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</div><h2>HL Paper 1</h2><div class="question">
<p>Which type of bond is formed when a Lewis acid reacts with a Lewis base?</p>
<p>A. Covalent</p>
<p>B. Dipole-dipole</p>
<p>C. Double</p>
<p>D. Hydrogen</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which compounds can be mixed together as solutions of equal volume and concentration to form a buffer solution?</p>
<p class="p1">A. Nitric acid and potassium hydroxide</p>
<p class="p1">B. Nitric acid and potassium nitrate</p>
<p class="p1">C. Propanoic acid and potassium hydroxide</p>
<p class="p1">D. Propanoic acid and potassium propanoate</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">One G2 stated that the naming of carboxylic acids was not covered. However, according to AS 10.1.10, candidates should know how to apply IUPAC rules to name carboxylic acids up to six carbon atoms. Hence, it would be expected that candidates would know the structure of propanoic acid to subsequently answer this question on buffer solutions. The question was however the second most difficult question on the paper, with only 43.79% of candidates getting the correct answer.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which salt solution has the highest pH?</p>
<p class="p1">A. NH<sub><span class="s1">4</span></sub>C<span class="s2">l </span></p>
<p class="p1">B. Ca(NO<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>)<sub><span class="s1">2 </span></sub></p>
<p class="p1">C. Na<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>CO<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub></p>
<p class="p1">D. K<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>SO<sub><span class="s1">4 </span></sub></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">The graph below shows the titration curve of \({\text{25 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide, of \({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) concentration. The indicator methyl orange was used to determine the equivalence point. Methyl orange has a pH range of 3.2– 4.4.</p>
<p class="p2" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-26_om_16.28.27.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/HPM/ENG/TZ2/29"></p>
<p class="p1">If the hydrochloric acid was replaced by ethanoic acid of the same volume and concentration, which property of the titration would remain the same?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The initial pH</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The pH at the equivalence point</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The volume of strong base, NaOH, needed to reach the equivalence point</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The colour of the titration mixture just before the equivalence point is reached</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">There were three G2 comments on this question. Some commented on the length of the question itself. The question certainly was challenging though 53.88% of candidates did manage to get the correct answer C.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>For which equilibrium can an expression for a base dissociation constant, \({K_{\text{b}}}\), for the forward reaction be written?</p>
<p>A. \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_3} + {{\text{H}}_3}{{\text{O}}^ + } \rightleftharpoons {\text{NH}}_4^ + + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}\)</p>
<p>B. \({{\text{F}}^ - } + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{HF}} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\)</p>
<p>C. \({\text{NH}}_4^ + + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_3} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}\)</p>
<p>D. \({\text{HF}} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} + {{\text{F}}^ - }\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which statements are correct?</p>
<p> I. Lewis bases can act as nucleophiles.</p>
<p> II. Electrophiles are Lewis acids.</p>
<p> III. Lewis acids are electron pair acceptors.</p>
<p>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which combination of acid and base is most likely to have a pH of 8.5 at the equivalence point in a titration?</p>
<p>A. Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide</p>
<p>B. Hydrochloric acid and ammonia</p>
<p>C. Nitric acid and ammonia</p>
<p>D. Methanoic acid and sodium hydroxide</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which definition of a base is correct?</p>
<p>A. A Lewis base accepts a proton.</p>
<p>B. A Brønsted-Lowry base accepts an electron pair.</p>
<p>C. A Brønsted-Lowry base donates an electron pair.</p>
<p>D. A Lewis base donates an electron pair.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">The \({K_{\text{b}}}\) value for a base is \(5.0 \times {10^{ - 2}}{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) at 298 K. What is the \({K_{\text{a}}}\) value for its conjugate acid at this temperature?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(5.0 \times {10^{ - 2}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(2.0 \times {10^{ - 6}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(2.0 \times {10^{ - 12}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(2.0 \times {10^{ - 13}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">The colours of three indicators are shown in the table below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-12_om_13.55.11.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HPM/ENG/TZ1/29"></p>
<p class="p1">Equal volumes of these three indicators were mixed and the mixture was added to a solution of \({\text{pH}} = 5.0\). What colour would be seen?</p>
<p class="p1">A. Yellow</p>
<p class="p1">B. Orange</p>
<p class="p1">C. Green</p>
<p class="p1">D. Blue</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the expression for the ionic product constant of water, \({K_{\text{w}}}\)?</p>
