXLWrsomqc77k3ApiLnMfvRexQ5tUvS5RPLZxuAuLugLVQy8tUUbSvHzWfXwRBfmhhsDTznNwdFug56uUYjhw/Sz8xLahczMcBaFFo7YCbELid9SjVUZ6yw9OGmj3UcG0hjPaveDW+Nz7X39DWZxTUX7qX0HKgBPk2F6B5EVZp7sv6IjQ4DvOaPbB19XrzxunK0MzPx0hTGcfRP5MedDjaQs//UrHiNNhksyCn4WcYFzMLRZOex6HiRzH54qf47zeqAMMqPDGTltPoOQR16O3IWf4TTPZ725WITf137Cn+J7Kn3C5onWKmYF5jFvaE/DybOLpDGyo3vIgPp/8CVv4d/xiFEw7gp+sO+ebbIxZxLDguiN7ZK69YTr2/B+NQIpa7e/DancEkMaL9DiT/QPcHEk404oxRYc76Y5if/xTu56cIBgo3dPf9XsnBJZMMnXEvLFYbqjfPB0dj6j2FYxbayB1HRV6K+N3FcZiVZ+atk10h1S93YKb+AAhpx770c6itOghz4bPI5hsR4OLZTlwcTOaU0zH3ybkAGsU5Fw+67B+i0kXbpEcwl3YWhi2vj2Pt2nSBj3IyMn5VAANtMF2f4NgXg5LKR0D7JPIWJ/EvqnLyD7GQnwaQbl/BmfZWwRpctxJrMyaDPholdz/ych8D31ZLXpVJ0Nc4QdxvI72jDlVVb6PwZ2tgppzQjbOdAZbG/aYrGkghHrq1emRIc18Z/4mPaCXNq4Au4YtjnwhloWIFZvHfPI3B2FkrUEHTlHeYpDxKZ7EDFWr+V/CmROzMLGz9yMl3Jpzlq5HGeYSOgSMLO38xF7Guj33TAekFKPeq2qWEIul8Ca31f0KtZnmQj7lTC94noDmyUOwIUfuOTjQ/+TF++rTsg/BBcTgxOmcLisWyRefUkp5YjuwPNuP1KJgDDoqEXbwFCEjtDB2QlGLye0uQ+kzVTe00ht8AS0ZYbieOlurA0UY2vxx23IkxEvqzp9DEz9FKFwLOrvO48LXfTKXogVq1lSNXdTtU6oXIzl6CvG213sBjJo7zpeG92p/jDsx8YhXf0AmN/jnYa2rhQjL0K+chgUo9XHmNT8C0ibJh+phxmOgF1o8M/eVv0niM9T65f8G0lKmyiHrRfZ6OhAFu0njc6b2jxJhxEwI4duGEOQ+qGBXUi7ORnf0sttERLH+MxcRxAaPF/tLt/SfaPu7v4dNIv8KpJtk8t5iS7yS3JfBdpa5rnf/1nP4jthbVQ7NeBy3nwqGiVVh/5pdwuM/CmmbFisfegC3knJx/Hm65X5521O8/Bm3OAtzHG5/IJOg6hgOlZ5CTuxBJ3ntiQ3r4DfymX6NKFX4w/S6+Y+eNMVaFxJQL+LT9nL8tgtdDtDhiMSUxCo2nbrHHq+Tm4VebVgDm36KmNWCgMYyyeKvxsNNUckhb9zJ28urhWmz52RYcOi0abNw5HpP4IZaoIpYvg+Ddu5HFyRojKVG6PGRdoaDONrwFyyE7nO5u2I0aycfgz3H3IjMnVRhV1dagprIR4B7D8oenChXHcOX1ZAM+a5M94IudOHuNA9/wIIzC2AkTea+uT9txxtvf8eBi53k/TYKn5SDW8doJLQym3+GQ3Qm3V80fXmpeX6PuxowH6fzARZy58HWISvhbGD9JMICKN9pxtU/5aEV5lrwzIcUujuSQiPnfn+Jf8Utegp4v4K//bYYZK7DpWTViPefQduQ4wHckxmPWHDXQn8FR0DhvnYue1r9gf+34vo0lnaaQNEKB4vANqTOEta4SceqHkeOnRgmMINp/C8ZWIRH1Mc6Kdl43W/42ODqkPSWGPy+Db4BpHpXTkLXDBKOGzrPuwpoXxLWWUqMHG0pft+AEXf7hOY26jcKCfX+rZJmwPU44mujI69uYMUeLxYtS8Z0vP4HlfYfM02CdE5C2dDk0aMS2JTpsc8F/+cqw5bUelaY/okVi8dpWPi/g7sfse+hQWGqUTuLw+/8jqEMoszf2oGKwIvP+70DC3EdAZ5pRux9lttN8Y+hxfQJTebWgmub9SfN5dKh8D+ZkPo5Fqd/Gl3/+A94faCAbNF8TkfzQbKpHRm3lftj4DTAkzQa1HaCbZ4yBOlPLq8FPlr6JihN0IfwVuOpeEiyivdbpgQlI878Ss8D7wX97TtfhzdJj0BbroAmybCl4qEi5KnZaOC0y1RMChOqnIeXfRVVfK2cphth4zFlwuW8DzYdLwvzvTxpEB0mKNJLOSsROSUBKn46dODWUkoApXo1DJMk9UmUR531D1S1B34/hk+XaGmCav9gf4Km1WXxl6jL/J144dAoeTEDa02v5tcEuaY6PGnZsqQU4PYqfVvsvXZDk5F9qweDKnD0dMQoFYlS5OIJ/4+P3zgEr78SEeNq3lC9DkiIJPCsRe98C5FBjLP5YiPVLZ8vSH+K8erPjgm1bNhLpfKfEgqrCd64UG4U4JM75kcgxG1NiFIK/I1dA+zfXcigT5mGlpKGYN