File "markSceme-SL-paper3.html"
Path: /IB QUESTIONBANKS/4 Fourth Edition - PAPER/HTML/Chemistry/Option C/markSceme-SL-paper3html
File size: 654.86 KB
MIME-type: text/html
Charset: utf-8
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>IB Questionbank</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="css/application-746ec5d03ead8d9e8b3bb7d32173f2b4e2e22a05f0c5278e086ab55b3c9c238e.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="css/print-6da094505524acaa25ea39a4dd5d6130a436fc43336c0bb89199951b860e98e9.css">
<script src="js/application-3c91afd8a2942c18d21ed2700e1bdec14ada97f1d3788ae229315e1276d81453.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" async src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-MML-AM_CHTML-full"></script>
<!--[if lt IE 9]>
<script src='https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/html5shiv/3.7.3/html5shiv.min.js'></script>
<![endif]-->
<meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token">
<meta name="csrf-token" content="iHF+M3VlRFlNEehLVICYgYgqiF8jIFlzjGNjIwqOK9cFH3ZNdavBJrv/YQpz8vcspoICfQcFHW8kSsHnJsBwfg==">
<link href="favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon">
</head>
<body class="teacher questions-show">
<div class="navbar navbar-fixed-top">
<div class="navbar-inner">
<div class="container">
<div class="brand">
<div class="inner"><a href="http://ibo.org/">ibo.org</a></div>
</div>
<ul class="nav">
<li>
<a href="../../index.html">Home</a>
</li>
<li class="active dropdown">
<a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#">
Questionbanks
<b class="caret"></b>
</a><ul class="dropdown-menu">
<li>
<a href="../../geography.html" target="_blank">DP Geography</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="../../physics.html" target="_blank">DP Physics</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="../../chemistry.html" target="_blank">DP Chemistry</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="../../biology.html" target="_blank">DP Biology</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="../../furtherMath.html" target="_blank">DP Further Mathematics HL</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="../../mathHL.html" target="_blank">DP Mathematics HL</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="../../mathSL.html" target="_blank">DP Mathematics SL</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="../../mathStudies.html" target="_blank">DP Mathematical Studies</a>
</li>
</ul></li>
<!-- - if current_user.is_language_services? && !current_user.is_publishing? -->
<!-- %li= link_to "Language services", tolk_path -->
</ul>
<ul class="nav pull-right">
<li>
<a href="https://06082010.xyz">IB Documents (2) Team</a>
</li></ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page-content container">
<div class="row">
<div class="span24">
</div>
</div>
<div class="page-header">
<div class="row">
<div class="span16">
<p class="back-to-list">
</p>
</div>
<div class="span8" style="margin: 0 0 -19px 0;">
<img style="width: 100%;" class="qb_logo" src="images/logo.jpg" alt="Ib qb 46 logo">
</div>
</div>
</div><h2>SL Paper 3</h2><div class="specification">
<p>The process of converting heat to electricity is limited by its thermal (Carnot) efficiency.</p>
<p>\({\text{Thermal efficiency}} = \frac{{{\text{temp. of steam at source (K) }}-{\text{ temp. heat sink (K)}}}}{{{\text{temp. of steam at source (K)}}}} \times 100\)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the thermal efficiency of a steam turbine supplied with steam at 540°C and using a river as the choice of sink at 23 °C.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Power plants generating electricity by burning coal to boil water operate at approximately 35% efficiency.</p>
<p>State what this means and suggest why it is lower than the thermal efficiency.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>\(\frac{{813{\text{K}} - 296{\text{K}}}}{{813{\text{K}}}}\) × 100<strong>» =</strong> 64 <strong>«</strong>%<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>35% of <span>chemical/potential</span> energy available in coal is transformed to electricity/electrical energy</p>
<p> </p>
<p>not all <span>chemical</span> energy from burning fuel transferred into heating water</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>energy dispersed elsewhere/energy lost due to friction of moving parts</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>heat loss to the surroundings</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “stored energy” for </em><em>“potential energy”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Chemical energy from redox reactions can be used as a portable source of electrical energy. A hybrid car uses a lithium ion battery in addition to gasoline as fuel.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Calculate the specific energy of the lithium ion battery, in MJ kg<sup>−1</sup>, when 80.0 kg of fuel in the battery releases 1.58 × 10<sup>7</sup> J. Use section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>(ii) The specific energy of gasoline is 46.0 MJ kg<sup>−1</sup>. Suggest why gasoline may be considered a better energy source than the lithium ion battery based on your answer to part (a) (i).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) The energy density of gasoline is 34.3 MJ dm<sup>−3</sup>. Calculate the volume of gasoline, in dm<sup>3</sup>, that is equivalent to the energy in 80.0 kg of fuel in the lithium ion battery. Use section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>(ii) The efficiency of energy transfer by this lithium ion battery is four times greater than that of gasoline. Determine the distance, in km, the car can travel on the lithium ion battery power alone if the gasoline-powered car uses 1.00 dm<sup>3</sup> gasoline to travel 32.0 km.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>i<br>«\(\frac{{1.58 \times {{10}^7}{\rm{J}}}}{{80.0{\rm{kg}}}}\)=\(\frac{{15.8{\rm{MJ}}}}{{80.0{\rm{kg}}}}\)=» 1.98 × 10<sup>−1</sup> «MJ kg<sup>−1</sup>»<br><br></p>
<p>ii<br>gasoline releases more energy from a given mass of fuel<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>gasoline has higher specific energy<br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept volume in place of mass as question refers to specific energy, not energy density.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>i<br>«\(\frac{{15.8\,{\text{MJ}}}}{{34.3\,{\text{MJ}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}}}\)»= 4.61 × 10<sup>−1</sup> «dm<sup>3</sup>»<br><br></p>
<p>ii<br>«4.61 × 10<sup>−1 </sup>dm<sup>3 </sup>× 32.0 km dm<sup>−3 </sup>× 4»= 59.0/59.1 «km»</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The sun is the main source of energy used on earth.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>One fusion reaction occurring in the sun is the fusion of deuterium, \({}_1^2H\), with tritium, \({}_1^3H\), to form helium, \({}_2^4He\). State a nuclear equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why this fusion reaction releases energy by using section 36 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the technique used to show that the sun is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Coloured molecules absorb sunlight. Identify the bonding characteristics of such molecules.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({}_1^2H\) + \({}_1^3H\) → \({}_2^4He\) + \({}_0^1n\)</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept "n" for "\({}_0^1n\)"</em></p>
<p><em>Accept "<sup>2</sup>H + <sup>3</sup>H → <sup>4</sup>He + <sup>1</sup>n/n".</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>higher binding energy/BE «per nucleon» for helium/products<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>nucleons in products more tightly bound</p>
<p>mass defect/lost matter converted to energy</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept converse statement in M1.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “mass deficit” for “mass defect”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>spectrometry</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “spectroscopy” for </em><em>“spectrometry” </em><strong><em>OR </em></strong><em>more specific </em><em>techniques such as “atomic absorption </em><em>spectrometry/AAS”, “astrophotometry” </em><em>etc. Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>award mark for incorrect </em><em>specific spectrometric techniques.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “spectrum”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«extensive system of» conjugation/alternating single and double «carbon to carbon» bonds<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>delocalized electrons «over much of the molecule»</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>In the 20th Century, both fission and fusion were considered as sources of energy but fusion was economically and technically unattainable.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Compare and contrast fission and fusion in terms of binding energy and the types of nuclei involved.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two</strong> advantages that fusion has over fission.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The amount of <sup>228</sup>Ac in a sample decreases to one eighth \(\left( {\frac{1}{8}} \right)\) of its original value in about 18 hours due to β-decay. Estimate the half-life of <sup>228</sup>Ac.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Fission:</em> heavy nuclei <em><strong>AND</strong> Fusion:</em> light nuclei</p>
<p>both increase in binding energy/energy yield «per nucleon»</p>
<p><em>Accept “large nuclei” <strong>OR</strong> “greater atomic masses of nuclei” for fission <strong>AND</strong> “small nuclei” <strong>OR</strong> “smaller atomic masses of nuclei” for fusion.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for “Fission: heavy nuclei <strong>AND</strong> increase in binding energy «per nucleon»” <strong>OR</strong> “Fusion: light nuclei <strong>AND</strong> increase in binding energy” «per nucleon»”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>no/less radioactive waste produced</p>
<p>abundance/low cost of fuel</p>
<p>larger amounts of energy released per unit mass</p>
<p>does not require a critical mass</p>
<p>can be used continuously</p>
<p>fusion reactor less likely to cause large-scale technological disaster</p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept "no/less waste produced".</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “higher specific energy”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[Max 2 Marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>6 «hours»</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>One method of comparing fuels is by considering their specific energies.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the specific energy of octane, C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub>, in kJ kg<sup>–1</sup> using sections 1, 6 and 13 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A typical wood has a specific energy of 17 × 10<sup>3</sup> kJ kg<sup>–1</sup>. Comment on the usefulness of octane and wood for powering a moving vehicle, using your answer to (a).</p>
<p>If you did not work out an answer for (a), use 45 × 10<sup>3</sup> kJ kg<sup>–1</sup> but this is not the correct answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the name of <strong>one</strong> renewable source of energy other than wood.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>M</em><sub>r</sub> (C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub>) = 114.26 <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>Δ<em>H</em>\(_c^\theta \)<em>=</em> –5470 «kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>»</p>
<p>«specific energy = \(\frac{{5470\,{\text{kJ}}}}{{0.11426\,{\text{kg}}}}\) =» 4.79 x 10<sup>4</sup>/47873/47900 «kJ kg<sup>–1</sup>»</p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “48 x 10<sup>3</sup> «kJ kg<sup>–1</sup>»” <strong>OR </strong>“47.9 x 10<sup>3</sup> «kJ kg<sup>–1</sup>»”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>wood is less useful because it requires «about three times» more mass for same energy</p>
<p><em>Accept “octane is more useful because it has higher specific energy”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any one of:</em><br>wind<br>tidal/wave<br>hydro-electric<br>solar<br>thermal/geothermal<br>plant oil</p>
<p><em>Accept “biofuel/biodiesel/«bio»ethanol” but <strong>not</strong> just “water” or “fuel cells”.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[Max 1 Mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Carbon dioxide is a product of the combustion of petrol.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the molecular mechanism by which carbon dioxide acts as a greenhouse gas.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Discuss the significance of <strong>two </strong>greenhouse gases, other than carbon dioxide, in causing global warming or climate change.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any three of:</em></p>
<p>IR/long wavelength/low frequency radiation radiated/emitted by the Earth’s <strong>«</strong>surface absorbed in the bonds<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p>bond length/C=O changes</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>«asymmetric» stretching of bonds</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>bond angle/OCO changes</p>
<p> </p>
<p>polarity/dipole «moment» changes</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>dipole «moment» created «when molecule absorbs IR»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>«</strong>some of<strong>» </strong>energy is then re-radiated towards <strong>«</strong>the surface of the<strong>» </strong>Earth</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept terms such as </em><em>“reflect” </em><strong><em>OR </em></strong><em>“bounced” </em><strong><em>OR </em></strong><em>“trapped”</em><em>.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>H<sub>2</sub>O <strong><em>AND </em></strong><strong>«</strong>relatively<strong>» </strong>greater abundance/stable concentration/less effective at absorbing radiation/lower GWP so not much overall effect on global warming/climate change</p>
<p>CH<sub>4</sub>/N<sub>2</sub>O/CFCs/SF<sub>6</sub>/O<sub>3</sub>/HCFCs <strong><em>AND </em></strong>more effective <strong>«</strong>than CO<sub>2</sub><strong>» </strong>at absorbing radiation/higher GWP so could contribute to global warming/climate change</p>
<p>PFCs/SF<sub>6</sub>/NF<sub>3</sub>/Some CFCs <strong><em>AND </em></strong>have very long life in atmosphere so could contribute <strong>«</strong>in the future<strong>» </strong>to global warming/climate change</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept names or formulas.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept two different gases with the same </em><em>effect for </em><strong><em>[2]</em></strong><em>.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for identifying the </em><em>names/formulas of two greenhouse </em><em>gases.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “greenhouse factor” for “GWP” </em><em>but </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>just “greenhouse effect”.</em></p>
<p><em>For M3, do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>allow “CFC” alone as </em><em>only some have long lifetimes (eg, CFC-</em><em>115, CFC-113).</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>One suggestion for the reduction of carbon footprints is the use of biofuels, such as vegetable oils, as a substitute for petroleum based fuels.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the major technical problem affecting the direct use of vegetable oils as fuels in internal combustion engines and the chemical conversion that has overcome this.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the formula of a fuel that might be produced from the vegetable oil whose formula is shown.</p>
<p> <img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why biofuels are considered more environmentally friendly, even though they produce more carbon dioxide per kJ of energy than petroleum based fuels.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>viscosity <strong>«</strong>of vegetable oils is too high<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p>transesterification</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>conversion into<strong>» </strong>alkyl/methyl/ethyl esters</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>R–CO–O–CH<sub>3</sub>/RCOOMe</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>R–CO–O–C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>/RCOOEt</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>growing oil producing<strong>» </strong>plants absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>combustion of<strong>» </strong>petroleum based fuels releases carbon stored <strong>«</strong>for millions of years<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “biofuels renewable” </em><strong><em>OR</em></strong><em> “petroleum based fuels non-renewable”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “waste vegetable oils can be </em><em>converted to biofuels/biodiesel”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “biofuels do not contain sulfur”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Crude oil is a useful energy resource.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline <strong>two </strong>reasons why oil is one of the world’s significant energy sources.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for the cracking of C<sub>16</sub>H<sub>34</sub> into two products with eight carbon atoms each.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify, giving a reason, which product in (b)(i) could be used in petrol (gasoline).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how higher octane fuels help eliminate “knocking” in engines.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The performance of hydrocarbons as fuels can be improved by catalytic reforming.</p>
<p>Outline how catalytic reforming increases a fuel’s octane rating.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>high energy content/high energy density/high specific energy</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>high enthalpy of combustion/very exothermic enthalpy of combustion</p>
<p> </p>
<p>shortage of alternatives</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>alternatives are expensive</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>oil is relatively cheap</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>oil is <strong>«</strong>still<strong>» </strong>abundant/common</p>
<p> </p>
<p>well-established technology</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>easy for consumers to obtain</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>commonly used</p>
<p> </p>
<p>easy to store</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>easy to transport</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>easy to extract</p>
<p> </p>
<p>produces energy at a reasonable rate</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “high potential energy” for M1.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>C<sub>16</sub>H<sub>34</sub>(g) → C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>16</sub>(g) + C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub>(g)</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>C<sub>16</sub>H<sub>34</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>(g) → 2 C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub>(g)</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub> <strong><em>AND </em></strong>is an alkane</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub> <strong><em>AND </em></strong>petrol does not contain alkenes</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>fuels can be compressed more without undergoing <strong>«</strong>unwanted<strong>» </strong>auto-ignition</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “burns smoother without </em><em>undergoing </em><strong><em>«</em></strong><em>unwanted</em><strong><em>» </em></strong><em>auto-ignition” </em><strong><em>OR </em></strong><em>“fuel does not auto-ignite”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>produces more branched chain hydrocarbons <strong>«</strong>with higher octane rating<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>produces aromatics <strong>«</strong>which have higher octane rating<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>produces cyclohexanes <strong>«</strong>which have higher octane rating<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “increase branches”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “produces benzene”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>penalize for “benzene” if penalty </em><em>applied in 2.b.iii.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “produces cyclic structures”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify one naturally occurring greenhouse gas, other than carbon dioxide or water vapour, and its natural source.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation that shows how aqueous carbon dioxide produces hydrogen ions, H<sup>+</sup>(aq).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The concentrations of oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere are much greater than those of greenhouse gases. Outline why these gases do not absorb infrared radiation.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-09_om_18.35.29.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ1/09.a/M"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “nitrous oxide”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “electrical discharges/lightning”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>CO<sub>2</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) \( \rightleftharpoons \) H<sup>+</sup>(aq) + HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>(aq)</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>CO<sub>2</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) \( \rightleftharpoons \) H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>(aq) <strong><em>AND </em></strong>H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>(aq) \( \rightleftharpoons \) H<sup>+</sup>(aq) + HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>(aq)</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept CO</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>(aq) +</em><em> </em><em>H</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>O(l) </em>\( \rightleftharpoons \)<em> 2H<sup>+</sup></em><em>(aq) </em><em>+ </em><em>CO</em><em><sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup></em><em>(aq).</em></p>
<p><em>Accept equations with single arrow.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>no change in polarity/dipole <strong>«</strong>moment when molecule vibrates<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “non-polar” or “no dipole </em><em>moment” – idea of change must be </em><em>there.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A link between the combustion of fossil fuels and an increase in the temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere was proposed over a century ago.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why it is only in recent years that specific predictions of the future effects of fossil fuel combustion have been made.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Carbon dioxide has two different bond stretching modes illustrated below.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-25_om_13.09.53.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ1/17.b"></p>
<p>Predict, with an explanation, whether these stretching modes will absorb infrared radiation.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, giving the appropriate equation(s), how increasing levels of carbon dioxide will affect the pH of the oceans.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Many combustion processes also release particulate matter into the atmosphere. Suggest, giving your reason, how this might affect the temperature of the Earth’s surface.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>computers can now carry out more complex calculations<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>better understanding of the interactions between the various systems involved<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>clear evidence of global warming<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«reliable» global temperature data now available<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>techniques have been available to monitor carbon dioxide levels</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “better/faster computers”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “better modelling”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “better/more reliable/consistent data”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “better measuring techniques”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept other scientifically based (not politically based) reasons.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept if specific relevant data is given.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “increased combustion of fossil fuels” or “increased concerns about global warming”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>symmetric stretching will not absorb IR<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>asymmetric stretching will absorb IR</p>
<p>change in polarity/dipole «moment» required «to absorb IR»</p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>CO<sub>2</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) \( \rightleftharpoons \) H<sup>+</sup>(aq) + HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>(aq) «and pH decreases»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>CO<sub>2</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) \( \rightleftharpoons \) H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>(aq) <em><strong>AND</strong></em> H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>(aq) \( \rightleftharpoons \) H<sup>+</sup>(aq) + HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>(aq) «and pH decreases»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept reversible or non-reversible arrows for all.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>reduce it <em><strong>AND</strong></em> absorbing/reflecting sunlight</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “reduce it because of global dimming”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “reduce it <strong>AND</strong> blocking sunlight”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Although fossil fuels are considered significant sources of energy, the energy conversion associated with the production of electricity is a very inefficient process, often in the region of only 40% of total possible energy conversion.</p>
<p>Fuel cells provide a much more efficient process, often with a 70% conversion factor.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the energy change conversion involved in a fuel cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Identify the two half-equations that take place at the positive electrode (cathode) and negative electrode (anode) in a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell with an <strong>alkaline</strong> electrolyte.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Positive electrode (cathode) half-equation:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Negative electrode (anode) half-equation:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) State the overall reaction, identifying the states of all species involved.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) Outline the function of the thin polymer membrane used in the corresponding hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell with an <strong>acidic </strong>electrolyte.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) Other than cost, state <strong>one </strong>disadvantage of a fuel cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>chemical (energy) to electrical (energy);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) <em>Positive electrode (cathode) half-equation:</em></p>