<p>A. \({K_{\text{w}}} = {K_{\text{a}}} \times {K_{\text{b}}}\)</p>
<p>B. \({K_{\text{w}}} = {K_{\text{a}}} + {K_{\text{b}}}\)</p>
<p>C. \({K_{\text{w}}} = \frac{{{K_{\text{a}}}}}{{{K_{\text{b}}}}}\)</p>
<p>D. \({K_{\text{w}}} = {K_{\text{a}}} - {K_{\text{b}}}\)</p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">The indicator, HIn is used in a titration between an acid and base. Which statement about the dissociation of the indicator, HIn is correct?</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{HIn(aq)}} \rightleftharpoons {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{I}}{{\text{n}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;">colour A <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>colour B</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>In a strongly alkaline solution, colour B would be observed.</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>In a strongly acidic solution, colour B would be observed.</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{[I}}{{\text{n}}^ - }{\text{]}}\) is greater than [HIn] at the equivalence point.</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>In a weakly acidic solution colour B would be observed.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">The \({K_{\text{a}}}\) values of four weak acids W, X, Y and Z are listed below.</p>
<p class="p1">W <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({K_{\text{a}}} = 1.35 \times {10^{ - 3}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">X <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({K_{\text{a}}} = 4.47 \times {10^{ - 2}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">Y <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({K_{\text{a}}} = 9.33 \times {10^{ - 6}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">Z <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({K_{\text{a}}} = 1.47 \times {10^{ - 5}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The acid–base indicator phenol red, HIn, changes colour from yellow to red over a pH range of 6.6–8.2. Which statement is correct?</p>
<p>A. In a strongly acidic solution \({\text{[HIn]}} < {\text{[I}}{{\text{n}}^ - }{\text{]}}\).</p>
<p>B. The \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) of phenol red is between 6.6 and 8.2.</p>
<p>C. The \({\text{I}}{{\text{n}}^ - }\) ions are yellow.</p>
<p>D. Phenol red would be a suitable indicator for the titration of a strong acid and a weak base.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Methylamine acts as a weak base when it reacts with water. For a diluted aqueous solution, what is the \({K_{\text{b}}}\) expression for this reaction?</p>
<p>A. \({K_{\text{b}}} = \frac{{{\text{[C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{NH}}_{\text{3}}^ + {\text{][O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{]}}}}{{{\text{[C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{]}}}}\)</p>
<p>B. \({K_{\text{b}}} = \frac{{{\text{[C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{][}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O]}}}}{{{\text{[C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{NH}}_{\text{3}}^ + {\text{][O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{]}}}}\)</p>
<p>C. \({K_{\text{b}}} = \frac{{{\text{[C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{NH}}_{\text{3}}^ + {\text{][O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{]}}}}{{{\text{[C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{][}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O]}}}}\)</p>
<p>D. \({K_{\text{b}}} = \frac{{{\text{[C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{]}}}}{{{\text{[C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{NH}}_{\text{3}}^ + {\text{][O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{]}}}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Quite a few candidates included water in the expression, giving answer C.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Four aqueous solutions are listed below.</p>
<p class="p1">W. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">X. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{0.001 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">Y. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ KOH(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">Z. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{0.001 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ KOH(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">What is the correct order of <strong>increasing </strong>pH of these solutions?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{W}} < {\text{X}} < {\text{Y}} < {\text{Z}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{W}} < {\text{X}} < {\text{Z}} < {\text{Y}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{X}} < {\text{W}} < {\text{Y}} < {\text{Z}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{X}} < {\text{W}} < {\text{Z}} < {\text{Y}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which of the following is an example of a Lewis acid–base reaction, but not a Brønsted–Lowry acid–base reaction?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{2CrO}}_4^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{Co(}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O)}}_6^{2 + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{4HCl(aq)}} \to {\text{CoCl}}_4^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{4}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{6}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{NH}}_4^ + {\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{COOH(aq)}} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which equation represents a reaction for which a base dissociation constant expression, \({K_b}\), can be written?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH(aq)}} + {\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{NH}}_4^ + {\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HF(aq)}} \rightleftharpoons {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{F}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p2">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HCN(aq)}} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{C}}{{\text{N}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{NH}}_4^ + {\text{(aq)}} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A weak acid is titrated with a strong base. Which statement is true for the titration curve?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-11_om_07.29.10.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/HPM/ENG/TZ1/28"></p>