0XkORfrK6hhlnQoEZuoxgKahmuXaIhzO1TzqgENHckGmQOWggY934GZSzcInTLbi5inooY90vyuZKg3BnFpy1BMjcFcZuTNGgfemG/ei7AhGbriZUgL1lBKBnTz1ZgV7H7Q/IgGgYn52Lx0ptAoKO/CjIeSgb+fgrPnPJqP2vs36goa761yUey0hKrw49R4uliNT2veky0R7MKJg3tRmRhszliUWzkV2p/rkbitFG9Jmxh4XGgwlcOyINqWeAUvC8L714yiV/cLgxDayWww4dWiNhgKHo+yNejBGQ3fVbFeSqxF+cH/9S7/9LiseO2VWswPVecMUwavvQHGaExenC+qoqmVqxGHTvciNikHu2xWmAz8GIwXg9OVota2HXpp4X6gcMppWFxsQpk3jBaGskM4+M5/YD5tHyTjLeUMLHjleWHzDxrH1BjgklfHGhgr4DXGosZXWXjcb/0nXcc8hHn15mYlfmev98nG6WCstWBH1jRxpEA5Po/qMgMEhTsHjcEE69sbsTCcuWJvOjIHr6GwoNZI5+rpQQ3m/oS/WbeANyIXvSonP4ri6goYpJZeY0CZ/fd4Z+3DMgM2WbwDOWPTsH5fNSzedOnoWgejpRr7ikVDvdhk6HdZYDVJ8op+ai3YpU8OagEqzf9qH/ouvjNQHsT7npb3sHXbZejXZvnmP/lythul/2qGeux3MK9hHsqq10bh6JhCikOSfhveyARqViaJa+8fxJbzS2GrXuddL+xpMSOTbt3n3W6RWk+vQ7VjLfD6j0XraS12uZfhjzsWB1hah/mwIs0b7aQU7EDxpH2ioeHtUC1uQMrOPXjOuwObtK2qfGvQSANxM+QJwpWvl/Zg0XkjZop7D8Qs+xAJm/aFrHOGK+cKuq6JfXx5uHCzdKKRAHu/hu6pM7ZDw5ZxHRquNFY52+sYAQ9dBlnMjAAjwAgwAoxApBNgDXCkP2EmHyPACDACjMCIJMAa4BH5WFimGAFGgBFgBCKdAGuAI/0JM/kYAUaAEWAERiQB1gCPyMfCMsUIMAKMACMQ6QQU9MsMkS4kk48RYAQYAUaAERgpBISPEAKjJMdIyRjLByPACDACjAAjEA0E/h96j4GjueKHFwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="></p>
<p>Calculate the relative atomic mass of magnesium based on this data, giving your answer to <strong>two</strong> decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Complete combustion of 0.1595 g of menthol produces 0.4490 g of carbon dioxide and 0.1840 g of water. Determine the empirical formula of the compound showing your working.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>0.150 g sample of menthol, when vaporized, had a volume of 0.0337 dm<sup>3</sup> at 150 °C and 100.2 kPa. Calculate its molar mass showing your working.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the molecular formula of menthol using your answers from parts (d)(i) and (ii).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the order of reaction with respect to Cl<sub>2</sub> and NO.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the rate expression for the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the value of the rate constant at 263 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Tin(II) chloride is a white solid that is commonly used as a reducing agent.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State why you would expect tin(II) chloride to have a similar lattice enthalpy to strontium chloride, using section 9 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>(ii) Calculate the molar enthalpy change when strontium chloride is dissolved in water, using sections 18 and 20 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>(iii) Tin(II) chloride reacts with water to precipitate the insoluble basic chloride, Sn(OH)Cl.</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