<p>\({{\text{O}}_2} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} + {\text{4}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{4O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }/\frac{1}{2}{{\text{O}}_2} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{2O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\);</p>
<p><em>Negative electrode (anode) half-equation:</em></p>
<p>\({\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2} + {\text{4O}}{{\text{H}}^ - } \to {\text{4}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} + {\text{4}}{{\text{e}}^ - }/{{\text{H}}_2} + {\text{2O}}{{\text{H}}^ - } \to {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - }\) /</p>
<p>\(\frac{1}{2}{{\text{H}}_2} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - } \to {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} + {{\text{e}}^ - }\);</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>if correct half-equations are given but incorrect electrodes.</em></p>
<p><em>Allow e instead of e</em><sup><em>–</em></sup><em>.</em></p>
<p><em>Penalise use of reversible arrow once only in 9 (b)(i) </em><strong><em>and </em></strong><em>11 (a).</em></p>
<p>(ii) \({\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}/\frac{1}{2}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\);</p>
<p><em>State symbols required.</em></p>
<p><em>Allow H</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>O(g).</em></p>
<p>(iii) allows flow of ions/\({{\text{H}}^ + }\)/protons (from anode/negative electrode to cathode/positive electrode) / prevents reactants mixing/moving from one compartment to another / salt bridge / prevents flow of electrons through membrane / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p>(iv) storage/transport difficulties of gases / potentially explosive/hydrogen is flammable / needs constant supply of fuel / can contain heavy metal(s) / often operated at high temperature / low power to mass ratio / susceptible to poisoning due to impurities in fuel / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p><em>Allow a named gas (hydrogen or oxygen) for storage/transport difficulties.</em></p>
<p><em>Allow problems related to corrosion.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept answers based on ethanol and methanol fuel cells (but needs to be stated) such as difficult to use in cold weather/less clean product (CO2) formed.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Although most candidates knew the energy conversion for the fuel cell in part (a), majority of the candidates were not able to identify the half reactions in part (b) correctly and scored poorly on (b)(i) and (ii). The function of the polymer membrane was well understood as were the disadvantages of the fuel cell. Most candidates were successful in scoring the mark for parts (b)(iii) and (iv).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Although most candidates knew the energy conversion for the fuel cell in part (a), majority of the candidates were not able to identify the half reactions in part (b) correctly and scored poorly on (b)(i) and (ii). The function of the polymer membrane was well understood as were the disadvantages of the fuel cell. Most candidates were successful in scoring the mark for parts (b)(iii) and (iv).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Catalysts may be homogeneous or heterogeneous.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Distinguish between <em>homogeneous </em>and <em>heterogeneous </em>catalysts.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Discuss <strong>two </strong>factors which need to be considered when selecting a catalyst for a particular chemical process.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the catalyst used in the catalytic cracking of long chain hydrocarbons and state <strong>one </strong>other condition needed.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State an equation for the catalytic cracking of the straight chain hydrocarbon pentadecane, \({{\text{C}}_{{\text{15}}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{32}}}}\), to produce <strong>two </strong>products with similar masses.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">homogeneous catalysts are in the same phase/state as reactants <strong>and </strong>heterogeneous catalysts are in a different phase/state to reactants;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">should produce only the desired product / selectivity;</p>
<p class="p1">efficiency;</p>
<p class="p1">should be able to work under both mild and severe conditions / should be able to work at high temperatures;</p>
<p class="p1">should not produce an (unwanted) environmental impact;</p>
<p class="p1">cost / economic viability / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">ease of poisoning/contamination;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(catalyst a mixture of) silica/silicon dioxide/ \({\text{Si}}{{\text{O}}_2}\) <strong>and </strong>alumina/aluminium oxide/\({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) / zeolites/aluminosilicates;</p>
<p class="p1">high temperature / 500 °C;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({{\text{C}}_{15}}{{\text{H}}_{32}} \to {{\text{C}}_8}{{\text{H}}_{18}} + {{\text{C}}_7}{{\text{H}}_{14}}/{{\text{C}}_{15}}{{\text{H}}_{32}} \to {{\text{C}}_8}{{\text{H}}_{16}} + {{\text{C}}_7}{{\text{H}}_{16}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were aware of the differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Few candidates could name the catalyst but knew one other condition needed for catalytic cracking.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most correctly stated an equation for the catalytic cracking of pentadecane, but some added oxygen or water, and some had too many hydrogen atoms in the products.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Much of our energy needs are still provided by the refined products of crude oil.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>“Knocking” in an automobile (car) engine can be prevented by increasing the octane number of the fuel. Explain, including an equation with structural formulas, how heptane, C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16</sub>, could be chemically converted to increase its octane number.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Many like to refer to our “carbon footprint”. Outline one difficulty in quantifying such a concept.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Climate change or global warming is a consequence of increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Explain how the greenhouse effect warms the surface of the earth.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how water and carbon dioxide absorb infrared radiation.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> → CH<sub>3</sub>CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)CH<sub>2</sub>CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> → <img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>isomerisation/reforming/platforming/cracking</p>
<p>Pt/Re/Rh/Pd/Ir</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>catalyst</p>
<p>A structural formula is only required for the organic product, not heptane.</p>
<p>Accept any correctly balanced equation showing increased branching or cyclization <em><strong>OR</strong> </em>aromatization <em><strong>OR</strong> </em>cracking.</p>
<p>Suitable supports for catalysts may be included for M3 (eg silica, alumina, zeolite) but the symbol or name of an appropriate metal must be given (typically a noble metal). Ignore temperature and other conditions.</p>
<p>Award M2 <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>M3 for “catalytic isomerisation” <em><strong>OR</strong> </em>“catalytic reforming” <em><strong>OR</strong> </em>“catalytic cracking”.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>which specific carbon-based greenhouse gases are included</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>whether non-carbon based greenhouse gases should be included</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>whether CO/incomplete combustion should be included «as can be oxidized to CO<sub>2</sub>»</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>how to “sum” all steps in a process creating CO<sub>2</sub></p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>difficult to determine both direct and indirect production of GHG/greenhouse gas emissions</p>
<p><em>Ignore reference to geopolitical issues (eg false recording of data by governments etc.).</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “difficult to measure all sources of CO<sub>2</sub>” but <strong>not</strong> “difficult to measure CO<sub>2</sub> released in atmosphere”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any three of:</em></p>
<p>incoming solar radiation is short wavelength/high frequency/high energy/UV</p>
<p>radiated/emitted as long wavelength/low frequency/low energy/IR «radiation»</p>
<p>energy/IR «radiation» absorbed by «bonds in» greenhouse gases</p>
<p>energy radiated/emitted as IR «radiation» some of which returns back to Earth</p>
<p><em>Do not accept “reflected” <strong>OR</strong> “bounced” <strong>OR</strong> “trapped”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[Max 3 Marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>bond length changes</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>«asymmetric» stretching «of bonds»</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>bond angle changes/bends</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>polarity/dipole «moment» changes</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>a dipole «moment» is created «when the molecule absorbs IR»</p>
<p>Accept “vibration of bonds” <em><strong>OR </strong></em>appropriate diagram</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is thought to result from the increased combustion of fossil fuels such as petroleum.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify an element, other than carbon and hydrogen, found at significant concentrations in fossil fuels.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Petroleum contains many hydrocarbons. Explain how these are separated by fractional distillation.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the specific energy and energy density of petrol (gasoline), using data from sections 1 and 13 of the data booklet. Assume petrol is pure octane, C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub>. Octane: molar mass = 114.26 g mol<sup>−1</sup>, density = 0.703 g cm<sup>−3</sup>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why the energy available from an engine will be less than these theoretical values.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>nitrogen/N</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>oxygen/O</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>sulfur/S</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “phosphorus/P”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any three of:</em></p>
<p>different molar masses</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>different strengths of intermolecular forces</p>
<p> </p>
<p>different boiling points</p>
<p>temperature in <strong>«</strong>fractionating<strong>» </strong>column decreases upwards</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>«</strong>components<strong>» </strong>condense at different temperatures/heights</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>component with<strong>» </strong>lower boiling point leaves column first</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>[3 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>specific energy </em><strong>«</strong>= \(\frac{{{\text{energy released}}}}{{{\text{mass consumed}}}}\) = \(\frac{{5470{\text{ kJ mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}{{114.26{\text{ g mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}\)<strong>» </strong>= 47.9 <strong>«</strong>kJ g<sup>–1</sup><strong>»</strong></p>
<p><em>energy density </em><strong>«</strong>\(\frac{{{\text{energy released}}}}{{{\text{volume consumed}}}}\) = specific energy × density = 47.9 kJ g<sup>–1</sup> × 0.703 g cm<sup>–3</sup><strong>» </strong>= 33.7 <strong>«</strong>kJ cm<sup>–3</sup> <strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “–47.9 </em><strong><em>«</em></strong><em>kJ g</em><sup><em>–</em><em>1</em></sup><strong><em>»</em></strong><em>”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “–33.7 </em><strong><em>«</em></strong><em>kJ cm</em><sup><em>–</em><em>3</em></sup><strong><em>»</em></strong><em>” unless </em><em>“–47.9 </em><strong><em>«</em></strong><em>kJ g</em><sup><em>–</em><em>1</em></sup><strong><em>»</em></strong><em>” already penalized.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>energy is lost <strong>«</strong>to the surroundings<strong>» </strong>as heat/sound/friction</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>energy is lost to the surroundings <strong>«</strong>as heat/sound/friction<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>incomplete combustion</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept just “energy is lost”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Carbon dioxide, methane and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are well known greenhouse gases. Nitrogen trifluoride, \({\text{N}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\), is thousands of times more effective at warming the atmosphere than an equal mass of carbon dioxide. \({\text{N}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\) can be used in the manufacture of computer chips and thin-film solar photovoltaic cells.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify <strong>two </strong>greenhouse gases not mentioned above. One of the gases that you identify should contain a nitrogen atom. For each gas, state its source.</p>
<p class="p1">Greenhouse gas 1:</p>
<p class="p1">Source:</p>
<p class="p1">Greenhouse gas 2:</p>
<p class="p1">Source:</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The methane produced by sheep and cows can contribute to global warming. In Australia, it is considered that sheep and cows produce approximately 14% of the country’s total greenhouse emissions. Explain how this methane is formed.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The following graph shows the annual increase in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide recorded at Mauna Loa, Hawaii.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-31_om_06.41.27.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ2/E1.c"></p>
<p class="p1">Explain why the graph is not smooth but involves annual fluctuations (shown in grey).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State <strong>one </strong>effect of global warming.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({{\text{N}}_2}{\text{O}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">artificial fertilizers / combustion/decomposition of biomass;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2 max] </em></strong><em>for one of the following pairs.</em></p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">evaporation of oceans/lakes;</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{S}}{{\text{F}}_6}\);</p>
<p class="p1">insulator in electrical industry;</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{O}}_3}\);</p>
<p class="p1">photochemical smog / electrical generators;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow correct names (e.g. ozone) instead of formulas.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Sources must match gases for </em><strong><em>[1]</em></strong><em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">breakdown of grass in animals stomachs / microbes in animals stomachs / by-product of fermentative digestion in rumen (and hind gut);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">seasonal since plants grow in spring and decay in autumn/fall / amount of \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) in the atmosphere depends on (natural processes such as) photosynthesis, which happens (more) in spring and summer than in autumn/fall and winter;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">rise in sea levels / thermal expansions of the oceans;</p>
<p class="p1">melting polar ice-caps/glaciers;</p>
<p class="p1">changes in climatic patterns / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">changes in agriculture and bio-distribution / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow specific changes.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (a) required candidates to identify two greenhouse gases not mentioned already in the stem of the question. It was also stated that one of these gases should contain a nitrogen atom. Only the best candidates could identify two greenhouse gases and their sources. There were many incorrect responses, and many responses that did not meet the requirements of the question.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Parts (b) and (c) indicated that candidates did not have sufficient experiences of real situations to set their knowledge in context, and few candidates linked the annual fluctuations to seasonal changes in photosynthesis. Some G2 comments reflected that teachers felt these questions were not directly related to the syllabus, but E.3.2 indicates that candidates should have familiarity with these sources.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Parts (b) and (c) indicated that candidates did not have sufficient experiences of real situations to set their knowledge in context, and few candidates linked the annual fluctuations to seasonal changes in photosynthesis. Some G2 comments reflected that teachers felt these questions were not directly related to the syllabus, but E.3.2 indicates that candidates should have familiarity with these sources.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Nearly all candidates could state one effect of global warming in (d).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Nuclear power is another source of energy.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Compare and contrast the process of nuclear fusion with nuclear fission.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Dubnium-261 has a half-life of 27 seconds and rutherfordium-261 has a half-life of 81 seconds.</p>
<p>Estimate what fraction of the dubnium-261 isotope remains in the same amount of time that \(\frac{3}{4}\)<span> of rutherfordium-261 decays.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for one similarity:</em></p>
<p>both increase binding energy/energy yield <strong>«</strong>per nucleon<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>mass loss/defect in both <strong>«</strong>nuclear<strong>» </strong>reactions/mass converted to energy <strong>«</strong>from <em>E =</em> <em>mc</em><sup>2</sup><strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>both produce ionizing radiation</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2 max] </em></strong><em>for any two differences:</em></p>
<p>in fusion, light nuclei combine to form heavier ones <strong><em>AND </em></strong>in fission, heavier nuclei split into lighter ones</p>
<p>fission produces radioactive/nuclear waste <strong><em>AND </em></strong>fusion does not</p>
<p> </p>
<p>fission is caused by bombarding with a neutron <strong>«</strong>or by spontaneous fission<strong>» </strong><strong><em>AND</em></strong> fusion does not</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>fission can initiate a chain reaction <strong><em>AND </em></strong>fusion does not</p>
<p> </p>
<p>fusion releases more energy <span>per unit mass</span> of fuel than fission</p>
<p>fuel is easier to obtain/cheaper for fusion reactions</p>
<p>fission reactions can be controlled in a power plant <strong><em>AND </em></strong>fusion cannot <strong>«</strong>yet<strong>»</strong></p>
<p>fusion reactor less likely to cause a large-scale technological disaster compared to fission</p>
<p>fusion less dangerous than fission as radioactive isotopes produced have short half-lives so only cause a threat for a relatively short period of time</p>
<p>fusion is in experimental development <strong><em>AND </em></strong>fission used commercially</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “small nuclei” </em><strong><em>OR </em></strong><em>“smaller </em><em>atomic masses of nuclei” for “light </em><em>nuclei” </em><strong><em>AND </em></strong><em>“large nuclei” </em><strong><em>OR </em></strong><em>“greater </em><em>atomic masses of nuclei” for “heavier </em><em>nuclei”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “no/less waste </em><em>produced for fusion”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “higher specific energy for </em><em>fusion”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\(\frac{1}{{64}}\)/\(\frac{1}{{{2^6}}}\)/0.016</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “1.6%”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Nuclear fission of <sup>235</sup>U is one source of electrical energy that has a minimal carbon footprint.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Natural uranium needs to be enriched to increase the proportion of <sup>235</sup>U. Suggest a technique that would determine the relative abundances of <sup>235</sup>U and <sup>238</sup>U.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain how <sup>235</sup>U fission results in a chain reaction, including the concept of critical mass.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest one reason why there is opposition to the increased use of nuclear fission reactors.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>mass spectrometry/mass spectroscopy/MS</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “analysis of radiation emitted”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>critical mass: </em>mass required so that <strong>«</strong>on average<strong>» </strong>each fission/reaction results in a further fission/reaction</p>
<p><em>Any two for </em><strong><em>[2 max]</em></strong><em>:</em></p>
<p>neutron captured by <strong>«</strong><sup>235</sup>U<strong>» </strong>nucleus</p>
<p>fission/reaction produces many neutrons/more than one neutron</p>
<p>if these cause further fission/reaction a chain reaction occurs</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “minimum mass of fuel needed </em><em>for the reaction to be self-sustaining”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept answers in the form of suitable </em><em>diagrams/equations.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>produce long lived/long half-life radioisotopes/radioactivity</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>could be used to produce nuclear weapons</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>nuclear<strong>» </strong>accidents/meltdowns can occur</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “long lived/long half-life </em><em>radioactive waste”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>One method of producing biodiesel is by a transesterification process.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the equation for the transesterification reaction of pentyl octanoate, C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>15</sub>COOC<sub>5</sub>H<sub>11</sub>, with methanol.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why the ester product of this reaction is a better diesel fuel than pentyl octanoate.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>15</sub>COOC<sub>5</sub>H<sub>11</sub>(l) + CH<sub>3</sub>OH(l) → C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>15</sub>COOCH<sub>3</sub>(l) + C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>11</sub>OH(l)</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>C<sub>13</sub>H<sub>26</sub>O<sub>2</sub>(l) + CH<sub>4</sub>O(l) → C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>18</sub>O<sub>2</sub>(l) + C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O(l)</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-10_om_14.49.59.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ2/14.a/M"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept correct equation in any format </em><em>eg, skeletal, condensed structural </em><em>formula, etc.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept equations with equilibrium </em><em>arrow.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>less viscous <strong>«</strong>and so does not need to be heated to flow<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>less likely to undergo incomplete combustion</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>fewer intermolecular/London/dispersion forces</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>vaporizes easier</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Ignore equation and products in 14a.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “van der Waals’/vdW” for </em><em>“London”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Petroleum (mineral oil) can be used either as a fuel or a chemical feedstock.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Name <strong>two </strong>fuels that are obtained from petroleum.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe <strong>one </strong>environmental problem that can result from the combustion of these fuels in the internal combustion engine and identify the specific combustion product responsible.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Plastic litter is an environmental problem that results from the use of petroleum as a chemical feedstock. Identify the property of plastics that is responsible for this.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">One product that is made from crude oil is the chemical feedstock that can be used to synthesize commercial liquid-crystal displays. Discuss the properties that a substance must have to make it suitable for use as a liquid-crystal display.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Any two for </em><strong><em>[1]</em></strong></p>
<p class="p1">petrol/gasoline</p>
<p class="p1">kerosene/paraffin/aviation fuel</p>
<p class="p1">diesel</p>
<p class="p1">fuel oil/gas oil</p>
<p class="p1">petroleum gas/refinery gas</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">global warming;</p>
<p class="p1">carbon dioxide;</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1">air pollution;</p>
<p class="p1">carbon monoxide / particulates / oxides of nitrogen/NO/\({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) / \({\text{VO}}{{\text{C}}_{\text{s}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept oxides of sulphur/SO</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1">acid rain;</p>
<p class="p1">oxides of nitrogen/NO/\({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept oxides of sulphur/SO</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">slow decomposition / not biodegradeable;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">chemically stable;</p>
<p class="p1">liquid crystal phase over a suitable range of temperatures;</p>
