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</div><h2>HL Paper 2</h2><div class="specification">
<p>An acidic sample of a waste solution containing Sn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) reacted completely with K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> solution to form Sn<sup>4+</sup>(aq).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify one organic functional group that can react with acidified K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>(aq).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Corrosion of iron is similar to the processes that occur in a voltaic cell. The initial steps involve the following half-equations:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Fe<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + 2e<sup>–</sup> \( \rightleftharpoons \) Fe(s)</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">\(\frac{1}{2}\)O<sub>2</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) + 2e<sup>–</sup> \( \rightleftharpoons \) 2OH<sup>–</sup>(aq)</p>
<p>Calculate <em>E</em> <sup>θ</sup>, in V, for the spontaneous reaction using section 24 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the Gibbs free energy, Δ<em>G</em> <sup>θ</sup>, in kJ, which is released by the corrosion of 1 mole of iron. Use section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why iron forms many different coloured complex ions.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Zinc is used to galvanize iron pipes, forming a protective coating. Outline how this process prevents corrosion of the iron pipes.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>hydroxyl/OH<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>aldehyde/CHO</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “hydroxy/alcohol” for “hydroxyl”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept amino/amine/NH<sub>2</sub>.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«<em>E</em> <sup>θ</sup> =» +0.85 «V»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept 0.85 V.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Δ<em>G</em> <sup>θ</sup> «= –<em>nFE</em> <sup>θ</sup>» = –2 «mol e<sup>–</sup>» x 96500 «C mol<sup>–1</sup>» x 0.85 «V»</p>
<p>«Δ<em>G</em> <sup>θ</sup> =» –164 «kJ»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “«+»164 «kJ»” as question states energy released.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for “+” or “–” 82 «kJ».</em></p>
<p><em>Do not accept answer in J.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>incompletely filled d-orbitals</p>
<p>colour depends upon the energy difference between the split d-orbitals</p>
<p>variable/multiple/different oxidation states</p>
<p>different «nature/identity of» ligands</p>
<p>different number of ligands</p>
<p><em><strong>[3 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Zn/zinc is a stronger reducing agent than Fe/iron<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Zn/zinc is oxidized instead of Fe/iron<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Zn/zinc is the sacrificial anode</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “Zn is more reactive than Fe”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “Zn oxide layer limits further corrosion”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not accept “Zn layer limits further corrosion”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>There are only two isotopes, \(_{{\text{29}}}^{{\text{63}}}{\text{Cu}}\) and \(_{{\text{29}}}^{{\text{65}}}{\text{Cu}}\), in naturally occurring copper.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A chemist considered preparing a copper(I) salt by reacting copper metal with the corresponding copper(II) salt according to the equation below.</p>
<p>\[{\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{Cu (s)}} \to {\text{2C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The relative atomic mass of copper is 63.55. Calculate the percentage of \(_{{\text{29}}}^{{\text{63}}}{\text{Cu}}\) in the naturally occurring element.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the <strong>full</strong> electronic configuration of a copper atom.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why most copper(II) compounds are coloured, whereas most copper(I) compounds are not.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Using data from Table 14 of the Data Booklet, calculate the cell potential for this reaction.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Use this result to predict, with a reason, whether this reaction will be spontaneous.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\(63x + 65(100 - x) = 63.55 \times 100\);</p>
<p>\((x = ){\text{ }}72.50(\% )\);</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{{\text{10}}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{1}}}/{\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{1}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{{\text{10}}}}\);</p>
<p><em>Do not accept upper case letters or numbers as subscripts.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>colour is due to movement of electrons (between d orbitals) / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p>copper(I) has a full d sub-shell(, hence electrons cannot move) / copper(II) has an incomplete d sub-shell(, hence electrons can move) / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) \(\left( {E_{{\text{cell}}}^\Theta = 0.15 - 0.52 = } \right) - 0.37{\text{ (V)}}\)</p>
<p>choosing correct \({E_{{\text{cell}}}^\Theta }\) values;</p>
<p>combining in correct way;</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer</em>.</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for –0.18 (0.34 instead of 0.15) and –0.19 (0.34 instead of 0.52).</em></p>
<p>(ii) not spontaneous <strong>because</strong> \({E^\Theta }\) negative / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question in general was well answered, with an encouraging number of students being able to both calculate the proportions of the two isotopes of copper and state its atypical electron configuration. Responses to part (c) often centred around the splitting of d-orbitals rather than their completeness and a disturbing number of answers implied, or stated, that transition metals emit, rather than absorb light. In the final part, as might have been predicted, a significant number of students used the electrode potential for \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{/Cu (}} + {\text{0.34 V)}}\), rather than those required, but a number of them managed to gain some credit by combining this with the other potential in a valid manner and correctly predicting the spontaneity that it would imply.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question in general was well answered, with an encouraging number of students being able to both calculate the proportions of the two isotopes of copper and state its atypical electron configuration. Responses to part (c) often centred around the splitting of d-orbitals rather than their completeness and a disturbing number of answers implied, or stated, that transition metals emit, rather than absorb light. In the final part, as might have been predicted, a significant number of students used the electrode potential for \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{/Cu (}} + {\text{0.34 V)}}\), rather than those required, but a number of them managed to gain some credit by combining this with the other potential in a valid manner and correctly predicting the spontaneity that it would imply.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question in general was well answered, with an encouraging number of students being able to both calculate the proportions of the two isotopes of copper and state its atypical electron configuration. Responses to part (c) often centred around the splitting of d-orbitals rather than their completeness and a disturbing number of answers implied, or stated, that transition metals emit, rather than absorb light. In the final part, as might have been predicted, a significant number of students used the electrode potential for \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{/Cu (}} + {\text{0.34 V)}}\), rather than those required, but a number of them managed to gain some credit by combining this with the other potential in a valid manner and correctly predicting the spontaneity that it would imply.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question in general was well answered, with an encouraging number of students being able to both calculate the proportions of the two isotopes of copper and state its atypical electron configuration. Responses to part (c) often centred around the splitting of d-orbitals rather than their completeness and a disturbing number of answers implied, or stated, that transition metals emit, rather than absorb light. In the final part, as might have been predicted, a significant number of students used the electrode potential for \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{/Cu (}} + {\text{0.34 V)}}\), rather than those required, but a number of them managed to gain some credit by combining this with the other potential in a valid manner and correctly predicting the spontaneity that it would imply.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The concentration of a solution of a weak acid, such as ethanedioic acid, can be determined<br>by titration with a standard solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>5.00 g of an impure sample of hydrated ethanedioic acid, (COOH)<sub>2</sub>•2H<sub>2</sub>O, was dissolved in water to make 1.00 dm<sup>3</sup> of solution. 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> samples of this solution were titrated against a 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution of sodium hydroxide using a suitable indicator.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">(COOH)<sub>2</sub> (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) → (COONa)<sub>2 </sub>(aq) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
<p>The mean value of the titre was 14.0 cm<sup>3</sup>.</p>
<p>(i) Suggest a suitable indicator for this titration. Use section 22 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>(ii) Calculate the amount, in mol, of NaOH in 14.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution.</p>
<p>(iii) Calculate the amount, in mol, of ethanedioic acid in each 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> sample.</p>
<p>(iv) Determine the percentage purity of the hydrated ethanedioic acid sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the ethanedioate ion, <sup>–</sup>OOCCOO<sup>–</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why all the C–O bond lengths in the ethanedioate ion are the same length and suggest a value for them. Use section 10 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain how ethanedioate ions act as ligands.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>i<br>phenolphthalein<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>phenol red</p>
<p> </p>
<p>ii<br>«n(NaOH) = \(\left( {\frac{{14.0}}{{1000}}} \right)\) dm<sup>3</sup> × 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> =» 1.40 × 10<sup>-3</sup> «mol»</p>
<p><br><br>iii<br>«\(\frac{1}{2}\) × 1.40 × 10<sup>-3 </sup>=» 7.00 × 10<sup>-4</sup> «mol»</p>
<p> </p>
<p>iv<br><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 1:</strong></em><br>«mass of pure hydrated ethanedioic acid in each titration = 7.00 × 10<sup>-4</sup> mol × 126.08 g mol<sup>-1</sup> =» 0.0883 / 8.83 × 10<sup>-2</sup> «g»</p>
<p>mass of sample in each titration = «\(\frac{{25}}{{1000}}\) × 5.00 g =» 0.125 «g»</p>
<p>«% purity = \(\frac{{0.0883{\rm{g}}}}{{0.125{\rm{g}}}}\) × 100 =» 70.6 «%»</p>
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 2:</strong></em><br>«mol of pure hydrated ethanedioic acid in 1 dm<sup>3</sup> solution = 7.00 × 10<sup>-4</sup> × \(\frac{{1000}}{{25}}\)=» 2.80 × 10<sup>-2 </sup>«mol»</p>
<p>«mass of pure hydrated ethanedioic acid in sample = 2.80 × 10<sup>-2</sup> mol × 126.08 g mol<sup>-1</sup> =» 3.53 «g»</p>
<p>«% purity = \(\frac{{3.53{\rm{g}}}}{{5.00{\rm{g}}}}\) × 100 =» 70.6 «%»</p>
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 3:</strong></em><br>mol of hydrated ethanedioic acid (assuming sample to be pure) = \(\frac{{5.00{\rm{g}}}}{{126.08{\rm{gmo}}{{\rm{l}}^{{\rm{ - 1}}}}}}\) = 0.03966 «mol»</p>
<p>actual amount of hydrated ethanedioic acid = «7.00 × 10<sup>-4</sup> × \(\frac{{1000}}{{25}}\) =» 2.80 × 10<sup>-2</sup> «mol»</p>
<p>«% purity = \(\frac{{2.80 \times {{10}^{ - 2}}}}{{0.03966}}\) × 100 =» 70.6 «%»</p>
<p><em>Award suitable part marks for alternative methods.</em><br><em>Award<strong> [3]</strong> for correct final answer.</em><br><em>Award <strong>[2 max]</strong> for 50.4 % if anhydrous ethanedioic acid assumed.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p><em>Accept single negative charges on two O atoms singly bonded to C.</em><br><em>Do not accept resonance structures.</em><br><em>Allow any combination of dots/crosses or lines to represent electron pairs.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrons delocalized «across the O–C–O system»<br><em><strong>OR <br></strong></em>resonance occurs</p>
<p><em>Accept delocalized π-bond(s). <br>No ECF from (d). </em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>122 «pm» < C–O < 143 «pm»</p>
<p><em>Accept any answer in range 123 «pm» to 142 «pm». <br>Accept “bond intermediate between single and double bond” or “bond order 1.5”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>coordinate/dative/covalent bond from O to «transition» metal «ion»<br><em><strong>OR <br></strong></em>acts as a Lewis base/nucleophile</p>
<p>can occupy two positions<br><em><strong>OR <br></strong></em>provide two electron pairs from different «O» atoms<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>form two «coordinate/dative/covalent» bonds «with the metal ion»<br><em><strong>OR <br></strong></em>chelate «metal/ion»</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Chromium is a transition metal with many uses.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">A voltaic cell is constructed as follows. One half-cell contains a chromium electrode immersed in a solution containing \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) ions. The other half-cell contains a copper electrode immersed in a solution containing \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) ions. The two electrodes are connected to a voltmeter and the two solutions by a salt bridge.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-07_om_11.31.53.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/08.e"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw an orbital diagram (using the arrow-in-box notation) showing the electrons in the 4s and 3d sub-levels in chromium metal.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Outline the nature of the metallic bonding present in chromium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why chromium metal is malleable.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the name of \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the ionic bonding present in \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) and how the ions are formed.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Suggest why solid \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) does <strong>not </strong>conduct electricity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Chromium forms the complex ion \({[{\text{Cr}}{({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}})_{\text{4}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2}]^ + }\).</p>
<p class="p2">Deduce the oxidation number of chromium in this complex.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Chromium forms the complex ion \({[{\text{Cr}}{({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}})_{\text{4}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2}]^ + }\).</p>
<p class="p1">Describe the nature of the ligand-chromium ion bonds in terms of acid-base theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Chromium forms the complex ion \({[{\text{Cr}}{({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}})_{\text{4}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2}]^ + }\).</p>
<p class="p2">Explain why \({[{\text{Cr}}{({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}})_{\text{4}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{]}}^ + }\) is coloured.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Chromium forms the complex ion \({[{\text{Cr}}{({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}})_{\text{4}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2}]^ + }\).</p>
<p class="p1">Draw the structures of <strong>two </strong>possible isomers of this complex ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The dichromate ion, \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}}\)<span class="s1">, and the iodide ion, \({{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\)</span>, react together in the presence of an acid to form \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\)<span class="s1"> and \({\text{IO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}}\) ions. Deduce the half-equation for the reaction of \({{\text{I}}^ - }\)</span> <span class="s1">to \({\text{IO}}_3^ - \)</span> and the overall equation for this reaction.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Half-equation:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Overall equation:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain in terms of oxidation numbers whether iodine is oxidized or reduced in part (d) (i).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>standard electrode potential</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the cell potential, in V, under standard conditions, for this voltaic cell, using table 14 of the data booklet and \({\text{E}}_{{\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}/{\text{Cr}}}^\Theta = -0.74{\text{ V}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Predict the balanced equation for the spontaneous reaction which will produce a current in this voltaic cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the negative and the positive electrodes in this cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Predict the direction of movement of electrons in the external circuit.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the directions in which the negative ions (anions) and the positive ions (cations) flow in the salt bridge.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.vi.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-07_om_10.32.13.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/08.a.i/M"></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept full-arrows.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept boxes in reverse order or at different energy levels.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not award the mark if sub-levels are incorrectly labelled or if no boxes are </em><em>drawn.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(electrostatic) attraction between (lattice of) cations/positive/\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) ions and delocalized electrons;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(delocalized electrons allows) the layers/rows of cations/positive/\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) ions to slide past each other (without disrupting the metallic bonding);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept atoms instead of ions.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">chromium(III) oxide;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not award the mark for chromium oxide.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(electrostatic) attraction between positive and negative ions/oppositely charged ions/\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) and \({{\text{O}}^{2 - }}\);</p>
<p class="p1">formed as a result of electron transfer from chromium atoms to oxygen atoms / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore reference to number of electrons transferred or charges of ion for M2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">ions are not free to move (when solid) / ions in rigid lattice / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">III / +3;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept incorrect notation such as </em>3+/3<em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">ligand has lone/non-bonding electron pair /</p>
<p class="p1">dative (covalent)/coordinate/coordination bond forms;</p>
<p class="p1">ligand is <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Lewis</span> base / ion is <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Lewis</span> acid;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">partially filled/incomplete d sub levels/orbitals;</p>
<p class="p1">d orbitals split into two levels;</p>
<p class="p1">energy difference is in visible part of spectrum / electrons absorb visible light/one colour/frequency/wavelength;</p>
<p class="p1">electron transitions occur from lower to higher energy level (within d sub-level);</p>
<p class="p1">complementary colour/colour not absorbed is seen;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept complementary colour "emitted".</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-07_om_11.08.12.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/08.c.iv/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept any other octahedral arrangement of ligands.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore missing square brackets and charge.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Half equation:</em></p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \to {\text{IO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}} + {\text{6}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{6}}{{\text{e}}^ - }\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept e instead of </em>\({e^ - }\)<em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept reversible arrows.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Overall equation:</em></p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{8}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{IO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}} + {\text{4}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">oxidized <span class="s1"><strong>and </strong></span>increase (in oxidation number) of 6/from –1/–I to +5/+V;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">potential (of reduction half-reaction) under standard conditions measured relative to standard hydrogen electrode/SHE / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept “solute concentration of 1 </em>\(mol\,d{m^{ - 3}}\)<em>” or “1 bar/1 atm (pressure) for gases” instead of “standard conditions”.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept voltage/emf for potential.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(( + )1.08{\text{ (V)}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{2Cr(s)}} + {\text{3C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{3Cu(s)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept reversible arrows.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Negative electrode: </em>chromium/Cr <strong>and </strong><em>Positive electrode: </em>copper/Cu;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept “Cr is the anode </em><strong><em>and </em></strong><em>Cu the cathode”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">from chromium/Cr to copper/Cu;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept “from negative electrode/anode to positive electrode/cathode” if </em><em>electrodes correctly identified in (iv).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">negative ions/anions towards the chromium(III) solution <span class="s1"><strong>and </strong></span>positive ions/cations towards the copper(II) solution / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.vi.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were able to draw an arrow in the box diagram for the electron configuration of chromium, but few gave a complete description of the nature of metallic bonding and did not refer to the attraction between the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations and the delocalized electrons. Candidates were more successful in explaining malleability in terms of \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations sliding over one another. Most candidates were able to use oxidation numbers in naming \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) but the explanation of ionic bonding was incomplete with only limited reference to the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions. Students continue to struggle to understand that conductivity of molten ionic compounds is due to mobile ions not electrons. Most candidates were able to deduce the oxidation number in the complex ion and give the answer using the correct notation. The nature of the ligand-chromium bond was well known and the explanation of the colour of transition metal complexes was stronger than in previous sessions with only a minority referring to the emission of light. Some teachers have commented that trans/cis-isomers of the complex ions is not specifically stated in the guide but many students were able draw two possible isomers. The representation of 3D structures could have been clearer although this was not explicitly penalized. Redox half-reactions continue to challenge many with only the stronger students being able to gain both marks and deduce the correct overall equation. Some teachers commented that the question was too demanding as students had to construct two half-equations in order to get to the overall redox equation, but the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}^{{\text{2}} - }{\text{/C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) half-reaction is given in table 14 of the current data booklet. The majority of candidates identified the conversion of \({{\text{I}}^ - }\) to \({\text{I}}{{\text{O}}^{3 - }}\) as oxidation and many able to identify the increase in oxidation number. The workings of a voltaic cell was generally well understood but the definition of the term standard electrode potential was often incomplete with the reference to standard conditions of the hydrogen electrode often missing.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were able to draw an arrow in the box diagram for the electron configuration of chromium, but few gave a complete description of the nature of metallic bonding and did not refer to the attraction between the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations and the delocalized electrons. Candidates were more successful in explaining malleability in terms of \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations sliding over one another. Most candidates were able to use oxidation numbers in naming \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) but the explanation of ionic bonding was incomplete with only limited reference to the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions. Students continue to struggle to understand that conductivity of molten ionic compounds is due to mobile ions not electrons. Most candidates were able to deduce the oxidation number in the complex ion and give the answer using the correct notation. The nature of the ligand-chromium bond was well known and the explanation of the colour of transition metal complexes was stronger than in previous sessions with only a minority referring to the emission of light. Some teachers have commented that trans/cis-isomers of the complex ions is not specifically stated in the guide but many students were able draw two possible isomers. The representation of 3D structures could have been clearer although this was not explicitly penalized. Redox half-reactions continue to challenge many with only the stronger students being able to gain both marks and deduce the correct overall equation. Some teachers commented that the question was too demanding as students had to construct two half-equations in order to get to the overall redox equation, but the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}^{{\text{2}} - }{\text{/C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) half-reaction is given in table 14 of the current data booklet. The majority of candidates identified the conversion of \({{\text{I}}^ - }\) to \({\text{I}}{{\text{O}}^{3 - }}\) as oxidation and many able to identify the increase in oxidation number. The workings of a voltaic cell was generally well understood but the definition of the term standard electrode potential was often incomplete with the reference to standard conditions of the hydrogen electrode often missing.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were able to draw an arrow in the box diagram for the electron configuration of chromium, but few gave a complete description of the nature of metallic bonding and did not refer to the attraction between the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations and the delocalized electrons. Candidates were more successful in explaining malleability in terms of \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations sliding over one another. Most candidates were able to use oxidation numbers in naming \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) but the explanation of ionic bonding was incomplete with only limited reference to the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions. Students continue to struggle to understand that conductivity of molten ionic compounds is due to mobile ions not electrons. Most candidates were able to deduce the oxidation number in the complex ion and give the answer using the correct notation. The nature of the ligand-chromium bond was well known and the explanation of the colour of transition metal complexes was stronger than in previous sessions with only a minority referring to the emission of light. Some teachers have commented that trans/cis-isomers of the complex ions is not specifically stated in the guide but many students were able draw two possible isomers. The representation of 3D structures could have been clearer although this was not explicitly penalized. Redox half-reactions continue to challenge many with only the stronger students being able to gain both marks and deduce the correct overall equation. Some teachers commented that the question was too demanding as students had to construct two half-equations in order to get to the overall redox equation, but the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}^{{\text{2}} - }{\text{/C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) half-reaction is given in table 14 of the current data booklet. The majority of candidates identified the conversion of \({{\text{I}}^ - }\) to \({\text{I}}{{\text{O}}^{3 - }}\) as oxidation and many able to identify the increase in oxidation number. The workings of a voltaic cell was generally well understood but the definition of the term standard electrode potential was often incomplete with the reference to standard conditions of the hydrogen electrode often missing.