<p>Suggest why tin(II) chloride is usually dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Tin can also exist in the +4 oxidation state.</p>
<p><img 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6A/IkAEiAARIAJEgAgQASIQ4gQuCfH+UfeIABEgAkSACBABIkAEiIBAgARfuhGIABEgAkSACBABIkAEwoIACb5hMczUSSJABIgAESACRIAIEAESfOkeIAJEgAgQASJABIgAEQgLAiT4hsUwUyeJABEgAkSACBABIkAESPCle4AIEAEiQASIABEgAkQgLAiQ4BsWw0ydJAJEgAgQASJABIgAESDBl+4BIkAEiAARIAJEgAgQgbAgQIJvWAwzdZIIEAEiQASIABEgAkSABF+6B4gAESACRIAIEAEiQATCggAJvmExzNRJIkAEiAARIAJEgAgQARJ86R4gAkSACBABIkAEiAARCAsCJPiGxTBTJ4kAESACRIAIEAEiQARI8KV7gAgQASJABIgAESACRCAsCISx4GtFT1MBEkfHw1z/WVgMNnWSCBABPxCwdqG5Mg8LYqMRM5r/G4vEFcXY3tQFqx+qoyKJABEgAkTAdwJhK/haO6uRmbUT3b6zoyuJABEIdwLWE6hKm4/Mwhocs0gwLOhu3IrHMpZhdX0nCb8SFvokAkSACAQAgfAUfNnDanvO02hzPKgCYCSoCUSACAQZASvO7n4cG49exIiUu1HVfBydp7vs/z54EVlxf8WBDdtwsIf0vkE2sNRcXwj0tKGhshjmqWPFlQ/n6kdVfRt6fCmTriECfiAQhoLvRXRWP4yNx65A8oyR3pFaW1H2y2vIHMI7KTqDCIQZgc/x1mtHYDFdj+yyu5EUPcjZ/8ifY2bij4DuVhzp+j/nfukbzSsSCfoMegLMbLC1HAsm3419536IGze/63wBPP0unplzKU49/xtMnVeOVnoJDPrRDoUOhJ3ga+38HfLKPsLPch/GHVd/PxTGkPpABIjAgBD4MVK3taGzYytSoyI8tOALdPyRdF0e4NDuoCfAhd7f4valh3DdS7tRmWdGanyUrFdRiF+0GiV7mrEj8RCWLfstCb8yOvR1YAh8z2/V8mWP2vdwquW/UNF4xrWaESnIWjEFw2JuwLLkaHh6ZLheZMCWaOLw4YS7sDfjKny90YAyNRfBnenux9yMnTg7qQB7a82I6beOa26k7MQv0Zybhsyac4hfV4Pfm8f13zjJWmHsVzYGba+g7vC7eLVcbpMJmOLSsebma3FN2s2IjwzogTEWSbCVFojziiLDHnSd/ILdWJNx4/XDFc8wZifNK8ZwDOVSLDhduRQphUf61slB6ag6Vookk6wYawfqCuvwveztyE6QC7yyc4SvUUi4rwhrDi/BvRXXoykvIQSeJ+591L9t7WrGC2+04J1t29HULdlempjp1HIsnzMbixfFI1J/sTquYCvglcsxt7AFEenV+KAsCfLhVS7oMzSsmIucRq0v9JOxtnkHMqPdS3YrZ+QdqHsrD/G+PH7PNjATm2w0CQjHImvXLuTGe1ZsGq/xZR7ObxTMx7iJqcgpLOkt9HKS3Y2oKCxizh/JGD+vALVtZ5X5GrpXMnEYj/s23NbvQqe1qx75BXXMmW4sMu5f2u/160c5DEl5dyPZdAFtZQ9je+dF/UUE0hU9rahacT0SFq5BcYmr0MubaWmvQVnhGiyenIp1B8gbP5CGTmhLwM4ryqSsnXvx4sEemKbPxgyP2mDla/XspXlFD61wPfdLHG3p6Hvnx46Bu+xibX8Zv/tiAdZlaFCMRIzD8vtvAV55A+1hb/Z+Eafr78L0pAw8VrhVJvTyYbI7xxZnpyJh6kpU+U0+4tr6TcxMq4XVqOPP+hec+vgbHRd4OnU4kpfeiBHS4TNNOND+N2lLxyfztXjzdbwtdWJkMmbGeRZ6ecHGCr4976Js4XxkvdiuGaSlfSfyFy7AHX72fnaaODyI5TEyWzwdeH0/9Usc3PwsDrAQEiPS78NKlTcR3+vww5VRc5CfOxUmSws25vwOncE6WXHP+4zlKHZfeVBCZmnHS2byxldCo7zvLNp2H8Rpf94bATyvKDJh7S1fw5xno25C0fo5UNODKV6veSfNK5pRhfOJBgkqg8aNwU9cODLB6Y+d+Nxln4aNzzvRFda2vnyV5hEszX7Ve1Sp7gMoXlWOZj/wEl6aV1fIotFoGDt+yqdH8c4ZScrUeI3iaRGInLEI80dKmuAu7N1/3IcoOKKvhVDHYMT/Zj7ivGiNDTR1YEvjRWtR0X5B7OJgTEg3Y/7sm3qZMwjq/T+8jpcdy81ncCB/PbZP3I5MfwilLiYOam+mbqp3+WBlJyImW77Duzrdfja/yZ/A+ppP2LLnVCzPmubnpQt5G/v6fRBi0jKwYFsrao8+jbzqaUFo8iBq+o/K78ssLFtyi9MWjcdhrd6CJ8skTTC/H0vx8vWbVWw3fWHL3kzrVyEx+4CGF0MTRq7aGeBLgnyZ7E4sKfwI4z6uwHN51/rh3g7geUXpFuBC+rIsVBwfg6yXHkKq4PBG84orqlCYV1x7FNBbPZ+g43NJUPG07KyzB9w5c8YSVAgC0AEsjtmiq4CchKvwZMDPb7q6pP3kniaUCKu/4iXc9DNnNVZKZg3cnKtiE8o3N9oF4+46PFSxCNMNNA+xdtVg9ZL1TBkn3Rfam2/pOoUO6fS4AjTuMWO0tK33M+IqzLw5GhWbT7IrLTjDVwPuS9Bn7nC2BfvY6prwx2SsW1NjvZvR2Iz6+6reljlmtO2no/i/X9qy6k7ZvvNW9vl3bKU3TxCvibVdl7Pfdt7bNbqP/912austtivH3GKrPPV32dXf2I6WzGJ1T7Rl1v1Ztt/t63fv20oTJ6uf43aJy6ZwfSyrJ9Y2veR970xcLg6EDZEfH9cpa21N572OaiA02tkGB3/v9+V3f/y9LWsKHyt+brCOl7Pr/fLt/H5bnsBsgm3R1uPG398BO68o0JXmszELbaXvf6VwgmwXzSv2eTlY5xXZUAb6128bc21XC3Mam9cSS2xHDZvCv7N9VWe2XamjzO+OltimjzHb6r8yrBGBjt+tfSIzcTyuvHmj7X3FZ+rfbV11d9quk8bNsGcvK3f/Q7b5DlmNP+vs/67OabJ969ba3pvf2rq2phn6jBTuCamfo2bZSo9+07taj3tk8gkr48qMepuXmVcoySBTB7mNBTPMTn8AJYtivEvdkdci++GlsAcVY3Yte94wPrau9SPUP98KC1uuL065ShZfcDwWC28ZPWji2tzYlWg4a/R6LY/zWYFq/lZsSsBti8d7Z6L3jcnv5zPtTGoapvHVCOHN8wMfliK8NbKHOdJdi5hxeWjW/wKqWri1/Q3sFZdlTClrUKhyX0ZEL0JhzvWicT97+zx0FH9SLZ0OInImCnfkIJ7bgheaDU7YEMDzisvQs1WdtkqYZ/8GFV9MxdqaSuSqOvq4XOzDBs0rPkAL00v+hg+PfADJQ8N0ZSyu8LIMrB0UW6r+aQyG6zVdGB6D6JBwIPbluSVflh+FBfcsQ4Iii0EYvWgtslNE1zZPYRG1DxasXQfw+IqZSDE/J5o3DMbVcTEanNnklcjtxX+AsWN+1GeZJiJuPm6bNFisRKe5gyTfCVcznkunaTItM0jw/QcunOsRl28jMCx2lOYlz4i4GzBXsvG4yIK/i0KKHHXQfrd+gG1PvClwMU1Pw0J/mHH0B5yo2fiPzLGsJiYM7qoPooD8Fvzp/VbYY4qYMHyst/syAlGTJmOcxPTkKXQZLIhLRYfSZ0RMBqoqljAnBWYikn27gcJvMMwr3EnlHsxdWIS3L1uKip1PIdMlnJMfRprmFT9ADdUixegiQve0zIH6OAhCy4RjeLGhw7tChJscProbwzTYYOprRRCdbfkY7x2SluXH4pqfD1Vp/HDMmDNZFEx1CoRupVqa8hCXtBKbHH4uI5G8bjuq79EZXcPFXjwWUyYNc6vJh82IWCxcynyJhEtFcweNOki5Ygsjb8SvZ2hrj0GCr7yzVpw/d8H7j0C6JCIBuf99Ugx4XeMW8uIkquZJWloWSkWQQpgzTX0lylZMk2lvozFuXh4qlLLDuJQvZlUSsit9hLpVXJiLRHL5IS+xOKXG6vt0Dkokps2ZquFNhPdtO6pKM5E4mme9kf+Lw4Lcp1FV3azRkYg9kJtYKLlcFmHDUc40mEtfQHOX/f2f/xjGi8fG5zaLLy5Kffw+4mYl2zXz3fvwYqNudwalQvthnwmjzTXivXUSb2mxkbo0CsMkW3u1FgpZip5G/rw4l3ES7kPNY6RWQTAdY5qf5Afwwjo+eXH76ByUtxodqSXA5hVheGROKiOWYPML63GDPImFn4aQ5hU/gQ3FYl0ElShcO1nDSqweDkxoWbxuMb4rL/Dymz+L1o0FeOK7xVibpsEGU08bguncM6dwQlK/XzUZk1QjvsgVMcatQJrilqBkF4u5bE7QrKB0IJbbiw9i8omktHSc4MsX1s/rZ9tXlfnlmqM7/A3t+5sciq2RN9/g1alNap1Bgq8Jl/8iwWGycKaq0MuPQKpe5yd3HJmXhMXZRb3CpAnhqFj4j8DJDvMZXn7mJfugeI3lKS6VTr2W9e0RFEtG7S54LuBYzeMofiQDKYl3oUEUXl1OkTaE0F1sSSPjfpTVyCNsnEHT5geROetWlOkUTJya+R68/VoLjBZrpKYP9Kf10w6clLS8Y3uH7wFbNDx94GGWpYiH63sctQ5nTnvLhftQGCN/hqEZaEpK9TOTGPNT2Jw+ii0MtKHiFrPue6x3qYE+r3yOph37RAeUncicOMblJcj+4joWM0pbtSsCekNw20PzihsQ2lQjIPfAN01gGkZpSVntIj3H2Etvwj14bkci3rkliSlnNqHBJfyWpKhagKWHEvHCC/d4WNrXU2fwnit3DOsdJUOhXyPHYJwUhKqvK5DMiW51dRM+2lOENB9XpSz/cxjviM9HU+IUxF3CHcPd0lTHzkf+lv9yKNgUetV7V9RU3DhdNOuARu229TgOvNIllhWNubOu0mx2YZDgC7jYafAH36JrkbiiGMbl6O7A9lXMW9pN0HAnaGl/hoUJedk4wUzQGL+HykU/dq9KfVu+pOHFpsnaWY3M9CK3WH4qxXe/ipzbnkSb0nKAltBdgmByJypP6oiZF/EjjLnyB0KjLAdfx1uG20Or9LffDrm9QSZOwuUudduDfc82SzZSLgddN3gYGhbVRO8LhmshwbbFYj8Xb8OGWcxq3yDhN6DnFbk3sd6honnFTiws5hW9N4dR5zNb8KNHcEIqzstzSDpN/ycXfrOx+8jzWBb7NfatYv4ajlXGa3Hna19h6Jyn0LInO6yFXm4q+OfOLtHeehBiY3/i3b72kksx9IfiEqT1PM5/rfTQ9z5ipuRSfNRShXv7lDBM3n5W55d7cF/ir5D5iFscYhYStLbkfmQmzYS5shWiYYeXRv4Y8++8xak81RDr2bnyxVyoUrKwQkeYWMMEX/Dg1OXrMXOEtE4sC8LMfwRTM1FWWaljqd6dUw+6u/kaAbNNYXHt6j44JS5hH0djNUu04KiX3V6NFdjW5k2o+z7i8/7AymjTL9S6N01h2/rhe3hXWNJgYalUVfBMg1P0rMOpj2cQyy1vQKtgjuE0zTjZXI31q1K8BHtWCt1VgKrm4zJWBUiLY2/9zNmvvORVh9ODQhfcdg3DpKmx9n2WI9j3ZrCYO7h1Q23z7Ot4toqHVWF/vZwR7cvaywqlYN88u85KrGdv0CcdY8XvxYeRlWJ31xSEv9X+icFob2QA/h8Rg9SyMmQJ95gBmt9AnleiUlHZ4fyNdjruA/k+jSY2GoeS5hWNoOg0RuD/8OmpT5wmbGe2sLBjcvM5Ld/jYa7/TBvNyHikmteiskUyXeS/g5M4tG0tMqVQXdpKorMkAhGDMXSo6I1o6cG5r/8hHRmAT7ljGxMh2t/CQdVwaGyFuXA5MitPaFrxcq4qs655NXeQK6m0mpI6kRkYx5dpfaPTseX1GFRl39M7WYCQra1RqLn4EfZhikNa9gJcM2WeM56qs13K30zxLDamu8c0835MXoPKvaNkKeu+QMcf2XuGjjcA5Qp93St3qvLi+SjXGgl2go8iScHLMyI6CcvzfobRZ3kaYRYTGAp9dPFwZHGUV7nHVuWszCiZMQ1j0tJR7Ihtq6WfJvyETZqDcIQJy9/g5Km/sJv5x5qXFrTUMKDnWDvRsPYJMeUhE2oXZrCHhLTGxFrGU3M+IwUcZ0GyFdM4c77LkJs8FymlZizd3AaLH2Iw9uLUVYkFSUU41utAAOwQNL8Z+Ouzv8UjM31LT07zijSONK9IJOhTCwG5Y5uW85XOuQyxP5WWoJWO+38f90WZmFGjQ0njuU2DNKfl9VxG2B5xsRfnFLgScg3+I2s+4h0yCzfbfAW/37kdTwhmljzazx1YF1OLkmQvjmcuMX3t5g7Z8R6c71yUVPrTwhun8ZXuhsgEZG57E627nsDa/HRMkBTA0nHpU1CHP4KchdwkohJtXjOTcGFkFVZ6ChPkYiNyEV+e+1+ppgH4/AZdHVIgrEGIGqKSPk+uNWopUhR6nR2IRHTsZeJm7z5a3qrB81JUjJFL8eB9HhIKMC1aZuVDLB2xs2Qt30zRY2DX+RpnaK+lXv+fwx0vclCw3x7/ASMW47GCZBfDfyE1p/iiYEp5CBVmtUQoPC/9OmQIhv/6vFT939cBqMGIbHg0r7CBo3llAO7e4K1Sbm7nay80pH/1tWi6LsgIyB3buBKynjnI5aXKhF7eH2b2Er8AWWVVdn8PoYufYPeOtzWYn8qc6Nk6hZDMQtGywzXM5cjMLMxXdRLszdlQja+zeHvnMxmAzDtKwV4B0FD7Ps6dO4ztvRy3uElEERbPbseGnRvETEfOkpzffoCrp4x3EUacx/g3cSm+8Yjr7gHZ+gKdJyTLlssxJtpuG+tbU3h0hjq80fl3pnR8VXiLUi5HHq/Rm3kFK0F8UWhqlNqpXKrLXtHQ/hg34Th