<p class="p1">rapid switching speed;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (a) a significant number of candidates named two fuels obtained from petroleum.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A significant number of candidates described the environmental problem.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The non-biodegradable property of plastics was stated correctly by many candidates.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The properties of a material that made it suitable for use as a liquid crystal display demonstrated poor understanding by many candidates.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Nuclear reactions transform one nuclide into another. Fission, splitting a large nucleus into two smaller nuclei, releases vast amounts of energy.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Explain why fusion, combining two smaller nuclei into a larger nucleus, releases vast amounts of energy. Use section 36 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>(ii) Outline <strong>one</strong> advantage of fusion as a source of energy.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Radioactive phosphorus, <sup>33</sup>P, has a half-life of 25.3 days.</p>
<p>(i) Calculate <sup>33</sup>P decay constant λ and state its unit. Use section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>(ii) Determine the fraction of the <sup>33</sup>P sample remaining after 101.2 days.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>i</p>
<p>product has higher binding energy «per nucleon»/more stable<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>nucleons in product more tightly bound «with one another»</p>
<p>lighter elements «than Fe» can fuse/combine with loss of mass/mass defect «and release vast amount of energy»</p>
<p><em>Accept “mass is converted to energy” for M2</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>ii</p>
<p><em>Any one of:<br></em>deuterium/fuel is abundant/cheap<br>«helium» products not radioactive<br>fusion much less dangerous than fission<br>large amounts/shipments of radioactive fuel not required<br>far less radioactive waste «created by fast moving neutrons» has to be stored </p>
<p><em>Accept “reduces greenhouse gas emissions/global warming” <strong>OR </strong>“no radioactive waste” <strong>OR</strong> “more reliable power” <strong>OR</strong> “fewer safety issues”. <br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “gives out a large amount of energy” as it is in the stem of the question.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>i<br>«\(\lambda = \frac{{\ln 2}}{{{t_{\frac{1}{2}}}}} = \frac{{0.693}}{{25.3\,{\text{days}}}} = \)» 2.74 × 10<sup>−2</sup> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">day</span><sup>−1</sup><br><em>Need correct unit for mark.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>ii<br>«4 half-lives; 1 →\(\frac{1}{2}\)→\(\frac{1}{4}\)→\(\frac{1}{8}\)→\(\frac{1}{16}\) =» \(\frac{1}{16}\) / 6.25 × 10<sup>−2</sup><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«\(\frac{N}{{{N_0}}} = {e^{ - {\lambda _t}}} = {e^{ - 0.0274\,\, \times \,\,101.2}} = \)» 6.25 × 10<sup>−2</sup></p>
<p><em>Accept 6.25%.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Carbon is produced by fusion reactions in stars.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The main fusion reaction responsible for the production of carbon is:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>X</strong> + \(_2^4{\text{He}} \to _{\;6}^{12}{\text{C}}\)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how the spectra of light from stars can be used to detect the presence of carbon.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the identity of <strong>X</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why this reaction results in a release of energy.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Nuclear fusion reactors are predicted to become an important source of electrical energy in the future. State <strong>two</strong> advantages of nuclear fusion over nuclear fission.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>presence of dark/absorption lines corresponding to those found for carbon<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>missing wavelengths/frequencies correspond to carbon’s spectrum</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “presence of characteristic dark lines”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept answer in terms of emission spectra.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({}_4^8Be\)</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>product «nucleus» has a greater binding energy «per nucleon than reacting nuclei»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “mass of the products is less than mass of the reactants”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept converse arguments.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>fuel more abundant/cheaper</p>
<p>no «long half-life» radioisotopes/radioactive waste</p>
<p>shipment of radioactive fuels not required</p>
<p>plutonium/nuclear weapons cannot be produced from products</p>
<p>nuclear disasters less likely «as no critical mass of fuel required»</p>
<p>higher specific energy/energy per g/kg/unit mass than fission</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept simply “fusion produces more energy than fission”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Thermal cracking, catalytic cracking and steam cracking are all used to convert alkane molecules into smaller molecules. Identify which <strong>one </strong>of the three types of cracking is used to crack a hexane molecule, C<sub><span class="s1">6</span></sub>H<sub><span class="s1">14</span></sub>, into propane and an alkene molecule, and state the equation involved.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">steam cracking;</p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{C}}_{\text{6}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{14}}}} \to {{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{8}}} + {{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were able to state the equation (in quite a few cases the molecular formula of propane was not known) for the cracking process, but only about half correctly identified steam cracking.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Auto-ignition of hydrocarbon fuel in a car engine causes “knocking”. The tendency of a fuel to knock depends on its molecular structure.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Discuss how the octane number changes with the molecular structure of the alkanes.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Catalytic reforming and cracking reactions are used to produce more efficient fuels. Deduce the equation for the conversion of heptane to methylbenzene.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«tends to» decrease with longer/larger/heavier alkanes</p>
<p>«tends to» increase with bulkier/more branched alkanes</p>
<p><em>Accept “octane number decreases with the separation between branches” <strong>OR</strong> “increases with the more central position of branches”. </em></p>
<p><em>Accept converse arguments.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16</sub> → C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> + 4H<sub>2 </sub></p>
<p><em>Accept “C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>8</sub>” for “C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Fuel cells convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy that can be used in applications ranging from spacecraft to remote weather stations.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the composition of the electrodes in a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the half-equation at each electrode in the hydrogen-oxygen <strong>alkaline </strong>cell.</p>
<p class="p1">Positive electrode (cathode):</p>
<p class="p1">Negative electrode (anode):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(porous) carbon/graphite electrodes (impregnated) with Pd/Pt/Ag catalysts;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Just Pb/Pt/Ag not sufficient for mark.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Positive electrode (cathode)</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} + {\text{4}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{4O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Negative electrode (anode)</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - }\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow e instead of </em>\({e^ - }\).</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>if equations are correct but electrodes reversed.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The question on fuel cells was poorly answered, with very few including both graphite and a Pd or Pt or Ag metal in the composition of electrodes.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Only the better candidates had no difficulty with the half-equations at each electrode in the hydrogen-oxygen alkaline fuel cell.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Hexane, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>14</sub>, is not a suitable fuel for internal combustion engines as it has a tendency to auto-ignite, a cause of “knocking”.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Hexane can be converted to different organic products in a reforming process. Identify <strong>one</strong> of these products.</p>
<p>(ii) Suggest why the product in (a)(i) has a lesser tendency to auto-ignite than hexane.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Octane, C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub>, can undergo complete combustion under suitable conditions. Calculate the specific energy of octane, in kJg<sup>−1</sup>, using sections 1, 6 and 13 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>(ii) The specific energy of ethanol is 29.7kJg<sup>−1</sup>. Evaluate the addition of ethanol to octane (or its isomers) for use as a fuel in motor vehicles, giving <strong>one</strong> advantage and <strong>one</strong> disadvantage.</p>
<p>Advantage:<br><br></p>
<p>Disadvantage:<br> </p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Coal can be heated with steam to produce synthetic natural gas. Formulate an equation to show the formation of methane, CH<sub>4</sub>(g), from coal, C(s), and steam, H<sub>2</sub>O(g).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<address>(i)<br>2,2-dimethylbutane<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>2,3-dimethylbutane<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>3-methylpentane<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>2-methylpentane<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>cyclohexane<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>methylcyclopentane<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>benzene</address><address><em>Accept name or structural formula.<br></em><em><em>Accept any mono or poly-substituted cycloalkane with a total of six carbon atoms.<br></em></em></address><address>(ii)<br>increased branching (for acyclic hydrocarbons)/aromatic/aromaticity (for benzene)/cyclic hydrocarbon<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>tertiary radicals are more stable<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>higher octane rating</address><address><em>Response in M1 must be consistent with molecule chosen in a (i)</em></address>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i)</p>
<p><strong>«</strong>\(\frac{{5470}}{{114.26}}\)= <strong>»</strong> 47.9 <strong>«</strong>kJ g<sup>-1</sup><strong>»</strong> <strong><br></strong></p>
<p>(ii)<br><em>Advantage</em>:<br>ethanol does not produce particulates/has less incomplete combustion/CO/HCs/VOCs/is less polluting<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>ethanol has high octane rating<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>ethanol is renewable<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>less environmental risks associated with spills for ethanol <strong>OR</strong> less carbon dioxide/CO<sub>2</sub> produced if renewable energy source used<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>economic advantages for countries that cannot produce crude oil</p>
<p><em>Accept any valid advantage and disadvantage. <br></em><em>Ignore any mention of cost.<br></em><em>Ignore any mention of NO<sub>x</sub>.</em></p>
<div class="page" title="Page 18">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><em>Disadvantage</em>:<br>reduces efficiency/lowers specific energy/lowers energy density<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>ethanol is more volatile/evaporates easily <strong>«</strong>than octane or its isomers<strong>»</strong><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>land that could be used for food production used to produce crops for ethanol<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>biodiversity can be affected/loss of habitats <strong>«</strong>due to energy crop plantations<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>phosphorus/nitrogen used in production has negative environmental effects<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>modification of current engines <strong>«</strong>may be required<strong>»</strong> if ethanol used </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><em>Accept “if the fuel blend consists of nearly pure ethanol, engine is difficult to start in cold weather”.<br></em><em>Accept for disadvantage any engine-related problem affected by ethanol use (eg. effect on fuel pumps, incorrect fuel quantity indicators, older cars may not be suitable for ethanol use, etc.).</em></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><br><br></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>2C(s) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(g) → CH<sub>4</sub> (g) + CO<sub>2</sub> (g)<br><strong><em>OR</em><br></strong>3C(s) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(g) → CH<sub>4</sub> (g) + 2CO(g)</p>
<div class="page" title="Page 18">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<div class="page" title="Page 18">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<div class="page" title="Page 19">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<div class="page" title="Page 19">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><em>Accept a two-step process.</em></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="column"> </div>
<div class="column"> </div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Although crude oil is considered an extremely important energy source, it cannot be used directly as a resource.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why crude oil needs to be refined before it can be used.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p align="LEFT">Thermal cracking, catalytic cracking and steam cracking can all be used to convert molecules of alkanes into alkenes.</p>
<p>(i) State the type of cracking which can be used to crack ethane into ethene, the chemical equation for the process and <strong>one </strong>reaction condition required.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Type of cracking:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Chemical equation:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Reaction condition:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Suggest <strong>one </strong>use for the other product formed in this reaction in addition to ethene.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>viscous / varied composition / complex mixture / has to be broken down into more usable substances / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) <em>Type of cracking:</em></p>
<p>steam;</p>
<p><em>Chemical equation:</em></p>
<p>\({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}} \to {{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\);</p>
<p><em>One reaction condition:</em></p>
<p>high temperature range / low pressure;</p>
<p><em>Allow any temperature if specified in the range 800–1400 °C</em>/<em>1073–1673 K.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for all three correct, </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for any two correct.</em></p>
<p>(ii) fuel (<em>eg</em>, in space vehicles) / to make fertilizer (on reaction with nitrogen) / margarine manufacture / reduction of metal ores;</p>
<p><em>Do not apply ECF from (i).</em></p>
<p><em>Accept other reasonable answers.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Candidates struggled with this option. The few who attempted this option had difficulties with almost all the questions. For part (a) ‘refined’ was interpreted as impurities that needed to be removed. The idea of different fractions used as fuels in the crude oil was missed by majority of the candidates. Many did not provide a complete response by comparing crude oil as a fuel and as a feedstock; many only addressed one of these two. Candidates also had difficulty providing examples for crude oil components and feedstock. Students did not score well in this part. Part (b) was also challenging for the students. Most students performed poorly unable to provide examples for feedstock and crude oil fuel fractions. About half the candidates gave thermal cracking as the response for (c)(i), and were not able to score the point. Majority of the candidates gave the correct response for the uses of the products of cracking for (c)(ii).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Candidates struggled with this option. The few who attempted this option had difficulties with almost all the questions. For part (a) ‘refined’ was interpreted as impurities that needed to be removed. The idea of different fractions used as fuels in the crude oil was missed by majority of the candidates. Many did not provide a complete response by comparing crude oil as a fuel and as a feedstock; many only addressed one of these two. Candidates also had difficulty providing examples for crude oil components and feedstock. Students did not score well in this part. Part (b) was also challenging for the students. Most students performed poorly unable to provide examples for feedstock and crude oil fuel fractions. About half the candidates gave thermal cracking as the response for (c)(i), and were not able to score the point. Majority of the candidates gave the correct response for the uses of the products of cracking for (c)(ii).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Fuel cells and rechargeable batteries are both convenient ways of providing portable electric power.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Compare fuel cells and rechargeable batteries giving <strong>one </strong>similarity and <strong>one </strong>difference.</p>
<p class="p1">Similarity:</p>
<p class="p1">Difference:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">One common type of rechargeable cell is the nickel–cadmium (NiCad) battery. For each terminal of this battery state the initial and final oxidation number of the element when the cell is delivering a current. Hence deduce which electrode is acting as the anode and which the cathode.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-31_om_15.34.41.png" alt="M12/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ1/C2.b"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A common type of fuel cell uses hydrogen and oxygen with an acidic electrolyte. State the half-equations for the reactions at the two electrodes.</p>
<p class="p1">Positive electrode:</p>
<p class="p1">Negative electrode:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The electrodes of fuel cells and rechargeable batteries have a feature in common with heterogeneous catalysts. Identify this feature and state why it is important for them to work efficiently.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Similarity: </em></p>
<p class="p1">both turn chemical energy into electrical energy / use chemical reactions to produce electricity/lectrical energy / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Difference </em><strong><em>[1 max]</em></strong><em>: </em></p>
<p class="p1">rechargeable batteries have reversible reactions <strong>but </strong>fuel cells do not;</p>
<p class="p1">fuel cells consume fuel <strong>but </strong>rechargeable batteries do not require (external) fuel;</p>
<p class="p1">rechargeable batteries can be recharged by electricity <strong>but </strong>fuel cells cannot;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-31_om_15.36.19.png" alt="M12/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ1/C2.b/M"></p>
<p class="p1"><em>All correct </em><strong><em>[3]</em></strong><em>, 4 or 5 correct </em><strong><em>[2]</em></strong><em>, 2 or 3 correct </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Positive electrode: </em></p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{4}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{4}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Negative electrode: </em></p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - }\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">large surface area;</p>
<p class="p1">changes only occur on the surface / where electron transfer occurs / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Some candidates were able to write one similarity and one difference between fuel cells and rechargeable batteries.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (b) was very poorly answered.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">None of the candidates scored full marks particularly in part (c) where it was rare to see any correct half-equations; the candidates also overlooked the fact that the electrolyte was acidic.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (d) seldom had any correct answers.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Carbon dioxide and water vapour are greenhouse gases produced by the combustion of fossil fuels.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the effect of the increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide on the acidity of oceans.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Describe the changes that occur at the molecular level when atmospheric carbon dioxide gas absorbs infrared radiation emitted from the Earth’s surface.</p>
<p>(ii) Other than changes to the acidity of oceans, suggest why the production of carbon dioxide is of greater concern than the production of water vapour.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>CO<sub>2 </sub>(g) \(\mathop \rightleftharpoons \limits^{{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\,{\text{(l)}}} \) CO<sub>2 </sub>(aq) </p>
<p>CO<sub>2 </sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) \( \rightleftharpoons \) H<sup>+</sup> (aq) + HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> (aq)<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> <em><strong>AND</strong></em> H<sup>+</sup> are formed «by dissolved CO<sub>2</sub>»</p>
<p>«increasing [CO<sub>2</sub>]» shifts equilibrium to right/increases acidity/decreases pH</p>
<p><em>H<sub>2</sub>O (l) not required over equilibrium sign for M1.</em></p>
<p><em>State symbols required in the equation in M1.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> ” at either side of the equilibrium in M2. </em></p>
<p><em>Equilibrium sign required for M1 but <strong>not</strong> for M2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>i</p>
<p>bond length/C=O changes<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>«asymmetric» stretching «of bonds»<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>bond angle/OCO changes</p>
<p><em>Accept “molecule bends” for M1.<br>Accept appropriate diagrams</em></p>
<p>photon re-emitted in random direction<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>polarity/dipole «moment» changes<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>dipole «moment» created «when molecule absorbs IR» </p>
<p> </p>
<p>ii</p>
<p>CO<sub>2</sub> gas «ten times» more effective as greenhouse gas/GHG than H<sub>2</sub>O<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>CO<sub>2</sub> gas levels keep increasing «unlike H<sub>2</sub>O»<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>CO<sub>2</sub> has higher Global Warming Potential/GWP than H<sub>2</sub>O<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>CO<sub>2</sub> stays in the atmosphere for longer than H<sub>2</sub>O </p>
<p><em>Accept converse arguments.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The greenhouse effect maintains the earth’s temperature, which makes the planet habitable. However, over the last 100 years the average temperature of the earth has increased by almost 1 °C. Most climate scientists believe this warming is due to increased levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Two of the major greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are methane and carbon dioxide. State <strong>two </strong>other major greenhouse gases.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Discuss which <strong>two </strong>gases from the four gases in part (a) are the most significant for global warming.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Discuss <strong>two </strong>effects of global warming.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\)/nitrous oxide/dinitrogen monoxide/nitrogen(I) oxide;</p>
<p class="p1">chlorofluorocarbons/CFCs/e.g. \({\text{CC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{2}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)/ozone;</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{S}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{6}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept NOx/nitrogen oxides.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept names or formulas.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Gas: </em>\({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) <strong>and </strong><em>reason: </em>greatest abundance;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Gas: </em>\({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}/{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) <strong>and </strong><em>reason: </em>greatest abundance;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Gas: </em>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}/{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) <strong>and </strong><em>reason: </em>more effective at absorbing radiation;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Gas: </em>\({\text{CFC}}/{\text{S}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{6}}}\) more effective at absorbing radiation/very long life in atmosphere;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">thermal expansion of the oceans / changes in sea temperature affecting sea life;</p>
<p class="p1">melting of the polar ice-caps/glaciers / rising sea levels;</p>
<p class="p1">floods / droughts / changes in precipitation and temperature;</p>
<p class="p1">changes in migration patterns of animals / changes in distribution of species / species more likely to become naturalized;</p>
<p class="p1">changes in the yield/distribution of crops;</p>
<p class="p1">changes in the distribution of pests/insects/pathogens/disease-carrying organisms;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept “climate change”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Some candidates were not able to provide two more major greenhouse gases. Many candidates stated \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) rather than \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) as a greenhouse gas.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Candidates also had some difficulty explaining which greenhouse gases were most significant. Candidates only gave the name of the most significant greenhouse gas but did not provide an explanation.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Although most candidates were able to discuss two effects of global warming, some candidates confused global warming with the depletion of the ozone layer. Candidates were also expected to discuss the effects of global warming rather than just restate the question by stating that the atmospheric temperature would increase.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Coal is often converted to liquid hydrocarbon fuels through initial conversion to carbon monoxide and hydrogen.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State how these gases are produced, giving the appropriate equation(s).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how the carbon monoxide is then converted to a hydrocarbon fuel.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>heat/react with «oxygen and» water/steam</p>