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were able to draw an arrow in the box diagram for the electron configuration of chromium, but few gave a complete description of the nature of metallic bonding and did not refer to the attraction between the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations and the delocalized electrons. Candidates were more successful in explaining malleability in terms of \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations sliding over one another. Most candidates were able to use oxidation numbers in naming \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) but the explanation of ionic bonding was incomplete with only limited reference to the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions. Students continue to struggle to understand that conductivity of molten ionic compounds is due to mobile ions not electrons. Most candidates were able to deduce the oxidation number in the complex ion and give the answer using the correct notation. The nature of the ligand-chromium bond was well known and the explanation of the colour of transition metal complexes was stronger than in previous sessions with only a minority referring to the emission of light. Some teachers have commented that trans/cis-isomers of the complex ions is not specifically stated in the guide but many students were able draw two possible isomers. The representation of 3D structures could have been clearer although this was not explicitly penalized. Redox half-reactions continue to challenge many with only the stronger students being able to gain both marks and deduce the correct overall equation. Some teachers commented that the question was too demanding as students had to construct two half-equations in order to get to the overall redox equation, but the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}^{{\text{2}} - }{\text{/C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) half-reaction is given in table 14 of the current data booklet. The majority of candidates identified the conversion of \({{\text{I}}^ - }\) to \({\text{I}}{{\text{O}}^{3 - }}\) as oxidation and many able to identify the increase in oxidation number. The workings of a voltaic cell was generally well understood but the definition of the term standard electrode potential was often incomplete with the reference to standard conditions of the hydrogen electrode often missing.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were able to draw an arrow in the box diagram for the electron configuration of chromium, but few gave a complete description of the nature of metallic bonding and did not refer to the attraction between the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations and the delocalized electrons. Candidates were more successful in explaining malleability in terms of \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations sliding over one another. Most candidates were able to use oxidation numbers in naming \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) but the explanation of ionic bonding was incomplete with only limited reference to the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions. Students continue to struggle to understand that conductivity of molten ionic compounds is due to mobile ions not electrons. Most candidates were able to deduce the oxidation number in the complex ion and give the answer using the correct notation. The nature of the ligand-chromium bond was well known and the explanation of the colour of transition metal complexes was stronger than in previous sessions with only a minority referring to the emission of light. Some teachers have commented that trans/cis-isomers of the complex ions is not specifically stated in the guide but many students were able draw two possible isomers. The representation of 3D structures could have been clearer although this was not explicitly penalized. Redox half-reactions continue to challenge many with only the stronger students being able to gain both marks and deduce the correct overall equation. Some teachers commented that the question was too demanding as students had to construct two half-equations in order to get to the overall redox equation, but the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}^{{\text{2}} - }{\text{/C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) half-reaction is given in table 14 of the current data booklet. The majority of candidates identified the conversion of \({{\text{I}}^ - }\) to \({\text{I}}{{\text{O}}^{3 - }}\) as oxidation and many able to identify the increase in oxidation number. The workings of a voltaic cell was generally well understood but the definition of the term standard electrode potential was often incomplete with the reference to standard conditions of the hydrogen electrode often missing.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were able to draw an arrow in the box diagram for the electron configuration of chromium, but few gave a complete description of the nature of metallic bonding and did not refer to the attraction between the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations and the delocalized electrons. Candidates were more successful in explaining malleability in terms of \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations sliding over one another. Most candidates were able to use oxidation numbers in naming \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) but the explanation of ionic bonding was incomplete with only limited reference to the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions. Students continue to struggle to understand that conductivity of molten ionic compounds is due to mobile ions not electrons. Most candidates were able to deduce the oxidation number in the complex ion and give the answer using the correct notation. The nature of the ligand-chromium bond was well known and the explanation of the colour of transition metal complexes was stronger than in previous sessions with only a minority referring to the emission of light. Some teachers have commented that trans/cis-isomers of the complex ions is not specifically stated in the guide but many students were able draw two possible isomers. The representation of 3D structures could have been clearer although this was not explicitly penalized. Redox half-reactions continue to challenge many with only the stronger students being able to gain both marks and deduce the correct overall equation. Some teachers commented that the question was too demanding as students had to construct two half-equations in order to get to the overall redox equation, but the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}^{{\text{2}} - }{\text{/C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) half-reaction is given in table 14 of the current data booklet. The majority of candidates identified the conversion of \({{\text{I}}^ - }\) to \({\text{I}}{{\text{O}}^{3 - }}\) as oxidation and many able to identify the increase in oxidation number. The workings of a voltaic cell was generally well understood but the definition of the term standard electrode potential was often incomplete with the reference to standard conditions of the hydrogen electrode often missing.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were able to draw an arrow in the box diagram for the electron configuration of chromium, but few gave a complete description of the nature of metallic bonding and did not refer to the attraction between the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations and the delocalized electrons. Candidates were more successful in explaining malleability in terms of \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations sliding over one another. Most candidates were able to use oxidation numbers in naming \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) but the explanation of ionic bonding was incomplete with only limited reference to the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions. Students continue to struggle to understand that conductivity of molten ionic compounds is due to mobile ions not electrons. Most candidates were able to deduce the oxidation number in the complex ion and give the answer using the correct notation. The nature of the ligand-chromium bond was well known and the explanation of the colour of transition metal complexes was stronger than in previous sessions with only a minority referring to the emission of light. Some teachers have commented that trans/cis-isomers of the complex ions is not specifically stated in the guide but many students were able draw two possible isomers. The representation of 3D structures could have been clearer although this was not explicitly penalized. Redox half-reactions continue to challenge many with only the stronger students being able to gain both marks and deduce the correct overall equation. Some teachers commented that the question was too demanding as students had to construct two half-equations in order to get to the overall redox equation, but the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}^{{\text{2}} - }{\text{/C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) half-reaction is given in table 14 of the current data booklet. The majority of candidates identified the conversion of \({{\text{I}}^ - }\) to \({\text{I}}{{\text{O}}^{3 - }}\) as oxidation and many able to identify the increase in oxidation number. The workings of a voltaic cell was generally well understood but the definition of the term standard electrode potential was often incomplete with the reference to standard conditions of the hydrogen electrode often missing.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were able to draw an arrow in the box diagram for the electron configuration of chromium, but few gave a complete description of the nature of metallic bonding and did not refer to the attraction between the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations and the delocalized electrons. Candidates were more successful in explaining malleability in terms of \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations sliding over one another. Most candidates were able to use oxidation numbers in naming \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) but the explanation of ionic bonding was incomplete with only limited reference to the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions. Students continue to struggle to understand that conductivity of molten ionic compounds is due to mobile ions not electrons. Most candidates were able to deduce the oxidation number in the complex ion and give the answer using the correct notation. The nature of the ligand-chromium bond was well known and the explanation of the colour of transition metal complexes was stronger than in previous sessions with only a minority referring to the emission of light. Some teachers have commented that trans/cis-isomers of the complex ions is not specifically stated in the guide but many students were able draw two possible isomers. The representation of 3D structures could have been clearer although this was not explicitly penalized. Redox half-reactions continue to challenge many with only the stronger students being able to gain both marks and deduce the correct overall equation. Some teachers commented that the question was too demanding as students had to construct two half-equations in order to get to the overall redox equation, but the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}^{{\text{2}} - }{\text{/C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) half-reaction is given in table 14 of the current data booklet. The majority of candidates identified the conversion of \({{\text{I}}^ - }\) to \({\text{I}}{{\text{O}}^{3 - }}\) as oxidation and many able to identify the increase in oxidation number. The workings of a voltaic cell was generally well understood but the definition of the term standard electrode potential was often incomplete with the reference to standard conditions of the hydrogen electrode often missing.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were able to draw an arrow in the box diagram for the electron configuration of chromium, but few gave a complete description of the nature of metallic bonding and did not refer to the attraction between the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations and the delocalized electrons. Candidates were more successful in explaining malleability in terms of \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations sliding over one another. Most candidates were able to use oxidation numbers in naming \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) but the explanation of ionic bonding was incomplete with only limited reference to the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions. Students continue to struggle to understand that conductivity of molten ionic compounds is due to mobile ions not electrons. Most candidates were able to deduce the oxidation number in the complex ion and give the answer using the correct notation. The nature of the ligand-chromium bond was well known and the explanation of the colour of transition metal complexes was stronger than in previous sessions with only a minority referring to the emission of light. Some teachers have commented that trans/cis-isomers of the complex ions is not specifically stated in the guide but many students were able draw two possible isomers. The representation of 3D structures could have been clearer although this was not explicitly penalized. Redox half-reactions continue to challenge many with only the stronger students being able to gain both marks and deduce the correct overall equation. Some teachers commented that the question was too demanding as students had to construct two half-equations in order to get to the overall redox equation, but the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}^{{\text{2}} - }{\text{/C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) half-reaction is given in table 14 of the current data booklet. The majority of candidates identified the conversion of \({{\text{I}}^ - }\) to \({\text{I}}{{\text{O}}^{3 - }}\) as oxidation and many able to identify the increase in oxidation number. The workings of a voltaic cell was generally well understood but the definition of the term standard electrode potential was often incomplete with the reference to standard conditions of the hydrogen electrode often missing.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were able to draw an arrow in the box diagram for the electron configuration of chromium, but few gave a complete description of the nature of metallic bonding and did not refer to the attraction between the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations and the delocalized electrons. Candidates were more successful in explaining malleability in terms of \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations sliding over one another. Most candidates were able to use oxidation numbers in naming \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) but the explanation of ionic bonding was incomplete with only limited reference to the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions. Students continue to struggle to understand that conductivity of molten ionic compounds is due to mobile ions not electrons. Most candidates were able to deduce the oxidation number in the complex ion and give the answer using the correct notation. The nature of the ligand-chromium bond was well known and the explanation of the colour of transition metal complexes was stronger than in previous sessions with only a minority referring to the emission of light. Some teachers have commented that trans/cis-isomers of the complex ions is not specifically stated in the guide but many students were able draw two possible isomers. The representation of 3D structures could have been clearer although this was not explicitly penalized. Redox half-reactions continue to challenge many with only the stronger students being able to gain both marks and deduce the correct overall equation. Some teachers commented that the question was too demanding as students had to construct two half-equations in order to get to the overall redox equation, but the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}^{{\text{2}} - }{\text{/C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) half-reaction is given in table 14 of the current data booklet. The majority of candidates identified the conversion of \({{\text{I}}^ - }\) to \({\text{I}}{{\text{O}}^{3 - }}\) as oxidation and many able to identify the increase in oxidation number. The workings of a voltaic cell was generally well understood but the definition of the term standard electrode potential was often incomplete with the reference to standard conditions of the hydrogen electrode often missing.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were able to draw an arrow in the box diagram for the electron configuration of chromium, but few gave a complete description of the nature of metallic bonding and did not refer to the attraction between the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations and the delocalized electrons. Candidates were more successful in explaining malleability in terms of \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations sliding over one another. Most candidates were able to use oxidation numbers in naming \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) but the explanation of ionic bonding was incomplete with only limited reference to the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions. Students continue to struggle to understand that conductivity of molten ionic compounds is due to mobile ions not electrons. Most candidates were able to deduce the oxidation number in the complex ion and give the answer using the correct notation. The nature of the ligand-chromium bond was well known and the explanation of the colour of transition metal complexes was stronger than in previous sessions with only a minority referring to the emission of light. Some teachers have commented that trans/cis-isomers of the complex ions is not specifically stated in the guide but many students were able draw two possible isomers. The representation of 3D structures could have been clearer although this was not explicitly penalized. Redox half-reactions continue to challenge many with only the stronger students being able to gain both marks and deduce the correct overall equation. Some teachers commented that the question was too demanding as students had to construct two half-equations in order to get to the overall redox equation, but the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}^{{\text{2}} - }{\text{/C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) half-reaction is given in table 14 of the current data booklet. The majority of candidates identified the conversion of \({{\text{I}}^ - }\) to \({\text{I}}{{\text{O}}^{3 - }}\) as oxidation and many able to identify the increase in oxidation number. The workings of a voltaic cell was generally well understood but the definition of the term standard electrode potential was often incomplete with the reference to standard conditions of the hydrogen electrode often missing.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were able to draw an arrow in the box diagram for the electron configuration of chromium, but few gave a complete description of the nature of metallic bonding and did not refer to the attraction between the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations and the delocalized electrons. Candidates were more successful in explaining malleability in terms of \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations sliding over one another. Most candidates were able to use oxidation numbers in naming \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) but the explanation of ionic bonding was incomplete with only limited reference to the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions. Students continue to struggle to understand that conductivity of molten ionic compounds is due to mobile ions not electrons. Most candidates were able to deduce the oxidation number in the complex ion and give the answer using the correct notation. The nature of the ligand-chromium bond was well known and the explanation of the colour of transition metal complexes was stronger than in previous sessions with only a minority referring to the emission of light. Some teachers have commented that trans/cis-isomers of the complex ions is not specifically stated in the guide but many students were able draw two possible isomers. The representation of 3D structures could have been clearer although this was not explicitly penalized. Redox half-reactions continue to challenge many with only the stronger students being able to gain both marks and deduce the correct overall equation. Some teachers commented that the question was too demanding as students had to construct two half-equations in order to get to the overall redox equation, but the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}^{{\text{2}} - }{\text{/C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) half-reaction is given in table 14 of the current data booklet. The majority of candidates identified the conversion of \({{\text{I}}^ - }\) to \({\text{I}}{{\text{O}}^{3 - }}\) as oxidation and many able to identify the increase in oxidation number. The workings of a voltaic cell was generally well understood but the definition of the term standard electrode potential was often incomplete with the reference to standard conditions of the hydrogen electrode often missing.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were able to draw an arrow in the box diagram for the electron configuration of chromium, but few gave a complete description of the nature of metallic bonding and did not refer to the attraction between the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations and the delocalized electrons. Candidates were more successful in explaining malleability in terms of \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations sliding over one another. Most candidates were able to use oxidation numbers in naming \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) but the explanation of ionic bonding was incomplete with only limited reference to the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions. Students continue to struggle to understand that conductivity of molten ionic compounds is due to mobile ions not electrons. Most candidates were able to deduce the oxidation number in the complex ion and give the answer using the correct notation. The nature of the ligand-chromium bond was well known and the explanation of the colour of transition metal complexes was stronger than in previous sessions with only a minority referring to the emission of light. Some teachers have commented that trans/cis-isomers of the complex ions is not specifically stated in the guide but many students were able draw two possible isomers. The representation of 3D structures could have been clearer although this was not explicitly penalized. Redox half-reactions continue to challenge many with only the stronger students being able to gain both marks and deduce the correct overall equation. Some teachers commented that the question was too demanding as students had to construct two half-equations in order to get to the overall redox equation, but the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}^{{\text{2}} - }{\text{/C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) half-reaction is given in table 14 of the current data booklet. The majority of candidates identified the conversion of \({{\text{I}}^ - }\) to \({\text{I}}{{\text{O}}^{3 - }}\) as oxidation and many able to identify the increase in oxidation number. The workings of a voltaic cell was generally well understood but the definition of the term standard electrode potential was often incomplete with the reference to standard conditions of the hydrogen electrode often missing.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were able to draw an arrow in the box diagram for the electron configuration of chromium, but few gave a complete description of the nature of metallic bonding and did not refer to the attraction between the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations and the delocalized electrons. Candidates were more successful in explaining malleability in terms of \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations sliding over one another. Most candidates were able to use oxidation numbers in naming \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) but the explanation of ionic bonding was incomplete with only limited reference to the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions. Students continue to struggle to understand that conductivity of molten ionic compounds is due to mobile ions not electrons. Most candidates were able to deduce the oxidation number in the complex ion and give the answer using the correct notation. The nature of the ligand-chromium bond was well known and the explanation of the colour of transition metal complexes was stronger than in previous sessions with only a minority referring to the emission of light. Some teachers have commented that trans/cis-isomers of the complex ions is not specifically stated in the guide but many students were able draw two possible isomers. The representation of 3D structures could have been clearer although this was not explicitly penalized. Redox half-reactions continue to challenge many with only the stronger students being able to gain both marks and deduce the correct overall equation. Some teachers commented that the question was too demanding as students had to construct two half-equations in order to get to the overall redox equation, but the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}^{{\text{2}} - }{\text{/C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) half-reaction is given in table 14 of the current data booklet. The majority of candidates identified the conversion of \({{\text{I}}^ - }\) to \({\text{I}}{{\text{O}}^{3 - }}\) as oxidation and many able to identify the increase in oxidation number. The workings of a voltaic cell was generally well understood but the definition of the term standard electrode potential was often incomplete with the reference to standard conditions of the hydrogen electrode often missing.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were able to draw an arrow in the box diagram for the electron configuration of chromium, but few gave a complete description of the nature of metallic bonding and did not refer to the attraction between the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations and the delocalized electrons. Candidates were more successful in explaining malleability in terms of \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations sliding over one another. Most candidates were able to use oxidation numbers in naming \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) but the explanation of ionic bonding was incomplete with only limited reference to the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions. Students continue to struggle to understand that conductivity of molten ionic compounds is due to mobile ions not electrons. Most candidates were able to deduce the oxidation number in the complex ion and give the answer using the correct notation. The nature of the ligand-chromium bond was well known and the explanation of the colour of transition metal complexes was stronger than in previous sessions with only a minority referring to the emission of light. Some teachers have commented that trans/cis-isomers of the complex ions is not specifically stated in the guide but many students were able draw two possible isomers. The representation of 3D structures could have been clearer although this was not explicitly penalized. Redox half-reactions continue to challenge many with only the stronger students being able to gain both marks and deduce the correct overall equation. Some teachers commented that the question was too demanding as students had to construct two half-equations in order to get to the overall redox equation, but the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}^{{\text{2}} - }{\text{/C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) half-reaction is given in table 14 of the current data booklet. The majority of candidates identified the conversion of \({{\text{I}}^ - }\) to \({\text{I}}{{\text{O}}^{3 - }}\) as oxidation and many able to identify the increase in oxidation number. The workings of a voltaic cell was generally well understood but the definition of the term standard electrode potential was often incomplete with the reference to standard conditions of the hydrogen electrode often missing.