3DufZTTnasJiQLjX14wYTeiXtLK91xE3sPnzA7QWEvcU6UnNqXFZhS/6Tr4tCRQ3LU32mFa2fWhDvnujeqF5Gm7H7tNmo0vxWjvXTLnzG7pnLfb5naF6hecVvt2fIFew0i2FdM83EhhajM1H2DzLBPvU0kyPob2AJCEq6VI1tYP4eecwEdVe2sIpq9wua7zUTakT8bfjPlJeQw+USwdzhLsT3WrmXx0LW59QmNd5Pgq9UvPgp2P7Esw0zMvPYhyAI/zfee6XS6RXPHLYKsuPw81ozYhQfjAO/5OLWK+M3pRcE6ym86kjnrLWab9Fz9mvxZC1ha/r4ovDVOfRwcyPFsXJts/alKhbOLrbG9WK3LWOXqtyEXv4Wu0lKMyuv+ALaDx8TbeXEhCcu6avl5yp9/xNOdX0DFrVd6WDY7Iu4ItrNWbCPXad5RRvAEJ1XtHU+XM+Sv6wzBn5zbAtdvsY/t34ZurCUeiZXrlmO4b3/uYDUZG/PQDF2ceMB9rz1YO4gNw/1cUXCeFMHJQDu+4QH1l0o2fMeGitvd5hDWI4+i5Ldngzp/w1DI3WuzbvX21/b1gtMISrq6DXFumMhXypXInEiD5FVhOKSGjGzip4Gy7XMzBN0yD97uViy2fVyWqgetnbhjYIMux0u76Oi/bhRnb+Is+e9OVsaVVcYl0Pzitvg07ziBiSMNl0d2wZddw1+pkFJEUaABqCrl2Dw0EjvkRzkLZPLEqZIDL10YEQ2eZO0f/8+hkRJfjI9ONH5hYZL5TF9lcwd5GYOLAfDmtsQ78N9bYDGlzWkfhUSs7mEzpbYV+1Ek5ZEAQIC5gw0Mw/luScwV/CW78E7hz+GhYUOCxIRV8NAejvFTevY63RuQP7vmDL0EkTEzMD0zvWYVahkzvGvGDqM32RCKIlepQzkDu9LVTz1443I3DMdVcdKkeTvwedxjuUOmIJ5g5qZTV/p9bbH7muJoX89zSt9G+PQn1f6xifUrz6D1kOfip3UGDor1JHo7J8/nluXDhkiLJJa2HO6o+PPTGYaqy7r/ONrnPtKDJwbMQRDLvVBytPZ7wE/Xa4p7mXuIDNz8JofwXNPDBB8I+AcTMnpKQGjPdfpdoQJv7+YiOFoEZI9WM+eB1+wj3I7K6g2pRAk3NFMTMOc5MG+09rGYutx73+hgywSA4v9etOUX2KxYvgXC053eiIhf7tiP5bz37ITVZzqWEyGr8+f1xRmxFONwbefe5xWI2fVBkfMZFPc7XjmyTwdGbdGIK16H/NQ9bZkE3x0AqvFNK/0Gg+aV3ohoR0eCJz9EIePS0qQK3DdL8QQix5Op939Q0ByEOcReC6eOIU/I0ldVpJnelNMqNQ/7e57LYMwbOi/aizGHtP3ycYtTCZ0NXewdu7FiweZ/S/7M02fjRk6ndqkBhiiNzf9fAquk7R0x5uYI5b0g5OqUf/8x/lz+Eo8JSJqCC5VPz2Ejspj0bGoFenleK7sLpWYhxaWDvqvHvr/Axbx4XLx2Fm8e6TTi1DruhTmoVDPu384FJGG3D2eqzD2CM+49hhudyQK4XF4C7BTU5pZvWyNbXm4lkbziq8jT/OKr+RC5TqXDJSmURhzxb8Ebde4re14R0IMLbGHPZ8zPrdZVDINEA5dmdjYqpcsAYmmTG9+69bf0Fb6KzExicZslCxE6JF3pByv+ny0nDF9mTJ1Vz0OClG/2LxWVyfmPBiFBUun+awgNUDjy0jLVdOWVmwv3YMbNqdr9Pj/DK/s2C8u0Jvww6hLEVTylOKNdhlixjGNYDvz6IeaY5OrQ9q02ZNVolawonoO4fe7pBR97hVL6V2PsLck8WbJmugWnUB2jWpZsvPkX+Vvn0OHYkjQrLowobc+h2X0c8bhnXBrCX776ByN96hOtnJm/fGdOS/VFj2E+13SU/dHxTrrGJSuz5SF5hU3wDSvuAGhTUUCbo5tV03GJB81Y4rF007fCZiuxDWJkajlUQsuHsYf3v4SSR7j28qW9ZlkcN2UK9XNInxvlYYr/wVXjBnF6j/JpAsLPj98FKetCR4CEdiLk2dWg14nNHlM3+59eLHxTiQt+IszRfHIG/HrGV7iAqv0yiAZcziSl94oZhVj4cn2r8fSlVpi83I7tDtRIIXU6pUtS6XlAX1IriHU6tj0DU51dnvW0va8i7Jl2ahVyZTikt6VJU5YX9TkIV3gl2guKlQtSwmvM884s+Xulc5X6YpA2MceAq2bcE++TOjliT2KtAq99j4430DZNmebW89++Cr96zmA/Klj7W/IsUtQpXMVRKXk3oeYU1daWTV2rIofwImxd7P6vofmFVeGNK+48qAtZQLyKDTAwGoKlVuoZ6/d1laeDdH37x+VJQ3wHClGLRAAfILagifQrJjDgCtrilHukI30J2nQw9j7uXKnM5a17egOVL71pefLrCew/dEdgvkqwBI+/WY+4nQpyuQxfe0Jsyztb2CvkKdAQ7hWzy0Tjhgk+