<p>A. <strong>A</strong> is the equivalence point.</p>
<p>B. The pH at <strong>A</strong> equals the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) of the acid.</p>
<p>C. The pH at <strong>B</strong> equals 7.</p>
<p>D. <strong>C</strong> is in the buffer region.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which mixture will form a buffer in aqueous solution?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{0.10 mol N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}} + {\text{0.20 mol HCl}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{0.10 mol N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}} + {\text{0.20 mol NaOH}}\)</p>
<p class="p2">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{0.10 mol NaOH}} + {\text{0.20 mol KCl}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{0.20 mol N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}} + {\text{0.10 mol HCl}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Ammonia acts as a weak base when it reacts with water. What is the \({K_{\text{b}}}\) expression for this reaction?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{[{\text{NH}}_4^ + ][{\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }]}}{{[{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_3}][{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O]}}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{[{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{][}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O]}}}}{{{\text{[NH}}_4^ + {\text{][O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{]}}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{[{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_3}]}}{{[{\text{NH}}_4^ + ][{\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }]}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{[{\text{NH}}_4^ + ][{\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }]}}{{[{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_3}]}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which titration curve is produced by the titration of \({\text{25 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{1.00 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) NaOH with \({\text{1.00 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-01_om_06.30.02.png" alt="M12/4/CHEMI/HPM/ENG/TZ2/27"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which reaction represents an acid–base reaction according to the Lewis theory but not according to the Brønsted–Lowry theory?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{CO}}_3^{2 - }({\text{aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_3}{{\text{O}}^ + }({\text{aq)}} \rightleftharpoons {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} + {\text{HCO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{COOH(aq)}} + {\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_3}({\text{aq)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{NH}}_4^ + ({\text{aq)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }({\text{aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_3}({\text{aq)}} + {\text{HF(aq)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{NH}}_4^ + ({\text{aq)}} + {{\text{F}}^ - }({\text{aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\rm{CuS}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{4}}}{\rm{(s)}} + 5{{\rm{H}}_{\rm{2}}}{\rm{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {\rm{CuS}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{4}}}{\rm{ \bullet 5}}{{\rm{H}}_{\rm{2}}}{\rm{O(s)}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which is an example of a Lewis base?</p>
<p>A. an electrophile</p>
<p>B. BF<sub>3</sub></p>
<p>C. CH<sub>4</sub></p>
<p>D. a nucleophile</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which mixtures could act as buffers?</p>
<p class="p1">I. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>NaOH(aq) and HCl(aq)</p>
<p class="p1">II. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>NaOH(aq) and \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">III. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>HCl(aq) and \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COONa(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">One respondent stated that this question was fair but tricky. However, this question is based on the syllabus, as stated in AS 18.2.2. In the teachers notes on buffers, selected examples are given. It should be emphasized that buffer solutions should not be confined solely to these examples but these examples should be included in the teaching programme.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">At the same concentration, which acid would have the lowest pH?</p>