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were able to draw an arrow in the box diagram for the electron configuration of chromium, but few gave a complete description of the nature of metallic bonding and did not refer to the attraction between the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations and the delocalized electrons. Candidates were more successful in explaining malleability in terms of \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations sliding over one another. Most candidates were able to use oxidation numbers in naming \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) but the explanation of ionic bonding was incomplete with only limited reference to the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions. Students continue to struggle to understand that conductivity of molten ionic compounds is due to mobile ions not electrons. Most candidates were able to deduce the oxidation number in the complex ion and give the answer using the correct notation. The nature of the ligand-chromium bond was well known and the explanation of the colour of transition metal complexes was stronger than in previous sessions with only a minority referring to the emission of light. Some teachers have commented that trans/cis-isomers of the complex ions is not specifically stated in the guide but many students were able draw two possible isomers. The representation of 3D structures could have been clearer although this was not explicitly penalized. Redox half-reactions continue to challenge many with only the stronger students being able to gain both marks and deduce the correct overall equation. Some teachers commented that the question was too demanding as students had to construct two half-equations in order to get to the overall redox equation, but the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}^{{\text{2}} - }{\text{/C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) half-reaction is given in table 14 of the current data booklet. The majority of candidates identified the conversion of \({{\text{I}}^ - }\) to \({\text{I}}{{\text{O}}^{3 - }}\) as oxidation and many able to identify the increase in oxidation number. The workings of a voltaic cell was generally well understood but the definition of the term standard electrode potential was often incomplete with the reference to standard conditions of the hydrogen electrode often missing.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were able to draw an arrow in the box diagram for the electron configuration of chromium, but few gave a complete description of the nature of metallic bonding and did not refer to the attraction between the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations and the delocalized electrons. Candidates were more successful in explaining malleability in terms of \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations sliding over one another. Most candidates were able to use oxidation numbers in naming \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) but the explanation of ionic bonding was incomplete with only limited reference to the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions. Students continue to struggle to understand that conductivity of molten ionic compounds is due to mobile ions not electrons. Most candidates were able to deduce the oxidation number in the complex ion and give the answer using the correct notation. The nature of the ligand-chromium bond was well known and the explanation of the colour of transition metal complexes was stronger than in previous sessions with only a minority referring to the emission of light. Some teachers have commented that trans/cis-isomers of the complex ions is not specifically stated in the guide but many students were able draw two possible isomers. The representation of 3D structures could have been clearer although this was not explicitly penalized. Redox half-reactions continue to challenge many with only the stronger students being able to gain both marks and deduce the correct overall equation. Some teachers commented that the question was too demanding as students had to construct two half-equations in order to get to the overall redox equation, but the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}^{{\text{2}} - }{\text{/C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) half-reaction is given in table 14 of the current data booklet. The majority of candidates identified the conversion of \({{\text{I}}^ - }\) to \({\text{I}}{{\text{O}}^{3 - }}\) as oxidation and many able to identify the increase in oxidation number. The workings of a voltaic cell was generally well understood but the definition of the term standard electrode potential was often incomplete with the reference to standard conditions of the hydrogen electrode often missing.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were able to draw an arrow in the box diagram for the electron configuration of chromium, but few gave a complete description of the nature of metallic bonding and did not refer to the attraction between the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations and the delocalized electrons. Candidates were more successful in explaining malleability in terms of \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) cations sliding over one another. Most candidates were able to use oxidation numbers in naming \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) but the explanation of ionic bonding was incomplete with only limited reference to the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions. Students continue to struggle to understand that conductivity of molten ionic compounds is due to mobile ions not electrons. Most candidates were able to deduce the oxidation number in the complex ion and give the answer using the correct notation. The nature of the ligand-chromium bond was well known and the explanation of the colour of transition metal complexes was stronger than in previous sessions with only a minority referring to the emission of light. Some teachers have commented that trans/cis-isomers of the complex ions is not specifically stated in the guide but many students were able draw two possible isomers. The representation of 3D structures could have been clearer although this was not explicitly penalized. Redox half-reactions continue to challenge many with only the stronger students being able to gain both marks and deduce the correct overall equation. Some teachers commented that the question was too demanding as students had to construct two half-equations in order to get to the overall redox equation, but the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}^{{\text{2}} - }{\text{/C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) half-reaction is given in table 14 of the current data booklet. The majority of candidates identified the conversion of \({{\text{I}}^ - }\) to \({\text{I}}{{\text{O}}^{3 - }}\) as oxidation and many able to identify the increase in oxidation number. The workings of a voltaic cell was generally well understood but the definition of the term standard electrode potential was often incomplete with the reference to standard conditions of the hydrogen electrode often missing.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.vi.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The graph of the first ionization energy plotted against atomic number for the first twenty elements shows periodicity.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-14_om_07.20.08.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/08.b"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain how information from this graph provides evidence for the existence of main energy levels and sub-levels within atoms.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State what is meant by the term <em>second ionization energy</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Sketch and explain the shape of the graph obtained for the successive ionization energies of potassium using a logarithmic scale for ionization energy on the <em>y</em>-axis against number of electrons removed on the <em>x</em>-axis.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-14_om_11.58.24.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/08.b.iv/M"></p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the <strong>full </strong>electronic configurations of copper, Cu, and the copper(I) ion, \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }\).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why copper(II) compounds in aqueous solution are coloured whereas scandium(III) compounds in aqueous solution are colourless.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(evidence for main levels)</p>
<p class="p1">highest values for noble gases / lowest values for alkali metals / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">general increase across a period;</p>
<p class="p1">(evidence for sub-levels)</p>
<p class="p1">drop in I.E. from Be to B/Mg to Al/Group 2 to Group 3;</p>
<p class="p1">drop in I.E. from N to O/P to S/Group 5 to Group 6;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({{\text{M}}^ + }{\text{(g)}} \to {{\text{M}}^{2 + }}{\text{(g)}} + {{\text{e}}^ - }\) / <em>OWTTE </em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept e instead of e</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>–</em></span></sup><em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Rough sketch to show:</p>
<p class="p1">Graph of successive ionization energies for potassium</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-14_om_11.58.24_1.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/08.b.iv/M"></p>
<p class="p1">correct use of axes <strong>and </strong>one electron relatively easy to remove;</p>
<p class="p1">a jump in value then eight, another jump to another eight <strong>and </strong>finally another jump for the remaining two electrons ;</p>
<p class="p1">electronic configuration of \({\text{K}} = {\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{1}}}\) / first electron due to removal of \({\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{1}}}\), next eight due to third level/\({\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}\), next eight due to second level/\({\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}\) and last two due to removal of first level/\({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">the more electrons removed the more the positive nucleus attracts the remaining electrons and each main energy level is closer to the nucleus / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{(Cu) 1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{1}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{{\text{10}}}}/{\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{{\text{10}}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{1}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept [Ar]4s</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>1</em></span></sup><em>3d</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>10</em></span></sup>.</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{(C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }{\text{) 1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{{\text{10}}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept [Ar]3d</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>10</em></span></sup>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}\) has an incomplete d sub-level <strong>and</strong> \({\text{S}}{{\text{c}}^{3 + }}\) has no d electrons;</p>
<p class="p1">the d sub-level is split so the d electrons (in copper) can be excited by visible light / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates had difficulty correlating the graph of first ionization energy to main energy levels and sub-levels.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Commonly the graph looked very similar to the graph provided of first ionization energy against atomic number. Even the few candidates who seemed to understand the ideas involved with successive ionization energies drew only partial graphs and did not continue for the removal of all 19 electrons. Some teachers commented on the G2 forms that sketching the graph is beyond the scope of the course but it is clearly covered by AS 12.1.2.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (c), few candidates could correctly write the electron configurations of Cu and \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }\), with many giving a full 4s orbital and only 9 electrons in the 3d orbitals. Candidates who managed to correctly write the electron configuration of Cu often removed a 3d electron when creating \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }\).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates could explain why aqueous solutions of copper(II) compounds are coloured but those of scandium(III) compounds are not, but some candidates responded very weakly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Millerite, a nickel sulfide mineral, is an important source of nickel. The first step in extracting nickel is to roast the ore in air.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The reaction for the formation of liquid tetracarbonylnickel is shown below:</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">\[{\text{Ni(s)}} + 4{\text{CO(g)}} \to {\text{Ni(CO}}{{\text{)}}_4}{\text{(l)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for the oxidation of nickel(II) sulfide to nickel(II) oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The nickel obtained from another ore, nickeliferous limonite, is contaminated with iron. Both nickel and iron react with carbon monoxide gas to form gaseous complexes, tetracarbonylnickel, \({\text{Ni(CO}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(g)}}\), and pentacarbonyliron, \({\text{Fe(CO}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{5}}}{\text{(g)}}\). Suggest why the nickel can be separated from the iron successfully using carbon monoxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the standard entropy change, \(\Delta {S^\theta }\), of the reaction, in \({\text{J}}\,{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}\), using the values given.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate a value for \(\Delta {H^\theta }\) in kJ.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Use your answers to (c)(i) and (c)(ii), to determine the temperature, in °C, at which the decomposition of liquid tetracarbonylnickel to nickel and carbon monoxide becomes favourable.</p>
<p><br>(If you did not get answers to (c)(i) and (c)(ii), use \( - 500{\text{ J}}\,{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}\) and \( - 200{\text{ kJ}}\) respectively but these are not the correct answers.)</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why experiments involving tetracarbonylnickel are very hazardous.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{2NiS(s)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{2NiO(s)}} + {\text{2S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\)</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>formation of «gaseous» pentacarbonyliron is slower<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«gaseous» complexes form at different rates<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>gases have different rates of diffusion «due to difference in masses»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>difference in thermal stability of «gaseous» complexes<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>difference in boiling points of «gaseous» complexes<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>difference in solubility of «gaseous» complexes<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>difference in surface affinity «onto solid absorbent»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>difference in chemical properties of «gaseous» complexes</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept any other valid answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\(\sum {S_{{\text{RHS}}}^\theta = 313.4{\text{ }}\ll {\text{J}}\,{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}\gg } \)<br><em><strong>AND</strong></em><br>\(\sum {S_{{\text{LHS}}}^\theta = \ll (4 \times 197.6) + 29.9{\text{ J}}\,{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}} = \gg {\text{ }}820.3{\text{ }}\ll {\text{J}}\,{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}\gg } \)</p>
<p>\(\Delta {S^\theta }\ll = \sum {S_{{\text{RHS}}}^\theta - \sum {S_{{\text{LHS}}}^\theta = } {\text{ }}313.4 - 820.3\gg = - 506.9{\text{ }}\ll {\text{J}}\,{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}\gg } \)</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award [2] for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\(\Delta {H^\theta }\ll = - 633.0 - 4 \times ( - 110.5)\gg = - 191{\text{ }}\ll kJ\gg \)</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«when» \(\Delta G = 0\) «forward and backward reactions are equally favourable»</p>
<p>«when \(\Delta G = 0\), \({\text{T}} = \frac{{\Delta H}}{{\Delta S}}\)», \({\text{T}} = \ll \frac{{191{\text{ kJ}}}}{{0.5069{\text{ kJ}}\,{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}}} = \gg {\text{ }}377{\text{ }}\ll {\text{K}}\gg \)</p>
<p>«temperature =» 104 «°C»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award [3] for correct final answer. Use of –500 J K<sup>–1</sup> and –200 kJ gives 127 °C.</em></p>
<p><em>Award [2 max] for T < 104 «°C».</em></p>
<p><em>Accept ΔG < 0 and T > 104 «°C».</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>CO is toxic/poisonous<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Ni(CO)<sub>4</sub> decomposition deposits nickel in the lungs<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>tetracarbonylnickel is toxic/poisonous<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>tetracarbonylnickel is highly flammable «auto-ignition temperature of 60 °C»</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Hydrogen peroxide decomposes according to the equation below.</p>
<p>\({\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} + {{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\)</p>
<p>The rate of the decomposition can be monitored by measuring the volume of oxygen gas released. The graph shows the results obtained when a solution of hydrogen peroxide decomposed in the presence of a CuO catalyst.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-22_om_06.42.58.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/11"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how the initial rate of reaction can be found from the graph.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain how and why the rate of reaction changes with time.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curve is drawn below. Label both axes and explain, by annotating the graph, how catalysts increase the rate of reaction.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-22_om_06.52.11.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/11.b"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) In some reactions, increasing the concentration of a reactant does not increase the rate of reaction. Describe how this may occur.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Consider the reaction</p>
<p>\[{\text{2A}} + {\text{B}} \to {\text{C}} + {\text{D}}\]</p>
<p>The reaction is first order with respect to <strong>A</strong>, and zero order with respect to <strong>B</strong>. Deduce the rate expression for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch a graph of rate constant \((k)\) versus temperature.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-22_om_07.07.50.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/11.d"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Hydrochloric acid neutralizes sodium hydroxide, forming sodium chloride and water.</p>
<p>\({\text{NaOH(aq)}} + {\text{HCl(aq)}} \to {\text{NaCl(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}}\) \(\Delta {H^\Theta } = - 57.9{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\)</p>
<p>(i) Define <em>standard enthalpy change of reaction</em>, \(\Delta {H^\Theta }\).</p>
<p>(ii) Determine the amount of energy released, in kJ, when \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{1.00 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sodium hydroxide solution reacts with \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{1.00 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) hydrochloric acid solution.</p>
<p>(iii) In an experiment, 2.50 g of solid sodium hydroxide was dissolved in \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of water. The temperature rose by 13.3 °C. Calculate the standard enthalpy change, in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), for dissolving one mole of solid sodium hydroxide in water.</p>
<p>\[{\text{NaOH(s)}} \to {\text{NaOH(aq)}}\]</p>
<p>(iv) Using relevant data from previous question parts, determine \(\Delta {H^\Theta }\), in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), for the reaction of solid sodium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid.</p>
<p>\[{\text{NaOH(s)}} + {\text{HCl(aq)}} \to {\text{NaCl(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
<div class="marks">[9]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Zinc is found in the d-block of the periodic table. Explain why it is not considered a transition metal.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Explain why \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\) is a more stable ion than \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}\) by reference to their electron configurations.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(draw a) tangent to the curve at origin/time = 0/start of reaction;</p>
<p>(calculate) the gradient/slope (of the tangent);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>rate decreases (with time);</p>
<p>concentration/number of (reactant) molecules per unit volume decreases (with time);</p>
<p><em>Do not accept “number of molecules decreases” or “amount of reactant </em><em>decreases”.</em></p>
<p>collisions (between reactant molecules/reactant and catalyst) become less frequent;</p>
<p><em>Do not accept “fewer collisions” without reference to frequency (eg, no. </em><em>collisions per second).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>y</em>-<em>axis</em>: probability / fraction of molecules/particles / probability density</p>
<p><em>Allow “number of particles/molecules” on y-axis.</em></p>
<p><strong>and</strong></p>
<p><em>x</em>-<em>axis</em>: (kinetic) energy;</p>
<p><em>Accept “speed/velocity” on x-axis.</em></p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-22_om_06.55.55.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/11.b/M"></p>
<p>correct relative position of \({E_{\text{a}}}\) catalysed and \({E_{\text{a}}}\) uncatalysed;</p>
<p>more/greater proportion of molecules/collisions have the lower/required/catalysed \({E_{\text{a}}}\) (and can react upon collision);</p>
<p><em>M3 can be scored by stating </em><strong><em>or </em></strong><em>shading and annotating the graph.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “a greater number/proportion of successful collisions as catalyst reduces </em>\({E_a}\)<em>”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) reactant not involved in (or before) the slowest/rate-determining step/RDS;</p>
<p>reactant is in (large) excess;</p>
<p>(ii) \({\text{(rate}} = {\text{) }}k{\text{[A]}}\);</p>
<p><em>Accept rate =</em> <em>k[A]<sup>1</sup>[B]<sup>0</sup></em><em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>curve with a positive slope curving upwards;</p>
<p><em>Do not penalize if curve passes through the origin.</em></p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-22_om_07.10.15.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/11.d/M"></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) heat transferred/absorbed/released/enthalpy/<span style="text-decoration: underline;">potential</span> energy change when 1 mol/molar amounts of reactant(s) react (to form products) <em>/ OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p>under standard conditions / at a pressure 100 kPa/101.3 kPa/1 atm <strong>and</strong> temperature 298 K/25 °C;</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for difference between standard enthalpies of products and standard enthalpies of reactants / </em>\({H^\Theta }\) <em>(products) – </em>\({H^\Theta }\) <em>(reactants).</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for difference between standard enthalpies of formation of products and standard enthalpies of formation of reactants / </em>\(\Sigma \Delta H_f^\Theta \)<em> (products) – </em>\(\Sigma \Delta H_f^\Theta \) <em>(reactants).</em></p>
<p>(ii) \((1.00 \times 0.0500 = ){\text{ }}0.0500{\text{ (mol)}}\);</p>
<p>\((0.0500 \times 57.9 = ){\text{ }}2.90{\text{ (kJ)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Ignore any negative sign.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for 2900 J.</em></p>
<p>(iii) \(\left( {\frac{{2.50}}{{40.00}} = } \right){\text{ }}0.0625{\text{ (mol NaOH)}}\);</p>
<p>\(0.0500 \times 4.18 \times 13.3 = 2.78{\text{ (kJ)}}/50.0 \times 4.18 \times 13.3 = 2780{\text{ (J)}}\);</p>
<p>\(\left( {\frac{{2.78}}{{0.0625}}} \right) = - 44.5{\text{ (kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}})\);</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[3] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Negative sign is necessary for M3.</em></p>
<p><em>Award M2 and M3 if is used to obtain an enthalpy change of –46.7 (kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>).</em></p>
<p>(iv) \( - 44.5 - 57.9\) / correct Hess’s Law cycle (as below) / correct manipulation of equations;</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-22_om_07.41.59.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/1.e.iv/M"></p>
<p>\( - 102.4{\text{ kJ}}\);</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) zinc (only) forms the ion \({\text{Z}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}\) / has the oxidation state \( + 2\);</p>
<p><em>Allow forms only one ion / has only one oxidation state.</em></p>
<p>has full d-subshell/orbitals / does not have a partially filled d-subshell/orbitals (needed to exhibit transition metal properties);</p>
<p>(ii) \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{: 1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{6}}}/{\text{[Ar] 3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{6}}}\) <strong>and</strong> \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}{\text{: 1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{5}}}/{\text{[Ar] 3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{5}}}\);</p>
<p>half-full sub-level/3d<sup>5</sup> has extra stability;</p>
<p>less repulsion between electrons / electrons singly occupy orbitals / electrons do not have to pair with other electrons;</p>
<p><em>Accept converse points for Fe</em><sup><em>2+</em></sup><em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates related the rate of reaction to the gradient of the curve, but only a few suggested drawing a tangent at \(t = 0\).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Answers were often disappointing and only a few candidates gained full marks.</p>
<p>Candidates often talked about the number of reactant molecules decreasing but neglected to relate this to a lower concentration. Also some candidates still fail to highlight frequency rather than the number of collisions.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Well answered by more than half of the candidates. The labelling of the axes was a challenge for some candidates. The annotation of the diagram with the energy of activation with and without a catalyst was mostly correct, though some weaker students confused it with the effect of temperature and constructed a second curve. Some candidates could not offer an explanation for the third mark.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) Only a few candidates scored this mark. Many candidates stated that a reactant concentration having no effect indicated that the reaction that was zero order in that species, rather than describing the underlying mechanistic reason for the zero order dependence.</p>
<p>(ii) More than half of the candidates could construct a correct rate expression from information about the order of the reactants.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A number of candidates gave a linear relationship, rather than an exponential one, between reaction rate and temperature.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) Defining the standard enthalpy change of reaction was not well answered.</p>
<p>(ii) More than half of the candidates calculated the amount of energy released correctly.</p>
<p>(iii) Half of the candidates were able to gain the three marks. Many candidates lost the third mark for not quoting the negative sign for the enthalpy change. Quite a few candidates used a wrong value for the mass of water.</p>
<p>(iv) Many good answers. A Hess’s Law cycle wasn’t often seen. Quite a few candidates scored through ECF from (iii).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) Most candidates knew that zinc has a full 3d sub-shell but almost all missed out on the second mark about only having one possible oxidation state in its compounds.</p>