LL4mix72mPpo8TqxNi8k1ORv2U7Gtokdbd4mHnUN1c/jfx5SUh32LcqZMvy0vjAPSxpCHkLRYc9xcYORtyUCeIPkWc4MeOOjQdcBSoeimhLHhZMvhUV7RdkpUjG8bJdEbFYfOdNzheQmtWYu6JUxp/buDagbEWqmP1Ndq3Xr/I83V6y0Xktqx9P6GlCyeoKMUqGaE6S5yGxh1qzIiZi5SOLnWz352H2wjxU1Le5vlzw8aoshnn2avHFor/ua5Y0I69SJvzyzH0v9kp9rZxW1/cHia7yTuh1XKR5xfWWpHnFlQdtKRJwWWIeaE2hYgvDeCcTIFPSsGCEaBvavROZs7NQJn+O8GcIUwg6Vyj5MyQNyQOttY+ag/zcqaK8woT2jFSYSxvcko+xSDL1m5C/0JkZ1jTpLpRmqCV8Ur4d7DF9uS8Nj+7wGl453GoXpA1QkBpj6iC0mwUsLt6GDT23I0fKgCVkZ2tHLViGNuW+iXvZwM56DDuKZ6ov9auWEVgH7RrCbahgbygX33kPH1qTFMJuSD+CN0UhieW2fmYl+6etL70dAbmgkI2nVp0Qw3TxF5AtLBg0+9eryMG4Ou4ydLR3sttKy58sT3cfvCm11GTcOcxGqrEWux1acsajZiUS1EMFy6qXO7K5s+W5ymtQls3/yS5x/6qQBc79FOO2ReGXxcvm6ZKPbc7C7XBPW21cbf1TEs0rcs40r8hp0HdFAvIMW+y1vCk7ETFqc5RiIfadppRyHNqW6rMtpUrR4XsochrMKxKwW4hkxTB0N6Iim//zgMTjM+QkqubNR3E796kahAnrXsZu81gPhRixexBiMh7EffskoZbJK5tZggr2z+Mfi5hUVH6bqkmEx2tZyIMZcybDxGP6nmlA+XN23zHT9DQsjJHCpHm+Wu2IQRpfsQqWrSp1627UlS1xxOZVq9x+jIXrWrcTe7dqtQn2XmJAnCHaqAhtETN3KbYrMhn5m7I08GIvByl3o6r6XkwQC7J83IFPey2324WfnetmitpJpVq5NrAC1fd4yIOtdIksaHRfvCmVivbfPrmNlBG1aGEr1cPHqwB1rz/q2c5aOtXQT7nm9wITfnORX+/N0dHQBhhfGM0rTqY0rzhZ0DdFAi6ObYpnaN1pwvCxo0JGGaW11/4/jwmQ5meg/owWW6GYSdT/LfRYQ8Q4ZNa+jIpb47yajPCISRWq2Xg91iIekJtX9KC7mwu+GjOneinaWMFXqCwK8cxzfnfH+6grfwBrV6UoCGA8bNe9WPtANRo730alOSEEf1xyG5UOHD7qyR6GaRITsrH7SAM2rFuJZGkJRBq4ESnIWvcoqprb2Zv3GiTNmImbJg22HxVi3CklRmBjYN6Kg83VWJ+fLhOquTB2BzbsasZuXcv9THP65ut4W1ANG3PjSd3z66cRuep7NdDO9tAHfLzuRVqcOBaO83jc5Xysr/4DDm4zu+Uxd5zk5y9y4fcMDuTnoLz1rJ/r9HfxNK/YCdO84u87LbjLt+BP74tLwn3uiJYMoH2uJEwL8PSM5jj4c3qlXT469DRSo/um3TQccEQ0bihqQMuuJxTkO1G2K2fH9zyoI0yoh1aKDs6OowatNv+Tjf05CqUvxhJgBt5VafZlAdOkAuz1mI7Z2Gq1liZPyaieCvgzNKyYa8+fPYI5avW7FlNrj+g8VwKyJAZ+T9LhWjNt+ZEAzSt+hEtFEwEiEOoE/KDxDXVkOvrHnM0WLrUbg1uO1qG+XUk7q6O8gTrVYebAvDNXLMP0SF3umQPVaqqXWeYl5FVgM3c67X4VBf+5Ca2KHsSEKqgI0LwSVMNFjSUCRCCwCJDg69fxYDYqC7KQMZJ7cHbh5Z2HXCMA+LVuowq/iM6GWruZA9Mark6LFVIuGlU6leNvAqJz2KyRzBmvAnd7C8Pm7+ZQ+QYQoHnFAIhUBBEgAmFKgARffw+8IwwWiyiwqxp1/ozn6o++9DAb7G2tLPIDaXv9gbdfyuTOYZsrsXbSIBZj+1lsUYu/2C8Nokr6TIDmlT4jpAKIABEITwIk+Pp93Jnz2oxlWM4d0nhWu4q3g0jry7S9tdVCODBfY/H5HS9VoI0A98atfh6PV29HocdMQdqKorMCgQDNK4EwCtQGIkAEgo8ACb79MWZM6Fi+4S7Em4JM63v2NZSUtcBiikfGulQfY/H1B2CqQxMBluFtfnI0mapoghUEJ9G8EgSDRE0kAkQg0AiQ4NtPIxIRcxs2lrCsapYWbMz5HTp7xd/tp4ZoroalNS59Ck0WZuKQW4TshCjNV9KJRIAI9A8Bmlf6hzPVQgSIQOgQoHBmoTOW1BMiQASIABEgAkSACBABFQKk8VWBQ4eIABEgAkSACBABIkAEQocACb6hM5bUEyJABIgAESACRIAIEAEVAiT4qsChQ0SACBABIkAEiAARIAKhQ4AE39AZS+oJESACRIAIEAEiQASIgAoBEnxV4NAhIkAEiAARIAJEgAgQgdAhQIJv6Iwl9YQIEAEiQASIABEgAkRAhQAJvipw6BARIAJEgAgQASJABIhA6BAgwTd0xpJ6QgSIABEgAkSACBABIqBCgARfFTh0iAgQASJABIgAESACRCB0CJDgGzpjST0hAkSACBABIkAEiAARUCFAgq8KHDpEBIgAESACRIAIEAEiEDoESPANnbGknhABIkAEiAARIAJEgAioECDBVwUOHSICRIAIEAEiQASIABEIHQL/D+NpWLtHRFPDAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" alt></p>