<p class="p1">\(\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{A.}}}&{{\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}}&{{K_{\text{a}}} = 5.6 \times {{10}^{ - 4}}{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}} \\ {{\text{B.}}}&{{\text{HF}}}&{{K_{\text{a}}} = 6.8 \times {{10}^{ - 4}}{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}} \\ {{\text{C.}}}&{{{\text{C}}_{\text{6}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{5}}}{\text{COOH}}}&{{K_{\text{a}}} = 6.3 \times {{10}^{ - 5}}{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}} \\ {{\text{D.}}}&{{\text{HCN}}}&{{K_{\text{a}}} = 4.9 \times {{10}^{ - 10}}{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}} \end{array}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Consider the equation for the dissociation of water:</p>
<p class="p1">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}}&{\Delta H = + 57.3{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}} \end{array}\]</p>
<p class="p1">Which statement is correct?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The pH of pure water is always 7.</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>At temperatures above 298 K the pH of pure water is below 7.</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>At temperatures above 298 K the pH of pure water is above 7.</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({K_{\text{w}}}\) decreases with increasing temperature.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which pair of compounds could be used to make a buffer solution (assuming appropriate molar ratios)?</p>
<p>A. KCl and HCl</p>
<p>B. NaCl and HCl</p>
<p>C. \({\text{KHS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\) and \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<p>D. \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COONa}}\) and \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">During a titration, \({\text{0.1 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sodium hydroxide is added to \({\text{0.1 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) ethanoic acid. Which indicator would be the <strong>best </strong>to use as an end point indicator in this titration?</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-21_om_08.26.59.png" alt="N12/4/CHEMI/HPM/ENG/TZ0/29"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Bromophenol blue changes from yellow to blue over the pH range of 3.0 to 4.6. Which statement is correct?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Molecules of bromophenol blue, HIn, are blue.</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>At \({\text{pH}} < 3.0\), a solution of bromophenol blue contains more ions, \({\text{I}}{{\text{n}}^ - }\), than molecules, HIn.</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) of bromophenol blue is between 3.0 and 4.6.</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Bromophenol blue is a suitable indicator to titrate ethanoic acid with potassium hydroxide</p>
<p class="p1">solution.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">\({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of a NaOH solution of pH 12 is mixed with \({\text{900 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of water. What is the pH of the resulting solution?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>11</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>13</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
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<div class="column" style="text-align: left;">The diagram represents the bonding in aluminium chloride.</div>
<div class="column" style="text-align: left;"> </div>
<div class="column" style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></div>
<div class="column" style="text-align: center;"> </div>
<div class="column" style="text-align: center;"> </div>
<div class="column">Which statement is correct?</div>
<div class="column"> </div>
<div class="column">A. The aluminium atoms behave as Lewis acids.<br>B. The aluminium atoms behave as Lewis bases.<br>C. One aluminium atom is a Lewis base and the other a Lewis acid.<br>D. One chlorine atom is a Lewis base and the other a Lewis acid.</div>
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</div>
</div>
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Equal volumes and concentrations of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid are titrated with sodium hydroxide solutions of the same concentration. Which statement is correct?</p>
<p class="p1">A. The initial pH values of both acids are equal.</p>
<p class="p1">B. At the equivalence points, the solutions of both titrations have pH values of 7.</p>
<p class="p1">C. The same volume of sodium hydroxide is needed to reach the equivalence point.</p>
<p class="p1">D. The pH values of both acids increase equally until the equivalence points are reached.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which statements are correct about the complex \({\text{[Cu(N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{]}}\)<span class="s1">?</span></p>
<p class="p2">I. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Oxidation state of copper is +<span class="s2">2.</span></p>
<p class="p1">II. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Ammonia is a ligand.</p>
<p class="p1">III. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Chloride ions act as Lewis acids.</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">Although several teachers had concerns about this one, overall it was a fair question with half the students answering it correctly. Surprisingly a quarter of the students incorrectly identified chloride ions acting as Lewis acids.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>In which reaction does \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) act as a Lewis base but not as a Brønsted–Lowry base.</p>
<p>A. \({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} + {\text{NH}}_4^ + \to {{\text{H}}_3}{{\text{O}}^ + } + {\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_3}\)</p>
<p>B. \({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} + {\text{CaO}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{a}}^{{\text{2}} + }} + {\text{2O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\)</p>