<p>(ii) This was a challenging question for many candidates. A large number of candidates did not give the correct electron configurations for the ions, and only few mentioned the stability of the half-full d-sub-shell. Very few scored the third mark.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Titanium and vanadium are consecutive elements in the first transition metal series.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>\({\text{TiC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}\) reacts with water and the resulting titanium(IV) oxide can be used as a smoke screen.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in metals.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Titanium exists as several isotopes. The mass spectrum of a sample of titanium gave the following data:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-20_om_08.37.43.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/02.b"></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Calculate the relative atomic mass of titanium to two decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the \(_{{\text{22}}}^{{\text{48}}}{\text{Ti}}\) atom.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-20_om_08.43.58.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/02.c"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electron configuration of the \(_{{\text{22}}}^{{\text{48}}}{\text{T}}{{\text{i}}^{2 + }}\) ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the melting point of vanadium is higher than that of titanium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch a graph of the first six successive ionization energies of vanadium on the axes provided.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-20_om_09.09.57.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/02.d.iii"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why an aluminium-titanium alloy is harder than pure aluminium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe, in terms of the electrons involved, how the bond between a ligand and a central metal ion is formed.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why transition metals form coloured compounds.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of bonding in potassium chloride which melts at 1043 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A chloride of titanium, \({\text{TiC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}\), melts at 248 K. Suggest why the melting point is so much lower than that of KCl.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest one disadvantage of using this smoke in an enclosed space.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrostatic attraction</p>
<p>between <strong>«</strong>a lattice of<strong>» </strong>metal/positive ions/cations <strong><em>AND </em></strong><strong>«</strong>a sea of<strong>» </strong>delocalized electrons</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “mobile electrons”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “metal atoms/nuclei”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\(\frac{{(46 \times 7.98){\text{ + }}(47 \times 7.32){\text{ + }}(48 \times 73.99){\text{ + }}(49 \times 5.46){\text{ + }}(50 \times 5.25)}}{{100}} = 47.93\)</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Answer must have two decimal places </em><em>with a value from 47.90 to 48.00.</em></p>
<p><em>Award [2] for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award [0] for 47.87 (data booklet value).</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Protons: </em>22 <strong><em>AND </em></strong><em>Neutrons: </em>26 <strong><em>AND </em></strong><em>Electrons: </em>22</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>vanadium has smaller ionic radius «leading to stronger metallic bonding»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept vanadium has «one» more valence electron«s» «leading to stronger metallic bonding».</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “atomic” for “ionic”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
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"></p>
<p>regular increase for first five <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>sharp increase to the 6th</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>A log graph is acceptable.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept log plot on given axes (without amendment of y-axis).</em></p>
<p><em>Award mark if gradient of 5 to 6 is greater than “best fit line” of 1 to 5.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>titanium atoms/ions distort the regular arrangement of atoms/ions</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>titanium atoms/ions are a different size to aluminium <strong>«</strong>atoms/ions<strong>»</strong></p>
<p>prevent layers sliding over each other</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept diagram showing different sizes </em><em>of atoms/ions.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>pair of electrons provided by the ligand</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do not accept “dative” or “coordinate bonding” alone.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>partially filled d-orbitals</p>
<p>«ligands cause» d-orbitals «to» split</p>
<p>light is absorbed as electrons transit to a higher energy level «in d–d transitions»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>light is absorbed as electrons are promoted</p>
<p>energy gap corresponds to light in the visible region of the spectrum</p>
<p>colour observed is the complementary colour</p>
<p><em><strong>[4 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>ionic</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>«electrostatic» attraction between oppositely charged ions</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«simple» molecular structure</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>weak«er» intermolecular bonds</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>weak«er» bonds between molecules</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept specific examples of weak </em><em>bonds such as London/dispersion and </em><em>van der Waals.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “covalent”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{TiC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(l)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \to {\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{4HCl(aq)}}\) correct products<br>correct balancing</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept ionic equation.</em></p>
<p><em>Award M2 if products are HCl and a </em><em>compound of Ti and O.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>HCl causes breathing/respiratory problems</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>HCl is an irritant</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>HCl is toxic</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>HCl has acidic vapour</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>HCl is corrosive</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept TiO<sub>2</sub> causes breathing</em></p>
<p><em>problems/is an irritant.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “harmful” for both HCl and TiO<sub>2</sub></em><em>.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “smoke is asphyxiant”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Chromium is a typical transition metal with many uses.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">A voltaic cell is constructed as follows. One half-cell contains a platinum electrode in a solution containing \({{\text{K}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}}\) and \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\). The other half-cell contains an iron electrode in a solution containing \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}\) ions. The two electrodes are connected to a voltmeter and the two solutions by a salt bridge.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Distinguish between the terms <em>oxidation </em>and <em>reduction </em>in terms of oxidation numbers.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the names of \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) and \({\text{Cr}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\):</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{Cr}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>oxidizing agent</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}}\) and \({{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\) ions react together in the <strong>presence of acid </strong>to form \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) and \({\text{IO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}}\) ions. Deduce the balanced chemical equation for this redox reaction and identify the species that acts as the oxidizing agent.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw a diagram of the voltaic cell, labelling the positive and negative electrodes (cathode and anode) and showing the direction of movement of the electrons and ions. Deduce an equation for the reaction occurring in each of the half-cells, and the equation for the overall cell reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>standard electrode potential</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the cell potential, in V, under standard conditions, using information from Table 14 of the Data Booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State <strong>two </strong>characteristic properties of transition elements.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the type of bond formed by a ligand and identify the feature that enables it to form this bond.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why the complex \({{\text{[Cr(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{{\text{3 + }}}}\) is coloured.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw an orbital box diagram (arrow-in-box notation) showing the electrons in the 4s and 3d sub-levels in chromium metal.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Chromium is often used in electroplating. State what is used as the positive electrode (anode), the negative electrode (cathode) and the electrolyte in the chromium electroplating process.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Oxidation: </em>increase in oxidation number <strong>and </strong><em>Reduction: </em>decrease in oxidation number / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></em>:</p>
<p class="p1">chromium(III) oxide;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not award mark for chromium oxide</em>.</p>
<p class="p1"><em>CrO<sub>3</sub></em>:</p>
<p class="p1">chromium(VI) oxide;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not award mark for chromium oxide</em>.</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not award any marks if chromium oxide without Roman numerals is given for both.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">substance reduced / causes other substance to be oxidized / increase oxidation number of another species / gains electrons / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Oxidizing agent:</em></p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }\) / dichromate (ion);</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{8}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{IO}}_3^ - {\text{(aq)}} + {\text{4}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for coefficients: Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>2–</sup>(aq), I<sup>–</sup></em>(<em>aq</em>)<em>, 2Cr<sup>3+</sup></em>(<em>aq</em>)<em>, IO<sup>3–</sup>(aq).</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for coefficients: 8H<sup>+</sup></em>(<em>aq</em>)<em>, 4H<sub>2</sub>O(l).</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>if coefficients of reactants only correct i.e. Cr</em><sub><span class="s2"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>O</em><span class="s2"><em><sub>7</sub><sup>2–</sup></em></span><em>, I</em><sup><span class="s2"><em>– </em></span></sup><em>and 8H</em><sup><span class="s2"><em>+</em></span></sup><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>if coefficients of products only correct i.e. 2Cr</em><sup><span class="s2"><em>3+</em></span></sup><em>, IO</em><sup><span class="s2"><em>3– </em></span></sup><em>and 4H</em><sub><span class="s2"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>O.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for correct reactants and products.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-03_om_07.28.08.png" alt="N11/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/07.d.i/M"></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Voltaic cell showing</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">labelled positive electrode (cathode) <strong>and </strong>negative electrode (anode);</p>
<p class="p1">direction of electrons in external circuit <strong>and </strong>direction of ions in salt bridge;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award mark if correct direction of electrons is indicated but e</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>– </em></span></sup><em>not labelled in </em><em>external circuit.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow e instead of e</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>–</em></span></sup><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Cations/positive ions and anions/negative ions must be identified in salt bridge. </em><em>Allow correct movement of ions in electrolyte instead of movement of ions in </em><em>salt bridge (e.g. Fe</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>2+</em></span></sup><span class="s1"><em> </em></span><em>from Fe at negative electrode/anode etc.).</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>If both movement of ions in salt bridge and movement of ions in electrolyte is </em><em>given but one is incorrect do not award mark.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Positive electrode (cathode)</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{14}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{6}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{2C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{7}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Negative electrode (anode):</em></p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{Fe(s)}} \to {\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - }\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Penalize </em><em>once only.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Penalize once only if electrodes or equations reversed.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>For both electrodes allow e instead of e</em><sup><span class="s2"><em>–</em></span></sup><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Overall cell reaction:</em></p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{3Fe(s)}} + {\text{14}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{3F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{7}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols throughout (d) (i).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">potential under standard conditions relative to standard hydrogen electrode/SHE;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Reference must be made to standard conditions.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Instead of standard conditions allow either solute concentration of 1 mol</em>\(\,\)<em>dm</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>–3</em></span></sup><em>/1 M/1 mol</em>\(\,\)<em>L</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>–1 </em></span></sup><em>or 100 kPa/10</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>5 </em></span></sup><em>Pa for gases.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow 1 bar for 100 kPa/10</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>5 </em></span></sup><em>Pa.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow 1 atm/1.01 </em>\( \times \)<em> 10</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>5 </em></span></sup><em>Pa.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow voltage instead of potential.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(( + )1.78{\text{ (V)}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">catalysts;</p>
<p class="p1">variable oxidation state/numbers;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow variable valency.</em></p>
<p class="p1">magnetic (properties);</p>
<p class="p1">(form) coloured ions/compounds;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow just coloured.</em></p>
<p class="p1">(form) complexes/complex ions;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow other metallic physical properties such as high densities/high melting </em><em>points etc.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow partially filled/incomplete d subshell/sub-level.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">dative (covalent)/coordinate;</p>
<p class="p1">Lewis base / (species/ion/molecule with) lone/non-bonding pair;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">partially filled/incomplete d subshell/sub-level/orbitals;</p>
<p class="p1">d orbitals split (into two sets of different energies);</p>
<p class="p1">colour due to electron transition between (split) d orbitals / frequencies of visible light absorbed by electrons moving from lower to higher d levels;</p>
<p class="p1">colour due to remaining frequencies / complementary colour seen;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow wavelength as well as frequency.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-03_om_07.56.16.png" alt="N11/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/07.e.iv/M"></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept half-arrows or full arrows and boxes in reverse order.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not penalize if additional sub-levels are shown, if sub-levels are not </em><em>labelled or if no boxes are drawn (providing system of arrows correct).</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not award mark if sub-levels are incorrectly labelled.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Orbital diagram may also be represented with sub-levels shown at different </em><em>relative energy positions.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Positive electrode (anode): </em>chromium;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow lead/titanium/platinum/graphite.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Negative electrode (cathode): </em>object to be plated;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow specific example here e.g. spoon.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Electrolyte: </em>\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow (mixture of) </em>\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) <strong><em>and </em></strong><em>CrO</em><span class="s2"><em><sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup></em></span><em>(aq)/chromate/chromic acid/H</em><sub><span class="s2"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>CrO</em><sub><span class="s2"><em>4</em></span></sub><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow any soluble salt of Cr</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>3+</em></span></sup><em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Candidates generally knew that oxidation involves an increase in oxidation number and reduction a decrease.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Some forgot to include the Roman Numerals here and a large majority simply got the Roman Numeral incorrect. One G2 comment suggested that it would have been better if systematic was included in the question which is a fair point, though typically candidates simply put chromium oxide for both compounds which showed misunderstanding of what was really required.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The definition of an oxidizing agent was well answered.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates knew that the dichromate ion acted as the oxidizing agent but many made lots of errors in deducing the balanced chemical equation.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Only the best candidates scored all five marks, though most candidates scored at least two marks. Some candidates mixed up the cathode and anode. Equilibrium signs were often written and very few gave the correct direction of the movement of ions. Some G2 comments stated that is was not clear what ion movement was required – flow of ions through the salt bridge or just movement of ions towards the electrodes in the electrolyte. In fact most candidates could not write either and the markscheme in fact allowed credit for either of these to be fair to candidates.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Standard conditions often was omitted.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(iii) was well answered.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates scored full marks here.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates scored full marks here.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates scored two out of three marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates put two electrons in the 4s level and four electrons in the 3d level which was incorrect in the orbital diagram.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Candidates often scored two out of three marks here with the most common error relating to the electrolyte.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Lithium and boron are elements in period 2 of the periodic table. Lithium occurs in group 1 (the alkali metals) and boron occurs in group 3. Isotopes exist for both elements.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The electron configuration of boron is \({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{1}}}\). Draw the shape of an s orbital and a \({{\text{p}}_x}\) orbital on the axes below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-22_om_07.40.13.png" alt="N12/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/T2.a.iii/XX"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cobalt is a transition metal. One common ion of cobalt is \({\text{C}}{{\text{o}}^{3 + }}\). Draw the orbital diagram (using the arrow-in-box notation) for the \({\text{C}}{{\text{o}}^{3 + }}\) ion.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-22_om_07.50.02.png" alt="N12/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/02.b"></p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State the other most common ion of cobalt.</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Explain why the complex \({\text{[Co(N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) is coloured.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">symmetrical shape of s orbital <strong>and </strong>dumbbell-shaped p orbital with electron density along <em>x</em>-axis;</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-22_om_07.42.24.png" alt="N12/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/02.a.iii/M"></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-22_om_07.56.47.png" alt="N12/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/02.b/M"></span></p>
<p><em>Allow full arrows instead of half-arrows for example </em>\( \uparrow \downarrow \)<em>.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not allow arrows with the same spin for example </em>\( \uparrow \uparrow \)<em> or </em>\( \downarrow \downarrow \)<em> in the same orbital.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not allow an orbital diagram with a </em><em>\(4{s^1}3{d^5}\) </em><em>configuration.</em></p>
<p>(iii) \({\text{C}}{{\text{o}}^{2 + }}\);</p>
<p><em>Accept +2, 2+, cobalt(II), II.</em></p>
<p>(iv) partially filled/incomplete d subshell/sub-level/orbitals;</p>
<p>d orbitals split (into two sets of different energies);</p>
<p>(colour due to) electron transition between (split) d orbitals / d to d transitions / frequencies of visible light absorbed by electrons moving from lower to higher d levels ;</p>
<p>colour due to remaining frequencies / complementary colour seen;</p>
<p><em>Allow wavelength as well as frequency</em>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (iii), a common mistake involved candidates drawing the lobe of electron density around the y or z axes for the \({{\text{p}}_x}\)<span class="s1"> </span>orbital. Some candidates drew three dumbells for the s-orbital. Other candidates incorrectly drew hybrid orbitals.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The orbital diagram in (ii) also proved to be quite a good discriminating question. Many candidates failed to realise that the electrons are removed from the 4s level before the 3d for a first-row transition metal ion. In addition, a significant number of candidates showed poor understanding of Hund‟s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity which states that when degenerate orbitals are available, electrons fill the orbitals singly before filling them in pairs. Hence, in many cases incorrect representations were seen for the 3d which involved three pairs of electrons of opposite spin being inserted in three 3d orbitals. Most candidates stated the \({\text{C}}{{\text{o}}^{2 + }}\) ion, though a common incorrect answer was \({\text{C}}{{\text{o}}^{4 + }}\). Part (iv) involved candidates having to explain why the complex \({\text{[Co(N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) is coloured. This question was asked a number of times in previous examinations and previously was typically really very poorly answered. In N12, the explanations certainly were better though some candidates mixed up the principles of the line emission spectrum of hydrogen with the d to d transitions involved in the explanation of colour pertaining to a transition metal complex.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>EUK-134, the structure of which is shown below, is a complex ion of manganese(III) that is used in expensive sun-protection products because of its powerful antioxidant properties.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-25_om_05.49.36.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/04"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the electron configuration of the manganese ion in EUK-134.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the name given to species that bond to a central metal ion, and identify the type of bond present.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Name given:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Type of bond:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Transition metals have certain characteristic properties. State <strong>two</strong> properties that are involved in EUK-134 rapidly decreasing the concentration of oxidizing agents.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Substances like EUK-134 are often coloured. Explain why compounds of transition metals absorb visible radiation.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{4}}}\) / \({\text{[Ar]3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{4}}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>ligand;</p>
<p>dative/coordinate (covalent);</p>
<p><em>Do not accept “covalent”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>variable oxidation state/number;</p>
<p>catalytic properties;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>d sublevel/orbitals split (into two levels by ligands);</p>
<p>electrons absorb light/photons and move to the higher energy orbital;</p>
<p>frequency of light/photons absorbed in the visible region;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Very few candidates could interpret the electron structure of manganese from its oxidation state, though the term “ligand” and the nature of its bond to metal ions were almost universally known. The general properties of transition metals seemed to have been well memorized, even though they were not always correctly applied. The splitting of the d sub-shell was generally known, though a worrying number of students believe that transition metal ions emit coloured light.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Very few candidates could interpret the electron structure of manganese from its oxidation state, though the term “ligand” and the nature of its bond to metal ions were almost universally known. The general properties of transition metals seemed to have been well memorized, even though they were not always correctly applied. The splitting of the d sub-shell was generally known, though a worrying number of students believe that transition metal ions emit coloured light.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Very few candidates could interpret the electron structure of manganese from its oxidation state, though the term “ligand” and the nature of its bond to metal ions were almost universally known. The general properties of transition metals seemed to have been well memorized, even though they were not always correctly applied. The splitting of the d sub-shell was generally known, though a worrying number of students believe that transition metal ions emit coloured light.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Very few candidates could interpret the electron structure of manganese from its oxidation state, though the term “ligand” and the nature of its bond to metal ions were almost universally known. The general properties of transition metals seemed to have been well memorized, even though they were not always correctly applied. The splitting of the d sub-shell was generally known, though a worrying number of students believe that transition metal ions emit coloured light.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">An electrochemical cell is made from an iron half-cell connected to a cobalt half-cell:</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-14_om_07.11.23.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/07.a"></p>