<p>C + H<sub>2</sub>O → CO + H<sub>2</sub><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>3C + O<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O → H<sub>2</sub> + 3CO<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>2C + O<sub>2</sub> → 2CO <em><strong>AND</strong></em> C + H<sub>2</sub>O → H<sub>2</sub> + CO<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>C + O<sub>2</sub> → CO<sub>2</sub> <em><strong>AND</strong></em> C + CO<sub>2</sub> → 2CO <em><strong>AND</strong></em> C + H<sub>2</sub>O → H<sub>2</sub> + CO</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>M1 requires concept of heat.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«Fischer-Tropsch» catalytic reduction of carbon monoxide with hydrogen<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>(2n + 1)H<sub>2</sub> + n\(\,\)CO → C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>(2n + 2)</sub> + n\(\,\)H<sub>2</sub>O<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>reduction of carbon monoxide to methanol <strong><em>AND</em></strong> catalytic dehydration<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>2H<sub>2</sub> + CO + CH<sub>3</sub>OH <em><strong>AND</strong></em> n\(\,\)CH<sub>3</sub>OH → C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n</sub> + n\(\,\)H<sub>2</sub>O</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>If equation is given for a specific alkane or alkene, it must be a liquid (n > 4).</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the characteristics and sources of low-level nuclear waste.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The disposal of nuclear waste in the sea is now banned in many countries. Discuss <strong>one</strong> method of storing high-level nuclear waste and <strong>two </strong>problems associated with it.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">low activity and short half-life;</p>
<p class="p1">materials (<em>e.g. </em>gloves, paper towels, clothes) that have been in proximity to radioactivity / any named source (such as smoke detectors);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>methods:</em></p>
<p class="p1">vitrification / encasing in concrete / burying in deep places;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>problems: [2 max]</em></p>
<p class="p1">may leak into water table;</p>
<p class="p1">remains active for a very long time;</p>
<p class="p1">geological instability (<em>e.g. </em>earthquakes);</p>
<p class="p1">potential weapon for terrorists;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Few candidates stated both low activity and a short half-life as characteristics of low-level nuclear waste, but many correctly identified sources.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Several candidates lost a mark for the storage of high-level nuclear waste by failing to specify deep burial of the waste. The discussion of problems associated with the storage was answered reasonably well.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Landfill sites are used to dispose of about 90% of the world’s domestic waste, but incineration is being increasingly used in some countries.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Suggest why some biodegradable plastics do not decompose in landfill sites.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">High-level and low-level wastes are two types of radioactive waste. Compare the half-lives and the methods of disposal of the two types of waste.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">limited supply of oxygen (prevents the bacteria from acting);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept air.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">high-level waste has longer half-life / low-level waste has shorter half-life;</p>
<p class="p1">high-level waste is vitrified/made into glass/buried underground/in granite/in deep mines/under water/in steel containers/in cooling ponds / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">low-level waste is stored under water/in steel containers/in cooling ponds/filtered/discharged directly into sea / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept cooling ponds/steel containers/under water/concrete containers only once.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This was generally well done although few realised that oxygen was needed for the decomposition of the plastics in landfill sites.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This was generally well done although few realised that oxygen was needed for the decomposition of the plastics in landfill sites.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">the oil industry surplus long-chain hydrocarbons are converted into shorter, more useful hydrocarbons by various kinds of cracking.</p>
<p class="p1">State whether each of the following are examples of homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysis.</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Steam cracking:</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Catalytic cracking:</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Hydrocracking:</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1"><em>Steam cracking:</em></p>
<p class="p1">homogeneous;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Catalytic cracking:</em></p>
<p class="p1">heterogeneous;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Hydrocracking:</em></p>
<p class="p1">heterogeneous;</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">There were few three-mark answers; perhaps many candidates guessed.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Carbon dioxide, CO<sub>2</sub>, is a greenhouse gas. Outline, in molecular terms, how carbon dioxide molecules absorb infrared radiation.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<div class="page" title="Page 21">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p>bond length/C=O changes<br> <em><strong>OR</strong></em><br> «asymmetric» stretching <strong>«</strong>of bonds<strong>»</strong> <br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>bond angle/OCO changes/bends</p>
<p>polarity/dipole <strong>«</strong>moment<strong>»</strong> changes<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>a dipole <strong>«</strong>moment<strong>»</strong> is created <strong>«</strong>when the molecule absorbs IR<strong>»</strong></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><em>Accept appropriate diagrams.</em></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea"> </div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The temperature of the Earth is increasing. There is considerable scientific evidence to suggest this is due to an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases as a result of human activity.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain how this enhanced greenhouse effect causes the average temperature of the Earth to increase.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Compare the contributions of carbon dioxide and methane to the enhanced greenhouse effect.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">incoming solar radiation is short(er) wavelength/high(er) frequency/high(er) energy radiation / UV radiation;</p>
<p class="p1">(re-)radiated/emitted (by the Earth’s surface) as long(er) wavelength/low(er) frequency/ low(er) energy/IR radiation;</p>
<p class="p1">the energy is absorbed in bonds in greenhouse gases / the molecules vibrate when IR radiation is absorbed;</p>
<p class="p1">the energy is (re-)radiated/(re-)emitted as IR radiation;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">carbon dioxide is more abundant;</p>
<p class="p1">methane is more effective at absorbing IR radiation;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for statement that “CO</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2 </em></span></sub><em>is more abundant and CH</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>4 </em></span></sub><em>is more effective”</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>with no mention of “at absorbing IR radiation”</em>.</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept converse arguments.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">It was surprising to see that many candidates could not score full marks in a question on the greenhouse effect which appears often in examination papers. The use of unacceptable language (reflecting, bouncing, trapping, etc.) cost many candidates marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Although most knew that carbon dioxide was more abundant, far fewer could clearly express the point about methane being better at absorbing IR radiation.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Lead–acid batteries are heavy. Much lighter rechargeable cells are nickel–cadmium batteries used in electronic equipment.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A fuel cell can be made using an electrolyte of aqueous sodium hydroxide with porous electrodes which allow the passage of water, hydrogen and oxygen. State the equations for the reactions that occur at the positive and negative electrodes.</p>
<p class="p1">(+) electrode (cathode):</p>
<p class="p1">(–) electrode (anode):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Electricity can also be generated from a lead–acid storage battery. The electrolyte is a solution of sulfuric acid and the electrodes are made of lead and lead(IV) oxide. State the equations for the reactions that occur at the positive and negative electrodes.</p>
<p class="p1">(+) electrode (cathode):</p>
<p class="p1">(–) electrode (anode):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) Explain why fuel cells are less damaging to the environment than nickel–cadmium batteries.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) Other than cost, state <strong>one </strong>major difference between fuel cells and nickel–cadmium cells.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>(+) electrode (cathode):</em> \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}} + 2{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} + {\text{4}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{4O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>(–) electrode (anode):</em> \({{\text{H}}_2} + {\text{2O}}{{\text{H}}^ - } \to {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - }\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>(+) electrode (cathode):</em> \({\text{Pb}}{{\text{O}}_2} + {\text{4}}{{\text{H}}^ + } + {\text{SO}}_4^{2 - } + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{PbS}}{{\text{O}}_4} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>(–) electrode (anode):</em> \({\text{Pb}} + {\text{SO}}_4^{2 - } \to {\text{PbS}}{{\text{O}}_4} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - }\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>fuel cells produce only water / Cd and Ni are toxic (heavy metals);</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>fuel cells can operate continuously/do not need recharging;</p>
<p class="p1">fuel cells are more unwieldy/less portable/less self-contained/need supply of \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) and \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept opposite statements for NiCd cells.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Very few correct answers were seen in part (a).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Very few correct answers were seen in part (b).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Answers in part (c) clearly indicated the need for deeper studying of this topic.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the half-equations for the reactions taking place at the negative electrode (anode) and the positive electrode (cathode) in an alkaline hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.</p>
<p class="p1">Negative electrode (anode):</p>
<p class="p1">Positive electrode (cathode):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A different type of cell has the half-equation below.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{L}}{{\text{i}}^ + }{\text{(polymer)}} + {\text{Mn}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(s)}} + {{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{LiMn}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(s)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">Identify this type of cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Both fuel cells and rechargeable batteries offer great potential for the future. Compare these two power sources.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Suggest <strong>two </strong>problems associated with using hydrogen gas in a fuel cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Negative electrode (anode)</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - }\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Positive electrode (cathode)</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} + \frac{1}{2}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{2O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow correct equations involving multiple coefficients (i.e. 2H</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2 </em></span></sub><em>etc.).</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow e instead of e</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>–</em></span></sup><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for correct equations but at incorrect electrodes.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">lithium-ion;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow rechargeable.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">fuel cells need constant supply of reagents/chemicals (when they produce electricity)</p>
<p class="p1">while rechargeable batteries need occasional supply of electricity / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">fuel cells fuel supplied continuously while in rechargeable batteries energy stored</p>
<p class="p1">inside the batteries / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">products must be constantly removed from a fuel cell;</p>
<p class="p1">fuel cells (currently) more expensive;</p>
<p class="p1">fuel cells made of chemically more inert materials / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(potentially) explosive (gas) / flammable;</p>
<p class="p1">must be stored/transported in large/heavy containers;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates struggled with all parts of this question. Correct relevant equations at the electrodes were given by only a very few candidates in (a).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (b) about half mentioned Lithium-ion.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (c) many candidates were not able to compare fuel cells and rechargeable batteries. Some managed to score M1.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (d) many candidates stated the H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>(g) is dangerous but did not explain why. Some scored M1, but no candidate scored the second mark regarding the storing and transporting of H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>(g).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The high activity of lithium metal leads to the formation of an oxide layer on the metal which decreases the contact with the electrolyte in a battery.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe how this is overcome in the lithium-ion battery.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the migration of ions taking place at the two electrodes in the lithium-ion battery when it produces electricity.</p>
<p class="p1">Anode (–):</p>
<p class="p1">Cathode (+):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Discuss <strong>one </strong>similarity and <strong>one </strong>difference between fuel cells and rechargeable batteries.</p>
<p class="p1">Similarity:</p>
<p class="p1">Difference:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">contains no lithium/metal / uses lithium salt in an organic solvent (as electrolyte);</p>
<p class="p1">involves movement of lithium ions (between electrodes);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Anode (–)</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{Li}}{{\text{C}}_{\text{6}}} \to {\text{L}}{{\text{i}}^ + } + {\text{6C}} + {{\text{e}}^ - }/{\text{L}}{{\text{i}}^ + }\) ions dissociate from anode (and migrate to cathode);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Cathode (+)</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{L}}{{\text{i}}^ + } + {{\text{e}}^ - } + {\text{Mn}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}} \to {\text{LiMn}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) / \({\text{L}}{{\text{i}}^ + } + {{\text{e}}^ - } + {\text{Co}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}} \to {\text{LiCo}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) / \({\text{L}}{{\text{i}}^ + } + {{\text{e}}^ - } + {\text{FeP}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}} \to {\text{LiFeP}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\) / \({\text{L}}{{\text{i}}^ + } + {{\text{e}}^ - } + {\text{Ni}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}} \to {\text{LiNi}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) / \({\text{L}}{{\text{i}}^ + }\) ions are inserted into metal oxide/phosphate (structure);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>if electrodes are reversed.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Similarity</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">both convert chemical energy <span class="s1">directly </span>into electrical energy / both use spontaneous redox reactions (to produce energy) / both are electrochemical cells/voltaic cells/galvanic cells;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Difference</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">fuel cells are energy conversion devices <strong>and </strong>rechargeable batteries are energy storage devices / fuel cells require constant supply of reactants <strong>and </strong>batteries have stored chemical energy/provide power until stored chemicals are used up / batteries can be recharged <strong>and </strong>fuel cells do not need recharging (have a continuous supply of fuel) / fuel cells are more expensive than rechargeable batteries / the reactions in a rechargeable battery are reversible <strong>and </strong>in a fuel cell are not;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Only the better candidates described how the lithium-ion battery overcomes the reactivity of lithium.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The description of the migration of ions was poor.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The similarity and difference of fuel cells and rechargeable cells had better resposes.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and water are examples of greenhouse gases.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how these gases contribute to the greenhouse effect.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Identify by chemical formula <strong>one </strong>other greenhouse gas not mentioned above.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) State the source of this gas.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Many scientists claim that global warming is associated with the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Other than temperature change, state <strong>two</strong> effects of global warming.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>greenhouse gases are transparent to/allow passage of short(er)-wavelength/high(er)-energy radiation/UV light from the Sun / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p>greenhouse gases absorb long(er)-wavelength/IR radiation from the Earth / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p>(part of) absorbed radiation is re-radiated back to the Earth / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p><em>Do not accept reflected or trapped.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for any of the following combinations:</em></p>
<p>(i) \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\);</p>
<p>(ii) combustion/burning of biomass / nitrogenous/artificial/synthetic fertilizers / bacterial action;</p>
<p><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p>(i) \({\text{S}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{6}}}\);</p>
<p>(ii) electronics industry / electrical switches / production of magnesium / gas-insulated substations;</p>
<p><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p>(i) \({\text{N}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\);</p>
<p>(ii) electronics industry / manufacture of semi-conductors / LCDs/liquid-crystal displays / thin-film solar cells / solar panels / chemical lasers;</p>
<p><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p>(i) \({\text{S}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{5}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\);</p>
<p>(ii) (by-product from SF\(_6\) in) high-voltage equipment / discharge / by-product of fluorochemical manufacture;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for any two of the following:</em></p>
<p>melting of polar ice-caps/glaciers;</p>
<p>changes in yield and distribution of crops / changes in agriculture/biodiversity / changes in habitats;</p>
<p>droughts / desertification / flooding / decreased water quality due to flooding / lack of fresh drinking water / changes in precipitation;</p>
<p><em>Allow climate change.</em></p>
<p>rising sea-levels / thermal expansion of oceans / decreased dissolved oxygen / changes in distribution of pests and disease-carrying organisms / increased spread of diseases by insects/mosquitos moving to new areas / chance of malaria;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates struggled with this question; they discussed the destruction of ozone instead of the greenhouse effect. Responses indicated poor understanding of the role of UV and IR and the terms trapped and reflected were often used to explain the role of greenhouse gases. Some candidates neglected to properly discuss how the energy (UV) enters the atmosphere through the gases and how the energy (IR) is absorbed from the Earth (not the sun) and re-radiated back to the Earth. Very few candidates scored 3 marks for part (a). Candidates also struggled with identifying other greenhouse gases for part (b). Many listed the gases in the stem that they were directed not to use; many incorrect gases were identified (CO, \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\), \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\), \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)). Majority of the candidates failed to score the two marks. Candidates demonstrated a good understanding of the effects of global warming, scoring the mark for part (c).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates struggled with this question; they discussed the destruction of ozone instead of the greenhouse effect. Responses indicated poor understanding of the role of UV and IR and the terms trapped and reflected were often used to explain the role of greenhouse gases. Some candidates neglected to properly discuss how the energy (UV) enters the atmosphere through the gases and how the energy (IR) is absorbed from the Earth (not the sun) and re-radiated back to the Earth. Very few candidates scored 3 marks for part (a). Candidates also struggled with identifying other greenhouse gases for part (b). Many listed the gases in the stem that they were directed not to use; many incorrect gases were identified (CO, \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\), \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\), \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)). Majority of the candidates failed to score the two marks. Candidates demonstrated a good understanding of the effects of global warming, scoring the mark for part (c).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates struggled with this question; they discussed the destruction of ozone instead of the greenhouse effect. Responses indicated poor understanding of the role of UV and IR and the terms trapped and reflected were often used to explain the role of greenhouse gases. Some candidates neglected to properly discuss how the energy (UV) enters the atmosphere through the gases and how the energy (IR) is absorbed from the Earth (not the sun) and re-radiated back to the Earth. Very few candidates scored 3 marks for part (a). Candidates also struggled with identifying other greenhouse gases for part (b). Many listed the gases in the stem that they were directed not to use; many incorrect gases were identified (CO, \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\), \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\), \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)). Majority of the candidates failed to score the two marks. Candidates demonstrated a good understanding of the effects of global warming, scoring the mark for part (c).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">It is now widely accepted that the increased production of carbon dioxide is leading to global warming.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe how carbon dioxide acts as a greenhouse gas.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Discuss the influence of increasing amounts of greenhouse gases on the environment.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">long wavelength / infrared/IR radiation from Earth’s surface (some of this radiation) is absorbed (by gas);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept “trapped” or blocked.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not award mark for “IR from sun”.</em></p>
<p class="p1">causes (increased) vibration in bonds;</p>
<p class="p1">re-radiates heat back to the Earth;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept “re-transmits”</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept “reflects/bounces”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">melting of polar ice caps/glaciers melting;</p>
<p class="p1">thermal expansion of oceans / rise in sea levels / coastal flooding;</p>
<p class="p1">stated effect on agriculture (<em>e.g. </em>crop yields changed);</p>
<p class="p1">changes in flora/plant/fauna/animal/insect distribution/biodiveristy;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept specific example.</em></p>
<p class="p1">stated effect on climate (<em>e.g. </em>drought / increased rainfall / desertification);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept “climate change” alone.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not allow “increased temperature/global warming” (given in question).</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><span class="s1"><strong><em>[1] </em></strong></span><em>each for any three.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">As in previous sessions, most answers revealed that candidates are much better at describing the effects of greenhouse gases than explaining their interaction with different forms of radiation. Many candidates lost marks in (a) due to imprecise responses.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The earth “reflects” and CO<sub><span class="s1">2 </span></sub>"traps" were, as in previous sessions, all too common responses.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">(a) Explain why the nitrogen molecule, \({{\text{N}}_2}\), does not absorb infrared radiation.</p>