<p>C. \({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} + {{\text{[Fe(}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_6}{\text{]}}^{{\text{3}} + }} \to {\text{Fe[(OH)(}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_5}{{\text{]}}^{{\text{2}} + }} + {{\text{H}}_3}{{\text{O}}^ + }\)</p>
<p>D. \({\text{6}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} + {{\text{[Ni(N}}{{\text{H}}_3}{{\text{)}}_6}{\text{]}}^{2 + }} \to {\text{6N}}{{\text{H}}_3} + {{\text{[Ni(}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_6}{\text{]}}^{2 + }}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">The strengths of four acids are:</p>
<p class="p1"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>glycine <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}} = {\text{9.87}}\)</p>
<p class="p1"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>chloroethanoic acid <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({K_{\text{a}}} = 1.38 \times {10^{ - 3}}\)</p>
<p class="p1"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>phenol <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({K_{\text{a}}} = 1.00 \times {10^{ - 10}}\)</p>
<p class="p1"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>butanoic acid <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}} = 4.82\)</p>
<p class="p1">What is the order of <strong>increasing </strong>acid strength?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{chloroethanoic acid}} < {\text{butanoic acid}} < {\text{phenol}} < {\text{glycine}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{glycine}} < {\text{phenol}} < {\text{chloroethanoic acid}} < {\text{butanoic acid}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{phenol}} < {\text{chloroethanoic acid}} < {\text{butanoic acid}} < {\text{glycine}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{phenol}} < {\text{glycine}} < {\text{butanoic acid}} < {\text{chloroethanoic acid}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">Candidates should be able to make an approximation of the inter-conversion of \({K_{\text{a}}}\) and \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) values. 69% of the candidates found no difficulty with this question.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Based on information in the table below, which acid is the strongest?</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-26_om_16.25.20.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/HPM/ENG/TZ2/27"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Methyl orange is an indicator which changes its colour from red to yellow in a pH range of 3.2 – 4.4.</p>
<p>For which titration would methyl orange be a suitable indicator?</p>
<p>A. Iodine and sodium thiosulfate solution</p>
<p>B. Hydrochloric acid and ammonia solution</p>
<p>C. Ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide solution</p>
<p>D. Ethanoic acid and ammonia solution</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{b}}}\) of \({\text{H}}{{\text{S}}^ - }\) is 7.08. What is its conjugate acid and what is the \({K_{\text{a}}}\) value of the acid?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-11_om_07.15.56.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/HPM/ENG/TZ1/26"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Cobalt forms the complex \({{\text{[Co(N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{5}}}{\text{Cl]}}^{2 + }}\). Which statements are correct for this complex?</p>
<p>I. The cobalt ion acts as a Lewis acid.</p>
<p>II. The cobalt ion has an oxidation number of +II.</p>
<p>III. There are 90° bond angles between the cobalt ion and the ligands.</p>
<p>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>According to IUPAC, oxidation numbers are quoted in Roman numerals, oxidation states in Arabic. The nomenclature is clarified in the new syllabus, taught from September 2014.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which of the following will form a buffer solution if combined in appropriate molar ratios?</p>
<p>A. HCl and NaCl</p>
<p>B. NaOH and HCOONa</p>
<p>C. NH<sub>4</sub>Cl and HCl</p>
<p>D. HCl and NH<sub>3</sub></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which mixtures are buffer solutions?</p>
<p class="p1">I. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{KHS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(aq)}}\) and \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">II. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COONa(aq)}}\) and \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">III. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{HCOOK(aq)}}\) and \({\text{HCOOH(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">For which titration can the end point <strong>not </strong>be determined accurately by using an acid-base indicator?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{NaOH(aq)}} + {\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{NaOH(aq)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH(aq)}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The table below shows data for the \({{K_{\text{a}}}}\) and \({{\text{p}}{K_{\text{b}}}}\) values for some acids and bases at 298 K.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-24_om_14.49.59.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/HPM/ENG/TZ0/28"></p>
<p>Which two formulas represent the weakest acid and the weakest base in the table?</p>