<p>Vanadium can be reduced from an oxidation state of +4 to +3 according to the equation:</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>(i) Calculate the cell potential, <em>E</em><sup>Θ</sup>, and the standard free energy, Δ<em>G</em><sup>Θ</sup>, change for the reaction between the VO<sup>2+</sup> and Sn<sup>2+</sup> ions, using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><em>E</em><sup>Θ</sup>:</p>
<p>Δ<em>G</em><sup>Θ</sup>:</p>
<p>(ii) Deduce, giving your reason, whether a reaction between Sn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) and VO<sup>2+</sup>(aq) would be spontaneous.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, giving the <strong>full</strong> electron configuration of the vanadium atom, what is meant by the term transition metal.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>In an aqueous solution of vanadium(III) chloride, the vanadium exists as [V (H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup>, [VCl (H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> or [VCl<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>]<sup>+</sup> depending on the concentration of chloride ions in the solution.</p>
<p>(i) Describe how Cl<sup>−</sup> and H<sub>2</sub>O bond to the vanadium ion.</p>
<p>(ii) Outline what would happen to the wavelength at which the vanadium complex ions would absorb light as the water molecules are gradually replaced by chloride ions, using section 15 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Eight successive ionisation energies of vanadium are shown in the graph below:</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>(i) State the sub-levels from which each of the first four electrons are lost.</p>
<p>First: Second: Third: Fourth: </p>
<p>(ii) Outline why there is an increase in ionization energy from electron 3 to electron 5.</p>
<p>(iii) Explain why there is a large increase in the ionization energy between electrons 5 and 6.</p>
<p>(iv) Vanadium is comprised almost entirely of <sup>51</sup>V. State the number of neutrons an atom of <sup>51</sup>V has in its nucleus.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>