<p class="p1">(b) Describe <strong>two </strong>vibrations in the water molecule that absorb infrared radiation.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">(a) no change in dipole moment (bond polarity);</p>
<p class="p1">as vibration/stretching occurs;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore bending if included.</em></p>
<p class="p1">(b) symmetrical stretching;</p>
<p class="p1">asymmetrical stretching;</p>
<p class="p1">bending;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept diagrams of the water molecules which illustrate the bending and stretching.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for stretching alone.</em></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">Generally well done, though in part (a) many candidates discussed the polarity of the molecule rather than whether the dipole moment would change when it vibrated; indeed many seemed to think that because it was non-polar it could not vibrate! The various bending and stretching modes of the water molecule appeared to be well known.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries are used in portable electrical equipment and emergency lighting.</p>
<p class="p1">The <strong>discharge </strong>process can be summarized by the equation below.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{2NiO(OH)(s)}} + {\text{Cd(s)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{2Ni(OH}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{Cd(OH}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(s)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the change in oxidation number of the cadmium and deduce if it is acting as the positive or negative electrode during the discharge process.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify a physical property of Cd(OH)<sub><span class="s1">2 </span></sub>which allows this process to be reversed and the battery recharged.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\(0 \to + 2\) / increase by 2;</p>
<p>negative;</p>
<p><em>If decrease by 2, positive, award </em><strong><em>[1]</em></strong><em>. If decrease by 2, negative, award </em><strong><em>[0]</em></strong><em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">insoluble (\({\text{C}}{{\text{d}}^{2 + }}\) ions do not escape into solution);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept solid.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were able to identify the change of oxidation number of cadmium but very few identified the insolubility of cadmium hydroxide as the physical property which allows the process to be reversed.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were able to identify the change of oxidation number of cadmium but very few identified the insolubility of cadmium hydroxide as the physical property which allows the process to be reversed.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Cracking is the process by which long-chain alkanes found in oil are broken down into smaller molecules.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The following reaction occurs during the cracking of tetradecane, \({{\text{C}}_{{\text{14}}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{30}}}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">\[{{\text{C}}_{14}}{{\text{H}}_{30}}{\text{(g)}} \to {{\text{C}}_{10}}{{\text{H}}_{22}}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{C}}_2}{{\text{H}}_4}{\text{(g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">Suggest a use for each of the products formed in the reaction.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{C}}_{{\text{10}}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{22}}}}\):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}\):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the main type of product obtained from steam cracking.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Catalytic cracking uses silica as a heterogeneous catalyst. Explain the mode of action of a heterogeneous catalyst.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State <strong>one </strong>advantage of using a heterogeneous catalyst rather than a homogeneous catalyst.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Discuss <strong>two </strong>factors that need to be considered when choosing a catalyst for a process.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>C</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>10</em></span></sub><em>H</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>22</em></span></sub><em>: </em>gasoline/petrol / fuel / kerosene;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not allow just combustion or cars.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow gas for cars/automobiles instead of gasoline but not gas alone.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>C</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>H</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>4</em></span></sub><em>: </em>chemical feedstock / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept suitable example such as manufacturing plastics/polymers but not just plastics.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">alkenes;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">solid surface has active sites / reactants adsorb on solid surface;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept absorb instead of adsorb.</em></p>
<p class="p1">brings reactants close together in correct orientation;</p>
<p class="p1">weakens reactant bonds / reactants bonds are easier to break;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">can be easily removed/filtered from reaction mixture / large amount of reactant molecules pass over catalyst that is in a fixed position / can be used at high temperatures;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">selectivity to produce (a high yield of) the desired product / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">extent to which rate of reaction is increased/<em>E</em><span class="s1">a </span>is lowered;</p>
<p class="p1">amount of reactant converted to product per amount of catalyst;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept efficiency / conversion rate.</em></p>
<p class="p1">ability to work under different/a range of conditions;</p>
<p class="p1">environmental/health impact;</p>
<p class="p1">catalytic poisoning / active sites become blocked;</p>
<p class="p1">cost in relation to life expectancy / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">ease of removal from reaction mixture;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Less than half of the candidates knew the uses of the products of cracking in (a) and very few candidates knew the product of steam cracking in (b).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Less than half of the candidates knew the uses of the products of cracking in (a) and very few candidates knew the product of steam cracking in (b).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The mode of action of heterogeneous catalysts was also not well answered. The majority of candidates wrote about catalysts in general gaining no marks on part (c).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Parts (d) and (e) about the advantage of heterogeneous catalysts over homogeneous catalysts, and factors to be considered when selecting a catalyst were well answered by the majority of candidates.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Parts (d) and (e) about the advantage of heterogeneous catalysts over homogeneous catalysts, and factors to be considered when selecting a catalyst were well answered by the majority of candidates.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Radioactive waste must be disposed of with care.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State what is meant by the term <em>high-level </em>radioactive waste.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) Explain why high-level waste should <strong>not </strong>be disposed of by landfill or incineration.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) State the name of <strong>one </strong>method of disposal used for high-level waste and explain why such a method is better than landfill and incineration.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">highly radioactive;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) landfill not advisable because radioactivity can leach/escape/leak (from rain water) / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">incineration spreads radioactivity / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) glasification / synroc / vitrification;</p>
<p class="p1">locks up radioactivity for the long term;</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1">ion exchange;</p>
<p class="p1">concentrates radioactive material for further treatment;</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1">transmutation;</p>
<p class="p1">waste is turned into safer isotopes;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates were able to score marks in (a) and (b)(i), but in (b)(ii) they could not clearly state the name and explain why the method of disposal of high-level waste is better.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates were able to score marks in (a) and (b)(i), but in (b)(ii) they could not clearly state the name and explain why the method of disposal of high-level waste is better.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The main ore used to produce aluminium by electrolysis is bauxite. Bauxite is mainly aluminium hydroxide, and contains iron(III) oxide and titanium(IV) oxide as impurities.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain how pure aluminium oxide is obtained from bauxite.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why sodium hexafluoroaluminate, \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{Al}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{6}}}\), (cryolite) is added to the aluminium oxide before electrolysis takes place to produce aluminium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the half-equations for the reactions taking place at the positive and negative electrodes during the production of aluminium by electrolysis.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Positive electrode (anode):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Negative electrode (cathode):</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Before the introduction of the electrolytic method by Hall and Héroult in the 1880s it was very difficult to obtain aluminium metal from its ores. Suggest <strong>one </strong>way in which it was achieved.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The worldwide production of aluminium by electrolysis makes a significant impact on global warming. Suggest <strong>two </strong>different ways in which the process increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(bauxite) is reacted with (concentrated) sodium hydroxide/NaOH (solution at high temperature);</p>
<p>forms sodium aluminate / \({\text{Al(OH}}{{\text{)}}_3} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - } \to {\text{Al(OH)}}_4^ - \);</p>
<p><em>Accept both ionic and non-ionic equations and different, correct representations of the aluminate ion (Al(OH )</em><em><sub>4</sub><sup>–</sup></em><em>, AlO</em><em><sub>2</sub><sup>–</sup></em><em>).</em></p>
<p>solution is filtered / insoluble impurities removed (by filtration);</p>
<p>reaction reversed by cooling / diluting solution / adding water;</p>
<p><em>Accept passing CO</em><sub><em>2 </em></sub><em>through the solution.</em></p>
<p>mixture seeded with alumina crystals;</p>
<p>pure hydroxide precipitated / \({\text{Al(OH)}}_4^ - \to {\text{Al (OH}}{{\text{)}}_3} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\);</p>
<p><em>Accept both ionic and non-ionic equations and different, correct representations of the aluminate ion (Al(OH)</em><em><sub>4</sub><sup>–</sup></em><em>, AlO</em><em><sub>2</sub><sup>–</sup></em><em>).</em></p>
<p>(pure) \({\text{Al(OH}}{{\text{)}}_3}\) heated / \({\text{2Al(OH}}{{\text{)}}_3} \to {\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3} + {\text{3}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}\);</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for “Alumina is soluble in alkali, but impurities are not” / OWTTE.</em></p>
<p><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">melting point of the cryolite solution is much lower than the melting point of alumina/Al<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>/ it lowers the melting point (of the mixture);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do </em><span class="s2"><strong><em>not </em></strong></span><em>allow lowers melting point of aluminium.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do </em><span class="s2"><strong><em>not </em></strong></span><em>allow lowers required/operating temperature.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept improves conductivity of the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">electrolyte/aluminium oxide</span>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Positive electrode (anode)</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{2}}{{\text{O}}^{2 - }} \to {{\text{O}}_2} + {\text{4}}{{\text{e}}^ - }/{{\text{O}}^{2 - }} \to \frac{1}{2}{{\text{O}}_2} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - }/{\text{C}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{O}}^{2 - }} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2} + {\text{4}}{{\text{e}}^ - }\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Negative electrode (cathode)</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}^{3 + }} + {\text{3}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{Al}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow e instead of e</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>–</em></span></sup><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept multiples of the correct equations, such as 2Al<sup>3+</sup> + 6e<sup>– </sup></em>\( \to \) <em>2Al .</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>if correct equations but at wrong electrodes.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">by reduction with a more reactive metal/metal above Al in electrochemical</p>
<p class="p1">series/ECS/reactivity series / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept equations for displacement reactions of Al</em><sub><span class="s2"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>O</em><sub><span class="s2"><em>3 </em></span></sub><em>with more reactive metals.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">graphite/carbon electrodes converted/oxidized (into CO<sub>2</sub>);</p>
<p class="p1">the fossil fuels used to provide energy/transport (produce CO<sub>2</sub>);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This question was probably the worst answered question on the whole paper. In the first section many candidates confused the purification process with the electrolytic extraction and answers that scored any marks were rare. Many candidates knew the reasons for the addition of cryolite, but it was unusual to find both electrode equations correct and balanced. Hardly any had the lateral thinking skills to suggest displacement by a more reactive metal as a possible way of obtaining aluminium, but most students knew of at least one way in which aluminium production resulted in the emission of carbon dioxide.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question was probably the worst answered question on the whole paper. In the first section many candidates confused the purification process with the electrolytic extraction and answers that scored any marks were rare. Many candidates knew the reasons for the addition of cryolite, but it was unusual to find both electrode equations correct and balanced. Hardly any had the lateral thinking skills to suggest displacement by a more reactive metal as a possible way of obtaining aluminium, but most students knew of at least one way in which aluminium production resulted in the emission of carbon dioxide.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question was probably the worst answered question on the whole paper. In the first section many candidates confused the purification process with the electrolytic extraction and answers that scored any marks were rare. Many candidates knew the reasons for the addition of cryolite, but it was unusual to find both electrode equations correct and balanced. Hardly any had the lateral thinking skills to suggest displacement by a more reactive metal as a possible way of obtaining aluminium, but most students knew of at least one way in which aluminium production resulted in the emission of carbon dioxide.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question was probably the worst answered question on the whole paper. In the first section many candidates confused the purification process with the electrolytic extraction and answers that scored any marks were rare. Many candidates knew the reasons for the addition of cryolite, but it was unusual to find both electrode equations correct and balanced. Hardly any had the lateral thinking skills to suggest displacement by a more reactive metal as a possible way of obtaining aluminium, but most students knew of at least one way in which aluminium production resulted in the emission of carbon dioxide.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question was probably the worst answered question on the whole paper. In the first section many candidates confused the purification process with the electrolytic extraction and answers that scored any marks were rare. Many candidates knew the reasons for the addition of cryolite, but it was unusual to find both electrode equations correct and balanced. Hardly any had the lateral thinking skills to suggest displacement by a more reactive metal as a possible way of obtaining aluminium, but most students knew of at least one way in which aluminium production resulted in the emission of carbon dioxide.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">One type of molecular vibration that occurs when \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) molecules are exposed to IR radiation is illustrated in the diagram below.</p>
<p class="p2" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-07_om_09.00.32.png" alt="N11/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/A2.a"></p>
<p class="p1">Identify <strong>two </strong>other types of molecular vibrations that occur when \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) molecules are exposed to IR radiation. Illustrate your answer with appropriate diagrams.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-07_om_09.01.41.png" alt="N11/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/A2.a/M"></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for stretching and bending without diagrams.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for clearly illustrated diagrams without mention of stretching and </em><em>bending.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not penalize if single lines drawn between atoms.</em></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">This part was answered generally very well, with little evidence of misunderstanding the chemistry involved.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Climate change is a current global topic of debate.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Water and carbon dioxide are greenhouse gases present in significant quantities in the atmosphere. Identify <strong>one </strong>other greenhouse gas and its source.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest the <strong>two </strong>factors that influence the relative greenhouse effect of a gas.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any one of:</em></p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-11_om_05.54.25.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ2/19.a.i/M"></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept other gases such as SO</em><sub><em>x </em></sub><em>and NO</em><sub><em>x </em></sub><em>– generally reckoned to be insignificant.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong><em>Any two </em></strong><em>for </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>of:</em></p>
<p>abundance/concentration (in atmosphere)</p>
<p>strength/intensity/power of IR absorbance / ability to absorb heat radiation</p>
<p>lifetime/duration / rate of depletion/decomposition in atmosphere;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates identified another greenhouse gas with methane and CFCs being the most popular answers. </p>
<p>Most candidates identified abundance as a factor which influences the relative greenhouse effect of a gas but failed to identify a second factor. Few candidates were able to clearly articulate the effect and the consequences of increasing amounts of greenhouse gases. In addition, there was often confusion with ozone depletion and acid rain.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates identified another greenhouse gas with methane and CFCs being the most popular answers. </p>
<p>Most candidates identified abundance as a factor which influences the relative greenhouse effect of a gas but failed to identify a second factor. Few candidates were able to clearly articulate the effect and the consequences of increasing amounts of greenhouse gases. In addition, there was often confusion with ozone depletion and acid rain.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how the greenhouse effect causes the atmosphere of the Earth to increase in temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify <strong>one</strong> greenhouse gas other than \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) and \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) and suggest a significant source.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>incoming solar radiation is short wavelength/high frequency/higher energy/UV;</p>
<p>(re-)radiated/emitted (by Earth’s surface) as long wavelength/low frequency/low energy/IR radiation;</p>
<p>energy absorbed by (bonds in) greenhouse gases / molecules vibrate when IR radiation absorbed;</p>
<p>energy (re-)radiated/(re-)emitted as IR radiation some of which returns back to Earth;</p>
<p><em>Do not accept reflected, bounced or trapped.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}\) / methane;</p>
<p>decomposition of organic matter / livestock/ruminant/cows/sheep / manure / swamps/marshes / rice paddies / oil/gas field / anaerobic microbial activity in lakes/ponds / composting;</p>
<p><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p>\({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) / nitrogen(I) oxide/dinitrogen monoxide/nitrous oxide;</p>
<p>bacterial decomposition/action / combustion/burning of biomass / artificial/nitrogeneous/synthetic fertilizers;</p>
<p><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p>CFCs / chlorofluorocarbons;</p>
<p>solvents / production of polymers / refrigerants / foaming agents / propellants/aerosols / air conditioning units;</p>
<p><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p>\({\text{S}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{6}}}\) / sulfur hexafluoride;</p>
<p>electronics industry / high voltage/electrical switches / circuit breakers / electrical generators / insulator used in electrical industrial applications/gas-insulated substations / production of magnesium / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p><em>Accept any other correct answers such as “nitrogen trifluoride/NF</em><sub><em>3 </em></sub><em>used in electronics industry / manufacture of semi-conductors/computer chips/circuits / (thin-film) solar/photovoltaic cells / solar panels / LCD televisions / chemical lasers” OR “trifluoromethyl sulfur pentafluoride/SF</em><sub><em>5</em></sub><em>CF</em><sub><em>3 </em></sub><em>formed (as by-product from SF</em><sub><em>6</em></sub><em>) in high-voltage equipment / by-product of fluorochemical manufacture”.</em></p>
<p><em>M2 can only be scored if M1 correct.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The greenhouse effect has been asked on several occasions in the past and there have been widespread references to the performance of candidates on this question in previous subject reports. Hence it was extremely disappointing and surprising to see such poor answers.</p>
<p>Journalistic type answers were common and vague terminology such as bounced and reflected were often used. In addition answers were sometimes unclear – for example some candidates did not mention incoming solar radiation and just blankly alluded to the involvement of UV rays. In contrast (b) was well answered. The most common mistake involved candidates stating \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) instead of \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\), a classic mistake on IB Chemistry papers.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The greenhouse effect has been asked on several occasions in the past and there have been widespread references to the performance of candidates on this question in previous subject reports. Hence it was extremely disappointing and surprising to see such poor answers.</p>
<p>Journalistic type answers were common and vague terminology such as bounced and reflected were often used. In addition answers were sometimes unclear – for example some candidates did not mention incoming solar radiation and just blankly alluded to the involvement of UV rays. In contrast (b) was well answered. The most common mistake involved candidates stating \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) instead of \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\), a classic mistake on IB Chemistry papers.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The temperature of the Earth’s surface is currently increasing. Many scientists attribute this to an increase in the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere as a result of human activity.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain how the interaction of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere with radiation could lead to an increase in the temperature of the Earth’s surface.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Suggest why carbon dioxide is the greenhouse gas most frequently connected with the effect of human activity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Other than carbon dioxide and water, identify <strong>one </strong>other greenhouse gas and state its source.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">shorter wavelength/UV/high energy radiation from sun passes through;</p>
<p class="p1">long wavelength/infrared/IR radiation from Earth’s surface (some of this radiation) is absorbed (by gas);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept “trapped” or “blocked”. </em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept “IR from sun”. </em></p>
<p class="p1">causes (increased) vibration in bonds;</p>
<p class="p1">re-radiates heat back to the Earth;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept “reflects/bounces”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">higher concentration / more abundant/increased combustion of fossil fuels (than other anthropogenic sources);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">methane/\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">decomposition of organic matter / animals / oil fields / gas fields / intensive farming / landfills;</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1">dinitrogen monoxide/nitrous oxide/\({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept NO</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>x</em></span></sub><em>, NO, NO</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>, nitrogen oxides.</em></p>