<p>A. HClO and \({{\text{C}}_{\text{6}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{5}}}{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<p>B. \({{\text{C}}_{\text{6}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{5}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{COOH}}\) and \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p>C. \({{\text{C}}_{\text{6}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{5}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{COOH}}\) and \({{\text{C}}_{\text{6}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{5}}}{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<p>D. HClO and \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>It was thought “good to mix the data types, \({{\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}}\) and \({{K_{\text{a}}}}\)”. This was the fifth hardest question (60.81% correct) with the wrong answers almost equally chosen.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which graph would be obtained by adding \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{HCl(aq)}}\) to \({\text{25 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{NaOH(aq)}}\)?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-11_om_09.06.14.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/HPM/ENG/TZ2/30"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">The \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{b}}}\) value of ammonia is 4.75 at 298 K. What is the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) value of the ammonium ion?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{{\text{1}}{{\text{0}}^{ - 14}}}}{{{\text{4.75}}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{{\text{14.00}}}}{{{\text{4.75}}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(14.00 - 4.75\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{{\text{1}}{{\text{0}}^{ - 14}}}}{{{\text{1}}{{\text{0}}^{ - 4.75}}}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">We acknowledge the error in asking for the p<em>K</em><span class="s1">a </span>of ammonia; it should, of course, have been the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) of the ammonium ion. Nevertheless, over 79% of candidates chose the correct key (C) for answer.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which compound will produce an aqueous solution which has a pH greater than 7?</p>
<p>A. \({\text{CuS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<p>B. \({\text{FeC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p>C. \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p>D. \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which mixture is a buffer solution?</p>
<p class="p1">A. 25 cm<span class="s1"><sup>3</sup> </span>of 0.10 mol dm<sup><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1">3 </span></sup>NH<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>(aq) and 50 cm<sup><span class="s1">3 </span></sup>of 0.10 mol dm<sup><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1">3 </span></sup>HC<span class="s3">l </span>(aq)</p>
<p class="p1">B. 50 cm<sup>3</sup><span class="s1"> </span>of 0.10 mol dm<sup><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1">3 </span></sup>NH<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>(aq) and 25 cm<sup><span class="s1">3 </span></sup>of 0.10 mol dm<sup><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1">3 </span></sup>HC<span class="s3">l </span>(aq)</p>
<p class="p1">C. 25 cm<sup><span class="s1">3 </span></sup>of 0.10 mol dm<sup><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1">3 </span></sup>NaOH (aq) and 25 cm<sup><span class="s1">3 </span></sup>of 0.10 mol dm<sup><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1">3 </span></sup>HC<span class="s3">l </span>(aq)</p>
<p class="p1">D. 50 cm<sup><span class="s1">3 </span></sup>of 0.10 mol dm<sup><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1">3 </span></sup>NaOH (aq) and 25 cm<sup><span class="s1">3 </span></sup>of 0.10 mol dm<sup><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1">3 </span></sup>HC<span class="s3">l </span>(aq)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">The values of \({K_{\text{w}}}\), the ionic product constant of water, are:</p>
<p class="p2" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-12_om_13.46.17.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HPM/ENG/TZ1/26"></p>
<p class="p1">Which statements are correct?</p>
<p class="p1">I. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The \({\text{[O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{]}}\) in water is less than the \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\) at 18 °<span class="s1">C</span>.</p>
<p class="p1">II. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The ionization of water is an endothermic process.</p>
<p class="p1">III. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The pH of water is lower at 25 °<span class="s1">C </span>than at 18 °<span class="s1">C</span>.</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the approximate pH of a \({\text{0.01 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) ammonia solution?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>More than 2 but less than 7</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>More than 7 but less than 12</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>12</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the order of increasing acidity?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-08_om_11.25.10.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HPM/ENG/TZ2/27"></p>
<p>A. HClO < CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH < HF < HIO<sub>3</sub></p>
<p>B. HClO < HF < CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH < HIO<sub>3</sub></p>
<p>C. HIO<sub>3</sub> < HF < CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH < HClO</p>
<p>D. HIO<sub>3</sub> < CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH < HF < HClO</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the order of increasing acidity of the following acids?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>A. chloroethanoic < ethanoic < hydrogen fluoride < hydrogen cyanide</p>
<p>B. ethanoic < chloroethanoic < hydrogen fluoride < hydrogen cyanide</p>