<p class="p1">The standard electrode potential for \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{Fe(s)}}\) is –0.45 V. The total cell potential obtained when the cell is operating under standard conditions is 0.17 V. Cobalt is produced during the spontaneous reaction.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">An electrolytic cell is made using a very dilute solution of sodium chloride.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Predict the products by giving the relevant half-equation for the reaction occurring at each electrode if the electrolyte of the cell described in part (c) was changed to:</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>standard electrode potential </em>and state the meaning of the minus sign in the value of –0.45 V.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the value for the standard electrode potential for the cobalt half-cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce which species acts as the oxidizing agent when the cell is operating.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the equation for the spontaneous reaction taking place when the iron half-cell is connected instead to an aluminium half-cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain the function of the salt bridge in an electrochemical cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({{\text{[Co(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{2 + }}\)</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{C}}{{\text{o}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{(S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{)}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({{\text{[CoC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{]}}^{2 - }}\)</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw a labelled diagram of the cell. Use an arrow to show the direction of the electron flow and identify the positive and negative electrodes.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Give the formulas of all the ions present in the solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Predict the products obtained at each electrode and state the half-equation for the formation of each product.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the molar ratios of the products obtained at the two electrodes.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">concentrated sodium chloride</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">molten sodium bromide</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">the voltage obtained when the half-cell is connected to the standard hydrogen electrode;</p>
<p class="p1">under standard conditions of 298 K <strong>and</strong> \({\text{1 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solutions;</p>
<p class="p1">electrons flow (in the external circuit) from the half-cell to the hydrogen electrode / the metal in the half-cell is above hydrogen in the ECS / Fe is a better reducing agent than \({{\text{H}}_2}\) / Fe is oxidised more readily than \({{\text{H}}_2}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>–0.28 V;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{o}}^{2 + }}\)/cobalt(II) ion;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{2Al}} + {\text{3F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }} \to {\text{3Fe}} + {\text{2A}}{{\text{l}}^{3 + }}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for correct reactants and products and </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for correctly balanced, ignore states. </em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept</em> \( \rightleftharpoons \)</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">to complete the electrical circuit / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">by allowing the movement of ions;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>+2;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>+3;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">+2;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Only penalize once if roman numerals are used or if written as 2+ or 3+.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">diagram to show:</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-14_om_11.12.10.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/07.c.i/M"></p>
<p class="p1">battery/source of electricity connected to two electrodes in the solution with positive <strong>and </strong>negative electrodes correctly labelled;</p>
<p class="p1">electrons/current flowing from the cell to the negative electrode;</p>
<p class="p1">labelled solution of sodium chloride;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>If the connecting wires to electrodes are immersed in the solution </em><strong><em>[1 max]</em></strong><em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}^ + }\), \({{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{/}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{O}}^ + }\), \({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }\), \({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\)</p>
<p class="p2"><em>All four correct </em><strong><em>[2]</em></strong><em>, any three correct </em><strong><em>[1]</em></strong>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">hydrogen at (–)/cathode <strong>and </strong>oxygen at (+)/anode;</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{2}}{{\text{H}}^ + } + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{ / 2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}} + 2{\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\);</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{4O}}{{\text{H}}^ - } \to {{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}} + 2{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} + {\text{4}}{{\text{e}}^ - }{\text{ / 2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} \to {{\text{O}}_2} + {\text{4}}{{\text{H}}^ + } + {\text{4}}{{\text{e}}^ - }\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept e instead of e</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>–</em></span></sup></p>
<p class="p1"><em>If electrodes omitted or wrong way round </em><strong><em>[2 max]</em></strong><em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Ratio of \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}:{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is \(2:1\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{(}} - {\text{)/(cathode) 2}}{{\text{H}}^ + } + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {{\text{H}}_2}/{\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {{\text{H}}_2} + {\text{2O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\);</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{( + )/(anode) 2C}}{{\text{l}}^ - } \to {\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - }\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept e instead of e</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>–</em></span></sup><em>. </em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>If electrodes omitted or wrong way round </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{(}} - {\text{)/(cathode) N}}{{\text{a}}^ + } + {{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{Na}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{( + )/(anode) 2B}}{{\text{r}}^ - } \to {\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_2} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - }\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept e instead of e</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>–</em></span></sup><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>If electrodes omitted or wrong way round </em><strong><em>[1 max]</em></strong>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This question was poorly answered. In part (a), the definition of standard electrode potential was poorly stated, with the standard hydrogen electrode rarely mentioned.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates had difficulty determining the value of the standard electrode potential for the cobalt half-cell.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Few gave \({\text{C}}{{\text{o}}^{2 + }}\) as the oxidizing agent.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">If a penalty had already been incurred in Question 4, no further penalty was applied; otherwise the use of the equilibrium arrow in this question was penalized once only.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (b), most candidates correctly determined the oxidation states, although they were frequently written incorrectly as 2+ or 3+.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (b), most candidates correctly determined the oxidation states, although they were frequently written incorrectly as 2+ or 3+.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (b), most candidates correctly determined the oxidation states, although they were frequently written incorrectly as 2+ or 3+.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (c) many candidates drew a voltaic cell instead of an electrolytic cell.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Half-equations were frequently the wrong way round, and electrodes were not identified. Candidates who included states of matter in their equations frequently wrote the wrong state and were penalized.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Half-equations were frequently the wrong way round, and electrodes were not identified. Candidates who included states of matter in their equations frequently wrote the wrong state and were penalized.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The oxides and chlorides of period 3 elements exhibit periodicity.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Chlorine gas, \({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\), is bubbled through separate solutions of aqueous bromine, \({\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}}\), and potassium bromide, \({\text{KBr(aq)}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The hydrogen halides do not show perfect periodicity. A bar chart of boiling points shows that the boiling point of hydrogen fluoride, HF, is much higher than periodic trends would indicate.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-12_om_06.29.26.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/05.c"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Transition metals form complex ions which are usually coloured.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State the changes in the acid-base nature of the oxides across period 3 (from \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_2}{\text{O}}\) to \({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}}\)), including equations for the reactions of \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_2}{\text{O}}\) and \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) with water.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) State whether or not molten aluminium chloride, \({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{6}}}\), and molten aluminium oxide, \({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\), conduct electricity. Explain this behaviour in terms of the structure and bonding of the two compounds.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) State the equation for the reaction of \({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\) with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[7]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Predict any changes that may be observed in each case.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>\({\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}}\):</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>\({\text{KBr(aq)}}\):</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) State the half-equations for the reactions that occur.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Explain why the boiling point of HF is much higher than the boiling points of the other hydrogen halides.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Explain the trend in the boiling points of HCl, HBr and HI.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electron configurations of Cr and \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Cr:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) ions and water molecules bond together to form the complex ion \({{\text{[Cr(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{3 + }}\).</p>
<p>Describe how the water acts and how it forms the bond, identifying the acid-base character of the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the \({{\text{[Cr(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{3 + }}\) ion is coloured.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, including a relevant equation, whether the \({{\text{[Cr(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{3 + }}\) ion is acidic, basic or neutral.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain how the number of electrons in the outer main energy level of phosphorus, P, can be determined using the data of successive ionization energies.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) basic to acidic;</p>
<p>\({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(s)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \to {\text{2NaOH(aq)}}\);</p>
<p>\({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(g)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \to {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(aq)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<p>(ii) molten \({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_6}\) does not conduct electricity <strong>and </strong>molten \({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) does;</p>
<p>\({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_6}\) is a covalent molecule <strong>and </strong>has no free charged particles to conduct electricity;</p>
<p>\({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3}\) is ionic/has ions which are free to move when molten;</p>
<p>(iii) \({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{HCl(aq)}} + {\text{HClO(aq)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<p><em>Allow </em>\( \to \)<em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) \({\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{(aq)}}\): no change;</p>
<p>\({\text{KBr(aq)}}\): colour change / from colourless to red/yellow/orange/brown;</p>
<p>(ii) \({\text{2B}}{{\text{r}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - }\);</p>
<p>\({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{2C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept e instead of e</em><sup><em>–</em></sup><em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) HF has hydrogen bonds (between molecules);</p>
<p>(ii) strength of van der Waals’/London/dispersion forces increases;</p>
<p>as mass/size/number of electrons of halogen atom/molecule increases;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Cr: </em>\({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{1}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{5}}}/{\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{5}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{1}}}\);</p>
<p><em>Cr</em><sup><em>3+</em></sup><em>:</em> \({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{3}}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}\) is a ligand / has lone (electron) pair;</p>
<p>forms dative (covalent)/coordinate bond / donates a lone (electron) pair ;</p>
<p>ligand is Lewis base / \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) is Lewis acid;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) has partially filled d orbitals;</p>
<p>d orbitals split into two levels / three lower energy and two higher energy levels;</p>
<p>energy difference is in visible part of spectrum;</p>
<p>electrons absorb <span style="text-decoration: underline;">visible</span> light / one colour/frequency/wavelength;</p>
<p>electron transitions occur from lower to higher energy level within d sub-level;</p>
<p>complementary colour/colour not absorbed is seen;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>acidic because \({{\text{[Cr(}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_6}{\text{]}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} \to {{\text{[Cr(}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_5}{\text{(OH)]}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Allow answers with further equations.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept any other valid equations.</em></p>
<p><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>successive ionization energy values increase with removal of each electron;</p>
<p>large increase in ionization energy when sixth electron is removed;</p>
<p>as electron is one energy level/shell closer to the nucleus;</p>
<p><em>Accept a suitably annotated diagram.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>There appeared to be some significant gaps in knowledge within this question, the various parts either scored very well or not at all.</p>
<p>In a(ii) there was a poor understanding of the nature of bonding in aluminium chloride and aluminium oxide. Candidates are still confusing electrical conductivity in compounds with that in metals, and often refer to the inability to conduct being down to a lack of mobile electrons in compounds.</p>
<p>Balancing equations, both full, as in parts a(i) and a(iii), and half equations as in b(ii), showed poor knowledge both of the reactants and products and in the ability to balance them in both atoms and charge. It should be expected that higher level candidates would be comfortable with these processes. The ability to deduce and predict what they would see during a reaction is a skill required of all chemists, it was missing in the attempts to answer b(ii). Parts c and d(i), (ii) and (iii) showed good knowledge, but in part d(iv) the understanding of the acid nature of some d block complex ions was lacking. Part e was rarely given credit, as many appeared to misread the question, and discussed the changes in first ionisation energies across Period 3.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>There appeared to be some significant gaps in knowledge within this question, the various parts either scored very well or not at all.</p>
<p>In a(ii) there was a poor understanding of the nature of bonding in aluminium chloride and aluminium oxide. Candidates are still confusing electrical conductivity in compounds with that in metals, and often refer to the inability to conduct being down to a lack of mobile electrons in compounds.</p>
<p>Balancing equation,s both full, as in parts a(i) and a(iii), and half equations as in b(ii), showed poor knowledge both of the reactants and products and in the ability to balance them in both atoms and charge. It should be expected that higher level candidates would be comfortable with these processes. The ability to deduce and predict what they would see during a reaction is a skill required of all chemists, it was missing in the attempts to answer b(ii). Parts c and d(i), ii) and iii) showed good knowledge, but in part d(iv) the understanding of the acid nature of some d block complex ions was lacking. Part e was rarely given credit, as many appeared to misread the question, and discussed the changes in first ionisation energies across Period 3.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>There appeared to be some significant gaps in knowledge within this question, the various parts either scored very well or not at all.</p>
<p>In a(ii) there was a poor understanding of the nature of bonding in aluminium chloride and aluminium oxide. Candidates are still confusing electrical conductivity in compounds with that in metals, and often refer to the inability to conduct being down to a lack of mobile electrons in compounds.</p>
<p>Balancing equations, both full, as in parts a(i) and a(iii), and half equations as in b(ii), showed poor knowledge both of the reactants and products and in the ability to balance them in both atoms and charge. It should be expected that higher level candidates would be comfortable with these processes. The ability to deduce and predict what they would see during a reaction is a skill required of all chemists, it was missing in the attempts to answer b(ii). Parts c and d(i), ii) and iii) showed good knowledge, but in part d(iv) the understanding of the acid nature of some d block complex ions was lacking. Part e was rarely given credit, as many appeared to misread the question, and discussed the changes in first ionisation energies across Period 3.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>There appeared to be some significant gaps in knowledge within this question, the various parts either scored very well or not at all.</p>
<p>In a(ii) there was a poor understanding of the nature of bonding in aluminium chloride and aluminium oxide. Candidates are still confusing electrical conductivity in compounds with that in metals, and often refer to the inability to conduct being down to a lack of mobile electrons in compounds.</p>
<p>Balancing equations, both full, as in parts a(i) and a(iii), and half equations as in b(ii), showed poor knowledge both of the reactants and products and in the ability to balance them in both atoms and charge. It should be expected that higher level candidates would be comfortable with these processes. The ability to deduce and predict what they would see during a reaction is a skill required of all chemists, it was missing in the attempts to answer b(ii). Parts c and d(i), ii) and iii) showed good knowledge, but in part d(iv) the understanding of the acid nature of some d block complex ions was lacking. Part e was rarely given credit, as many appeared to misread the question, and discussed the changes in first ionisation energies across Period 3.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>There appeared to be some significant gaps in knowledge within this question, the various parts either scored very well or not at all.</p>
<p>In a(ii) there was a poor understanding of the nature of bonding in aluminium chloride and aluminium oxide. Candidates are still confusing electrical conductivity in compounds with that in metals, and often refer to the inability to conduct being down to a lack of mobile electrons in compounds.</p>
<p>Balancing equations, both full, as in parts a(i) and a(iii), and half equations as in b(ii), showed poor knowledge both of the reactants and products and in the ability to balance them in both atoms and charge. It should be expected that higher level candidates would be comfortable with these processes. The ability to deduce and predict what they would see during a reaction is a skill required of all chemists, it was missing in the attempts to answer b(ii). Parts c and d(i), ii) and iii) showed good knowledge, but in part d(iv) the understanding of the acid nature of some d block complex ions was lacking. Part e was rarely given credit, as many appeared to misread the question, and discussed the changes in first ionisation energies across Period 3.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>There appeared to be some significant gaps in knowledge within this question, the various parts either scored very well or not at all.</p>
<p>In a(ii) there was a poor understanding of the nature of bonding in aluminium chloride and aluminium oxide. Candidates are still confusing electrical conductivity in compounds with that in metals, and often refer to the inability to conduct being down to a lack of mobile electrons in compounds.</p>
<p>Balancing equations, both full, as in parts a(i) and a(iii), and half equations as in b(ii), showed poor knowledge both of the reactants and products and in the ability to balance them in both atoms and charge. It should be expected that higher level candidates would be comfortable with these processes. The ability to deduce and predict what they would see during a reaction is a skill required of all chemists, it was missing in the attempts to answer b(ii). Parts c and d(i), ii) and iii) showed good knowledge, but in part d(iv) the understanding of the acid nature of some d block complex ions was lacking. Part e was rarely given credit, as many appeared to misread the question, and discussed the changes in first ionisation energies across Period 3.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>There appeared to be some significant gaps in knowledge within this question, the various parts either scored very well or not at all.</p>
<p>In a(ii) there was a poor understanding of the nature of bonding in aluminium chloride and aluminium oxide. Candidates are still confusing electrical conductivity in compounds with that in metals, and often refer to the inability to conduct being down to a lack of mobile electrons in compounds.</p>
<p>Balancing equations, both full, as in parts a(i) and a(iii), and half equations as in b(ii), showed poor knowledge both of the reactants and products and in the ability to balance them in both atoms and charge. It should be expected that higher level candidates would be comfortable with these processes. The ability to deduce and predict what they would see during a reaction is a skill required of all chemists, it was missing in the attempts to answer b(ii). Parts c and d(i), ii) and iii) showed good knowledge, but in part d(iv) the understanding of the acid nature of some d block complex ions was lacking. Part e was rarely given credit, as many appeared to misread the question, and discussed the changes in first ionisation energies across Period 3.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>There appeared to be some significant gaps in knowledge within this question, the various parts either scored very well or not at all.</p>
<p>In a(ii) there was a poor understanding of the nature of bonding in aluminium chloride and aluminium oxide. Candidates are still confusing electrical conductivity in compounds with that in metals, and often refer to the inability to conduct being down to a lack of mobile electrons in compounds.</p>
<p>Balancing equations, both full, as in parts a(i) and a(iii), and half equations as in b(ii) showed poor knowledge both of the reactants and products and in the ability to balance them in both atoms and charge. It should be expected that higher level candidates would be comfortable with these processes. The ability to deduce and predict what they would see during a reaction is a skill required of all chemists, it was missing in the attempts to answer b(ii). Parts c and d(i), ii) and iii) showed good knowledge, but in part d(iv) the understanding of the acid nature of some d block complex ions was lacking. Part e was rarely given credit, as many appeared to misread the question, and discussed the changes in first ionisation energies across Period 3.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the shape of the \({{\text{p}}_{\text{z}}}\) orbital using the coordinates shown.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-18_om_06.24.59.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/03.a.i"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the electron configuration of \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>ligand.</em></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why the complex \({{\text{[Fe(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{3 + }}\) is coloured.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The element selenium \({\text{(}}Z = 34{\text{)}}\) has electrons in the 4s, 3d and 4p orbitals. Draw an orbital box diagram (arrow-in-box notation) to represent these electrons.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">dumbbell-shaped representation along the \(z\)-axis:</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-18_om_06.26.59.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/03.a.i/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Sign of wave function not required. </em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}2{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}2{{\text{p}}^6}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^2}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^6}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^5}/{\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^2}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^2}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^6}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^2}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^6}{\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^0}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^5}/{\text{[Ar]4}}{{\text{s}}^0}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^5}/{\text{[Ar]3}}{{\text{d}}^5}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not allow 2, 8, 13.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Lewis base / (species/ion/molecule) with lone pair <strong>and </strong>dative covalent/coordinate bond (to metal) / bonds with metal (ion)/complex ion;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">has partially filled d subshell/sublevel/orbitals;</p>
<p class="p1">d orbitals are split (into two sets of different energies);</p>
<p class="p1">colour due to electron transition between (split) d orbitals;</p>