<p class="p1">decomposition of organic matter/fertilizers;</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1">ozone/\({{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">photochemical smog;</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1">CFCs;</p>
<p class="p1">aerosol cans / air conditioners / solvents / foam production / refrigerants;</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1">sulfur hexafluoride/\({\text{S}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{6}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">electrical insulator;</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1">nitrogen trifluoride/\({\text{N}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">production of electronic components;</p>
<p class="p1"><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for any correct gas and </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for the corresponding source.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">There seems to be a very poor understanding of the interaction of greenhouse gases with radiation although this question has frequently appeared in the examinations. A surprising number quoted ozone depletion and the use of terms often used in the media e.g. “trapped”, “bounces”.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (b), the candidates failed to state the <em>increased </em>combustion of fossil fuels.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Although the question stated “other than carbon dioxide and water identify one other green house gas”, many candidates identified \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) and \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Disposal of radioactive waste is a major ecological concern.</p>
</div>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">(a) State <strong>one </strong>source of low-level radioactive waste and <strong>one </strong>source of high-level radioactive waste.</p>
<p class="p1">Low-level waste:</p>
<p class="p1">High-level waste:</p>
<p class="p1">(b) Consider the following types of radioactive waste.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-13_om_08.11.46.png" alt="M10/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ2/E2.b"></p>
<p class="p1">Identify which method can be used for the disposal of radioactive wastes <strong>A</strong>, <strong>B </strong>and <strong>C</strong>.</p>
<p class="p1">(i) Vitrification followed by long-term underground storage:</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) Storage in a non-shielded container for two months followed by the disposal as normal (non-radioactive) waste:</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) Ion-exchange and adsorption on iron(II) hydroxide, storage in a shielded container for 50 years, then mixing with concrete and shallow land burial:</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">(a) <em>Low-level waste:</em></p>
<p class="p1">hospitals/radiotherapy/radiodiagnostics / food/seed/plant irradiators / smoke detectors / research laboratories / oil/coal/natural gas processing/burning/survey / uranium mill tailings / (supporting processes of) nuclear fuel cycle;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>High-level waste:</em></p>
<p class="p1">(main processes of) nuclear fuel cycle / nuclear weapons / radioisotope thermoelectric generators;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept more specific processes/devices/etc. for both high and low level waste.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept radioactive elements/isotopes without references to their sources.</em></p>
<p class="p1">(b) (i) C;</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) A;</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) B;</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">This question was generally well answered, though on occasion candidates failed to be specific enough about the sources of nuclear waste. In the second part, many confused the preferred techniques of disposal for high level wastes with long and short half-lives.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">“Oil should not be used as a source of energy because it has more important uses.” Suggest <strong>two</strong> arguments that support the continued use of oil as an energy source, and <strong>two </strong>against.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1"><em>Arguments for</em>: <strong><em>[2 max]</em></strong></p>
<p class="p1">high energy content / high enthalpy of combustion;</p>
<p class="p1">shortage of alternatives;</p>
<p class="p1">alternatives are expensive / oil relatively cheap;</p>
<p class="p1">well-established technology;</p>
<p class="p1">easy to store;</p>
<p class="p1">easy to transport;</p>
<p class="p1">produces energy at a reasonable rate;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Arguments against</em>: <strong><em>[2 max]</em></strong></p>
<p class="p1">chemical feedstock of limited supply/<em>OWTTE;</em></p>
<p class="p1">non-renewable;</p>
<p class="p1">combustion causes global warming/greenhouse gases;</p>
<p class="p1">combustion produces acidic gases;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Apply OWTTE throughout.</em></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">Candidates tended to provide vague, journalist answers rather than provide specific points to score the marks, e.g. candidates would suggest ‘pollution’ as an argument against without being specific.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Vegetable oils, such as that shown, require conversion to biodiesel for use in current internal combustion engines.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAPIAAADUCAYAAACmnX6PAAAgAElEQVR4Ae2df0xT9/7/nxTD9vl8EBej0Va3S5DAXHRx1nmjW7JGXXGabsYfLGGDOkgu2e1gC3F64Y5l+ejFfAK3izKv7g+qDHTRK41K3LReuNwbdxeRohEzaMN3YVekLpptQOOdbO37m7an9Hfpj3NKe/pqQjh9n/N+/Xi83q9z3ue8332fDMYYA32IABFIaQKSlLaejCcCRMBJgBKZGgIREAEBSmQRBJFcIAKUyNQGiIAICFAiiyCI5AIRoESmNkAERECAElkEQSQXiAAlMrUBIiACAimUyA/QvW8NMmR16J6wB6K3D0FXJENGkQ7mILsDK4ixxA6ruQdnm9SQZWQgw/m3Euqm0+g2T4jRYfKJI5BCiUwxC09gCpbu/VAVHsT1hRoYbQyOSXvMZkD1wn7sL9yFuu67SNtzXHh4Kb+XEjnlQ+hwwA6r8QhKNv4L67p0OKheC6k7shIp5Or9ONW1Hl9vrITW+JMoPCYnfAm4w+1bSt9SjMAP6D1zEqbySmgUSxAY1CxIFbtRVf4dtGf6QZ3sFAtvBOYGxjyCSrN6iOUgNs7L5O7/3PeBGcjIXI4Kg2VWTZs15RO3cLltDCtfeMZzJfY3RrIIK15YDkvb39AX7BmD//H0PaUIpF4iS2vRNW5z3f857gHdf7ZBtCilKQWfL2Pt90Zw0yLDqtwFQa7Gbi1ZWJybD6llGCP3ptyF9F8kBFIvkUUCntwgAnwSoETmk+YsyZIszsUq6RhujjwI81R6CvdGhmGR5iN3cdYsWUpqhSJAiSwU2UTKzXkWRaUyDHz1DSyhxpfs3+P2V4OQlm7CmhwKeyLDkwhdFNFEUBZcx3ysLX4DhbpPcaQn2FixHdYbejTrfoOa4tXIEdweUpBoApTIiSYuiD4JsuUabqy4HLWtvZ4rs90CY2stVGsuYV3Xp6iRPyGIBSR0dglQIs8ufx61Z0G6oR6dplo8f/8I5Jnc0FymEofvr0a96a9o2BBsjJlHE0jUrBHIoMX3Zo09KSYCvBGgKzJvKEkQEZg9ApTIs8eeNBMB3gikdCK7fqaXwRsMsQhycPH+ECdvGuLcTulEFmdIyCsiED0BSuTomVENIpB0BCiRky4kZBARiJ4AJXL0zKgGEUg6ApTISRcSMogIRE+AEjl6ZlSDCCQdAUrkpAsJGUQEoidAiRw9M6pBBJKOACVy0oWEDCIC0ROgRI6eGdUgAklHgBI56UJCBhGB6AlQIkfPjGoQgaQjQImcdCEhg4hA9AQokaNnRjWIQNIRoEROupCQQUQgegKUyNEzoxpEIOkIUCInXUjIICIQPQFK5OiZUQ0ikHQEaBXNpAsJGUQEoidAV+TomVENIpB0BCJM5Afo3rcGGbI6dAd7t659CLoiGTKKdDCHevcQb67bYTX34GyTGrIM9/uRV0LdpIfRkuDXhVrN6D7bBLXMbUcGZOomnO02w8qbv1EKCmGT3mgJ84K3KHVEcbj9rh4VRR/DaPVuGJHGkM9255ClRpPxpyisj+TQCZi7T6NJvdLzzm6ZGk16o+dtH04xfPoSaFeEiRxYcXZKpmDp3g+V4jhG8qphtHHvR57swJs4D5X8beiGJhJimt1yBXWqLdh/fRGqjY+49zQ/grF6Ea7v3wJV3RW/QApvlsumErSO5HnZNI6eNzNxXqXEW7rbiT3B2L/DuQ8/xYJ9pZBnu5vabMVwARTVr2Gw7rjfSSWOuNjvortuFxStd5BXbYDN+a5uGyZ7SoDzuyF/qxVDPiewOHTNVNXxpomZP/dZ1145g7SWdY3bAg+3DbIWpZRB2cJMQXYHVoilxMYm+7RMga2sse/HQAG2EdZRvkJgGzi1k9dYo2IZU9Qa2FgQf21jBlbr2N94jU0GWipMidumoDofsdEODZNiF2sx/UcY/QFSuXj5tIloY8h3u3PIW8+ULYMsSNgCPAhf8CPra9zKoNCyvslAabbRDlYulXrp4tsXX+vcp8mZ8j0J9v+A3jMn0aPcjlefC/IiMsmTUO5rRkdlHvDQuxvHt+l2TPSeg9a0GVWalyANQlAifQmaqs0wac+hN9itCN8mgbOpZzVKX30W2QHys7BEWY32jjeQiwTdftjvwPCXk8h6fT3ypxnNdgwXQFFRAXzwGXrijctEP85o+6EsfQXPTfc2POAlSzZhX/tRVOZK8NBTLNyWb16H+sadTQCGcH8+Z99QsmIsH+9ie33OcDHKibsax2IGX22mFqaEnO3tuh+3xpkFRGbTzHL4O8Llv18PIOoYCtDunDbEGxcbG++qjbKHI4AvXuGaPldGdKqQ1qJr3MbdD3L3p477AtsgWpRSHxHutxvE+98t1H5vBDct7m+R/49Xv3d9p1b7A4zcHIN0VS4Wh6EnWZyLVdIx3Bx5MP2QyVsWX9veNkVOxXUkXzZ4y3FJtsM6OowBaT5yF2dNmxVrDBFFu5tWFmrD+VJ4oO3yLcT+NGUK90aGEUNzBK++ePk4x2ub103GHBfv2f8kix0OEslki7D2cA195WYsDdLtnP1WAVhujuCeHcgJczJOBjsjtSFl3HBd4SJ1S8DjJAuQu0o23RBCaXJdfWRYlbsAgkPmbAplS+LLrRg1fRugVvgYOoa1LnsNBTmGJS/DHNGT4ync1b8DmVrvdaX1l1eEffohWJGFxbn58O2DBrgbZ8EULL1HPEObMjU+7g09hCh4G4vTG091Z5dIBsPpf2E4xLMsu1mHooxi6Mw/e+rxvjUfa4qUkA7043bIcespWG73Y0CqRNGa+bxbECiQs8lwCVeHQ/juHOvPR5FuaLqrHyiHr5JsLC3MCxQmdAytfThWqcHFJVqM2RhsY1osuahB5bG+GYbdJmDWf4Q3dxzxSmIATnl/xMBLn2OSPcJY13r07vgQZ8xTyFmzCaXSqzh9dSQEz59h1hXHPLfCbm7H7t9ewJL2UdjYOAYPzEHjtuaQD+lSJ5HheOL4eygNely4EWxQ/yfcuKCHwe++LLA1xVsiQc7abagpvITmI/8IPlZsvYnPmy+hsGYb1iak7yZBjqIMB5T9aLtwK0ijtcN640u0GZ5ITA/BfcUaGMaoz9VQ6Bg+gdVVh9FU5RpNkEjXYcfWJ9EzMIpJv7B7nnHcgV69GorzC6FpLPE6yj06oYR65zPIRhakit+h6Rz35D9nPSoOvAhD25e44eMjJ8J6Cxfars74LMVLodemHQ+Rh8pzDahSLImoR5dCiQxICnbiUMsiaFXv+s6csZpxpeldqN7/BbXtGiiETp7stag5dRTrvn4bJbVtXjPKpmAxtmGfqgQX1x3FqZq1QYaCvOLF56akAMWH6vGUtgIan1luEzBfOQSNqhGoPYj3FAv41BpClgTZS/Ox0jKMkXu+w12CxjC7ABu2b4Fcyj1gs36Dv1+8A8XKpZjrtnTiFi63AaVFzyLHWfYktrcOY6y1Ci/kTR8FgLvPL3yE/j+94pq1lbkbZ2yFWFvgqPk4Coo/RMtTOqg0WnhmznHdcU0F3kcl2t97kdPjNiCS/xJkFyiw/TU5Ft5oQn7GPCyv6MUrn1SGbNsplchADp4uPwpj5y7Mv1YHWSY3NXLuDrRjC9pNf0XDhsjOYJHgDHeMRPoyGjq/QP3z3+Ow/DFuet5jkB/+Hs/Xf4HOhpeDjjGHkxnfPgmyn1bjuPEEts+/hj0yt03zoGi3QdXek1CbJPkbUVn+bZCuZ4Ji6Jh11VCP91GK+jdWTZ9Qnc8uEMktz6+Y/OE+0GPAQOGfvbrWe3DMPc0zewXKjxvQuX0eru2RI9M5ZTgTcxWnAFUzTJ312OA+qcQY3DnyPRh2dut34tsdGmjduv3leQ1F0SYR4JEAN9Y6w3g7jwo9oiYHWcdeJYPiI9Y19shTzhxjuaFmdv3CxjoqGco62JizxiTra1QwLGtkfb+4RfybdZQtY8sa+9h0kXuX0P+52ZOhdKfYFdn/NETfk5eA4769Ep8sPY2WngcJM9M133wD3rlXgkG/K6L97j9x8uZONBQXRHDf+ThkeYXAwx8w7jNT8L+wbP7/RFA/Hpcdt2hfQB/w45v/DqmbEjke3lQ3PAHJb7Dtfyvx4P/a+PuhQjiN1ts48YcanMj7BNePq/G0zxj2A/QcPo/lDW95/YAjnLA5kG4qxl50ovXsN7DC8WMPHZo/W47XX8wVOJHnYC5MaN5YhYbuu44JuBg60YgPBjajsigvuG6hewRCyndPFxVSB8lOFQLuaZNBphFPd5fD+eLftXYca2OTpkussWyFa2qytIw1GkwJ+iHMODMZtKxMyvmj2MtO9I2F/LFHSq8Q4pga6Pgk24ypcOd52kcEhCBAXWshqJJMIpBgApTICQZO6oiAEAQokYWgSjKJQIIJUCInGDipIwJCEKBEFoLqrMkMtajdaXSbY//17ay5Q4ojJkCJHDGqZD+QW9Su8CCuL9R4Fia0GVC9sB/7C3ehzjkmmex+kH2xEKDhp1ioJV0dO6zGQ1CtuYR1XTocCJhv7kjygyjZeB1b+9qxRx5kzbOk84kMioYAXZGjoZW0x7oWtTOVV0IT9Gdvjp/g7UZV+XfQnumPY4mbpAWQ9oZRIouhCTh/mjeGlS88E/oXV5JFWPHCclja/oa+eFeQFAMzkflAiSyCgEa2rBC3PE2Q3wiLAEHau0CJnPZNgACIgQAlsgiiGGzp3UC3uBUvBF8KKVAzlQhPgBJZeMbCa+AWtRv46pvga4g5LLB/j9tfDUJauglrhF4KSXiPSYMfAUpkPyCp+XU+1ha/gULdpzjS4/j9qv/HsfieHs2636CmeHUMa0j5y6PvyUaAEjnZIhKTPRJkyzU41bUeX28sR21rr+fKbLfA2FrLjTF/ihoaQ46JcLJXokRO9ghFbF8WpBvq0WmqxfP3j0DuXpgwU4nD91ejPoELE0ZsMh3IGwGa2cUbShJEBGaPAF2RZ489aSYCvBGgROYNZXIIcr8Z0dsa95JI3mW0LS4ClMjiiid5k6YEKJHTNPDktrgIUCKLK57kTZoSoERO08CT2+IiQIksrniSN2lKgBI5TQNPbouLACWyuOJJ3qQpAUrkNA08uS0uApTI4ooneZOmBCiR0zTw5La4CFAiiyue5E2aEqBETtPAk9viIkCJLK54kjdpSoASOU0DT26LiwAlsrjiSd6kKQFK5DQNPLktLgKUyOKKJ3mTpgRSes2uNI0ZuU0EAgjQFTkACRUQgdQjQImcejEji4lAAIEIE/kBuvetQYasDt3BXslpH4KuSIaMIh3Mga85CFAaX4EdVnMPzjapIcvIgGuxuZVQN+lhtEzFJzra2lYzus82QS1z25EBmboJZ7vNsEYri6/jQ9ikN1qCvIGCL6Wh5djv6lFR9DGMVu+GEWkM+Wx3DllqNBl/Cm1sTHsmYO4+jSb1Sq4tZiBDpkaT3uh5SYBTLp++BBoaYSIHVpydkilYuvdDpTiOkbxqGG0MjDGwyQ68ifNQyd+GbmgiIabZLVdQp9qC/dcXodr4yGUHewRj9SJc378FqrorfoEU3iyXTSVoHcnzsmkcPW9m4rxKibd0txN7grF/h3MffooF+0ohz3Y3tdmK4QIoql/DYN1xv5NKHHGx30V33S4oWu8gr9oAm6MtMhsme0qA87shf6sVQz4nsDh0zVSVRfS5z7r2yhmktaxr3BZYwzbIWpRSBmULMwXZHVghlhIbm+zTMgW2ssa+HwMF2EZYR/kKgW3g1E5eY42KZUxRa2BjQfy1jRlYrWN/4zU2GWipMCVum4LqfMRGOzRMil2sxfQfYfQHSOXi5dMmoo0h3+3OIW89U7YMsiBhC/AgfMGPrK9xK4NCy/omA6XZRjtYuVTqpYtvX3ytc58mZ8r3JNj/A3rPnESPcjtefe6JQHskT0K5rxkdlXnAQ+9uXOCh8ZXYMdF7DlrTZlRpXoI0CEGJ9CVoqjbDpD2H3mC3IvEZEKQ2Z1PPapS++iyyA47IwhJlNdo73kAuEnT7Yb8Dw19OIuv19cifZjTbMVwARUUF8MFn6Ik3LhP9OKPth7L0FTw33dvwgJcs2YR97UdRmSvBQ0+xcFu+eR3qG3c2ARjC/XmdfcMeF06G375pi8a72F6fM9z0nrAbfNnhkOP6cCy8fA1mgM3UwpSQs71d96d382mLW1Y0Nk0bwm24ZfD5363D5b9fDyDqGEbf7tz6Q/532uAbl5DHhtxhY+NdtVH2cATwxcu+6XNlRKcKaS26xm3c/SB3f+q4L7ANokUpjUhErAfZ743gpiXW2jzWsz/AyM0xSFflYnEYepG9fJwnuzibeJLGgxg7rKPDGPB7qXrMMeSz3TnfJQ20Xb6F2J+mcC+Nj4UUn7546Z/jtc3rpuMhVDJ8ksUOB4tkskVYe7iGvnIzlgbpdiZDu7DcHME9OyCWd76HuaYkA26PDa4rnOf7rG1JFiB3lQzuhhDKDtfVR4ZVuQsgOGTOplC2JL7cilHTtwFqhY+hY1jrstdQkGNY8jLMET05nsJd/TuQqfXwdPz85RVhn34IVmRhcW4+hO2DTsHSe8QztClT4+Pe0EOIgrexgGjGWuDsEslgOP0vDId4lmU361CUUQyd+edYtURQbz7WFCkhHejH7ZDj1lOw3O7HgFSJojXzI5AZ7yGcTYZLuDocwnfnWH8+inRDCRhPzsbSwrxAp4SOobUPxyo1uLhEizEbg21MiyUXNag81jfDsNsEzPqP8OaOI15JDMAp748YeOlzTLJHGOtaj94dH+KMeQo5azahVHoVp6+OhOD5M8y64pjnVtjN7dj92wtY0j4KGxvH4IE5aNzWHPIhXeokMhxPHH8PpUGPCzeCDer/hBsX9DD43ZcFtqZ4SyTIWbsNNYWX0HzkH8HHiq038XnzJRTWbMPahPTdJMhRlOGAsh9tF24FabR2WG98iTbDE4npIbivWAPDGPW5GgodwyewuuowmqpcowkS6Trs2PokegZGMekXds8zjjvQq1dDcX4hNI0lXke5RyeUUO98BtnIglTxOzSd457856xHxYEXYWj7Ejd8fOREWG/hQtvVGZ+leCn02rTjIfJQea4BVYolEfXoUiiRAUnBThxqWQSt6l3fmTNWM640vQvV+7+gtl0DhdDJk70WNaeOYt3Xb6Okts1rRtkULMY27FOV4OK6ozhVszbIUJBXvPjclBSg+FA9ntJWQOMzy20C5iuHoFE1ArUH8Z5iAZ9aQ8iSIHtpPlZahjFyz3e4S9AYZhdgw/YtkEuzXHZZv8HfL96BYuVSzHVbOnELl9uA0qJnkeMsexLbW4cx1lqFF/KmjwLA3ecXPkL/n15xzdrK3I0ztkKsLXDUfBwFxR+i5SkdVBotPDPnuO64pgLvoxLt773I6XEbEMl/CbILFNj+mhwLbzQhP2Mellf04pVPKkO27ZRKZCAHT5cfhbFzF+Zfq4Msk5saOXcH2rEF7aa/omFDZGewSHCGO0YifRkNnV+g/vnvcVj+GDc97zHID3+P5+u/QGfDy0HHmMPJjG+fBNlPq3HceALb51/DHpnbpnlQtNugau9JqE2S/I2oLP82SNczQTF0zLpqqMf7KEX9G6umT6jOZxeI5JbnV0z+cB/oMWCg8M9eXes9OOae5pm9AuXHDejcPg/X9siR6ZwynIm5ilOAqhmmznpscJ9UYgzuHPkeDDu79Tvx7Q4NtG7d/vK8hqJokwjwSIAba51hvJ1HhR5Rk4OsY6+SQfER6xp75ClnjrHcUDO7fmFjHZUMZR1szFljkvU1KhiWNbK+X9wi/s06ypaxZY19bLrIvUvo/9zsyVC6U+yK7H8aou/JS8Bx316JT5aeRkvPg4SZ6ZpvvgHv3CvBoN8V0X73nzh5cycaigsiuO98HLK8QuDhDxj3mSn4X1g2/38iqB+Py45btC+gD/jxzX+H1E2JHA9vqhuegOQ32Pa/lXjwf238/VAhnEbrbZz4Qw1O5H2C68fVeNpnDPsBeg6fx/KGt7x+wBFO2BxINxVjLzrRevYbWOH4sYcOzZ8tx+sv5gqcyHMwFyY0b6xCQ/dd2DGBoRON+GBgMyqL8oLrFrpHIKR899RCIXWQ7FQh4J42GWQa8XR3OZwv/l1rx7E2Nmm6xBrLVrimJkvLWKPBlKAfwowzk0HLyqScP4q97ETfWMgfe6T0Uj+O3yI7Psk2YyrceZ72EQEhCFDXWgiqJJMIJJgAJXKCgZM6IiAEAUpkIaiSTCKQYAKUyAkGTuqIgBAEKJGFoEoyiUCCCVAiJxg4qSMCQhCgRBaC6qzJDLXM7Gl0m2NfD2PW3CHFEROgRI4YVbIfyC0zW3gQ1xdqPEsF2wyoXtiP/YW7UOecJZTsfpB9sRCgCSGxUEu6OnZYjYegWnMJ67p0OBDwCzBHkh9Eycbr2NrXjj3yIKuQJp1PZFA0BOiKHA2tpD3WtcysqbwSmqA/RHf8KH43qsq/g/ZMfxyLziUtgLQ3jBJZDE3A+WP5Max84ZnQv4GWLMKKF5bD0vY39MW7prMYmInMB0pkEQQ0soX+uAXjgqzaIQIEae8CJXLaNwECIAYClMgiiGJki+Fza1AJvjihCICmoAuUyCkYtACTuWVmB776Jviqno4K9u9x+6tBSEs3YY3QixMGGEgFQhOgRBaacELkz8fa4jdQqPsUR3ocK0r4fxzL4erRrPsNaopXx7Cqo788+p5sBCiRky0iMdkjQbZcg1Nd6/H1xnLUtvZ6rsx2C4yttdwY86eooTHkmAgneyVK5GSPUMT2ZUG6oR6dplo8f/8I5O6lgjOVOHx/NeoTuFRwxCbTgbwRoJldvKEkQURg9gjQFXn22JNmIsAbAUpk3lAmhyDHgoTuRQndFgUrc++j/+IgQIksjjiSF2lOgBI5zRsAuS8OApTI4ogjeZHmBCiR07wBkPviIECJLI44khdpToASOc0bALkvDgKUyOKII3mR5gQokdO8AZD74iBAiSyOOJIXaU6AEjnNGwC5Lw4ClMjiiCN5keYEKJHTvAGQ++IgQIksjjiSF2lOgBI5zRsAuS8OApTI4ogjeZHmBCiR07wBkPviIECJLI44khdpTiCl1+xK89iR+0RgmgBdkadR0AYRSF0ClMipGzuynAhME4gwkR+ge98aZMjq0B3slZz2IeiKZMgo0sEc+JqDaWX8bNhhNffgbJMaMm6huYyMlVA36WG0TPGjIlIpVjO6zzZBLXMteOdY5E6mbsLZbjOskcrg+7gQNumNliBvoOBbeaA8+109Koo+htHq3TAijSGf7c4hS40m40+BRsZVMgFz92k0qVc6Fz10LnQoU6NJb/S8JMApn09fAg2OMJEDK85OyRQs3fuhUhzHSF41jDYGxhjYZAfexHmo5G9DNzSRENPsliuoU23B/uuLUG185LKDPYKxehGu798CVd0Vv0AKb5bLphK0juR52TSOnjczcV6lxFu624k9wdi/w7kPP8WCfaWQZ7ub2mzFcAEU1a9hsO6430kljrjY76K7bhcUrXeQV22AzdEWmQ2TPSXA+d2Qv9WKIZ8TWBy6ZqrKIvrcZ1175QzSWtY1bgusYRtkLUopg7KFmYLsDqwQS4mNTfZpmQJbWWPfj4ECbCOso3yFwDZwaievsUbFMqaoNbCxIP7axgys1rG/8RqbDLRUmBK3TUF1PmKjHRomxS7WYvqPMPoDpHLx8mkT0caQ73bnkLeeKVsGWZCwBXgQvuBH1te4lUGhZX2TgdJsox2sXCr10sW3L77WuU+TM+V7Euz/Ab1nTqJHuR2vPvdEoD2SJ6Hc14yOyjzgoXc3LvDQ+ErsmOg9B61pM6o0L0EahKBE+hI0VZth0p5Db7BbkfgMCFKbs6lnNUpffRbZAUdkYYmyGu0dbyAXCbr9sN+B4S8nkfX6euRPM5rtGC6AoqIC+OAz9MQbl4l+nNH2Q1n6Cp6b7m14wEuWbMK+9qOozJXgoadYuC3fvA71jTubAAzh/rzOvmGPCyfDb9+0ReNdbK/PGW56T9gNvuxwyHF9OBZevgYzwGZqYUrI2d6u+9O7+bTFLSsam6YN4TbcMvj879bh8t+vBxB1DKNvd279If87bfCNS8hjQ+6wsfGu2ih7OAL44mXf9LkyolOFtBZd4zbufpC7P3XcF9gG0aKURiQi1oPs90Zw0xJrbR7r2R9g5OYYpKtysTgMvchePs6TXZxNPEnjQYwd1tFhDPi9VD3mGPLZ7pzvkgbaLt9C7E9TuJfGx0KKT1+89Idpil5HxbDpfAjlvPn3SvgYvseg2qcKX3Y45MT74dMWt6x4bHLL4PO/yx6uoa/Mx9Ig3c54bA5f1/E0/LLXE2THaMZlmIM8cLLcHME9nzuwKdzVvwOZWg/P9cJfXhH26YcS9MBwCpbeI54REZkaH/eGHnkQLJHDA49+r+sKF3093mtIFiB3lQyBDcFXk+vqI8Oq3AUQHDJnk68Fs/nNilHTtwEGCB5Dax+OVWpwcYkWYzYG25gWSy5qUHmsb4bkm4BZ/xHe3HHEK4kBOOX9EQMvfY5J9ghjXevRu+NDnDHbsTg3H0L2Qe3mduz+7QUsaR+FjY1j8MAcNG5rDnlvL3gbC4hmrAXOLpEMhtP/wrDPmdQj0G7WoSijGDrzz55C3rfmY02REtKBftwOOW49BcvtfgxIlShaM593CwIFcjYZLuHqcAjfnWP9+SjSDSVgPDkbSwvzAs0UPIZPYHXVYTRVuR5CSqTrsGPrk+gZGMVkoDVcyR3o1auhOL8QmsYSr6PcDzWVUO98BtnIglTxOzSdczww/BU5azahVHoVp6+OhOD5M8y64hjnVtjxEHmoPNeAKsWSiC4EqZPIcDxx/D2UBj0u3Ag2qP8TblzQw+B3X+YVGZ42JchZuw01hZfQfOQfwceKrTfxefMlFNZsw9qcRCCWIEdRhgPKfrRduBXk6mOH9caXaDM8kZgeArJcV6yBYYz6dGsFjmF2AbMpQTwAAATTSURBVDZs3wK5NMsVa+s3+PvFO1CsXIq5ftH3PON4EttbhzHWWoUX8ryP4m4PCh+h/0+vuCZ7ZO7GGVsh1hbkADnrUXHgRRjavsQNHx85RdZbuNB2dcZnKX5mcV8lyC5QYPtrciy80YT8jHlYXtGLVz6phCJEe0pEKwtuawylkoKdONSyCFrVu74zZ6xmXGl6F6r3f0FtuyakszGoDF4ley1qTh3Fuq/fRkltm9eMsilYjG3YpyrBxXVHcapmbZChoOAi4y6VFKD4UD2e0lZA4zPLbQLmK4egUTUCtQfxnmJB3KpmFiBB9tJ8rLQMY+Se73BXwmLomKzRUI/3UYr6N1Z54jBxC5fbgNKiZ5ET1pFfMfnDfaDHgIHCP3t1rffgmHN22OMoKP4QLU/poNJo4Zk5x91XayrwPirR/t6LM+gJawTmyPdg2Nmt34lvd2igDTEzLaUSGcjB0+VHYezchfnX6iDL5KZGzt2BdmxBu+mvaNgQWVckPL6Z90qkL6Oh8wvUP/89Dssf46bnPQb54e/xfP0X6Gx4OegY88ySYz1Cguyn1ThuPIHt869hj8xt0zwo2m1Qtfck1CZJ/kZUln8bpOuZgBhah6CvLcfGr9ej61QtNriv0ACczy4QxS3PMjWqy1a4utYbylFVNoRjf/9/+NURpuwVKD9uQOf2ebi2R45M55ThTMxVnAJUzTB11vvojjWycHbrX0epst+j21+Y11AUbRIBHglwY60zjLfzqNApyjWrTsqkZSfYYMCMK8dYbqiZXb+wsY5KhrIONuaUxH33mc34b9ZRtsJrthbf1rvlPWJjfRdZR5fJMzPQOXtyWUjdKXZF9j8N0ffkJeC4b6/EJ0tPo6XnQWLMtN7GiT/U4ETeJ7h+XI2n/Ya+7Hf/iZM3d6KhuCCCB0hzIN1UjL3oROvZb2CFY464Ds2fLcfrL+ZGUD8el+dgLkxo3liFhu67sGMCQyca8cHAZlQW5QXX7T4HpOJ/94ykVLQ9XWx2zjlWBp+PzC8D92yrILMPnVdZx9W4LPg8fach/ldkR6GNTZouscayFa4ZjdIy1mjwukry64CftHFmMmhZmZTzR7GXnegbCzlHPKVXCHH8ZMzxcUxooA8RSGcC1LVO5+iT76IhQIksmlCSI+lMgBI5naNPvouGACWyaEJJjqQzAUrkdI4++S4aApTIogklOZLOBCiR0zn65LtoCFAiiyaU5Eg6E6BETufok++iIUCJLJpQkiPpTIASOZ2jT76LhgAlsmhCSY6kMwFK5HSOPvkuGgKUyKIJJTmSzgQokdM5+uS7aAhQIosmlORIOhOYk8rO04ICqRw9sp1PAnRF5pMmySICs0QghRJZ2De+zxJ/UksEeCGQQonMi78khAiIkgAlsijDSk6lGwFK5HSLOPkrSgKp99TachAb5x0MHQxl6F20hwiIlUDqXZEFeuO7WANMfqUHgdRL5PSIC3lJBKIiQIkcFS46mAgkJwFK5OSMC1lFBKIiQIkcFS46mAgkJwFK5OSMC1lFBKIiQIkcFS46mAgkJ4GUfq1qciIlq4hA4gnQFTnxzEkjEeCdACUy70hJIBFIPAFK5MQzJ41EgHcClMi8IyWBRCDxBCiRE8+cNBIB3glQIvOOlAQSgcQT+P9dWk8xXtnRAQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State <strong>two</strong> reagents required to convert vegetable oil to biodiesel.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the formula of the biodiesel formed when the vegetable oil shown is reacted with the reagents in (a).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain, in terms of the molecular structure, the critical difference in properties that makes biodiesel a more suitable liquid fuel than vegetable oil.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the specific energy, in kJ\(\,\)g<sup>−1</sup>, and energy density, in kJ\(\,\)cm<sup>−3</sup>, of a particular biodiesel using the following data and section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>Density = 0.850 g\(\,\)cm<sup>−3</sup>; Molar mass = 299 g\(\,\)mol<sup>−1</sup>;</p>
<p>Enthalpy of combustion = 12.0 MJ\(\,\)mol<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>methanol<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>ethanol</p>
<p>strong acid<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>strong base</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “alcohol”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept any specific strong acid or strong base other than HNO<sub>3</sub>/nitric acid.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>16</sub>COOCH<sub>3</sub> / CH<sub>3</sub>OCO(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>16</sub>CH<sub>3</sub><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>16</sub>COOC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub> / C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OCO(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>16</sub>CH<sub>3</sub></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Product <strong>must</strong> correspond to alcohol chosen in (a), but award mark for either structure if neither given for (a).</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>lower viscosity</p>
<p>weaker intermolecular/dispersion/London/van der Waals’ forces<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>smaller/shorter molecules</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “lower molecular mass/M<sub>r</sub>” or “lower number of electrons”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept converse arguments.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Specific energy:</em> «\( = \frac{{12\,000{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}{{299{\text{ g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}\)» = 40.1 «kJ g<sup>−1</sup>»</p>
<p><em>Energy density:</em> «= 40.1 kJ\(\,\)g<sup>−1</sup> x 0.850 g\(\,\)cm<sup>−3</sup>» = 34.1 «kJ\(\,\)cm<sup>−3</sup>»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award [1] if both are in terms of a unit other than kJ (such as J or MJ).</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Biofuels are renewable energy sources derived mainly from plants.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equation for the complete transesterification of the triglyceride given below with methanol.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why the fuel produced by the reaction in (a) is more suitable for use in diesel engines than vegetable oils.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>methyl ester formula <em><strong>AND</strong></em> glycerol formula</p>
<p>correct balancing</p>
<p><em>Award M2 only if M1 is correct.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«methyl esters have» low«er» viscosity/surface tensions<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>«methyl esters have» high«er» volatility<br><strong><em>OR<br></em></strong>«combustion of vegetable oils» produces carbon deposits in engine/reduces engine life</p>
<p><em>Accept converse arguments.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Suggest why the temperature decrease of the Earth’s surface after sunset is less when the weather is cloudy than when there are no clouds.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>infrared/IR radiation emitted by (warm) Earth;</p>
<p>water in clouds is a greenhouse gas / O-H bonds(in water) absorb infrared/IR radiation;</p>
<p>Infrared/IR radiation is absorbed and re-radiated by water (less total loss of IR);</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for discussing clouds acting as heat insulators</em><strong><em>.</em></strong></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Some candidates related the effect to the water in the clouds and its action as a greenhouse gas. Many candidates gave answers that did not acknowledge that it was after sunset. Some of the descriptions of the greenhouse effect lacked the detail required by the markscheme.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases are considered to cause global warming. Ozone depletion is another environmental concern.</p>
</div>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">Identify a gas that is both a greenhouse gas and a cause of ozone depletion.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">specific CFC compound;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept CFC/chlorofluorocarbon.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow water vapour.</em></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">Few candidates gave a CFC compound in part (a). Candidates were more familiar with the impact of global warming than they were with the impact of ozone depletion.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Atmospheric carbon dioxide and aqueous carbon dioxide in the oceans form a heterogeneous equilibrium.</p>
<p>Explain the effect of increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide on the pH of the oceans, including an equation in your answer.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<div class="page" title="Page 21">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p>CO<sub>2</sub>(g)+H<sub>2</sub>O(l) <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABYAAAAPCAYAAADgbT9oAAABKklEQVQ4EWP8////fwYaACYamAk2kmyDv7z/gtdN5Bn85wZDtBAvQ/PhZ7gNB4UxOeDVoU5Q3Pyff+kdVu0MWEWJFLy+Og1s+NJLnzF0QA3+/n9jgS5YEcgVxGHd/7q6CLXTz6K6nBFkFQPDH4Znd+8wfPqNO8hwybCysjL8/v2NgYFLhkFDThCuDGownE81BgvEpD8M+7oSGZqPMjDI8DEwfPr0hOHTJxLsePuWwaBiFUN/lAZcE8LFfx4xdAXLM5RvYmDo3H6cwUWAgeEr0UHzm4FbSofBSBkRFGip4un/iX4M/xli5v/HjGeMiMcrgGbw////f9/5XwlKGZV7///GqxW/JDSM4UHDwMCizND27iyDwOJXDH8YGBgwFSCpxcNEhDEeReRIAQCkJbY75bBsZwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" alt>H<sup>+</sup>(aq)+HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>(aq)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>CO<sub>2</sub>(g)<img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABYAAAAPCAYAAADgbT9oAAABKklEQVQ4EWP8////fwYaACYamAk2kmyDv7z/gtdN5Bn85wZDtBAvQ/PhZ7gNB4UxOeDVoU5Q3Pyff+kdVu0MWEWJFLy+Og1s+NJLnzF0QA3+/n9jgS5YEcgVxGHd/7q6CLXTz6K6nBFkFQPDH4Znd+8wfPqNO8hwybCysjL8/v2NgYFLhkFDThCuDGownE81BgvEpD8M+7oSGZqPMjDI8DEwfPr0hOHTJxLsePuWwaBiFUN/lAZcE8LFfx4xdAXLM5RvYmDo3H6cwUWAgeEr0UHzm4FbSofBSBkRFGip4un/iX4M/xli5v/HjGeMiMcrgGbw////f9/5XwlKGZV7///GqxW/JDSM4UHDwMCizND27iyDwOJXDH8YGBgwFSCpxcNEhDEeReRIAQCkJbY75bBsZwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" alt>CO<sub>2</sub>(aq) <em><strong>AND</strong></em> CO<sub>2</sub>(aq)+H<sub>2</sub>O(l)<img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABYAAAAPCAYAAADgbT9oAAABKklEQVQ4EWP8////fwYaACYamAk2kmyDv7z/gtdN5Bn85wZDtBAvQ/PhZ7gNB4UxOeDVoU5Q3Pyff+kdVu0MWEWJFLy+Og1s+NJLnzF0QA3+/n9jgS5YEcgVxGHd/7q6CLXTz6K6nBFkFQPDH4Znd+8wfPqNO8hwybCysjL8/v2NgYFLhkFDThCuDGownE81BgvEpD8M+7oSGZqPMjDI8DEwfPr0hOHTJxLsePuWwaBiFUN/lAZcE8LFfx4xdAXLM5RvYmDo3H6cwUWAgeEr0UHzm4FbSofBSBkRFGip4un/iX4M/xli5v/HjGeMiMcrgGbw////f9/5XwlKGZV7///GqxW/JDSM4UHDwMCizND27iyDwOJXDH8YGBgwFSCpxcNEhDEeReRIAQCkJbY75bBsZwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" alt>H<sup>+</sup>(aq)+HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>(aq)</p>
<p>«increasing [CO<sub>2</sub>]» shifts equilibrium/reaction to right</p>
<p>pH decreases</p>
<div class="page" title="Page 21">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<div class="page" title="Page 21">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<div class="page" title="Page 21">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<div class="page" title="Page 21">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><em>Accept “H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (aq)” for “CO<sub>2</sub> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l)”.</em></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain what occurs at a molecular level during the absorption of infrared (IR) radiation by the sulfur dioxide molecule, \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Consider the IR spectra of the following three compounds.</p>
<p class="p1">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{A}} = {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{{\text{(C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{)}}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}} \\ {{\text{B}} = {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOC(C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{3}}}} \\ {{\text{C}} = {{{\text{(C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{)}}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COH}}} \end{array}\]</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-17_om_08.07.15.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ1/A1.d_1"></p>