<p>C. chloroethanoic < ethanoic < hydrogen cyanide < hydrogen fluoride</p>
<p>D. hydrogen cyanide < ethanoic < hydrogen fluoride < chloroethanoic</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which indicator is appropriate for the acid-base titration shown below?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>A. Thymol blue (p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> = 1.5)<br>B. Methyl orange (p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> = 3.7)<br>C. Bromophenol blue (p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> = 4.2)<br>D. Phenolphthalein (p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> = 9.6)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A buffer is produced by mixing 20.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.10 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> ethanoic acid, CH<sub>3</sub>COOH(aq), with 0.10 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> sodium hydroxide, NaOH(aq).</p>
<p>What is the volume of NaOH required and the pH of the buffer?</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The forward reaction of this equilibrium is endothermic.</p>
<p>\[{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {{\text{H}}^{\text{ + }}}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq) }} {K_w} = 1.0 \times {10^{ - 14}}{\text{ at 25 }}^\circ {\text{C}}\]</p>
<p>What is correct about water at 50 °C?</p>
<p>A. \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^{\text{ + }}}{\text{]}} > {\text{[O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{]}}\)</p>
<p>B. \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}} < {\text{[O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{]}}\)</p>
<p>C. \({\text{pH}} < {\text{7.0}}\)</p>
<p>D. \({\text{pH}} = {\text{7.0}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which indicator would be the most appropriate for titrating aqueous ethylamine, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\), with nitric acid, \({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Bromophenol blue \({\text{(p}}{K_{\text{a}}} = {\text{ }}4{\text{.}}1)\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Bromothymol blue \({\text{(p}}{K_{\text{a}}} = {\text{ }}7{\text{.}}3)\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Phenol red \({\text{(p}}{K_{\text{a}}} = {\text{ }}8{\text{.}}0)\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Thymolphthalein \({\text{(p}}{K_{\text{a}}} = {\text{ }}10{\text{.}}0)\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which mixture of solutions can be used to prepare a buffer solution?</p>
<p>A. \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}{\text{ 0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ HCl}}\) and \({\text{100.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}{\text{ 0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p>B. \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}{\text{ 0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ HCl}}\) and \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}{\text{ 0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p>C. \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}{\text{ 0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ HCl}}\) and \({\text{100.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}{\text{ 0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{Cl}}\)</p>
<p>D. \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}{\text{ 0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ HCl}}\) and \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}{\text{ 0.100 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{Cl}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">An equal amount of each of the following salts is added separately to the same volume of water.</p>
<p class="p1">Which salt will have the greatest effect on the pH of water?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{Al(N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>RbCl</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>KBr</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">Students found this question to be somewhat difficult with 41.96% correct answers. The salt in each of the other three choices is neutral (made up of strong acid and a strong base) whereas the effect of the high charge density of the aluminium ion in the complex ion formed, \({{\text{[Al(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^ + }\), produces an acidic solution.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which compound forms an acidic solution when dissolved in water?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{FeC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{NaN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which compounds can be mixed together as aqueous solutions of equal volume and concentration to form an acidic buffer solution?</p>
<p>A. Sodium hydrogensulfate and sulfuric acid</p>
<p>B. Sodium propanoate and propanoic acid</p>
<p>C. Ammonium chloride and ammonia solution</p>
<p>D. Sodium chloride and hydrochloric acid</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which statements about an acid–base indicator are correct?</p>
<p>I. It can be a weak acid.</p>
<p>II. It is a substance in which the conjugate acid/base pair are different colours.</p>
<p>III. It can be a weak base.</p>
<p>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>The point was made by several people that weak base indicators are beyond the scope of the specification. In fairness to the candidates it was decided to accept both answers A and D.</p>
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<p>Which titration curve would occur when a weak acid is added to a strong base?</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
</div>
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</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br>