<p class="p1">frequencies of visible light absorbed by electrons moving from lower to higher d levels, colour due to remaining frequencies;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow wavelength as well as frequency.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-18_om_06.44.09.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/03.a.v/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept half-arrows or full arrows. </em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not penalize if additional sublevels are shown, if sublevels are not labelled or if no boxes are drawn (providing system of arrows correct). </em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not award mark if sublevels are incorrectly labelled. </em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Orbital diagram may also be represented with sublevels shown at different relative energy positions. </em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were able to draw the dumbbell shaped \({{\text{p}}_{\text{z}}}\) orbital, although some candidates drew all three p-orbitals, hence failing to read the question carefully.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">For (ii) the electron configuration of \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\) was well answered compared to recent sessions. The very weak candidates wrote incorrect answers such \({\text{[Ar]4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{2}}}\) and some very weak candidates just gave the electron arrangement 2, 8, 13, which would be a typical SL type answer.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The definition of a ligand was poorly answered (iii) by even the strongest candidates. In general candidates showed some understanding but good definitions were rare. Very often candidates did not mention dative covalent bonding and some said that ligands are simply just lone pairs of electrons.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (iv) most candidates referred to the splitting of d orbitals and related colour to d to d transitions. A very high number of candidates scored at least two points. Often candidates did not mention partially filled d subshells or did not score the point: frequencies of visible light absorbed by electrons moving from lower to higher d levels, colour due to remaining frequencies.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The orbital diagram of selenium (v) was very well answered by most candidates. The only minor mistake for the weaker candidates involved lack of understanding of Hund’s Rule for \({\text{4}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{4}}}\).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The periodic table shows the relationship between electron configuration and the properties of elements and is a valuable tool for making predictions in chemistry.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The ten elements in the first-row d-block have characteristic properties and many uses.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>electronegativity</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Outline <strong>two </strong>reasons why a sodium ion has a smaller radius than a sodium atom.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Explain why the ionic radius of \({{\text{P}}^{3 - }}\) is <strong>greater </strong>than the ionic radius of \({\text{S}}{{\text{i}}^{4 + }}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The graph below represents the successive ionization energies of sodium. The vertical axis plots log (ionization energy) instead of ionization energy to allow the data to be represented without using an unreasonably long vertical axis.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-11_om_06.18.18.png" alt="M10/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/06.d"></p>
<p class="p1">State the full electron configuration of sodium and explain how the successive ionization energy data for sodium are related to its electron configuration.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) Explain why the first ionization energy of aluminium is <strong>lower </strong>than the first ionization energy of magnesium.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) Explain why the first ionization energy of sulfur is <strong>lower </strong>than the first ionization energy of phosphorus.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State and explain the type of reaction that takes place between \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\) and \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) to form \({{\text{[Fe(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{3 + }}\) in terms of acid-base theories.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why \({{\text{[Fe(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{3 + }}\) is coloured.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Outline the economic significance of the use of a catalyst in the Haber process which is an exothermic reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">power/strength/ability of an atom to attract electrons/shared electron pair / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">in a (covalent) bond;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept the word “element” in place of “atom”.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept electron (singular).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Na</em>: 11 p, 11/ 2.8.1 \({{\text{e}}^ - }\) <strong>and </strong>\({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}^ + }\): 11 p, 10 / 2.8 \({{\text{e}}^ - }\) / same number of protons, less electrons / \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}^ + }\) has 2 shells/energy levels, Na has 3 / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Na</em><sup><span class="s2"><em>+</em></span></sup>: has greater net positive charge/same number of protons pulling smaller number of electrons;</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Si</em><sup><span class="s2"><em>4+</em></span></sup>: 10 \({{\text{e}}^ - }\) in 2 (filled) energy levels / electron arrangement 2.8 / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>P</em><sup><span class="s2"><em>3−</em></span></sup>: 18 \({{\text{e}}^ - }\) in 3 (filled) energy levels / electron arrangement 2.8.8, thus larger / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{S}}{{\text{i}}^{4 + }}\): has 2 energy levels where as \({{\text{P}}^{3 - }}\) has 3/ \({{\text{P}}^{3 - }}\) has one more (filled) energy</p>
<p class="p1">level;</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{S}}{{\text{i}}^{4 + }}\): 10 \({{\text{e}}^ - }\) in 2 energy levels where as \({{\text{P}}^{3 - }}\)<span class="s2"> </span>has 18 \({{\text{e}}^ - }\), thus larger;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{1}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept [Ne] 3s</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>1</em></span></sup>.</p>
<p class="p1">first electron easy/easiest to remove <span class="s2"><strong>/ </strong></span>1 electron in outermost/\({\text{n}} = 3\) energy level;</p>
<p class="p1">large increase between 1<sup><span class="s3">st </span></sup>and 2<sup><span class="s3">nd </span></sup>IE as electron now removed from \({\text{n}} = 2\) / next 8 electrons more difficult to remove / show (relatively) small increase as these electrons are in the same energy level/second energy level/\({\text{n}} = 2\);</p>
<p class="p1">large increase between 9<sup><span class="s3">th </span></sup>and 10<sup><span class="s3">th </span></sup>IE as electron now removed from n = 1 / 2</p>
<p class="p1">electrons very hard/most difficult to remove <span class="s2"><strong>/ </strong></span>innermost/lowest/closest to the nucleus/energy level/\({\text{n}} = 1\) / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">electron 11 also comes from 1s, so shows a small increase;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) outer electron in Al is in 3p/p orbital/sub-shell/sub-level;</p>
<p class="p1">higher orbital/sub-shell / e<sup>–</sup><span class="s1"> </span>further from nucleus / shielded by 3s electrons;</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) in S, electron paired in 3p/p orbital/sub-shell/sub-level;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept extra stability associated with half filled p sub-shell (in P).</em></p>
<p class="p1">repulsion between paired electrons (and therefore easier to remove);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Lewis acid-base (reaction);</p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\): e-pair donor, \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\): \({{\text{e}}^ - }\) pair acceptor / \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) donates an electron pair to \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">d sub-levels are split into two sets of orbitals (of different energies);</p>
<p class="p1">electron transitions between (d) orbitals of different energies / d-d transition(s);</p>
<p class="p1">transmitted (visible) light is complementary colour;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(exothermic reactions) low temperature/less energy increases ammonia yield;</p>
<p class="p1">(iron) catalyst used to increase rate of reaction / equilibrium reached faster / same yield but produced faster/in shorter/less time;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Generally, the definition of electronegativity was good, but some made the error of saying that it was the attraction of one electron only; others did not specify that it is the ability of an atom to attract a shared electron pair in a covalent bond.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Reasons why a sodium ion has a smaller radius than a sodium atom solicited incomplete answers. The answer requires the number of shells, electrons and protons of both the ion and the atom. Many candidates correctly said that \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}^ + }\) had the same number of protons but one electron less so the pulling effect on the electrons was greater. Not many candidates gave the electronic structure or number of shells of the two ions, \({{\text{P}}^{3 - }}\) and \({\text{S}}{{\text{i}}^{4 + }}\), to explain their difference in ionic radius.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The graphical question on successive ionization energies of sodium was well answered by many. Typically, they explained how the successive ionization energies of sodium are related to its electron configuration from the data given. Most candidates realized that aluminium’s outer electron is in the 3p orbital so further from the nucleus and thus easier to ionize than magnesium. Similarly, sulfur has a paired electron in the 3p sub-shell and the repulsion between paired electrons is greater than in phosphorus which has a half filled p sub-shell.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates did not give sufficient answers to the part on transition elements. Some realised that it was a Lewis acid-base reaction where the electrons are donated by the water molecule to \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\). Explanations given for the colour of complex ions continue to be muddled and the language used imprecise. Many wrote of “<strong>a </strong>split d <strong>orbital</strong><em>” </em>rather than the d sub-level being split into two sets of orbitals (of different energies). The colour seen was often attributed to electrons emitting those wavelengths in transitions from higher energy to lower energy d orbitals rather than the transmitted visible light being the complementary colour of the one absorbed.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Few complete answers were given about economic significance of the use of a catalyst in the Haber process. A point that was missing often was that because the reaction is exothermic the forward reaction would be favoured (and the yield) if the temperature is lowered, but this would bring about a slower reaction so a catalyst is necessary to reach the equilibrium faster. However, there were misconceptions both in as far as catalysts and energetic is concerned. It was surprising to see the number of candidates who referred to activation energy but used the concept incorrectly<span class="s1"><strong>. </strong></span>Few candidates established a connection with equilibrium.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Few complete answers were given about economic significance of the use of a catalyst in the Haber process. A point that was missing often was that because the reaction is exothermic the forward reaction would be favoured (and the yield) if the temperature is lowered, but this would bring about a slower reaction so a catalyst is necessary to reach the equilibrium faster. However, there were misconceptions both in as far as catalysts and energetic is concerned. It was surprising to see the number of candidates who referred to activation energy but used the concept incorrectly<span class="s1"><strong>. </strong></span>Few candidates established a connection with equilibrium.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Few complete answers were given about economic significance of the use of a catalyst in the Haber process. A point that was missing often was that because the reaction is exothermic the forward reaction would be favoured (and the yield) if the temperature is lowered, but this would bring about a slower reaction so a catalyst is necessary to reach the equilibrium faster. However, there were misconceptions both in as far as catalysts and energetic is concerned. It was surprising to see the number of candidates who referred to activation energy but used the concept incorrectly<span class="s1"><strong>. </strong></span>Few candidates established a connection with equilibrium.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Phosphoryl chloride, \({\text{POC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\), is a dehydrating agent.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">\({\text{POC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\left( {\text{g}} \right)\) decomposes according to the following equation.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{2POC}}{{\text{l}}_3}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{2PC}}{{\text{l}}_3}{\text{(g)}} + {{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">POCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>can be prepared by the reaction of phosphorus pentachloride, PCl<sub><span class="s1">5 </span></sub>, with tetraphosphorus decaoxide, P<sub><span class="s1">4</span></sub>O<sub><span class="s1">10</span></sub>.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and Cl<sup>–</sup><span class="s1"> </span>can act as ligands in transition metal complexes such as Ni(PCl<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>)<sub><span class="s1">4 </span></sub>and [Cr(H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O)<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>Cl<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>].</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Predict and explain the sign of the entropy change, \(\Delta S\), for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the standard entropy change for the reaction, \(\Delta {S^\Theta }\), in \({\text{J}}\,{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), using the data below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-16_om_07.31.10.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/05.a.ii"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>standard enthalpy change of formation</em>, \(\Delta H_{\text{f}}^\Theta \).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the reaction, \(\Delta {H^\Theta }\), in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), using the data below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-16_om_07.42.10.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/05.a.iv"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the standard free energy change for the reaction, \(\Delta {G^\Theta }\), in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), at 298 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the temperature, in K, at which the reaction becomes spontaneous.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of POCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>(with P as the central element) and PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and predict the shape of each molecule, using the valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR).</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State and explain the Cl–P–Cl bond angle in PCl<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of PCl<sub><span class="s1">5</span></sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Predict the shape of this molecule, using the valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify all the different bond angles in PCl<sub><span class="s1">5</span></sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">PCl<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>Br<sub><span class="s1">2 </span></sub>has the same molecular shape as PCl<sub><span class="s1">5</span></sub>. Draw the three isomers of PCl<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>Br<sub><span class="s1">2 </span></sub>and deduce whether each isomer is polar or non-polar.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>ligand</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why the complex [Cr(H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O)<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>Cl<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>] is coloured.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">2 mol (g) going to 3 mol (g)/increase in number of particles, therefore entropy increases/\(\Delta S\) positive / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept if numbers of moles of gas are given below the equation.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(\left( {\Delta {S^\Theta } = [(2)(311.7) + (205.0)] - (2)(325.0) = } \right)( + )178.4{\text{ }}({\text{J}}\,{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}})\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">heat/enthalpy change/required/absorbed when <span style="text-decoration: underline;">1</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">mol</span> of a compound is formed from its elements in their standard states/at 100 kPa/10<sup><span class="s1">5 </span></sup>Pa/1 bar;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow 1.01 </em>\( \times \) <em>10</em><sup><span class="s2"><em>5 </em></span></sup><em>Pa</em>/<em>101 kPa</em>/<em>1 atm.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow under standard conditions or standard temperature and pressure.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Temperatures not required in definition, allow if quoted (for example, </em><em>298 K/ 25 °C</em><span class="s3"> </span><em>– most common) but pressure value must be correct if stated.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(\left( {\Delta {H^\Theta } = [(2)( - 288.1)] - [(2)( - 542.2)]) = } \right)( + )508.2{\text{ }}({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}})\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(\left( {\Delta {G^\Theta } = \Delta {H^\Theta } - T\Delta {S^\Theta } = (508.2) - (298)\left( {\frac{{178.4}}{{1000}}} \right) = } \right){\text{ ( + )}}455.0{\text{ }}({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}})\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(T > \left( {\frac{{\Delta {H^\Theta }}}{{\Delta {S^\Theta }}} = \frac{{508.2}}{{\left( {\frac{{178.4}}{{1000}}} \right)}} = } \right){\text{ }}2849{\text{ (K)}}/2576\) (°C);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow temperatures in the range 2848–2855 K.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept T </em>= <em>2849(K) .</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>No ECF for temperatures T in the range 0–100 K.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-16_om_08.00.07.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/05.b.i/M"></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">allow any bond angle in the range 100° to less than 109° (experimental value is100°);</p>
<p class="p1">due to four negative charge centres/four electron pairs/four electron domains (one of which is a lone pair)/tetrahedral arrangement of electron pairs/domains;</p>
<p class="p1">extra repulsion due to lone pair electrons / lone pairs occupy more space (than bonding pairs) so Cl–P–Cl bond angle decreases from 109.5° / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-16_om_08.06.45.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/05.c.i/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow any combination of dots/crosses or lines to represent electron pairs.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not penalise missing lone pairs on Cl if already penalised in (b)(i).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">trigonal/triangular bipyramidal;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not allow ECF from Lewis structures with incorrect number of </em><em>negative charge centres.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">120°<span class="s1"> </span><strong>and </strong>90°/180°;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore other bond angles such as 240°</em><span class="s1"> </span><em>and 360°</em><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Apply list principle if some correct and incorrect angles given.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-16_om_08.15.17.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/05.c.iv/M"></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for correct structure </em><strong><em>and </em></strong><em>molecular polarity.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for correct representations of all three isomers.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Lone pairs not required.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">species with lone/non-bonding pair (of electrons);</p>
<p class="p1">which bonds to metal ion (in complex) / which forms dative (covalent)/coordinate bond to metal ion (in complex);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">unpaired electrons in d orbitals / d sub-level partially occupied;</p>
<p class="p1">d orbitals split (into two sets of different energies);</p>
<p class="p1">frequencies of (visible) light absorbed by electrons moving from lower to higher d levels;</p>
<p class="p1">colour due to remaining frequencies / complementary colour transmitted;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow wavelength as well as frequency.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept colour emitted.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Iron has three main naturally occurring isotopes which can be investigated using a mass spectrometer.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the full electronic configurations of a Cu atom and a \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }\) ion.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Cu:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }\):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain the origin of colour in transition metal complexes and use your explanation to suggest why copper(II) sulfate, CuSO<sub><span class="s1">4</span></sub>(aq), is blue, but zinc sulfate, ZnSO<sub><span class="s1">4</span></sub>(aq), is colourless.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) reacts with ammonia to form the complex ion \({{\text{[Cu(N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{]}}^{2 + }}\). Explain this reaction in terms of an acid-base theory, and outline how the bond is formed between \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}\) and \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Cu</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{{\text{10}}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{1}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }\):</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{{\text{10}}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore relative order of 3d and 4s.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Penalize only once if noble gas core is given.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">d orbitals are split (into two sets of different energies);</p>
<p class="p1">frequencies of (visible) light absorbed by electrons moving from lower to higher d levels;</p>
<p class="p1">colour due to remaining frequencies/complementary colour transmitted;</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}\) has unpaired electrons/partially filled d sub-level;</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{Z}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}\) has filled d sub-shell;</p>
<p class="p1">electronic transitions/d-d transitions possible for \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}\) / no electronic/d-d transitions possible for \({\text{Z}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow wavelength as well as frequency.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\): Lewis base / \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}\): Lewis acid;</p>
<p class="p1">each \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\)/ligand donates an electron pair (to \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}\));</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\) replace \({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}\) ligands around \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}\) ion/around central ion;</p>
<p class="p1">forming coordinate (covalent)/dative covalent bond;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates identified the electronic configuration of Cu as an exception but the 3d electron was often removed in forming the ion instead of the 4s.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Precision of language proved to be an issue in (e) with some candidates referring to Cu and Zn and not their ions and some students explained the colour as a result of “reflection” or “emission”.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (f), many candidates mentioned proton donors and proton acceptors and made no reference to Lewis theory.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Bromine is a member of group 7, the halogens.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Iron is a transition metal.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Freshly prepared iron(II) bromide can be electrolysed both in the liquid state and in aqueous solution.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain the trend in reactivity of the halogens.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce, using equations where appropriate, if bromine reacts with sodium chloride solution and with sodium iodide solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the bonding in metals and explain their malleability.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">List <strong>three </strong>characteristic properties of transition elements.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the type of bonding between iron and cyanide in \({{\text{[Fe(CN}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{3 - }}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the oxidation number of iron in \({{\text{[Fe(CN}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{3 - }}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the abbreviated orbital diagram for an <strong>iron atom </strong>using the arrow-in-box notation to represent electrons.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw the abbreviated orbital diagram for the <strong>iron ion in [Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3–</sup></strong> using the arrow-in-box notation to represent electrons.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe, using a diagram, the essential components of an electrolytic cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the <strong>two </strong>ways in which current is conducted in an electrolytic cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Predict and explain the products of electrolysis of a <strong>dilute </strong>iron(II) bromide solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify another product that is formed if the solution of iron(II) bromide is <strong>concentrated</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why this other product is formed.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">reactivity decreases down group;</p>
<p class="p1">as atomic radius increases / more electron shells;</p>
<p class="p1">attraction of nucleus on electrons decreases / electron affinity decreases;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept opposite argument for “up the group”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">no reaction with NaCl;</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2NaI(aq)}} \to {\text{2NaBr(aq)}} + {{\text{I}}_2}{\text{(aq)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept ionic equation.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(electrostatic attraction between a) lattice of positive ions/cations <strong>and</strong> delocalized/sea of electrons;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept suitable diagram.</em></p>
<p class="p1">atoms/ions/layers (of positive ions) can slide over each other <em>/ OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">without change in the bonding forces <em>/ OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">variable oxidation numbers/valency</p>
<p class="p1">form complex (ions)</p>
<p class="p1">form coloured <span style="text-decoration: underline;">compounds/ions</span></p>
<p class="p1">catalytic (behaviour)</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for any three, </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for any two.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">dative (covalent)/coordinate;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">III / \( + 3\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Penalize incorrect format such as 3+ only if not penalized in 4 (b).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-13_om_13.25.35.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/07.b.v/M"></em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Penalise missing [Ar] only once in (v) and (vi).</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept full orbital diagram; penalise only once in (v) and (vi).</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept full or half-arrows in (v) and (vi).</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore absence of labels 4s and 3d.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-13_om_13.38.44.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/07.b.vi/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p2"><em>Accept empty 4s box in (vi).</em></p>
<p class="p2"><em>No ECF from (iv).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-13_om_13.43.52.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/07.c.i/M"></p>
<p class="p1">clear diagram containing all elements (power supply, connecting wires,</p>
<p class="p1">electrodes, container and electrolyte);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept power supply if shown as conventional long/short lines (as in diagram </em><em>above) or clearly labelled DC power supply.</em></p>
<p class="p1">labelled positive electrode/anode <strong>and </strong>negative electrode/cathode;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept positive and negative by correct symbols near power supply.</em></p>