<p class="p1">Determine which IR spectrum corresponds to each compound A, B and C. Explain your reasoning. IR data can be found in Table 17 of the Data Booklet.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-17_om_08.09.33.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ1/A1.d_2"></p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(O–S–O) bond angle changes;</p>
<p class="p1">(S–O) bond (length) stretches;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for S–O bond vibrations if neither of the above points are scored.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A is Spectrum I <span class="s1"><strong>and </strong></span>B is Spectrum III <span class="s1"><strong>and </strong></span>C is Spectrum II;</p>
<p class="p2"><em>A Spectrum I:</em></p>
<p class="p1">only spectrum with a (broad) peak in the range \({\text{2500–3300 (c}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 1}}{\text{)}}\) corresponding to the carboxylic acid functional group / –OH in carboxylic acid / H-bonding in carboxylic acid (so must be a carboxylic acid);</p>
<p class="p2"><em>B Spectrum III:</em></p>
<p class="p1">peak in the range \({\text{1700–1750 (c}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 1}}{\text{)}}\) corresponding to the carbonyl/C=O group;</p>
<p class="p1">but no peak for O–H/no peak at \({\text{2500–3300 (c}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 1}}{\text{)}}\) or \({\text{3200–3600 (c}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 1}}{\text{)}}\);</p>
<p class="p2"><em>C Spectrum II:</em></p>
<p class="p1">peak in the range \({\text{3200–3600 (c}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 1}}{\text{)}}\) corresponding to the alcohol functional group/OH / the only one without a peak at \({\text{1700–1750 (c}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 1}}{\text{)}}\) corresponding to a carbonyl/C=O group;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">For part (b) candidates often missed discussing the change of dipole moment.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (d) illustrated candidates’ ability at linking wave numbers from IR spectra to correct bonds but they did not always provide adequate explanations for their choices.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>There has been a shift in the use of crude oil (petroleum) away from its use as an energy source and towards its use as a chemical feedstock.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two </strong>reasons for this shift.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A lot of feedstock is used in the production of plastics. Discuss <strong>two </strong>advantages and <strong>one </strong>disadvantage of using plastic for packaging instead of cardboard.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Two advantages:</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>One disadvantage:</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>increasing cost of oil (relative to other energy sources);</p>
<p>limited supply (of petroleum);</p>
<p>other sources of energy available / alternative energy sources;</p>
<p>(use as a raw material) reduces/delays greenhouse gas/global warming/climate change problems;</p>
<p>concerns about greenhouse gases/climate change causing changes in behaviour <em>/ OWTTE;</em></p>
<p><em>Do not accept just </em>“<em>greenhouse gases/climate change</em>”<em>;</em></p>
<p>products from raw materials can be recycled / fuels cannot be recycled;</p>
<p>increasing demand as raw material from continued economic growth/demand for wider variety of products;</p>
<p>more profit to be made (by using as raw material);</p>
<p>reduced availability of other sources of hydrocarbons;</p>
<p><em>Accept political factors, such as “conflicts disrupting production”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Advantages:</em></p>
<p><em>Any two for </em><strong><em>[2 max] </em></strong><em>of:</em></p>
<p>waterproof so strong when wet;</p>
<p>can be transparent so contents can be seen;</p>
<p>better insulates the item it is packing if expanded plastic/bubble wrap used;</p>
<p>can be vacuum sealed to exclude air/keep food fresh;</p>
<p>better protection against knocks as it can be moulded to fit the item;</p>
<p><em>Disadvantages:</em></p>
<p><em>Any one of:</em></p>
<p>uses valuable petroleum resources which are non-renewable;</p>
<p>(may) not be burned safely because toxic gases are produced;</p>
<p>(may) not be bio-degradable/recyclable so will linger in landfill;</p>
<p><em>Accept other valid answers for both advantages and disadvantages.</em></p>
<p><em>Each answer must be qualified.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates did achieve at least one mark, usually referring to the increasing demand of crude oil as a raw material linked to demand for wider variety of products. Any other reasons were often inadequately communicated. There were many responses referring to the ‘production of greenhouse gases’ with no further qualification with respect to the shift in behaviour. The second part of this question produced answers which often failed to precisely address the advantages and disadvantages of the use of plastics versus cardboard specifically for packaging.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates did achieve at least one mark, usually referring to the increasing demand of crude oil as a raw material linked to demand for wider variety of products. Any other reasons were often inadequately communicated. There were many responses referring to the ‘production of greenhouse gases’ with no further qualification with respect to the shift in behaviour. The second part of this question produced answers which often failed to precisely address the advantages and disadvantages of the use of plastics versus cardboard specifically for packaging.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Fusion and fission reactions are important nuclear reactions.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Curium, \({}^{240}{\rm{Cm}}\), was synthesized by bombarding thorium nuclei, \({}^{232}{\rm{Th}}\), with carbon-12 nuclei. State a balanced equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Uranium-235 has a half-life of 7.038×10<sup>8</sup> years.</p>
<p>(i) Determine the time required for the mass of \({}^{235}{\rm{U}}\) in a sample originally containing 1.000 g of \({}^{235}{\rm{U}}\) to decrease to 0.125 g.</p>
<p>(ii) Outline why products of the fission of uranium-235 must be disposed of carefully.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why an element such as thorium, Th, usually undergoes nuclear fission, whereas helium, He, undergoes nuclear fusion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\[{}_{90}^{232}{\rm{Th}} + {}_6^{12}{\rm{C}} \to {}_{96}^{240}{\rm{Cm}} + 4{}_0^1{\rm{n}}\]</p>
<p><em>Accept \({}^{232}{\rm{Th}} + {}^{12}{\rm{C}} \to {}^{240}{\rm{Cm}} + 4{\rm{n}}\).</em><br><em>Accept ”4n” for “\(4{}_0^1{\rm{n}}\)” in any equation.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<div class="page" title="Page 9">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p>(i)<br><strong>«</strong>3 half-lives, so<strong>»</strong> 2.11 × 10<sup>9</sup> «years» <strong><br></strong><em>Accept any value within range 2.11–2.13 × 10<sup>9</sup> <strong>«</strong>years<strong>»</strong>.</em></p>
<p>(ii)<br>products are radioactive/undergo <strong>«</strong>nuclear<strong>»</strong> decay<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>products have unstable <span style="text-decoration: underline;">nuclei</span><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>products may be used to make <strong>«</strong>nuclear<strong>»</strong> weapons </p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<div class="page" title="Page 21">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p>both processes increase «nuclear» binding energy <span style="text-decoration: underline;">per nucleon</span> <br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br> both processes bring product closer to the maximum binding energy <span style="text-decoration: underline;">per nucleon</span> <strong>«</strong>of iron-56<strong>»</strong><br><strong><em>OR</em><br></strong>both processes result in more stable nuclei </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><em>Mark can be awarded to an annotated sketch of binding energy per nucleon vs A.</em></p>
<p><em><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></em></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is widely used as a technique in analytical chemistry.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The IR spectrum, mass spectrum and \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum of an unknown compound, <strong>X</strong>, of molecular formula \({{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) are as follows.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-30_om_08.34.04.png" alt="N10/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/A2.c"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain what happens at a molecular level during the absorption of IR radiation by carbon dioxide, CO<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Identify the bonds responsible for the peaks <strong>A</strong>, <strong>B </strong>and <strong>C </strong>in the IR spectrum of <strong>X</strong>.</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>A</strong>:</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>B</strong>:</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>C</strong>:</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>In the mass spectrum of <strong>X</strong>, deduce which ions the <em>m/z </em>values at 74, 45 and 29 correspond to.</p>
<p class="p1"><em>m/z </em>= 74:</p>
<p class="p1"><em>m/z </em>= 45:</p>
<p class="p1"><em>m/z </em>= 29:</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Identify the peak at 11.73 ppm in the \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum.</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Deduce the structure of <strong>X</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[7]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">change in bond length / bond stretching / asymmetric stretch;</p>
<p class="p1">change in bond angle / bending (of molecule);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for only stating vibrations.</em></p>
<p class="p1">induces molecular polarity/dipole moment / OWTTE;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>A</strong>: O–H</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>B</strong>: C=O</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>C</strong>: C–O</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for three correct, </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for two correct.</em></p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><em>m/z</em> = 74: \({{\text{C}}_2}{{\text{H}}_5}{\text{COO}}{{\text{H}}^ + }\) / \({{\text{C}}_3}{{\text{H}}_6}{\text{O}}_2^ + \);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>m/z</em> = 45: \({\text{COO}}{{\text{H}}^ + }\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>m/z</em> = 29: \({{\text{C}}_2}{\text{H}}_5^ + \);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Penalize missing + charge once only.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not award mark for m/z = 29: CHO</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>+</em></span></sup><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>–COOH</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept –OH.</em></p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{COOH}}\) / \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{H}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>More detailed structural formula may be given.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (b) the main misconception stated by candidates was that non-polar compounds do not absorb infrared radiation. Most candidates scored a mark for vibrations, but many misunderstood the difference between symmetric and asymmetric stretching.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (c)(i) was well answered by the great majority of candidates; giving C–H bond instead of O–H for A was a popular incorrect answer. In (ii) the most common mistake was missing the + sign. Most candidates answered (iii) and (iv) correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The greenhouse effect maintains the Earth’s average temperature at a habitable level. The components of the Earth’s atmosphere responsible for this effect are called greenhouse gases.</p>
</div>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">(a) Major greenhouse gases are water vapour and carbon dioxide. State <strong>two </strong>other greenhouse gases.</p>
<p class="p1">(b) Describe how greenhouse gases cause the greenhouse effect.</p>
<p class="p1">(c) Discuss <strong>three </strong>possible implications of global warming on world food production.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">(a) methane / \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_4}\);</p>
<p class="p1">nitrous oxide / \({{\text{N}}_2}{\text{O}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">ozone / \({{\text{O}}_3}\);</p>
<p class="p1">chlorofluorocarbons/CFCs / specific CFC / halocarbon /</p>
<p class="p1">hydrochlorofluorocarbons/HCFCs;</p>
<p class="p1">(b) greenhouse gases / named gas(es) are transparent to/allow to pass through short(er)-wavelength / high(er)-energy radiation / UV light from Sun / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">greenhouse gases/named gas(es) absorb long(er)-wavelength/IR radiation from Earth / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">(part of) absorbed radiation is re-radiated to Earth / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">(c) droughts – food production decreases;</p>
<p class="p1">more rainfall – food production increases / may lead to flooding so decrease in food production;</p>
<p class="p1">warmer climate – food production increases;</p>
<p class="p1">severe weather / excessive rainfall / very hot climate – food production decreases;</p>
<p class="p1">deserts increase in size – food production decreases;</p>
<p class="p1">pests/insects multiply/spread over larger areas – food production decreases;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow other reasonable assumptions.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>No mark if the effect on food/crops/plants is not explicitly stated.</em></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">Whilst most candidates could identify greenhouse gases correctly, many were distracted by gases associated with acid rain such as \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{x}}}\)<span class="s1"> </span>and \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{x}}}\), a disappointingly small percentage could correctly explain how they affected the temperature of the earth with many confusing it with ozone depletion. Many candidates managed to score some marks on the effects of global warming, though often they failed to relate the change they were discussing to food production.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Vegetable oils can be used as a source of energy.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the structural feature of chlorophyll that enables it to absorb visible light.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Vegetable oils are too viscous for use as liquid fuels. Describe, using an equation, how a vegetable oil, such as that shown, is converted to oils with lower viscosity by reaction with methanol, CH<sub>3</sub>OH.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«extensive» conjugation</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>alternating single and double bonds</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>ester product</p>
<p>glycerol <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>correct balancing</p>
<p><em>Catalyst not required for equation.</em></p>
<p><em>Award M2 only if M1 is correct.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The diagrams below show a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell with an alkaline electrolyte and a lead-acid battery (accumulator).</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-23_om_15.10.27.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/110_01"></p>
<p>Discuss <strong>one</strong> advantage and <strong>one</strong> disadvantage for both fuel cells and lead-acid batteries.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-23_om_15.13.34.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/10_02"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>from each box – allow opposite statements:</em></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-23_om_15.16.45.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/10/M"></p>
<p><em>Do not accept an advantage in one column as a disadvantage in another column.</em></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Few scored all four marks in this question. Some candidates hedged their bets stating that fuel cells are expensive and lead-acid batteries are cheap. Although this is correct candidates should only use this type of comparison for either one advantage or one disadvantage.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Vegetable oils and diesel fuel have similar energy content but vegetable oils are not usually used as fuels in internal combustion engines.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Transesterification reactions allow waste cooking oils to be converted to biofuels. Identify a reagent and catalyst required for this conversion.</p>
<p>Reagent:</p>
<p>Catalyst:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the equation for the reaction that occurs assuming that the vegetable oil has the formula drawn below.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Scientists around the world conduct research into alternatives to fossil fuels. Suggest why collaboration is important.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<div class="page" title="Page 19">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><em>Reagent</em>: <br>methanol/CH<sub>3</sub>OH<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>ethanol/C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “alcohol”.<br></em></p>
<div class="page" title="Page 19">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><em>Catalyst</em>:<br>strong acid<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>strong base</p>
<p><em>Accept any strong acid such as sulfuric acid/ H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> .<br></em><em>Accept any strong base such as sodium hydroxide/NaOH.</em></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><em> </em></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<div class="page" title="Page 19">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p>correct structure of ester product<br> formula of glycerol <em><strong>AND</strong></em> balanced equation</p>
<div class="page" title="Page 19">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><em>Do not penalize omission of equilibrium sign.<br></em><em>Accept use of ethanol/other alcohol as reactant with the corresponding products.<br></em><em>Accept full or condensed structural formulas of products.</em></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<div class="page" title="Page 20">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p>different solutions/statistical data can be compared/combined<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>best ideas can be shared to arrive at global/local solutions<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>acceleration of research<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>discoveries become available to everyone<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>improved confidence in validity of results «if multiple scientists/research groups are involved»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>money/effort/time is not wasted duplicating work others have already done</p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept scientists simply working together to share ideas – look for a little more detail.<br>Accept other valid suggestions.</em></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Catalytic cracking uses heterogeneous catalysts.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The initial products of the fractional distillation of oil often undergo cracking. This can be carried out in a number of ways. State the <strong>major </strong>reason for choosing each of the following techniques.</p>
<p class="p1">Catalytic cracking:</p>
<p class="p1">Thermal cracking:</p>
<p class="p1">Steam cracking:</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain how these differ from homogeneous catalysts.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify <strong>one </strong>disadvantage of using heterogeneous catalysts.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many of the compounds produced by cracking are used in the manufacture of addition polymers. State the essential structural feature of these compounds and explain its importance.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The polymers often have other substances added to modify their properties. One group of additives are plasticizers. State how plasticizers modify the physical properties of polyvinyl chloride and explain at the molecular level how this is achieved.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Catalytic cracking:</em></p>
<p class="p1">used to produce moderate length alkanes (for fuels) / lower temperature / lower energy consumption / more control of product;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Thermal cracking:</em></p>
<p class="p1">used to crack very long chain starting material;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Steam cracking:</em></p>
<p class="p1">used to produce low molar mass alkenes (for petrochemicals);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">heterogeneous catalysts in a different phase to the reactants / homogeneous catalysts in the same phase as reactants;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">easily poisoned / efficiency decreases over time / forms clumps / only effective on surface / require high surface area;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">carbon-carbon</span> double bond;</p>
<p class="p1">breaks allowing addition reaction / allows monomers/molecules to join together/polymerize;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">make the polymer more flexible;</p>
<p class="p1">fits between/increases separation between polymer chains / allow polymer chains to slide past each other more easily / weaken intermolecular attraction;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Few candidates appear to have any knowledge of the different cracking techniques, though more appeared familiar with issues relating to catalysts. Quite a number of candidates were aware carbon-carbon double bonds were needed for addition polymerization, though the nature and effect of plasticizers was less well known</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Few candidates appear to have any knowledge of the different cracking techniques, though more appeared familiar with issues relating to catalysts. Quite a number of candidates were aware carbon-carbon double bonds were needed for addition polymerization, though the nature and effect of plasticizers was less well known</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Few candidates appear to have any knowledge of the different cracking techniques, though more appeared familiar with issues relating to catalysts. Quite a number of candidates were aware carbon-carbon double bonds were needed for addition polymerization, though the nature and effect of plasticizers was less well known</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Few candidates appear to have any knowledge of the different cracking techniques, though more appeared familiar with issues relating to catalysts. Quite a number of candidates were aware carbon-carbon double bonds were needed for addition polymerization, though the nature and effect of plasticizers was less well known</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Few candidates appear to have any knowledge of the different cracking techniques, though more appeared familiar with issues relating to catalysts. Quite a number of candidates were aware carbon-carbon double bonds were needed for addition polymerization, though the nature and effect of plasticizers was less well known</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The combustion of fossil fuels produces large amounts of CO<sub>2</sub>, a greenhouse gas.</p>
<p>The diagram below illustrates a range of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Synthesis gas, or syngas, mainly composed of CO(g) and H<sub>2</sub>(g), is an alternative form of fuel. It can be produced by coal or biomass gasification, passing steam over the source material in a low oxygen environment.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify which region, <strong>A</strong> or <strong>B</strong>, corresponds to each type of radiation by completing the table.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Oceans can act as a carbon sink, removing some CO<sub>2</sub>(g) from the atmosphere.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">CO<sub>2</sub>(g) \( \rightleftharpoons \) CO<sub>2</sub>(aq)</p>
<p>Aqueous carbon dioxide, CO<sub>2</sub>(aq), quickly reacts with ocean water in a new equilibrium reaction. Construct the equilibrium equation for this reaction including state symbols.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how large amounts of CO<sub>2</sub> could reduce the pH of the ocean using an equation to support your answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest an equation for the production of syngas from coal.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The Fischer-Tropsch process, an indirect coal liquefaction method, converts CO(g) and H<sub>2</sub>(g) to larger molecular weight hydrocarbons and steam.</p>
