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</div><h2>HL Paper 3</h2><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Discuss the production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide from brine using a membrane cell. Include in your answer the materials used for the electrodes, the equations taking place at each electrode and why this method has replaced the mercury cell.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A fuel cell is an energy conversion device that generates electricity from a spontaneous redox reaction.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The <em>Geobacter</em> species of bacteria can be used in microbial fuel cells to oxidise aqueous ethanoate ions, <br>CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sup>−</sup>(aq), to carbon dioxide gas.</p>
<p>State the half-equations for the reactions at both electrodes.</p>
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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A concentration cell is an example of an electrochemical cell.</p>
<p>(i) State the difference between a concentration cell and a standard voltaic cell.</p>
<p>(ii) The overall redox equation and the standard cell potential for a voltaic cell are:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Zn (s) + Cu<sup>2+</sup> (aq) → Zn<sup>2+</sup> (aq) + Cu (s) <em>E</em><sup>θ</sup><sub>cell</sub> = +1.10 V</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Determine the cell potential <em>E</em> at 298 K to three significant figures given the following concentrations in mol dm<sup>−3</sup>:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">[Zn<sup>2+</sup>] = 1.00 × 10<sup>−4</sup> [Cu<sup>2+</sup>] = 1.00 × 10<sup>−1</sup></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">(iii) Deduce, giving your reason, whether the reaction in (b) (ii) is more or less spontaneous than in the standard cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) convert solar energy into electrical energy.</p>
<p>(i) Describe how a DSSC converts sunlight into electrical energy.</p>
<p>(ii) Explain the role of the electrolyte solution containing iodide ions, I<sup>−</sup>, and triiodide ions, I<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, in the DSSC.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>