<p class="p1">labelled electrolyte/FeBr<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>(l)/FeBr<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>(aq);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>State must be included for FeBr</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Electrolyte: </em>positive ions/cations move to negative electrode/cathode <strong>and</strong> negative ions/anions to positive electrode/anode;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Conductors</em>: electrons flow from negative pole of battery to positive pole of battery / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Look at diagram in (i) for possible clarification of electron flow.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for “electrons in wire/external circuit </em><strong><em>and </em></strong><em>ions in solution”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Negative electrode/cathode</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\({E^\Theta }{\text{(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{)}}\) is less negative than \({E^\Theta }{\text{(Fe)}}\) / Fe is more reactive than \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\) / \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\) is lower in reactivity series / \({{\text{H}}^ + }\) more easily reduced than Fe<span class="s1">2+ </span>/ <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Positive electrode/anode</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\({E^\Theta }{\text{(}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{)}}\) is less positive than \({E^\Theta }{\text{(B}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{)}}\) / in a dilute \({\text{B}}{{\text{r}}^ - }\) solution \({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{/}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) is</p>
<p class="p1">preferably discharged / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[3 max] </em></strong><em>if electrodes reversed or omitted.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept Fe.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{2B}}{{\text{r}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_2} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - }\) shifts to the right;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept similar reason for Fe.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This was the least popular of the Section B questions. In (a) (i) the trend was generally correctly identified but the reasons were not clear, many confusing <em>electronegativity </em>with <em>electron affinity</em>. Most knew about the reactions (or lack thereof) of bromine but the equations were sometimes unbalanced or included halogen atoms rather than molecules.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This was the least popular of the Section B questions. In (a) (i) the trend was generally correctly identified but the reasons were not clear, many confusing <em>electronegativity </em>with <em>electron affinity</em>. Most knew about the reactions (or lack thereof) of bromine but the equations were sometimes unbalanced or included halogen atoms rather than molecules.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">There was a tendency to describe the bonding of metals in terms of nuclei rather than cations and malleability was not well understood.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The properties in (b) (ii) were surprisingly poor. Many suggested that the metals themselves are coloured rather than the compounds, for instance.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The bonding in (iii) was not well known but the oxidation number was generally answered correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (v), some candidates gave the <em>full </em>orbital diagram, some omitted [Ar] – and some just got it wrong!</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The diagrams in (c) were poorly presented and often inaccurate (much confusion with a voltaic cell) and there was little understanding of how current was transmitted.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The diagrams in (c) were poorly presented and often inaccurate (much confusion with a voltaic cell) and there was little understanding of how current was transmitted.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (iii), few candidates correctly predicted the products of electrolysis of dilute iron bromide, with many seeming to ignore the presence of hydrogen ions/hydroxide ions/water; correct explanations in terms of electrode potentials or preferential discharge were rare.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (iii), few candidates correctly predicted the products of electrolysis of dilute iron bromide, with many seeming to ignore the presence of hydrogen ions/hydroxide ions/water; correct explanations in terms of electrode potentials or preferential discharge were rare. Despite this, bromine was often correctly identified in (iv).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (v), few understood the impact of concentrating the electrolyte.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The emission spectrum of an element can be used to identify it.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Hydrogen spectral data give the frequency of 3.28 × 10<sup>15</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> for its convergence limit.</p>
<p>Calculate the ionization energy, in J, for a single atom of hydrogen using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the wavelength, in m, for the electron transition corresponding to the frequency in (a)(iii) using section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce any change in the colour of the electrolyte during electrolysis.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the gas formed at the anode (positive electrode) when graphite is used in place of copper.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states in contrast to alkali metals.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>IE <strong>«</strong>= Δ<em>E =</em> <em>h</em>ν = 6.63 × 10<sup>–34</sup> J s × 3.28 × 10<sup>15</sup> s<sup>–1</sup><strong>» =</strong> 2.17 × 10<sup>–18</sup> <strong>«</strong>J<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>\(\lambda = \frac{C}{{\text{v}}} = \frac{{3.00 \times {{10}^8}{\text{ m}}{{\text{s}}^{ - 1}}}}{{3.28 \times {{10}^{15}}{\text{ }}{{\text{s}}^{ - 1}}}} = \)<strong>»</strong> 9.15 × 10<sup>–8</sup> <strong>«</strong>m<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>no change <strong>«</strong>in colour<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “solution around cathode </em><em>will become paler and solution around </em><em>the anode will become darker”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>oxygen/O<sub>2</sub></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “carbon dioxide/CO2”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Transition metals:</em></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>contain<strong>» </strong>d and s orbitals <strong>«</strong>which are close in energy<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>successive<strong>» </strong>ionization energies increase gradually</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Alkali metals</em>:</p>
<p>second electron removed from <strong>«</strong>much<strong>» </strong>lower energy level</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>removal of second electron requires large increase in ionization energy</p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The reaction between carbon monoxide, CO(g), and nitrogen dioxide, \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\), was studied at different temperatures and a graph was plotted of \(\ln k\) against \(\frac{1}{T}\). The equation of the line of best fit was found to be:</p>
<p>\[\ln k = - 1.60 \times {10^4}\left( {\frac{1}{T}} \right) + 23.2\]</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-01_om_07.50.41.png" alt="M12/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/09.c"></p>
<p class="p1">\[\frac{1}{T}/{\text{1}}{{\text{0}}^{ - 3}}{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State the <strong>full </strong>electron configuration of Fe.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State the <strong>abbreviated </strong>electron configuration of \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\) ions.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cyanide ions, \({\text{C}}{{\text{N}}^ - }\), can act as ligands. One complex ion that involves the cyanide ion is \({{\text{[Fe(CN}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{3 - }}\). Identify the property of a cyanide ion which allows it to act as a ligand, and explain the bonding that occurs in the complex ion in terms of acid–base theory. Describe the structure of the complex ion, \({{\text{[Fe(CN}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{3 - }}\).</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Explain why complexes of \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\) are coloured.</p>
<div class="marks">[8]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Arrhenius equation is shown in Table 1 of the Data Booklet. Identify the symbols \(k\) and A.</p>
<p class="p1">\(k\):</p>
<p class="p1">A:</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Calculate the activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\), for the reaction between CO(g) and \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Calculate the numerical value of A.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^2}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^2}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^6}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^2}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^6}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^6}{\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^2}/{\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^2}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^2}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^6}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^2}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^6}{\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^2}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^6}\);</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{[Ar]3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{5}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>lone pair of electrons (on C);</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{N}}^ - }\) acts as a Lewis base / \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\) acts as a Lewis acid;</p>
<p class="p1">dative covalent/coordinate bond formed (between \({\text{C}}{{\text{N}}^ - }\) and \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\));</p>
<p class="p1">ligands occupy an octahedral shape around central metal ion / coordination number of \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\) is 6;</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>d sub-level splits (into two sets of orbitals of different energy) / <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-01_om_10.13.58.png" alt="M12/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/09.a/M">\(\Delta E\);</p>
<p class="p1">colour due to electron transitions between (split) d orbitals;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) \(k\):</p>
<p>rate constant;</p>
<p>\(A\):</p>
<p>Arrhenius constant / frequency/pre-exponential factor;</p>
<p>(ii) \({\text{gradient}} = \frac{{ - {E_{\text{a}}}}}{R}/{E_{\text{a}}} = - {\text{gradient}} \times R\);</p>
<p>\(\left( { = - ( - 16) \times 8.31} \right) = + 133{\text{ (kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}{\text{)}}/1.33 \times {10^5}{\text{ (J}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}{\text{)}}\);</p>
<p>(iii) \(\ln {\text{A}} = {\text{(intercept on }}y{\text{ - axis}} ={\text{) 23.2}}\);</p>
<p>\({\text{A}} = 1.190 \times {10^{10}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates had no difficulty with the full electron configuration of Fe in (a) but many could not write the abbreviated electron configuration of \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\), losing 3d electrons ahead of 4s. Some G2 comments suggested that the word abbreviated caused problems, but this is stated in the teacher‘s notes and most candidates seemed to have no difficulty with the term. Descriptions of cyanide ions acting as ligands were particularly well expressed but some candidates had difficulty explaining why \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\) ions are coloured, referring to excited orbitals emitting light.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (c) most candidates identified the symbols of the Arrhenius equation. Many calculated the activation energy, although several calculated the gradient from the graph rather than using the equation of the line of best fit. (This was accepted, but made the question much harder than intended.) Several candidates also calculated the numerical value of A correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Brass is a copper containing alloy with many uses. An analysis is carried out to determine the percentage of copper present in three identical samples of brass. The reactions involved in this analysis are shown below.</p>
<p class="p1">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{Step 1: Cu(s)}} + {\text{2HN}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2N}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}} \\ {{\text{Step 2: 4}}{{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2CuI(s)}} + {{\text{I}}_2}{\text{(aq)}}} \\ {{\text{Step 3: }}{{\text{I}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{S}}_2}{\text{O}}_3^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2}}{{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{S}}_4}{\text{O}}_6^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}}} \end{array}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">In step 1 the copper reacts to form a blue solution.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the full electronic configuration of \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why the copper solution is coloured.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{9}}}\);</p>
<p class="p2"><em>Do not allow [Ar]3d</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>9</em></span></sup><em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">d orbitals are split;</p>
<p class="p1">(3d) electrons move between orbitals <span class="s1"><strong>and </strong></span>absorb light/energy / complementary colour is transmitted when energy absorbed by d electrons moving / unpaired d electrons move between the different orbitals;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept levels instead of orbitals.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Several errors were seen in the electron configuration, the commonest of which was to give that of elemental copper.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Few attempts at the explanation of colour referred to the splitting of the d orbitals and electron transitions, and in several instances candidates referred to emission instead of absorption. This proved to be the most difficult part of question 1.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Explain why copper is considered a transition metal while scandium is not.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">Sc has no d electrons as an ion / Cu has d electrons;</p>
<p class="p1">Cu compounds are coloured / Sc compounds are colourless;</p>
<p class="p1">Cu has more than one oxidation state / Sc has only one oxidation state;</p>
<p class="p1">Cu compounds can act as catalysts / Sc cannot act as catalysts;</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">Answers to (e) were disappointing - many candidates seem not to have considered the 3-mark allocation and often mentioned only the presence or absence of d electrons.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Trends in physical and chemical properties are useful to chemists.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Cobalt forms the transition metal complex [Co(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (H<sub>2</sub>O)Cl]Br.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group whereas the melting points of the group 17 elements (F → I) increase down the group.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the shape of the complex ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the charge on the complex ion and the oxidation state of cobalt.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe, in terms of acid-base theories, the type of reaction that takes place between the cobalt ion and water to form the complex ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any three of:</em></p>
<p><em>Group 1:</em><br>atomic/ionic radius increases</p>
<p>smaller charge density</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>force of attraction between metal ions and delocalised electrons decreases</p>
<p><em>Do not accept discussion of attraction between valence electrons and nucleus for M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “weaker metallic bonds” for M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Group 17:</em><br>number of electrons/surface area/molar mass increase</p>
<p>London/dispersion/van der Waals’/vdw forces increase</p>
<p><em>Accept “atomic mass” for “molar mass”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[Max 3 Marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«distorted» octahedral</p>
<p><em>Accept “square bipyramid”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Charge on complex ion:</em> 1+/+<br><em>Oxidation state of cobalt:</em> +2</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Lewis «acid-base reaction»</p>
<p>H2O: electron/e<sup>–</sup> pair donor</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>Co<sup>2+</sup>: electron/e<sup>–</sup> pair acceptor</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The electron configuration of chromium can be expressed as \({\text{[Ar]4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{x}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{y}}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Hydrogen and nitrogen(II) oxide react according to the following equation.</p>
<p class="p1">\[2{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2NO(g)}} \rightleftharpoons {{\text{N}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">At time <span class="s1">= \(t\)</span> seconds, the rate of the reaction is</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{rate}} = k{\text{[}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)][NO(g)}}{{\text{]}}^2}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">When concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to a solution containing hydrated copper(II) ions, the colour of the solution changes from light blue to green. The equation for the reaction is:</p>
<p>\[{{\text{[Cu(}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_6}{\text{]}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{4C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} \to {{\text{[CuC}}{{\text{l}}_4}{\text{]}}^{2 - }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{6}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain what the square brackets around argon, [Ar], represent.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the values of \(x\) and \(y\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Annotate the diagram below showing the 4s and 3d orbitals for a chromium atom using an arrow, <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-27_om_08.08.15.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/03.a.iii_1"> and <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-27_om_08.09.21.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/03.a.iii_2">, to represent a spinning electron.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-27_om_08.10.12.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/03.a.iii_3"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain precisely what the square brackets around nitrogen(II) oxide, [NO(g)], represent in this context.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the units for the rate constant \(k\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain what the square brackets around the copper containing species represent.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why the \({{\text{[Cu(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{2 + }}\) ion is coloured and why the \({{\text{[CuC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{]}}^{2 - }}\) ion has a different colour.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Some words used in chemistry can have a specific meaning which is different to their meaning in everyday English.</p>
<p class="p1">State what the term <em>spontaneous </em>means when used in a chemistry context.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">the electron configuration (of argon) / \({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(x = 1\) <strong>and </strong>\(y = 5\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-27_om_08.11.01.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/03.a.iii/M"></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept all six arrows pointing down rather than up.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">the concentration (of nitrogen(II) oxide);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[0] </em></strong><em>if reference made to equilibrium.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 2}}{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{6}}}{{\text{s}}^{ - 1}}/{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 2}}{{\text{s}}^{ - 1}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept (mol</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>–1 </em></span></sup><em>dm</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>3</em></span></sup><em>)</em><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span><em>s</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>–1</em></span></sup><em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">complex (ion) / the charge is delocalized over all that is contained in the brackets;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">colour is due to energy being absorbed when electrons are promoted within the split d orbitals;</p>
<p class="p1">the colour observed is the complementary colour to the energy absorbed / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept either answer for first mark.</em></p>
<p class="p1">changing the ligand / coordination number / geometry changes the amount the d orbitals are split/energy difference between the d orbitals / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">the reaction gives out (Gibbs Free) energy that can do work;</p>
<p class="p1">\(\Delta G\) for the reaction has a negative value;</p>
<p class="p1">a reaction that occurs without adding energy (beyond that required to overcome energy barrier);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were familiar with the use of square brackets to represent noble gas electron configurations and concentrations in rate expressions and it was encouraging to see candidates give a correct orbital diagram with the d electrons unpaired.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A significant number of students were unaware of the exceptional nature of the electron configuration for chromium.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A significant number of students were unaware of the exceptional nature of the electron configuration for chromium, but were able to gain the mark in (a) (iii) with ecf.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The understanding of the use of square bracket to represent complex ions was limited.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates omitted the \({{\text{s}}^{ - 1}}\) in the units for the rate constant.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(c) (ii) proved to be more challenging with many candidates mixing up sub-shells with orbitals and absorption with emission spectra.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates were familiar with the use of the term <em>spontaneous </em>when used in a chemical context<em>. </em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the emission spectrum of hydrogen. Outline how this spectrum is related to the energy levels in the hydrogen atom.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Transition elements form complexes such as \({{\text{[Fe(CN}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{4 - }}\) and \({{\text{[FeC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{]}}^ - }\). Deduce the oxidation number of iron in each of these complex ions.</p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{[Fe(CN}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{4 - }}\)</p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{[FeC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{]}}^ - }\)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">series of lines/lines;</p>
<p class="p1">electron transfer/transition between higher energy level to lower energy level / electron transitions into first energy level causes UV series / transition into second energy level causes visible series / transition into third energy level causes infrared series;</p>
<p class="p1">convergence at higher frequency/energy/short wavelength;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow any of the above points to be shown on a diagram.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({{\text{[Fe(CN}}{{\text{)}}_6}{\text{]}}^{4 - }} = + 2\);</p>
<p>\({{\text{[FeC}}{{\text{l}}_4}{\text{]}}^ - } = + {\text{3}}\);</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>if 2+ and 3+, 2 and 3 or II and III stated.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In the emission spectrum of hydrogen some candidates missed stating about convergence at high energy/frequency while some other candidates forgot to write that it is a line spectrum.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The majority of candidates deduced the oxidation number of iron in the complex ions correctly although some candidates still wrote 2+ and 3+ which deprived them of one mark.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Urea, (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO, is excreted by mammals and can be used as a fertilizer.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Urea can also be made by the direct combination of ammonia and carbon dioxide gases.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2NH<sub>3</sub>(g) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g) \( \rightleftharpoons \) (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(g) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Δ<em>H </em>< 0</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in urea to two decimal places using section 6 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest how the percentage of nitrogen affects the cost of transport of fertilizers giving a reason.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The structural formula of urea is shown.</p>
<p><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_11.43.42.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.b_01"></p>
<p>Predict the electron domain and molecular geometries at the nitrogen and carbon atoms, applying the VSEPR theory.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_11.45.16.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.b_02"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Urea can be made by reacting potassium cyanate, KNCO, with ammonium chloride, NH<sub>4</sub>Cl.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">KNCO(aq) + NH<sub>4</sub>Cl(aq) → (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO(aq) + KCl(aq)</p>
<p>Determine the maximum mass of urea that could be formed from 50.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> potassium cyanate solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equilibrium constant expression, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, with a reason, the effect on the equilibrium constant, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, when the temperature is increased.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine an approximate order of magnitude for <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet. Assume Δ<em>G</em><sup>Θ</sup> for the forward reaction is approximately +50 kJ at 298 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest one reason why urea is a solid and ammonia a gas at room temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch two different hydrogen bonding interactions between ammonia and water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The combustion of urea produces water, carbon dioxide and nitrogen.</p>
<p>Formulate a balanced equation for the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the maximum volume of CO<sub>2</sub>, in cm<sup>3</sup>, produced at STP by the combustion of 0.600 g of urea, using sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bond formation when urea acts as a ligand in a transition metal complex ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The C–N bonds in urea are shorter than might be expected for a single C–N bond. Suggest, in terms of electrons, how this could occur.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The mass spectrum of urea is shown below.</p>
<p><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_13.00.41.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.j_01"></p>
<p>Identify the species responsible for the peaks at <em>m</em>/<em>z </em>= 60 and 44.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">j.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The IR spectrum of urea is shown below.</p>
<p><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_13.07.17.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.k_01"></p>
<p>Identify the bonds causing the absorptions at 3450 cm<sup>−1</sup> and 1700 cm<sup>−1</sup> using section 26 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">k.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the number of signals in the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of urea.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">l.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the splitting pattern of the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of urea.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">l.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why TMS (tetramethylsilane) may be added to the sample to carry out <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectroscopy and why it is particularly suited to this role.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">l.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>molar mass of urea <strong>«</strong>4 \( \times \) 1.01 + 2 \( \times \) 14.01 + 12.01 +<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>16.00<strong>» </strong>= 60.07 <strong>«</strong>g mol<sup><sub>-1</sub></sup><strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>% nitrogen = \(\frac{{{\text{2}} \times {\text{14.01}}}}{{{\text{60.07}}}}\) \( \times \) 100 =<strong>» </strong>46.65 <strong>«</strong>%<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for final answer not to </em><em>two decimal places.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>cost<strong>»</strong> increases <strong><em>AND </em></strong>lower N%<strong> «</strong>means higher cost of transportation per unit of nitrogen<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>cost<strong>»</strong> increases <strong><em>AND </em></strong>inefficient/too much/about half mass not nitrogen</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept other reasonable explanations.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept answers referring to </em><em>safety/explosions.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_11.46.41.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.b/M"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Note: Urea’s structure is more complex </em><em>than that predicted from VSEPR theory.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[3 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>n</em>(KNCO) <strong>«=</strong> 0.0500 dm<sup>3</sup> \( \times \) 0.100 mol dm<sup>–3</sup><strong>» =</strong> 5.00 \( \times \) 10<sup>–3</sup> <strong>«</strong>mol<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>mass of urea = 5.00 \( \times \) 10<sup>–3</sup> mol \( \times \) 60.07 g mol<sup>–1</sup><strong>» =</strong> 0.300 <strong>«</strong>g<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({K_{\text{c}}} = \frac{{[{{({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{N}})}_2}{\text{CO}}] \times [{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}]}}{{{{[{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_3}]}^2} \times [{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}]}}\)</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong><em>K</em><sub>c</sub><strong>»</strong> decreases <strong><em>AND </em></strong>reaction is exothermic</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong><em>K</em><sub>c</sub><strong>»</strong> decreases <strong><em>AND</em></strong> Δ<em>H </em>is negative</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong><em>K</em><sub>c</sub><strong>»</strong> decreases <strong><em>AND </em></strong>reverse/endothermic reaction is favoured</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>ln <em>K </em><strong>« = </strong>\(\frac{{ - \Delta {G^\Theta }}}{{RT}} = \frac{{ - 50 \times {{10}^3}{\text{ J}}}}{{8.31{\text{ J }}{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}{\text{ mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}} \times 298{\text{ K}}}}\) <strong>»</strong> = –20</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>«</strong><em>K</em><sub>c</sub> =<strong>»</strong> 2 \( \times \) 10<sup>–9</sup></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>1.69 \( \times \) 10<sup>–9</sup></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>10<sup>–9</sup></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept range of 20-20.2 for M1.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any one of:</em></p>
<p>urea has greater molar mass</p>
<p>urea has greater electron density/greater London/dispersion</p>
<p>urea has more hydrogen bonding</p>
<p>urea is more polar/has greater dipole moment</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “urea has larger size/greater </em><em>van der Waals forces”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “urea has greater </em><em>intermolecular forces/IMF”.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_12.44.01.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.e.ii/M"></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for each correct interaction.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>If lone pairs are shown on N or O, then </em><em>the lone pair on N or one of the lone </em><em>pairs on O </em><strong><em>MUST </em></strong><em>be involved in the </em><em>H-bond.</em></p>
<p><em>Penalize solid line to represent </em><em>H-bonding only once.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>2(H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO(s) + 3O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 4H<sub>2</sub>O(l) + 2CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2N<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<p>correct coefficients on LHS</p>
<p>correct coefficients on RHS</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept (H</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>N)</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>CO(s) +</em> \(\frac{3}{2}\)<em>O</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>(g) → </em><em>2H</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>O(l) +</em> <em>CO</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>(g) +</em> <em>N</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>(g).</em></p>
<p><em>Accept any correct ratio.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>V = \(\frac{{{\text{0.600 g}}}}{{{\text{60.07 g mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}\) \( \times \) 22700 cm<sup>3</sup> mol<sup>–1</sup> =<strong>» </strong>227 <strong>«</strong>cm<sup>3</sup><strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>lone/non-bonding electron pairs <strong>«</strong>on nitrogen/oxygen/ligand<strong>» </strong>given to/shared with metal ion</p>
<p>co-ordinate/dative/covalent bonds</p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">h.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>lone pairs on nitrogen atoms can be donated to/shared with C–N bond</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>C–N bond partial double bond character</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>delocalization <strong>«</strong>of electrons occurs across molecule<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>slight positive charge on C due to C=O polarity reduces C–N bond length</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>60</em>: CON<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></p>
<p><em>44</em>: CONH<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “molecular ion”.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong><br></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">j.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>3450 cm</em><sup><em>–</em><em>1</em></sup><em>:</em> N–H</p>
<p><em>1700 cm</em><sup><em>–</em><em>1</em></sup><em>:</em> C=O</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “O</em><em>–</em><em>H” for 3450 cm</em><sup><em>–1</em></sup><em>.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">k.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>1</p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">l.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>singlet</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “no splitting”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">l.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>acts as internal standard</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>acts as reference point</p>
<p> </p>
<p>one strong signal</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>12 H atoms in same environment</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>signal is well away from other absorptions</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “inert” or “readily removed” or </em><em>“non-toxic” for M1.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">l.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">h.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">j.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">k.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">l.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">l.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">l.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Tin(II) chloride is a white solid that is commonly used as a reducing agent.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State why you would expect tin(II) chloride to have a similar lattice enthalpy to strontium chloride, using section 9 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>(ii) Calculate the molar enthalpy change when strontium chloride is dissolved in water, using sections 18 and 20 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>(iii) Tin(II) chloride reacts with water to precipitate the insoluble basic chloride, Sn(OH)Cl.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>Suggest why tin(II) chloride is usually dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Tin can also exist in the +4 oxidation state.</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
<p>Vanadium can be reduced from an oxidation state of +4 to +3 according to the equation:</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>(i) Calculate the cell potential, <em>E</em><sup>Θ</sup>, and the standard free energy, Δ<em>G</em><sup>Θ</sup>, change for the reaction between the VO<sup>2+</sup> and Sn<sup>2+</sup> ions, using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><em>E</em><sup>Θ</sup>:</p>
<p>Δ<em>G</em><sup>Θ</sup>:</p>
<p>(ii) Deduce, giving your reason, whether a reaction between Sn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) and VO<sup>2+</sup>(aq) would be spontaneous.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, giving the <strong>full</strong> electron configuration of the vanadium atom, what is meant by the term transition metal.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>In an aqueous solution of vanadium(III) chloride, the vanadium exists as [V (H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup>, [VCl (H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> or [VCl<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>]<sup>+</sup> depending on the concentration of chloride ions in the solution.</p>
<p>(i) Describe how Cl<sup>−</sup> and H<sub>2</sub>O bond to the vanadium ion.</p>
<p>(ii) Outline what would happen to the wavelength at which the vanadium complex ions would absorb light as the water molecules are gradually replaced by chloride ions, using section 15 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Eight successive ionisation energies of vanadium are shown in the graph below:</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAABRAAAAN0CAYAAADMKQTyAAAKqGlDQ1BJQ0MgUHJvZmlsZQAASImVlwdUU1kax+976Y0WiHRCDb13pNdQBOkgKiGhhBJCIKjYlUEFx4KKCFhAhqrAqBRRERHFwiCg2HVABhF1HSyIipp9yBJ2ds/unv2f8533y/fu++73bu495/8AIF9j8fmpsBQAabwsQbC3Gz0yKpqOGwEQwAACIAJ1FjuT7xoU5A8QzV//qo93kdGIbhvN1vr3+/9V0pz4TDYAUBDCcZxMdhrCZ5BoYvMFWQCgOEhec1UWf5a3IywrQBpEuGyWE+e4aZbj5rj7x5jQYHeE7wOAJ7NYgkQASH8geXo2OxGpQ0YjbMrjcHkIWyLsxE5iIfOQkXvAMC0tfZaPIawb9091Ev9SM05ck8VKFPPcu/wQ3oObyU9lrfk/l+N/Ky1VOD+HBhLkJIFP8Ox8yJrVpKT7iZkXtyRwnrmcuZ5mOUnoEzbP7Ez36HnmsDz85lmYEuY6zyzBwrPcLGboPAvSg8X1ealL/MX145lijs/0DJnnBK4Xc55zkkIj5jmbG75knjNTQvwWxriL8wJhsLjnBIGX+B3TMhd6Y7MW5spKCvVZ6CFS3A8n3sNTnOeFicfzs9zENfmpQQv9p3qL85nZIeJns5ANNs/JLN+ghTpB4vUBXBAAWICdFb96dl8B93T+GgE3MSmL7oqckng6k8c2NqSbm5rZADB75ub+0ve0H2cJot1YyG1tBsCxQyQSnVvI+e0B4DQDAGL/Qo6xFwBJJQCulbOFguy53OxWR04yEUgCWaAAVIEm0AVGwBxYAwfgAjyBLwgEoSAKrABskATSgACsAuvAZpAHCsAecACUgKPgOKgBJ8Ep0ArOg0vgKrgJ+sEQeASGwRh4BSbBRzADQRAOokBUSAFSg7QhA8gcsoWcIE/IHwqGoqBYKBHiQUJoHbQVKoAKoRKoHKqFfoXOQpeg69AA9AAagSagd9AXGAWTYVlYBdaBTWBb2BX2g0Ph5XAinAHnwLnwLrgYroBPwC3wJfgmPAQPw6/gKRRAkVA0lDrKCGWLckcFoqJRCSgBagMqH1WEqkA1oNpRPajbqGHUa9RnNBZNRdPRRmgHtA86DM1GZ6A3oHeiS9A16BZ0N/o2egQ9if6OoWCUMQYYewwTE4lJxKzC5GGKMFWYZswVzBBmDPMRi8XSsAysDdYHG4VNxq7F7sQexjZiO7ED2FHsFA6HU8AZ4BxxgTgWLguXhzuEO4G7iBvEjeE+4Ul4Nbw53gsfjefht+CL8HX4Dvwgfhw/Q5AiaBPsCYEEDmENYTehktBOuEUYI8wQpYkMoiMxlJhM3EwsJjYQrxAfE9+TSCQNkh1pKYlL2kQqJjWRrpFGSJ/JMmR9sjs5hiwk7yJXkzvJD8jvKRSKDsWFEk3Jouyi1FIuU55SPklQJYwlmBIciY0SpRItEoMSbyQJktqSrpIrJHMkiyRPS96SfC1FkNKRcpdiSW2QKpU6K3VPakqaKm0mHSidJr1Tuk76uvQLGZyMjoynDEcmV+a4zGWZUSqKqkl1p7KpW6mV1CvUMVmsLEOWKZssWyB7UrZPdlJORs5SLlxutVyp3AW5YRqKpkNj0lJpu2mnaHdpXxapLHJdFL9ox6KGRYOLpuWV5F3k4+Xz5Rvlh+S/KNAVPBVSFPYqtCo8UUQr6isuVVyleETxiuJrJVklByW2Ur7SKaWHyrCyvnKw8lrl48q9ylMqqireKnyVQyqXVV6r0lRdVJNV96t2qE6oUdWc1Lhq+9Uuqr2ky9Fd6an0Yno3fVJdWd1HXahert6nPqPB0AjT2KLRqPFEk6hpq5mguV+zS3NSS00rQGudVr3WQ22Ctq12kvZB7R7taR2GToTONp1WnRcMeQaTkcOoZzzWpeg662boVuje0cPq2eql6B3W69eH9a30k/RL9W8ZwAbWBlyDwwYDhhhDO0OeYYXhPSOykatRtlG90YgxzdjfeItxq/EbEy2TaJO9Jj0m302tTFNNK00fmcmY+ZptMWs3e2eub842LzW/Y0Gx8LLYaNFm8dbSwDLe8ojlfSuqVYDVNqsuq2/WNtYC6wbrCRstm1ibMpt7trK2QbY7ba/ZYezc7Dbanbf7bG9tn2V/yv5PByOHFIc6hxeLGYvjF1cuHnXUcGQ5ljsOO9GdYp2OOQ07qzuznCucn7lounBcqlzGXfVck11PuL5xM3UTuDW7Tbvbu6937/RAeXh75Hv0ecp4hnmWeD710vBK9Kr3mvS28l7r3emD8fHz2etzj6nCZDNrmZO+Nr7rfbv9yH4hfiV+z/z1/QX+7QFwgG/AvoDHS7SX8Ja0BoJAZuC+wCdBjKCMoHNLsUuDlpYufR5sFrwuuCeEGrIypC7kY6hb6O7QR2G6YcKwrnDJ8Jjw2vDpCI+IwojhSJPI9ZE3oxSjuFFt0bjo8Oiq6KllnssOLBuLsYrJi7m7nLF89fLrKxRXpK64sFJyJWvl6VhMbERsXexXViCrgjUVx4wri5tku7MPsl9xXDj7ORPxjvGF8eMJjgmFCS8SHRP3JU4kOScVJb3munNLuG+TfZKPJk+nBKZUp4hSI1Ib0/BpsWlneTK8FF53umr66vQBvgE/jz+cYZ9xIGNS4CeoyoQyl2e2Zcki5qZXqCv8STiS7ZRdmv1pVfiq06ulV/NW967RX7NjzXiOV84va9Fr2Wu71qmv27xuZL3r+vIN0Ia4DV0bNTfmbhzb5L2pZjNxc8rm37aYbinc8mFrxNb2XJXcTbmjP3n/VJ8nkSfIu7fNYdvR7ejt3O19Oyx2HNrxPZ+Tf6PAtKCo4OtO9s4bP5v9XPyzaFfCrr7d1ruP7MHu4e25u9d5b02hdGFO4ei+gH0t++n78/d/OLDywPUiy6KjB4kHhQeHi/2L2w5pHdpz6GtJUslQqVtpY5ly2Y6y6cOcw4NHXI40HFU5WnD0yzHusfvl3uUtFToVRcexx7OPP68Mr+z5xfaX2irFqoKqb9W86uGa4JruWpva2jrlut31cL2wfuJEzIn+kx4n2xqMGsobaY0FTaBJ2PTy19hf757yO9V12vZ0wxntM2XN1Ob8FqhlTctka1LrcFtU28BZ37Nd7Q7tzeeMz1WfVz9fekHuwu4OYkduh+hizsWpTn7n60uJl0a7VnY9uhx5+U730u6+K35Xrl31unq5x7Xn4jXHa+ev218/e8P2RutN65stvVa9zb9Z/dbcZ93XcsvmVlu/XX/7wOKBjkHnwUu3PW5fvcO8c3NoydDA3bC79+/F3Bu+z7n/4kHqg7cPsx/OPNr0GPM4/4nUk6Knyk8rftf7vXHYevjCiMdI77OQZ49G2aOv/sj84+tY7nPK86JxtfHaF+Yvzk94TfS/XPZy7BX/1czrvL9J/63sje6bM3+6/Nk7GTk59lbwVvRu53uF99UfLD90TQVNPf2Y9nFmOv+Twqeaz7afe75EfBmfWfUV97X4m9639u9+3x+L0kQiPkvA+mEFUEjACQkAvKsGgBIFALUf8Q8Sc574h6A5H/+DwH/iOd/8Q9YANCCXWSvk3glAExI6LgBIIL9nLVGoC4AtLMTxD2UmWJjP1SIjzhLzSSR6rwIArh2AbwKRaOawSPStEmn2AQCdGXNefFZY5AulAefE9lg20G6yCfyL/g6ASgOXEKUHbQAAAAlwSFlzAAAWJQAAFiUBSVIk8AAAAxtpVFh0WE1MOmNvbS5hZG9iZS54bXAAAAAAADx4OnhtcG1ldGEgeG1sbnM6eD0iYWRvYmU6bnM6bWV0YS8iIHg6eG1wdGs9IlhNUCBDb3JlIDUuNC4wIj4KICAgPHJkZjpSREYgeG1sbnM6cmRmPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8xOTk5LzAyLzIyLXJkZi1zeW50YXgtbnMjIj4KICAgICAgPHJkZjpEZXNjcmlwdGlvbiByZGY6YWJvdXQ9IiIKICAgICAgICAgICAgeG1sbnM6dGlmZj0iaHR0cDovL25zLmFkb2JlLmNvbS90aWZmLzEuMC8iCiAgICAgICAgICAgIHhtbG5zOmV4aWY9Imh0dHA6Ly9ucy5hZG9iZS5jb20vZXhpZi8xLjAvIj4KICAgICAgICAgPHRpZmY6T3JpZW50YXRpb24+MTwvdGlmZjpPcmllbnRhdGlvbj4KICAgICAgICAgPHRpZmY6WVJlc29sdXRpb24+MTQ0PC90aWZmOllSZXNvbHV0aW9uPgogICAgICAgICA8dGlmZjpSZXNvbHV0aW9uVW5pdD4yPC90aWZmOlJlc29sdXRpb25Vbml0PgogICAgICAgICA8dGlmZjpDb21wcmVzc2lvbj4xPC90aWZmOkNvbXByZXNzaW9uPgogICAgICAgICA8dGlmZjpQaG90b21ldHJpY0ludGVycHJldGF0aW9uPjI8L3RpZmY6UGhvdG9tZXRyaWNJbnRlcnByZXRhdGlvbj4KICAgICAgICAgPHRpZmY6WFJlc29sdXRpb24+MTQ0PC90aWZmOlhSZXNvbHV0aW9uPgogICAgICAgICA8ZXhpZjpQaXhlbFhEaW1lbnNpb24+MTI5NjwvZXhpZjpQaXhlbFhEaW1lbnNpb24+CiAgICAgICAgIDxleGlmOlBpeGVsWURpbWVuc2lvbj44ODQ8L2V4aWY6UGl4ZWxZRGltZW5zaW9uPgogICAgICA8L3JkZjpEZXNjcmlwdGlvbj4KICAgPC9yZGY6UkRGPgo8L3g6eG1wbWV0YT4KEjMoBQAAQABJREFUeAHs3Q10VOW97/FfTXPKUrAh8WVOi5WQhOO9rTkNHCqtF04TiqXQ1oRKELkKAgG5IQqCvFOPhrwCokVKIQGKXSqIAlZRKzeTCqtWD01i8ZyrhYQAxdNYzEuB46LNir17Z3bC7GQm5GWS2TP5zloxs5+997P/z+dJu5Z//89+Pvd34yM+CCCAAAIIIIAAAggggAACCCCAAAIIIICAD4GrfLTRhAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAggggAACCCCAAAIINAuQQOQPAQEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEEAAAQT8CpBA9EvDCQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBAggcjfAAIIIIAAAggggAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAgj4FSCB6JeGEwgggAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAggggAACCCBAApG/AQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBDwK0AC0S8NJxBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEECABCJ/AwgggAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAggggAACCCDgV4AEol8aTiCAAAIIIIAAAggggAACCCCAAAIIIIAACUT+BhBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEEDArwAJRL80nEAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABEoj8DSCAAAIIIIAAAggggAACCCCAAAIIIICAXwESiH5pOIEAAggggAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAggggAACJBD5G0AAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABvwIkEP3ScAIBBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEESCDyN4AAAggggAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAggggAACfgVIIPql4QQCCCCAAAIIIIAAAggggAACCCCAAAIIkEDkbwABBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEE/AqQQPRLwwkEEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQIIHI3wACCCCAAAIIIIAAAggggAACCCCAAAII+BUggeiXhhMIIIAAAggggAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAgggQAKRvwEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQ8CtAAtEvDScQQAABBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAgAQifwMIIIAAAggggAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAggg4FeABKJfGk4ggAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAggggAACCCCAAAlE/gYQQAABBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAwK8ACUS/NJxAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEEAAARKI/A0ggAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAggggAACCCCAgF8BEoh+aTiBAAIIIIAAAggggAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAiQQ+RtAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEEAAAb8CJBD90nACAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBEgg8jeAAAIIIIAAAggggAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAn4FSCD6peEEAggggAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAggggAACCJBA5G8AAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBPwKkED0S8MJBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEECCByN8AAggggAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAggggAACCPgVIIHol4YTCCCAAAIIIIAAAggggAACCCCAAAIIIEACkb8BBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEPArQALRLw0nEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQIAEIn8DCCCAAAIIIIAAAggggAACCCCAAAIIIOBXgASiXxpOIIAAAggggAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAggggAAJRP4GEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQMCvAAlEvzScQAABBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAESiPwNIIAAAggggAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAggggIBfgc/7PcMJBBDwKdBUVaSpE3JVEZGu4vcLlBzp87I2jZd0yv2ifvXGXm184ZgaW866xmne7O9r/JQfKCkqoqXV/++GCu3b+4Ze375T7pqWXiLlGne/7r99tL4zI1lDO9GNAtJPk9HNK3rxzVe1c0uJalqjHqKU+f9b3xp1h+5LiVVnwmm9lS8IIIAAAggggAACCCCAAAIIIOA4gc/93fg4LioCQsCpAg2/VeF987T12AVpQCcTiE1V2jd/ph5586z/UUUm6u6fPqnHx/tLuBnJurInNfPup/V+S97QV2+u8VqxJU9zkmJ8nTXaAtVPrcoKMjR9S8XlZGi7J5qJzUf09IZZnUuOtrufBgQQQAABBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQcIIAS5idMAvEEBoCZiJw6VJP8rDTEZ9T6YrZHScPzb4aj2l3xv1a5T7nu+cGt/Izt3acPDTvrDmkvPkbVNrQ1Iv9GElI9wY92GHy0Hx8o2pK1mlBrlsNvqOhFQEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEQkCABGIITBIhOkDArDxMS7tyItAWqplo26jVL5z2tBpVhlNW7VBJVbWqTnl+jpfu0Ir0RHlWQZ/W3h/vUEW73J+RhMzN0d6WJctmP4X7VGb1UVXlVvGCcXK1PLvmdT1X8nHLkdfvAPVjJjNXvti6ZDkycZry9//Oa0zblDluiPVcI4m4f6/cte0G5RUXXxFAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAwMkCJBCdPDvE5gAB892FG5UxYUYXKw/N0C+o4o1SK9EWpZT8LcrPsL+jMCI2WXPyCrRkxCDPWM+6dejYp/Zx1x7Rc/tbkpCjteKNPcpPT1JUy1URsUpeslUHd0yzkogNcm/8RftEZED6aVJtyV4dsJKZkSNW6uD+XE3xWjIdETteD2/fp+L0mz0RNv5aTxW/Zyye5oMAAggggAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAqEoQAIxFGeNmPtAwKgerNinwtnjNW7WT6wNSwbp1tkzlTKgs4//s6o+tBbvRo7S9759o+8bI+L0ne/dYp07o7d/Z39XYuPv39Xbze89jNSQOUt0f5yvACIUlbJAi8dZacWzZSo7Y39ZYmD6uaBj775vvfdwuGatma44n7ukXK/kZQ8qpbm0slFnf1OuP/oePa0IIIAAAggggAACCCCAAAIIIOBwARKIDp8gwguWwGdq+N1ubS2xknnGbsmZO17WS8vHyt/2JO0jHajo661kX2OD6s5/1v6Sdi0DdH30QK/WT/UfR9/TpeaWGH1zVFwHuxrfqH+dOMpaDn1C75Z7v08xQP0Y74E8+natJ74BX9eor13tFWubrzGj9b2xVkLzg6MqZxlzGyAOEUAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEAgNARKIoTFPRBk0gSFKWbBNJb8p1sMp/nZI9hdclGKH32CdbJvQ877nnMrfOWE13KCEYa2Lk422BlUf/7N17ibFx17jfWOb70YV4rA4eeoc/1vHK//ktWw4QP00nNaJj63KxuHxivW8vLFNHC2HXuNvPK3KM39tOcFvBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBAIIQESiCE0WYTalwJXKeq21caGJ0dUtGS8hvpcpnuleK5W0rwlmuIys2zGewmXz9fyolKd8n4ZYEOF9i6dr5Ul5lLnSLnSl2hukndV30XVnfPUH2pArOKGdJixU0RUtAY3h9WoT2rP63LNY4D6OV+rc1b+cMAt8fpyhwSRGhz9ReuK86qr/1uHV3MSAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEEAAAQScKUAC0ZnzQlRBFzCq+RITu5k49Ao+arxynn9Sdycam6Q0HtPenFkaF2ckAodaP1+frOUvHDPeKWgkD+9Yq2fzxl/eHMXspumC6uqsjON10Yq60v9ih8TrFmvV9KUPK/VRSygB6qepoU71zX1G6rqYa9VxOJH6sjFWTzgN+rCqpZKyJSh+I4AAAggggAACCCCAAAIIIIBAKAh0/O//oTACYkTA4QIRsRP1+FOrNb65EtFXsFbycEt6+4TlZ0bl3idWyV+0UV3YrUpI45kB6uez+jp90jyECKO6cFAH72P0NU7aEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEEAgFAVIIIbirBFzCAnUqqxgsr6avEyHaqxEYLvoG1Xz5jKNu32uiiusDUraXUMDAggggAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAgggEBwBEojBceep/ULgkqqKFmj6lgpjibLxhsPEdC3dsE9lp6pV1fLz3j6tmz9OLtOj5pDy0heouMp652G/MGKQCCCAAAIIIIAAAggggAACCCDgdIHPOz1A4kMgZAVqX1N+4TvNyUO5pmnLM9lKjmqzBjkqSZOXPa0R8Y9o+uJXVdP4jtbnvqa07ZMVYw78qmsVfZ2xccpZIwVZZ7x/0HgdYrc2dAlQP1cNjtZ1Rlhnjf2d6+suNO/y3GZEvTJd5jsjA/V5cf8+JSUlBao7+kEAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEEAg7AWoQAz7KWaAwRFoUu2v39CR5lXLg5Q0+z6NbZs8bA1sgIamztSd1g7LjYff0Fu11sYpEYMUHW2l6D6pU8PlbZVb77Z9OVupD1s2bfbeJTlA/fjf5dkWhXXQqI+qquUJJ0q3xN3g66I+b7srbXKfP5MHIoAAAggggAACCCCAAAIIIBDKAiQQQ3n2iN3BAn/VmcrTnupDXaP4OFfHG45ExGnUt5prDo3dmk+r8sxfrbENVPT11rbKTfWqP28lFv2M3P8uyQHq59oYXW8URJqfptp6nfd89fPPRqNK8S/WOaOScvA/+LmOZgQQQAABBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQcLIACUQnzw6xhbDA39RQ23F6rXODi1LscKtyz5ZY9HV3kxpOVunj5lPXaHj8P3olLQPUT9TNSrjRk0Fs/MMJnekwn9mg6uN/9gQaebPiv/IFX0HThgACCCCAAAIIIIAAAggggAACDhfgHYgOnyDCC1WBaxSbcJMRfI3xc0m19Z8av6P8D6apSkffbtmB+YuKjrLK/HS1vjbq6xqw5bjRS7UOvvmBFieN9EoMenf5sd567ahV9XiDEoZ5Py9A/ViVkltfMMZ11q1Dx7KM9wle7R3E5e+17+j1ww2e4xvjFOt3CfflW/x9Mzed6cmnoqJCLF3uiSD3IoAAAggggAACCCCAAAII9GcBKhD78+wz9l4UiNRN/zJSQ5qf0KAjzx5Uld9qPaNy8K2X9LK5UYr5GTJSI7/SkkA0dm/+59v0rebDRp0tXq+dPndpNvpwP60NJVbCbkiKxifaE3uB6WeQEm+7V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" alt></p>
<p>(i) State the sub-levels from which each of the first four electrons are lost.</p>
<p>First: Second: Third: Fourth: </p>
<p>(ii) Outline why there is an increase in ionization energy from electron 3 to electron 5.</p>
<p>(iii) Explain why there is a large increase in the ionization energy between electrons 5 and 6.</p>
<p>(iv) Vanadium is comprised almost entirely of <sup>51</sup>V. State the number of neutrons an atom of <sup>51</sup>V has in its nucleus.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i)<br>same charge <em><strong>AND</strong></em> same/similar ionic radius</p>
<p>(ii)<br>enthalpy of hydration «= −1483 + 2 (−359)» = −2201 «kJmol<sup>−1</sup>»<br>enthalpy of solution <strong>«</strong>= 2170 − 2201<strong>»</strong> = −31 <strong>«</strong>kJmol<sup>−1</sup><strong>»</strong></p>
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<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em><br><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for +31 «kJmol<sup>−1</sup>».</em><br><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for ±4371.</em></p>
<p>(iii)<br>hydrochloric acid shifts equilibrium to left<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>hydrochloric acid prevents the basic chloride forming/precipitating</p>
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<p><em>Accept “hydrochloric acid reacts with «basic» chloride” <strong>OR</strong> “hydrochloric acid suppresses salt hydrolysis”.</em></p>
<p> </p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i)</p>
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<p>E<sup>Θ </sup><strong>«</strong>= 0.34 − 0.15<strong>»</strong> = 0.19«V»<br> ∆GO<sup>Θ</sup>«= − nFE<sup>Θ</sup> = −2 × 96500 × 0.19<strong>»</strong> = −36670 / −37000«J» / − 37«kJ»</p>
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<p><em>Accept −18335 «J» or −18 «kJ» as equation not specified.</em></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>(ii) </p>
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<p>yes <em><strong>AND</strong></em> ∆G<sup>Θ</sup> is negative<br> <em><strong>OR</strong></em><br> yes <em><strong>AND</strong></em> E<sup>Θ</sup> for the cell is positive<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>yes <em><strong>AND</strong></em> Sn<sup>2+</sup> (aq) is a stronger reducing agent than V<sup>3+</sup>(aq)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>yes <em><strong>AND</strong></em> E<sup>Θ </sup>SN<sup>4+ </sup>(aq) is more negative that<sup> </sup>E<sup>Θ</sup> or VO<sup>2+</sup> (aq)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>yes <em><strong>AND</strong></em> VO<sup>2+</sup> (aq) is a stronger oxidizing agent than Sn<sup>4+</sup> (aq)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>yes <em><strong>AND</strong></em> E<sup>Θ</sup> for VO<sup>2+</sup> (aq) is more positive than E<sup>Θ</sup> for SN<sup>4+</sup> (aq)</p>
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<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept reference to anti-clockwise rule.</em></p>
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<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
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<p>1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>3d<sup>3</sup>4s<sup>2</sup><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>4s<sup>2</sup>3d<sup>3</sup> </p>
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<p>incomplete d <strong>«</strong>sub-<strong>»</strong> level/orbital/shell <strong>«</strong>in its compounds/ions<strong>»</strong></p>
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<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
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<p>(i)<br>give/donate a lone/non-bonding electron pair</p>
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<p><em>Accept “through the formation of a dative/ coordinate bond”.</em><br><em> Accept “by acting as Lewis bases”.</em><br><em> Do not accept “act as ligands”.</em></p>
<p>(ii)<br>«more chlorido ligands» smaller energy gap between split d-orbitals<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Cl<sup>−</sup> is lower than H<sub>2</sub>O in spectrochemical series <br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Cl<sup>−</sup> is a weaker ligand/has lower charge density</p>
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<p>the absorption will move to longer wavelengths<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>the absorption wavelength will increase</p>
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<p><em>Do not accept answers in terms of change of frequency.</em></p>
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<p>(i)<br><em>First:</em> 4s <em><strong>AND</strong></em> <em>Second:</em> 4s <em><strong>AND</strong></em> <em>Third:</em> 3d <em><strong>AND</strong></em> <em>Fourth:</em> 3d</p>
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<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> apply <strong>ECF</strong> from (c).</em></p>
<p>(ii)<br><strong>«</strong>in the same sub-shell and a<strong>»</strong> decrease in electron-electron repulsion<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br><strong>«</strong>in the same sub-shell and<strong>»</strong> as more electrons removed, the pull of of the nucleus/positive ions holds the remaining electrons more tightly</p>
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<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “greater nuclear charge/ effective nuclear charge”.</em></p>
<p>(iii)<br>electron 5 is lost from the 3d orbital<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>electron 5 is lost from the valence shell</p>
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<p>electron 6 is lost from a 3p orbital<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>electron 6 is lost from a <strong>«</strong>complete<strong>»</strong> inner shell</p>
<p>3p orbital/complete inner shell experiences a much larger effective nuclear charge<br> <em><strong>OR</strong></em><br> 3p orbital/complete inner shell is less well shielded<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>3p orbital/complete inner shell is nearer the nucleus</p>
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<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> (for M1/M2) (<strong>ECF</strong>) if candidate recognises electrons 5 and 6 are from different levels.</em></p>
<p>(iv)<br>28</p>
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<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
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[N/A]
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[N/A]
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[N/A]
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[N/A]
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[N/A]
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