<p>Deduce the equation for the production of octane by this process.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest a reason why syngas may be considered a viable alternative to crude oil.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAkcAAAB4CAYAAAD48FamAAAgAElEQVR4Ae29C1hUV5bo/7PKGB5CIESFEqPRUmRIhQRFbK4agmJo06hBE2lNbC+2kzidx7T/PObrTiZ/W3umjT32NclMetrRyyQmrYkSDdGgGILCEPFBQmjaoMRHwEJUAkFFtK3yfvvUgwKqoFBUxFXfp5w6Zz/W+u1dp9ZZa+1dvS5fvnwZoFevXtgP1Vt5CQEhIASEgBAQAkLgliHgagf1UsaROiEvISAEhIAQEAJCQAjc6gSUo6i3gqAOXC2mWx2M6C8EhEDPIyD3uJ43pqKREOhKAq73CF1XNixtCQEhIASEgBAQAkLgZicgxtHNPoIivxAQAkJACAgBIdClBLSwWpe2KI15JGCpyGLZe8X8zWMJdSGQmDkLSTH6tFuq+11sxFySx9asvRy3KOn6M37BfBINfa6LqE62t8Uw5+UUjPrTFP3Xn8g+DgOT/56fx93lvRxNZkq/3M/+ukienGJEj4W6ond5I/uYaoznfh5HsPetSUkhIAS8JtBERdbbvFfc4L6GfiAxSQmMizUSfC0e7euK+K83sjnOYJKfe5K4YL17OeRsjydwLaZXj4cmCroh0Pgtu5yGkbrexLlGq5uC3f1UExU568ncXoxZM/K6u7winxC4hQhYjlOcvY6MLYdouoXUFlWvPwHxHF1H5npjCr96LcXeY/MT0m0xc3g5RXkobuLXhUbO3gCPkWdidxH3818R57lAJ67oCY6bx2td01gn+pWiQuDWJdD2vthIVe46MvIraSj5kkMTh2Hy6+Ln++A4fi4f9Ft30rloLsaRC4zucmg15/Lmqnzq24SmLmLOXc2q/JPoI1JZ9HAj72su4EGMT72Pc0U7KD5+AQgi4sEpPDxhuIvruRFz6W527SikvEFZMUFEjE9kQnwUBp/2bjBWmsx/5cv9u/ms+Dia/RMYwfhJE4g3GfBxDTlpAE+Sv+pfyfcUfnK4rW8zkTwFCjeX0uDUszdN5q/J2Zpt1wNw50ZvMlOSs5UsTZ7bGRiTzMNDWnupPITVWtRVAqv6D5EwbhTG4Hp7KM4W+Pxb8XssLVZhzr9nXO2H7sNq9hBc0WfF9nBia66uIbmJzEm4jQN5n9v00w8kdtYMkocH094IdJd5KXIIgRtLwI/wB6IIza/kuKWRxguXwU9J5M29Td3HXO4tgRE8mDKBgQfW835xA05DzHF/ah1W6/BzDrjUnTznR+gO5JPjuEfFTmNGcqTL/fjGkpTeOyYg9+SOGV33EjrDaBIjfIFaSr85ifNr33qSb0prAV+MUYNt9wVNukryM7c0GxTUU75zvYvr+RK1RRtYk5lvN4xUpXrK8zNZs3YXVU3OHlrpaqWpahdr12xku8MwUiUaysnPXMPbWVfh2v5bKdmaYaQMoBD6BfXGWruX99dsdtED0NzoG/hor52D9SRF77/DJqc8FzhevJk1mV91kMsFtKmrlFH1s1n30X5qPWFoRcX5tukYuWvf0UJwtjwrdcXGddXb2VS05nr8M957z8Xwsxxn7/vryDNfdDYpB0JACHggYK3j0BelnFCXg+5m0B3K1+7dva3NvaWhnJ3rNrGzWj1MdvDq7OecY2x/bx3ZrveovRt5J6+q+V7eQZdy+cYTEM/RjR8DNxL0ZVjUEPTlB6gvPciJhHAMOrCeOEhpvQWCRjMhKhB+cFTVExiZwryZ0QRTx6Hsjazfe7zZ9cwBcnKOYNEPYvy8NBLD/UD7wP+Z/ON7KDgUQ5op0NFY81+rmcKNBZpHRD/wQeY9MYFwHyt1pR+TkVlKQ3E2OZHppKiQ04jOJjLqCYyZxcKU4fRpauJvPpc4sbuYSkvzeR9lzGSsIbvyAidONnCZu2gsyyOn0uYdi0x9gpmmEKg7QPbGzezVvGbN4rc+sp74C7tV3cBY5ixMxuhjpbbofd7OPoLlxEnqLscR9/NFhNgTQp1Pk8o7pmzSFq+LmAu3kq/6dOFqrSthQ0YWBxqKycoZzsKUoS61gohInsH0uHD61BaR8XY2lZY6Dlc2kGjoRMK4S4tyKAR6KgGb59addkFEJkYTqh7tG725t/lwokTdW9R6FxOp86ZiCsZ+HzvlrgOXc95+zofTvIRGT2BEErOmx2Loc9p5D6s/fJwfEsNlMYcL3e58KMZRtxwdHX7DIjHqD1BeX843J8ZhMPyNw/vLqEdPkGmE7cbglD2c+KR77S7bYIYnxGEszqTccpyj5ov8HUc5rMXDKslfvZx8Zz3bQUXZMRpNJhdPlO280xijP/FT4gnXwm86gk2TmFRWQWb595QeqGaK8UrypUKIHjXYdkPx8eF2wJC4kNcSL1FX8TUlRV9w7sge8jVDCKznznOBS9SfqrWF9gaOJckUYgtHBUeQEDeU4swDtmut9HO81RkSef61RKx1Fewr2UvRuSMU5h+x1bGe5/wFq91N76jRzl+nF09PUPxkEpTBCeiCTfxkUjkHMw/QUPoNVVOGEuJoJsjEhNhwm84hw4gKvY3K446L8lcICIF2CagQ+8T7GDL4XkwG2+fNYvbi3hYVbPe46wmKHkNUsO1rr/k+dt5zt15/zodjdLYSQvSEB+zpCiGMiAolu/KY86oc3BwExDjqruPkN5TR0XdSXmwLrSUE1bGv5HvQ38PY6NCWOSq3hRAS6JLOfbsv/uqpSjOILDTU1rYbcrKcbUT5Ymy3m2YglxvPcU69vS2cuwe4Lsnvg6//bcB5/lZTSwPGzj8N2UNpzb3ZQ3gZO+25O81X1JHO35fbsdJ4zrZGRd/XTzOobKV03O7rqzHRVG5Ztfmd01vmxpWu88X39k5EmS83ce6c9ijK0LvvchkPF1n+Vkttg6XZOPL3x9fZRV9CBvjC8XZuzM2Sy5EQuOUIODy3vZye4eMU776TISNj7Cy8vLdd9rV/Vn0Z0C/Q5bPafB/zCLcTn/Nm48gXf1/H/VhPYEgIt3Gs3Xuwx/7lwg0jIMbRDUPfUcf+DB0VRVBxPvWl5XwbUkuFBfQRD2AKaTVsf6viu5qLGB17Cl04zzln/kwvbvfz01bCWZx7AHXUt+16Lz9//FUWTev2ucj5c7ak5dsGhOAmINdxB62NEWcIT7mkf0T80MGMGB1O7RbXPU90+Pkr53UDlppT1CtHj2ZsWLlw/nwH8XwX97hKKI8fwd0j7uOe2k+92HvKjTq9fPD310P9OQ5/dxqrMdx+03WRpbXR6qYZOSUEhED7BHTBkSQ/2sAJFYZuKGXzRwMxzIsjROflvc1aZf+sXqTmVANWHAZS833MowSd+Zx72JrJY9tyoVsTcD7Hdmspb1HhdKEjMAWpL+D9fJJbgaVNIrYDTC0lu77ErBKAVdJiXpFmSKmVXkMMPvYQHfC3MvJ2HtP2B1G5MR/8YSmLF7/OulL3n2pn/5ykcGuhPXH7EnWlO9hRrjwed2KKDOuaLQia6jh5RnlienPHPSZixxi544dyiis035Vd0T6EjowgSL2rL6WgrFYziKx15eQVHW43pKb2Xao9eUZrR3/HPUTHxmC84wf+Wnz4yp7odP0ZqfKdsFBfuJ28qkatbWtdKZ/sOIgFPYGmkYQ7HiDtGsgfISAEOk9AFxLL7LRY7UHMUvk5m7UFGo70gw7uba6f1ZI9lNVd0hK5m+9j7cjjWlc+5+2A6nmXWrkgep6CN7VGulCix95NYfYRGpT9EjTWlojdRikLDeXZrFqW7XLldgYlJRCluVaGMS5+EBVqCWx+Bstcko70A8cwbnhfl3ouhzoD8Y/EUPLeXhqO72T1sp0uF1XidDJJRuVb6oKXzwDuMdxOeeUFKrPfZommip6+gb7oOWvPOQK/0HsZO2gP2ZX1HMh8iyWZ3vbth+GeUPTlR7BUZvOWrQPoG4iKSDY4c46avVMtlvK36aYPhvhJxJSsp7jBTS5XYCwpScPw4TISOGsDT04IgU4S0OEzdDTxg77WFmhU5mSz1zibuBBv7m06QqNjGFRo8zxlvlGKdtvQ92Ng2O00tLtizdvPeSfVkeLdnoB4jrr1EPUmxPQARs374C4R2yH8YCbPeZwHIzSfim1voOlzmR3X3x7q8SM8MY301PFEOHOT1P4+00jXVqB5mgY6fIzJLFwwg8kxA5s9RCoslZqurTRrXqHhkOUK/+r6E/vojGYdtL2aZpE+dxyhyj9TcYBv1Y7buv7EzZ7LdKc8dj1S70dlQXl+9SYkNoW0ByPsYUAVvnuIOelpxIfeBpajlH17FuhD6AMJxA5UKeLqpZ4fPGQy+QwnZWE6qZNjGOj0EKl9jlJZoK2G88TV3rT8EQJCwHsC6h4x7SEGqc+a5Qg5m9X2G97d2zTPU/o0Yuyfa/3AWKanzyIhzPE5b0cM+Zy3A6fnXup1+fLly0q9Xr16YT/sudredJq5Jim7+a0yl03H5HeAbrrBFYGvMwG5x11n4N2mu+ZfI1ALWpIXKo9Tb2g6RNbbyvOr6/zvL3Yb3USQriTgeo+QsFpXku2ytlx2Vba3qY8Yx1hHwnWX9SMNCQEhIAR6OoE+hEdGEFi8lwbLEbLf+i2uCQjo78ZktHvdezoK0c9rAuL39xrV9SzoWP6p+lThn2TSp0e1WWp/PSWSvoSAEBACNycBlR4wmXlzkp1hNZse6t46ntT0mTZP0s2pnEh9jQhIWO0agZVmhYAQ6F4EXF3m3UsykUYICIHuQMD1HiGeo+4wIiKDEBACQkAICAEh0G0IiHHUbYZCBBECQkAICAEhIAS6AwExjrrDKIgMQkAICAEhIASEQLchIMZRtxkKEUQICAEhIASEgBDoDgTEOOoOoyAyCAEhIASEgBAQAt2GgBhH3WYoRBAhIASEgBAQAkKgOxAQ46g7jILIIASEgBAQAkJACHQbAmIcdZuhEEGEgBAQAkJACAiB7kBA2wRSbXwkLyEgBISAEBACQkAI3OoE1O/Mar+tpg5cd4a81cGI/kJACPQ8AnKP63ljKhoJga4k4HqPkLBaV5KVtoSAEBACQkAICIGbnoAYRzf9EIoCQkAICAEhIASEQFcSEOOoK2lKW0JACAgBISAEhMBNT6BzxpG1ityVS1m8Mhez9WbR/SLm3LdZvPQDShtvGqGb4TaWsm7pUlbmVqGkt5pzWbn4ddaVNjSX6fCoEXPJp3yQZ2sDrjcTK03mItb9YSmLFy++yeZPh3ClgBAQAjcDAes3rHnYQK9eo3k59/TNILFdxtPkvjyaXg+v4aCHrzDrwTU83KuXljus8maa/xl46OU15B7szPfFTYTmGoqqJWRfw/a7QdN9MCQu5LXEbiBKF4igMyTyfGeVafyWXVn7qYk32SW4zkysZgo/zKHijiSeeT6OkM6Z5F1ATZoQAkLgVidgrShkfWkqy//1OCu2fc2vExMJ7FFQwpi8OpdP00fivMVaq9mz8p+YnlDMW3tXkDqwT4/S+Foq42R4LTuRtoWARsDPD1+ZcTIZhIAQuO4ETpO3+j8ofTKVn6emYHr9j2w42HTdpbjuHerCGDP/ZzxJJv+57bAWfbjuMtykHV6l56iB0nV/JLMmmtQpvpR9sovyBgvoBxKTMoWkaAM+DjDWOip2bSNrZznKwacfGEvKlASiDX72Eo2YS3eza0ehrQ2CiBifyIT4KAw+6hvV0VcEyQ/eRuknezluAQIjeDAliTF+lXy2NZvi4xe0/mNnzSB5eDA6LYS0mlWFIaQumomJMtat2EzNj1KYoj/AJx7lUaGgr8lxaTNm4j2c2/0FFWHTWJRmwiG5Q0WnjNV3M854li+Kj2PRR9r69fmBir0F5OUU2+RGT2BEPJMmjMXkZHCJuor9FOR97tQj5qEBnG3uQAurvblqHwNSnybNpJ57WtVRZQMjGD9pAvEmAz4qLLcik3LFKn81SwqVPNMI2b2mmYmf4qv0LaNwVy755fVqhFrJZ6WxdAMrMmv5Uep49GWfsVMrdzsDY5KZknSffZxchLWHAd9clY9qkfpMli/+lIjUnxJV9mcy3XHya7pG86ClXLZ3rXVuxc4x5yqG2MZQ4wTYmVYYU1mUFgVXwMWdNHJOCAiBa0Sg4Wu2vQtPrr2PIKOBWZP/hfUFR5k3wsXL4rFrK2f3ryRl9BqGbvyEVZNrWJEynRf7LKX803RGaLfPavZveo83nnmRd6pVQ2EkvLSUV+fPJHGEuk+r0FgyE7/633y2JJBtL7/M63nVEDaX5f/9a55OGkFfe//W6v1seu8NnnnxHaq5l7nLf4npxAWP0nl3wcD9Q+6yeZSsx8hc8BNmHE5nX9ZCQre/QOyMoyzat5YXRgV519wtUOoqjSM7ofq97NifxKyFvyLNx0pd6cdkZG4E/3RSjP5gPUlRxhqyfxhK8oIXiTNAVe46MtZsoGnhbOJCLtreF1qJmfULXh0eDHUHyN64mVUllcxZmIzRYWXVl1L4TRKzXngVQ586SjesJfO9tygYOJZZM14gJdje1vosQrS23Y2ihfqCPPYnz2Dha2n4WGtt7awHf60vHdbavby/5nOs8T/l5Z8PxqfpGLlr/0xxgwV9mLs2Xc41HOWI/0954bWBnDd/j6/feSqy1rKuZgSzfvFrhgf3BmefTfja9Wuq2E7Ge4cIS36Cl38ejk9TFUWbNlJsAfdT1opWZ52ZiFlPadx0yliy8z/nq/ibSFuEzSCMn8ezieE2g9FFXM0wqtrF2ozdEDON516NJJg6DmVvZP2qMo7OUe342mucpGDHX0metYDX0vyw1pWwIWML6/FnYcrwZmPYXloLA746gtw3Mygc4DAqGygtU/Zua05N13AeuJnqTd+Ss/5TaqJn8XLaYHyc7DZDyHwSDS0gdfCmc1w6aEwuCwEh0GUErDTs28G7TGbt6DtB15dxs2KYv76QinkjbcZNe32d3ccfX1hOXsKL/H7yAKq3L2dFnoGXPptqr1vP/hULSCn9MZv2X+C/w/qA9Ti5r6Qz8akf2Jf1PKMcls/237Lk/rf4z6wqlvW9RHXuvzJ74iJwGCZn97Bi9my2jHmdvDP/lxF9z3Iw83c89eJfYHJ7Qnq4psJqqzM5/eJKlibcZSukG8SkOSmETVzOrz74MZ8+PpdFCdN58YX/y0OarOLeV6C6hoJ+BJOmxto9B70JHjacMP0PHP6uzpZEfOIv7K7UETEpmTjNS+JH+NhYjHzH7pITWBu/paDwJIakqXZvD+iCI5ky+xEizhWzpdDc7A507UsXzLDIMPT0J37KQzajAz8MI4cQYDnBEXOjhxkD+ohEpsaF277MHe00HOO77y9pXqqynJ2YDQ/xaIL60gR8BpOo5NF7bLL5gn4ocWMH4UNvgg398Wk8zL6S8xjjfmSXUZEPIWqciSBnn2c5tO8vnHOVyyecuKmJ7fRpr2OMI0HzkikRehMcNYbooDNO/s2CeTo6y6GCPZxQ+iZHEqxmhS6Y4VMeZ1rEeYq3FLkk4Pu6jKMqdg+RYb1pOFzJ9x6SBT31ShtO13ceWL+v5HBDAENHhtmNut4Em1L55WsLSTR0NjbfhVw8ApMLQkAIdJqA9SAblmXAk5MYHahubj4YxyUzeft/sDqvo8TsJg5+8HtezAsh/dlUon/Yyj8/8+9UT/4H5juMjYZiPlhxgid/NosxyjBSL91AEubNYnLeF5SYLzaLHDaPV389nRF9lRx9CBs9njFhxeSo70GsNOzZxIryx13KBDIidRGvvjSquQ2PR9Vsnx+J3jUhW28gblEmh0/UcMa5IElHYMJclk6G7a+8xaYf/o6fPptKWN5yXvjjvhaRCo9d3QIXusY4ag3KJ5j+AXDmZB1NXOTEN+XUE0D/EIf7B/AzkfbKKzyfaKDp2wNUWO5gyKCgltZai3Zad9KV73X4hNxFAGc4WdsEjccoq7hIwJCBNkPB0ZUmjzfWkaOC/a+m60ukDT9LaVERRepf7jpWOsJNqpijz/7BLb0vWp+ehikQU9pLvJI2jPrSPbZ2iz5j3coM8us7Yak4+m6tLz6EaAN5mtqmy62Ucrx1LdOJPh3VnX+tNF7neaC7cxBDA2sp3LWfQ6X7KG3HmHaK6fVBV3HxukMpKASEgBsCWiL2dgNPPnyfMwFbZ4xn1mQz7277WkvzcFNNO2U9vpVlr3wICen8wyQrH//za6ypHsVLLzu8RioUn8gy8z6Wjfme3MxMMtW/NS8zMWI+2z017Djf10CECUrLzZzle/Zt2061yUi4Zjw5CxEeMdTxpp2/KiH7AJbLl1G/emH79wPlG+fB68/wlKvhoxvBzJfnEVb97zzzz9thkvIeQd6Kd9h+3MWYa6e3nn7J07fuddT7EvWnalEpMZ5elppTOL/rA+4iRMtB8lS6O55vpCp3DUuXrSKz8AjnlIj+9/LYnHEE2Q0ya/0patqD4FYtK01VefzX0uWsyvyCI+eUcRJA1GOPMT7IYZy6rdjiZId9W2o5Va88atfydQPmgc9wUhamM+2eRvbvyCZz1XIWL17JutxSzE1XY+hdS07SthAQAt4TaKKiIJvt7Of1if2al7jrI5m/vZrqd3ewr8GLz3r5KX7wWKyBb9bMxxAQwcQ3i2z5lUE/5u19f2Iyhymvcs0abUdy62mOfmVup8CVXApkxPS5PDlZGT6b2NORrtVHOXzCc8TlSiS4Weu4ScS43qr0JqhfCHpqPXasH9CPIB3tlPBYtVtcsJp3szH/JIbkhcyL62/3jqkE579yBhigvLBB/Righ5rOSKyWyG8s4IQhmWfmuSyRVwnDZyy2hr1or8O+9SH0C+p9jQfgBs0DHwOmOPVvIqhFA1rSfCZrTsKitMFe0JMiQkAIdFsCDYWsfqVA86i0WOKuBG7I5eWRT7Bsw1wSXJe/uyijG/gTfvPWL/h0RgbLMuey5TeLSf90Bq8v+5j5CbZkbOvBDTw/fw8/3niUVamDnff3htztlAL3u7TX7qHuLobcb4Cv2i3V+YuOdpUwjpc91Fgd9gs2/mYy7PgnVuRBwvJ/5mlJytYoXQfPUR9CR0Y4PSSOscG5oWQe9fdEYtT/wNHK+ubcIlWwqY6TZyCgdajJ2cg1OvAbTJSxjz0s6NKHJk9n3TtWmmpPc4bWYUMr5xtdlpK226eHRxYHn1bhMOv5Rjpl+zv6PnqcuhZdNVGrDYDy1vVyAXEtDnX4DbvB80AXjDHuQeKMvti8lfbQ2LVQV9oUAkLgGhNwJGKn8tTDQ1umbKieA+/j4ScNbFeJ2S3ue65i9WHgZFvIafu7n1JyxxTNWApz5itZOVtVQSmR/K97B7j0cYkz9Z3dePFORj88mbDSCqrOugp0lqryw65Cde7Y7pEKc+ZcWTn75ae8ux0SFs1l8h1/5c9vZlKtEs6fHu1cNde5Tnpe6etgHIEuNJrEyNsp37GD0joVnrlEXdkeSurvIOaROAx9hzEuvj/mnI/JPmRL4katDnt/C+X+MTwSb3CZdNdjEAKJSnoQQ0UuHxdVoZkwauXYx7m2JfGdEsHxpV9LScEBu/FxibpDn/FRzhGXcKKjzy28n3vMuz7tRk19yR7KNK7K+XGA7I8+p9LVhnPNW7rQRNuIUV+GjxtDqPlzPsp2yKhCgRvYXO5rG6PrMVP8ru88sO02vpJ1jjHWtjM4QFk1DBp7L6E6u2FvOUzR7krvxqRTc0MKCwEhcO0I2HJ4eDKVSW43P7yTMY/PIWF7NgUVLg+qrQXqO5qnf/8iCXlr+I/tNYRNf4alk82a9+igVUfg6Ek8GVbAuxn5VGs2zUWq96ziVypxu3Vb7b5XidJP8daPs3ji2Xf5RjOQGjiYuYIlr+9vt6bniw0c3PQO726PYdHjMbacK2sl2/9jjW313dMxWFUSeF4My3//vxnVItfJc6u3wpXrE1bThWCaORdftc/RG78lU5FV+xPNeYIJaqk/EJ6YRnq/3ez65N9ZovZK0vY5eoQFzn2Oru9w6EJimZ1+Ozlb17Is27Z3UsxPxhBT8xklnRXFL5KH0+rYlpXFG0s2AWpvoPHEzZpM2fp8Z2vNff6ZZflqX4sgIiaPJqZmJ+6fGwKJevhRardtJdPOVT8wholxU0ku+4QcR8u6UB5IHElJ5mqW5Pdn/IK5jHRc0/7q8AmfwBPpIRTu2s4bSz5w7nM0bYFjHybXJ5kWlbvwjd91nQc6wwTmzvGnIM8+xkoTtUdXUioPx9rDn4axPDa9ia1ZGSxTQ6Xm7U8SGFeTxRddqLk0JQSEQNcSsB78mGWvh7Jon90oaNO8jr4P/JgnJy/nldWFzFzmacdsHX1H/ZLPL//S2UL6NjPpjneB4/jHrGX8nxd+hkGvzCG1N9Er/GzTh4RO/52jlHd/dYNJXbmRgD/+lsSAeVRr+yUt49nl08lz3tA9NWVfrTbf9brab2kx/7jvWVIc4TLVx+pSnEtsEv8Fs/ONa91b+7jXZZXSDlqimv3w1ibSnvYqFPjmek4mLrBvwNheYbkmBIRAdyKgfm9K7nHdaUREFiHQvQi43iOuR7Cke2nvlTRqN+7XWfpfeVQ5YlBWtSliNoXWSEYPd+zo5VVjUkgICAEhIASEgBC4iQiI58jDYFnrKthbkEeO+gkQrYwKhT1EwrhRGNUO1/ISAkLgpiLg+lR4UwkuwgoBIXBdCLjeI8Q4ui7IpRMhIARuNAHXG9+NlkX6FwJCoPsRcL1HSFit+42PSCQEhIAQEAJCQAjcQAJiHN1A+NK1EBACQkAICAEh0P0IiHHU/cZEJBICQkAICAEhIARuIAExjm4gfOlaCAgBISAEhIAQ6H4ExDjqfmMiEgkBISAEhIAQEAI3kIAYRzcQvnQtBISAEBACQkAIdD8CYhx1vzERiYSAEBACQkAICIEbSECMoxsIX7oWAkJACAgBISAEuh8BbRNItfGRvISAEBACQkAICAEhcKsTUL/BqP0Ohjpw3RnyVgcj+gsBIdDzCMg9rueNqWgkBLqSgOs9QsJqXUlW2hICQkAICAEhIARuegJiHN30Qxr42REAACAASURBVCgKCAEhIASEgBAQAl1JoHM/L99YyroVmZTbfqa+jRz6gbGkTEkg2uDX5tqNP9FA6bo/klkzmgXPJmKgitw3MygcMI1FaSa8k9hKk/lrcgrOMmrmOAxXZVpaaSzdwIrMWuIXzCfR0Mc9oqYqijZtJLu8HujP+PbKum/hGpx1yH4AD1MB0BM0fh7PJoZzVZiazJTk7KFu1BQSFCOrN+NmH+vygG7Cy80QdMtxdSOnnBICNzEB68E1/DhiPtvb6BBGwktLeXX+TBJHBLa5KieEQOeMIzsvfURqW4PCfrPftOY0TQtnExdyRU1fvxHRhZP4/CskdqrHsxzatZ3imtGM6lS9Ky18EXNhFtkVwSQ/84tuyNSXiNSnSTNdq5uLlcZDBWQV1xJ/fYBf6UB1sl53H9dOqiPFhUC3JhDG5NW5fJo+svlBzVrNnpX/xPSEYt7au4LUgR4eTru1XiLctSRwVQ/1LQTzCSduaiIRfMfukhNYW1yUN1dHwAc/364bqquT5Wao7UNI/wDQh9AvqDsb6TKuN8NsEhl7IAFdGGPm/4wnyeQ/tx2W76seOMRXq9I1+OawcOZkHU2E20JV1joqdm0ja2c5DUrawAjGT5pAvMmAj0fpHWGbaozjhnD2i684bnF4Kfyoq9hPQd7nFB+/YGvBTZvWugr2FuSRU3wcC7czMGYMA866mGxuwjMt66img4gYn8iE+CgMPmdtYbny80A+q5bsa/aaeKOjKrO3gLycYo5bQD8whocGaETcU7DLl1+vAlcnyVy+hM0R03k6qpw/Zrrj0pcmcxmFu3LJ10JwegIj4pk0YSwmLczpYHqa6ORRUOrgF0TEg1N4eIw/3322lSwHr9hpzEiOJLiLbLL22epAC9lupto4CuPZkuaxtdPJX/WvFCqP5ePBtjNnj/JlVhGfa/Iqnq4h3d4E9QtBH3AXIT5KgUbMpbvZtaOQ8gbFszUbd0PQUR176K5iCKmLZmLys4Oyh54rjMq7GgVa6NR1vFz7coyr3RPbao54ktNad4hd27ayUxtnNbeTmZJ0HwZNV8Cb+egqhhwLgVuWgIH7h9zV7FG6ZTmI4q0JdKlxZK0/RY1FT0D/YJvhYz1JUcYacqwPMOu5XzM8WEdT1S7WZrzD0cZ05sX172BS1lNx5A7mvfAqhvM11Pj601SxjYx1ZiJmPcWrw4PRcYm60o/JyNzIOd90Uoz+0HSILRkfUhE2kfSX0zH4NGEu+oT1xReUveP+pdX5iJqIFH7xqs0osNaVsCEji/XnfFiYMhxT2tPgmrekvg+90vEcFVvW8l7FAJLTX+TnBh+azHvZtL4ECyHu5dHCfi8xMnc1qwpD7F/AyoYoB9xw0bjuhphpPKfkp45D2RtZv6qMo3MUF197P6coLjxG8qzneM3Qx87ufd4oGEjsrBn8KuUOLmptbeajkBAvxsi9+C3OesHWZihbaKioxn+eku0i5preBJ3e2jIvy1qlNW05fphK0wxeeC0cH2stpRvWkrke/BcmY/TR4Wd6nFdMqqiVpoo81m8+QfS8RaSF+4Gj/IcQovLP2hiAV1Knhcat3rQerzu5XLjGZVyVALY5sq5mBLN+oT4rvZvlXN+Er10va20RGW/n8IMxiQUvx2Kgkty1f2bN+xdYOC+OEK72M9dKdHkrBHoiARVWW53J6RdXsjThrp6ooeh0lQTafC1caXvWugNkb91Dvf5uxkaHosNKY1keOZV3ED/lIdvNHh0+4ROYPW0o5pw8yhpdPDluO/bFGBdDuI8OXXAYYT7nOLTvL5wzxpGgGUaqUm+Co8YQHXSGw9/VYVX9HvqSknNGJk2NtT9N+2GIS2ZShMNAaN2Zo84Q4hIinN4SXXAk46KDaThcyfduRfVSx8bD7Cs5T8SkZOI0L44OH0MsUyeNQN9aFK/eu+FSsIcThod41OHt0QUzfMrjTIs4T/GWIsxO+X1d5OhN8LDhhOn1BMUnk6wxVbIZGRpwCfORGpralec85Zl/YPHixW3/Lf2AUm18O8dWb4xlrDJgdEEYwjynyesjEpkaF24zwnUhRI0zEdRwjO++v9RK4kt8/90xGgKGMNKxUEAXgunx53nteXeGkap+JXVaddvibevxcrPpqn2OGON+ZP+sAG30usiJkmIqGdE8t30GMTZuKFQWU3LiQhd85loILm+EQA8gUM32+ZHoe/XS9vNTe9n00huIW5TJ4RM1nOnwe6gHIBAVOk3gijxHlvJMli/ObNWZcu8/xJwZozCqp14a+LbsKBb9kFZ5Hzp8Qu4iwLKPsm/PYupUMm8gprSXMGlhkj2UNl4GznKk8AvKGxxOobO2fgNG20MqDjHteSg1jveufx2eBrUa7a8UlZ7TPA7njuyxhaiCIlwLuxzb+2pXxwaGcYAKSwDxIa6BRDsHal3au8LDxmOUVVwkIH6g07CztWTXueI0tU2XPTrNrrBXwBHqbD8h2+bF6SzbK5HqDCdrm6DFyr/e3Hn3YALz97FrbyhRWAmJ/rvmEJTbbq6kjtuGvD/pZyJNubqazJQWHaBR1Tx3hMJ8FY7ub2vHepJvSmshIMJlbjvmrirSQOmurv7Mea+ClBQC3ZOAm4RsGjiY+TuemvEMT/ULJ+uFMfTtnsKLVDeIwBUZRy1WqzmWJFcPwBg5gqGaYeSijeWAli/T2pRSX6wDuIg5921W5Z90qaCWq6cz1uVM86HVHpbbyXGLygcawz3+AUQ99hj9N35Iocp1ssKpmovNVbw9ajqmhSfyj18iMOJHxN/TF/+oaczp/ynvFSrjworD8dCmyXZ1vET9qdp2lry3aa3TJ2zhzHaqWWo5VX+JYVqRAPq3MNLaqddVl7xh21V9tWlHh48xmYUL7qbkm6/ZoYyN7I0d5L5dSZ02HXfyRCNVuevIyK/EonLo4u/B3/9eHpvTj43v7bcZfaFeNtnufPSyDSkmBHo0gUBGTJ/Lk5MzmL9iE3v+fjSJgV0WSOnR5G4V5a7IOGoBR61Se/ynkLGG7HUfYZ2XRqIKizheQeNt+wp5nHcLea3Nenorje4cKlYzhRsLOGFI5hmVX+FoUyXBnrHAABWKCKTfgD7g1kPkEKr1X7W0eiv5JwwkP+O6DYFKuj0DnvKCHM20q6NKhA5B3xUeIkd/rf7qgvoxQN+Oyo5VW+6Ytmqr699eJdsuEUiFCu8lTv1LVPnK9mT9zLWcxNNWBB3V6RLBnI1YzbvZmH8SQ/JClzwvNXf+ipqBamp7/Wp3PnrdihQUAj2bgO4uhtxvgNKeraZod2UEHObFldV21NL1J/bRHxPpbyb/wzwqlPuGvgyLGoL+TBWVda55ICrZdSt/WPw2ueZOenia6jh5BgKGtAwfWc832sIQmjyOfm3eHoeI0EStquz2Zb8WEM4gV8+XtYnGduPRjr7a0/ESfsMiMertIR9n/1aaak9rX3zOU1d64DeYKGMfzhw9Tp0zt0g15tBLrdpyk+dypf11qp5Dhs6y7VQnnSqsCzYSNzEOo/4iNacavFrG27aOPWTZqZ49FXbMhTsYMijIZZGClfONLllfuv6MNIXAmZZz22rOZeXipazM/YF7uvoz50lkOS8EbnYC1tMc/cpM2JOTGC1eo5t9NLtc/q4xjpTDJtjE1JQYAhuKycr5liZ0+EUlkGQwk/PRZxzSDCSVd7KXTVlfQcwk4lvkhnihm90IqC/ZQ5nd4NISwT/6nErnVs2Ofg+z+f1dVGmGWiPmomx2aMvw3fVjN3LqSykoq7V9WVrVaq+Pyam0bxegVXP9QrxIU9Nl73T0iyQpKZSKzRvIrVLZJDYOH+842EXhtr4MHzeGUPPnfJR9wG4gqTDNBjaX+xLzSJybFVnuOFyLc96ydde3Iy9LXbvMhaYLXhkyLVuyhW4X/+EDisxaJo99af8BqnEsHmhZA3u4t/06fQgdGUGQ5TBFuyttiesqxPxxrscd5Fv30vxeZzegaykpcIzfJeoOfcZHOUdc5kgfQh+IJ9K/gh2flNrG2VpLWUEp9YExPBI/kL5d/ZlrFlKOhEAPItDAwU3v8O72GBY9HkP7WZM9SG1RxWsCVx9Wc3al8jQeJCXmW94r3srHQ55gpqk/cbPn4le4i0/e+K1tnyP9QGKSHmderLGdfY6cjbY6CCTq4Uep3baVzDd+i8pjUvsFTYybSnLZJ+Q4Suts/frkbCVj2U4s2r42E4iPOU32YUch17/KoEoirXYbWZlvscTWMDET45iVXMZ6Z8P2L6eSLFYtKXT+PEbHOvYmJG4m6T55bM1YTr4y5AIjmRxvoibb7CrIFR7bVgE+kR5C4a7tvLHkA+dePtMWNO9zdIWNt1PNvlqtbUKZrY4jvOMVW/fd6EKjSYwsJXPV78hX7T0zwn1Bj2f7YEhIY45/AXlrlpNtN6LVvElKSyLW7U7u3tXRGcby2PQmtmZlsCzftofXgz9JYFxNFl94lMfDBb9IHk6rY1tWFm8s2QTa3lzjiZs1mbL1qnHbSxcczcx5fto+R7Zyas+mCcyZF69tYaB+Yqbj+ehoTf4KgVuBgH212nxXXdXPhyzmH/c9S8ooT/u7uJaX41uNQK/Lly+rJV/aEkf74a3GQPQVAkLgFiCglnDLPe4WGGhRUQhcIQHXe0SXhdWuUBapJgSEgBAQAkJACAiBbkVAjKNuNRwijBAQAkJACAgBIXCjCYhxdKNHQPoXAkJACAgBISAEuhUBMY661XCIMEJACAgBISAEhMCNJiDG0Y0eAelfCAgBISAEhIAQ6FYExDjqVsMhwggBISAEhIAQEAI3moAYRzd6BKR/ISAEhIAQEAJCoFsREOOoWw2HCCMEhIAQEAJCQAjcaAJiHN3oEZD+hYAQEAJCQAgIgW5FQIyjbjUcIowQEAJCQAgIASFwowmIcXSjR0D6FwJCQAgIASEgBLoVAe231dTvichLCAgBISAEhIAQEAK3OgH1G4y9FQR14PqDa7c6GNFfCAiBnkdA7nE9b0xFIyHQlQRc7xESVutKstKWEBACQkAICAEhcNMTEOPoph9CUUAICAEhIAS6A4GqqirOnz/fHUQRGa6SgBhHVwlQqgsBISAEhMCtTsDKn15/kUGDBrEqf/+tDqNH6K/lHF2RJtYqct/MIL++DxGpT5NmCmzRjNWcy5uryjEtmE+ioU+La9fnzUXMuatZVRrBgmcTMXS5GWilsXQDKzJrifeko8boHUpNc3k2MZwuF0ED2Yi59Ev2F+VTfPyCDa1+IDETxzLqgb/D4NO6V1W+lG/KdpNfXm8fiiAixv8vRj9wP8bgK5kSdtaFIaQumonJr3Wf3o64lSbz1+QUnGXUzHHamNnm0T4GuJlj3rZ69eUaMZfspKDOxMyEazWOVy9lyxa6akxatirvhIAQaEng/Pkanps9nf/atJtlf97Cc5PHtSwg725KAlfyTagpaj1xkNIzdxNz/1lKyo7RaDLhd1MiuImFbqqiaNNGsqsH8GDKU7xqDEaH3cDY+gmrdn/HnIXJGB0GkrWW0g1ryTzoT0zKY7ycZsAHsNZVsLcgj3Vv/A8jUp9gpimkk4ZcHwyJC3kt8WpZnuXQru0U14xm1NU21ZX1G79lV9Z+auJNXdmqtCUEhMA1JmA9uIYfR8xne5t+wkh4aSmvzp9J4oiWD/ZtirZzQhlGz6Ym8cH/+PPqe1t4KW1KO6Xl0s1E4Aof8Rso27WPM8YHSIwdSUB5AbvNF28mvXuArOeoyPmI7IpgkufOJEEzjJRaOnwM95PyxAxiKGbdpjIaNW3PUbHlfTIPBpO8cB4p0TbDSKsRbCQu5aekxeg4sHkLe2sv9QA+ooIQEAJCQBEIY/LqA1guX9ZWZqvV2Zct+1kWupMnEn5F5vEr++5yGEYbs3VMXJjKb2aLYdST5tuVeY4aj1FWAcZpg/EPDcYUtJvSb06SYGgdcrjMucovydr6uS3ko8I9KVNIcn4xKy9HGYW7cptDPIERjJ80gXiT48u7dRk9gRHxTJowFpNB+aoc4a1qjOOGcPaLrzhu8SUiNZ0J2kidofLrrWz9ZC/HLaAfGEvKlASitbr2obTWUbFrG1k7y2lQp9rIoLlXqNhbQF5Osb2dGB4aoJXueD6cq+TrrGw+KT6OhdsZGJPMlKT7MPhYqS16n7dzfJjWOhzVWMq6FZ/CtLYhS63DxsPsK/mBoPhHiQ1xM4w+9zAuZQr9z9u9QB2Vxx/jxAQiSjLJyTmAKa0znsBWIRzKWLdiMzU/SmGK/gCf2Lm6Ze+k10Dpuj+SWa6SGfNZtWSfFq59PEQVsHL26D6yivbYQ4euDJvte2vdIXZt28pOLVzYep44O2p1cIm6iv0U5NnnqLrqOv7aOGRSblFirWZJYSSpiybDx38isyaC5Advo9Q+t1S9B1OSGONXyWdbs51zPnbWDJKHK6+eenU0n1UZFfrcza4dhZQ3qI5b6aLJZOObfGEvH+5V80qVmUDKw/GtQqMNHP1yC0Wf2+YtbT6D9rnd3vy391dtHIXxbImmlz4ilUVqjnjz2dH0lv+EQDcioAtjzPyf8eTyJ/jPbc8wPX1kp7zlDsNoU/Y5hs2ewcZlL3Yj5USUriDg5lu1o2atNH57gAqGMG1YX9D5MNIUTH7pQU4khLfK7TlFcU4psbOe4tXhd3DRvJdN6zN4+7vHWJgyHJ+mb8lZ/yk10bN4OW0wPlyirvRjMjI3Q4jKVepNU9Uu1mbshphpPPdqJMHUcSh7I+tXlXF0TjopRl+7wPVUHLmDeS+8iuF8DTW+AVw+BdR/Rc6+scz6xa8ZHnwRc9EnrF+1mu+0uv5gPUlRxhpyrA8w6zlVRmfv8x2ONqYzL64/OpTXZS3vVQwgOf1Ffm7woUnTpQQL2rd3O9Cs1BfvZF/sNH6h5L9oC4WtettsC3mZHsCYs4W9paeJ0vpSTbVi3KZ1+3VLH4z9Aj18qHsTbIwhTqvrTXnAbzBRRl/KKw7wbWPUVeQOqU4t1BfksT95BgtfS8PHEdJbD/6uoT6nboGY0p4GZSDVjHbmiVnNqsAFjlecxjTrOV4z+GGtK2FDxhbW42+bR4pYbREZb3+O1TFPdI1U5a4jY00VjQtnE+fOgFSGSsV2MtaZidDmqDJgHHNwI+d81fwykbYIm7EXP8+eO9ZAqRKrvpTCb5KYpeZcnzpbyPK9tygYOJZZM14gJfiiTYb1WYRoMjjmVvvzuakij/WbTxA9bxFp4X5KOVvbH0KIyp/TmCm+n5Lfal69l3HWHkq1g7WcoKLSZJPRx2r/fG0Ef6Wbt/NftWWhoaIa/3lqDC5irumDn1efHbsc8kcIdEsCBu4fcpeHe2izwGoVWkhICL6+6vvmIr95dg5/yT6B39iH+PBPizus39ySHN0sBJofu72V2Gpmd+5BMEYyTEu87UPoyAiC6vexq6y1J+V2BiVNtT81q3BPLFMnGTlX8iWHGq1Yv6/kcEMAQ0eGabkv0JtgUyq/fG2hPYn7LIcK9nDC8BCPJkcSrKTVBTN8yuNMizhP8ZYizFaH4L4Y42II99GhCw4jzMe+67f+HpIenchwLdHYD0NcMpMizlOy7zCNyggpyyOn8g7ipzxkL6PDJ3wCs6cNxZyTR1mjFTSvy3kiJiUTp3mcHLqMQO/ovp2/+kEu8vuEEzc1kYhzf2HfobPgN5TR0f5U7v4LJ5y6nOXbsqMujFs3fon6U7VYCKB/iMoa6ujVyfKWWk7VX6TJXMS6Pyxl8eLFLF68knVFVTR11JXLdX1EIlPjwm1jqwtmWGQY+oZjfPd9Z8N2vi7s1RSIZFx0MA2HK/leY9ZAWc5OKgPGMMUxT/AjPHEm04wnNE+YLbToIpx2eJZD+/7COWMcCU7PTm+Co8YQHXSGw9/V4RyS1lXVe/0IJk2NtSW9O/Sjv8tc8sMwcggBlhMcMSsJvJnPl/j+u2M0BAxhpMO7qQvB9PjzvPZ8y4UF7c4rh7yuMqrPVwvdvJz/9rb0xljGKmNNF4QhzMe7z45DDvkrBLoTAWs1e1ZncvrFlfxjwl3tSNbAWy/NIHHQGOJm/1K7H2S/v5QvP/qMopGT+N2/vcw9/o4H9HaakUs3HYFOG0daInZ9H4xRg50J2LrQEZiCLlKhErNbILiDIYOCXKxqHT4hdxFgOUrZt2fR3TmIoYG1FO7az6HSfZRqXyAuDWjhu4sEDBloM4ycl3wI6R8AZ05T23TZedbtQUA4g1qswLLVtWjekQbNCLHoQ+gX5OpEc5WzweYps7Q2ROxl3HbqelLXVn6fYPoHOHj5M3RUFEH15Xxzwh77doQtXRi7tnhdji9XU/jhThrj/55XX3uVl+cMpzo7i8Irzi1z8DrDydrOmFjtaKuNvzJeVZj3PPoB/QhqMaNdx9qdmaO8VS/xStow6kv3UFRURFHRZ6xbqVZhuivfjizeXPJqPuu58+7BBKqHjb1/pbToL5ib3Mmi72BetSeQlTMn62jCZoS3P//Pemjoaup6aFJOC4FrQqCa7fMj0ffqpf0ShNoFuZfeQNyiTA6fqOGMegD28KoqL2bztiIOUU3prh/41R//jXdX/Ilt3ycwfeoDzI6P8VBTTt/sBFwtAi90uciJb8qp5zz1mX9gcWarKmc6GY7xGU7KwnSGlBxg/44vKG/YQiZqWXkiE+KjCK0/RY1KufD00jwclxjm6bq35y0HyFy+hNbqgC8DcHhdvG2s8+V0ofcydtAecnaVMzYtClTY0v9e0ob39dBYb4L6haDnqM3Q6HCrhE6WV8Zi8GBMz7/k7N/nnhEYbyvnXDs3EmfhG3RgKc9keZtJqTw8nkKfVnsIdSfHLWrejeEe/wCiHnuM/hs/pFAzIMKdDwFt1Aq4ixDHSsA2F9uesHo1ny2YjMksXHA3Jd98zY78chqyN7bMg2rbdIszlppT1FsjWpxr902787/dmnA1dTtoWi4Lga4hoBKyc/m0RV5RAwczf8dTM57hqX7hZL0wBnd32/CIBP79v/8Pr/10Aeu+yWPVq9u57fT39B2TwB///2e6RjxppVsS6Jxx1FjOrsJagsbPb7tvjz1pM3e3majEcO+V9TFgilP/Jqo15fak50zWnIRFU/sxQA81nlpzeHxqPRXw8nzQeGeOS9saKuFbGSJX20nblp1ndHdhih1KzmZlXA6CskoComcx1OMXrw6/YZEY9QepOdWAFQ95R4rnvuP43fd3GLwp7/DAOEOmTgmx1nzHYd8IHgm/EXtWNcvh+UhP0HhHTpDnUi2uWM0UbizghCGZZ+bFEeLwOqm5fMYCA1qUvuo3uiAv57O24vBe4gz3EpfYvNVCTuZaTvI0aR08DTg8aI5drDoUvN35r+WHe26io7qea8oVIXADCQQyYvpcnpycwfwVm9jz96NJDHTcAFqKNeL+VAZE/xsDvtlNzWkgJJVXn5/LAC3/qGVZeddzCLifDW71cyQJ383Y6FCXUJm9sJbM24d6lZjt9FK2DqFYaao9zRn9EKJUMnfrly4YY9yDxBl90Z5+fVSCcB/OHD1OnbNNVamJ2pNnQHtyt+cWtW7L8d4RenG8t9fVawZAIMOihqA/U0VlnWsejErU3cofFr9NrvmS3RDxoIuzXU8HjhCGy/WmOk6ecQ1N6vAb/gDR/kfZ+0URpRV+mEaqRPB2Xlqu0h3UF+a6X3rfdIzcNf/Jur+c4/Y+OntuUzvlVdL5Z3mUcw9JSZEtvSVNh9jyoZmxcyc375nUjmjX/ZJ97rWdJ+eoyHqTxStzXXLTXKTTxoE24Snr+cZW4WGXOldz6FFO1/ncdtR1aquFiXEY9RftxrASwmIPjbkI1GZeuVxze9jXi/nvaZnz1dR1K4ycFALXl4DuLobcb1ve0H7HOv7hn/4/HhoZhHpiGmTy4yVZtt8+sh5wte2d2KNSjiThBzC5XfnTl+Gj7yXQNXeG85TvyKZIyyWyhTDe33wYQ1ICUX461O7HK1sk+qplzgcoq4ZBY+8lVNeX4ePGEGr+nI+yD9gNJLUKaQOby32JeSSu1eo4N8JbDrLj4732vA173YpQuwGgwy8qgSSDmZyPPuOQZiApGfayKesriJlEvApZ+UWSlBRKxeYN5FaprCpbmY93HKS9qJ9DGkt5Lh87kpmV0fL+FioMD5IU5bL5mM9gRkUHUFmwm0MBEYwM7chD448xaSrjQ81kv7OBvApH8rCS7Suy1v6Z/DMjmPboKLtHxB/jI7NJHVFH9tsZZJWYncnVahPIoqw/s67YSuS0R1psDWCtO8DW94vwn5HqYcWXQ8uu+GvPJdOaukhTkzd0VeFAopIexNBqnpiLtpBVjOd54jDoS/ZQZjeOlb7ZH31OpWvXWo6Y/aNyoQm3KUBeqe/NfFbbIrzN4j98YP/cqIbV0v4DVNPywcSredWuXF7Of7dtXE1dtw3KSSFwfQlYT3P0KzNhT05itAevkUOgEff/hL5DjIyZ/hP+Z+NKtyE4R1n52zMIeB1Ws5r3kVvuS/ScoS29Ck4OOnyG3kd0UDGFu8oZo20y1I+Y+MGc3PoGi9VPW2h7rMwlKdruFTFMYO4cfwry1rIs2+WnL5JSeTjWVkatHHsiPYTCXdt5Y8kHzj1fpi1o3ufIKYK7gyAT8SNr2fr7Jc37HKUnEO0w8HT9iZs9F7/CXXzyxm9t+xwpOZMeZ16s0bmKLiRuJuk+eWzNWE6++uIMjGRyvImabG2tubue7ed0BMWMYeTJbH6/uHmfo/Sk+5rDOFrJPoRGxzCoMIczphGEemO2+gwmMf0p7t5XzL6sf2eJtieOQqR+PuQnLGj98yHaqqdfEF7xFV/u+5BlmxyBF9vPh6Q95/rzIfYl7Ttg0rw0TC2S2ttR96ou9SH0gXgiS7JYtaRQC5M9M9K7BnUhscxO93OZJwpDDElzniBWLVl3+wok6uFHqd22lcw3fqvlnKk6E+Omklz2CTmOOrpQHqrajQAAAl5JREFUHkgcSUnmapbk92f8gsfo57jWqb+2lZDtz2cwJKQxx7+AvDXLybYbaZouaUk2w1Vb9aD2NbqXwR3Oqw4E9Gr+e2jjaup6aFJOC4HrQ6CBg5ve4d3tMSz6lxhcHlM9dO/Dsve2ceedd3q4Lqd7GoFel9V2oaBl8dsPe5qON40+2u+IralirMd9ea6jKloOmX3zQ2e3gcTMWUiK0ZvtA5yV5KCrCdjz+2qc+y51dQc9sz21SknucT1zbD1p1f7PhyzmHx//CSmjwtpPYfDUuJzvcQRc7xFee456HIXuppC1lrKCMqzRyc1erRspo5+JtFfkt8Ru5BBI30JACFwdAd2IdLZdTr+6RqT2LUlAjKMbPuz2n97IryUwIolZScPsobwbLpgIIASEgBAQAkLgliQgYbVbcthFaSFw6xFwdZnfetqLxkJACHREwPUe4U3ab0ftyXUhIASEgBAQAkJACPQYAmIc9ZihFEWEgBAQAkJACAiBriAgxlFXUJQ2hIAQEAJCQAgIgR5DQIyjHjOUoogQEAJCQAgIASHQFQTEOOoKitKGEBACQkAICAEh0GMIiHHUY4ZSFBECQkAICAEhIAS6goAYR11BUdoQAkJACAgBISAEegwBMY56zFCKIkJACAgBISAEhEBXEBDjqCsoShtCQAgIASEgBIRAjyGg/XyI2hVSvRx/e4x2oogQEAJCwIWA3ONcYMihEBACHgloxpH8UrVHPnJBCAgBISAEhIAQuMUISFjtFhtwUVcICAEhIASEgBBon4AYR+3zkatCQAgIASEgBITALUbg/wF49CHb9m5HewAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “B” alone for incoming radiation from sun.</em></p>
<p><em>All three correct answers necessary for mark.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>CO<sub>2</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) \( \rightleftharpoons \) H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>(aq)</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>State symbols <strong>AND</strong> equilibrium arrow required for mark.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept</em></p>
<p><em>CO<sub>2</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) \( \rightleftharpoons \) H<sup>+</sup>(aq) + HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>(aq).</em></p>
<p><em>CO<sub>2</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) \( \rightleftharpoons \) 2H<sup>+</sup>(aq) + CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup>(aq).</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>CO<sub>2</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) \( \rightleftharpoons \) 2H<sup>+</sup>(aq) + CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup>(aq)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>CO<sub>2</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) \( \rightleftharpoons \) H<sup>+</sup>(aq) + HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>(aq)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) \( \rightleftharpoons \) H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>(aq) + HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>(aq)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>(aq) \( \rightleftharpoons \) H<sup>+</sup>(aq) + HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>(aq)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>(aq) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l) \( \rightleftharpoons \) 2H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>(aq) + CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup>(aq)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>(aq) \( \rightleftharpoons \) 2H<sup>+</sup>(aq) + CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup>(aq)</p>
<p>equilibrium shifts to the right causing increase in [H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>]/[H<sup>+ </sup>] «thereby decreasing pH»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Equilibrium sign needed in (b) (ii) but penalize missing equilibrium sign once only in b (i) and (ii).</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “CO<sub>2</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) \( \rightleftharpoons \) H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>(aq)” unless equation was not given in b (i).</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>C(s) + H<sub>2</sub>O(g) → CO(g) + H<sub>2</sub>(g)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>3C(s) + H<sub>2</sub>O(g) + O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 3CO(g) + H<sub>2</sub>(g)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>4C(s) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(g) + O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 4CO(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>(g)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>5C(s) + H<sub>2</sub>O(g) + 2O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 5CO(g) + H<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept other correctly balanced equations which produce both CO <strong>AND</strong> H<sub>2</sub>.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>8CO(g) + 17H<sub>2</sub>(g) → C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub>(l) + 8H<sub>2</sub>O(g)</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>coal more plentiful than crude oil<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>syngas can be produced from biomass/renewable source<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>syngas can undergo liquefaction to form octanes/no need to transport crude<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>syngas can be produced by gasification underground, using carbon<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>capture/storage «to not release CO<sub>2</sub> to the atmosphere»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>coal gasification produces other usable products/slag</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>There are many sources of energy available.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State <strong>one</strong> advantage and <strong>one</strong> disadvantage for each energy source in the table.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the specific energy of hydrogen, stating its units. Refer to sections 1, 6 and 13 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Hydrogen has a higher specific energy than petrol (gasoline) but is not used as a primary fuel source in cars. Discuss the disadvantages of using hydrogen.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> award marks for converse statements for advantage and disadvantage.</em></p>
<p><em>Points related to greenhouse gases should be counted <strong>only once</strong> for the entire question.</em></p>
<p><em>Biofuels:</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “«close to» carbon neutral”, “produce less greenhouse gases/CO<sub>2</sub>” as an advantage.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “engines have to be modified if biodiesel used” as a disadvantage.</em></p>
<p><em>Fossil Fuels:</em></p>
<p><em>Accept specific pollution examples (eg, oil spills, toxic substances released when burning crude oil, etc.) as a disadvantage.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[4 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«specific energy =» 142</p>
<p>kJ\(\,\)g<sup>–1</sup></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept other correct values with the correct corresponding units.</em></p>
<p><em>M2 can be scored independently.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>large volumes of hydrogen required<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>hydrogen has lower energy density</p>
<p>not easily transportable «form» as it is a gas<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>heavy containers required to carry <em><strong>AND</strong></em> compress/regulate «hydrogen»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>high energy/cost required to compress hydrogen to transportable liquid form<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>atmospheric pollution may be generated during production of hydrogen<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>hydrogen fuel cells do not work at very low temperatures<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>highly flammable when compressed/difficult to extinguish fires<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>leaks not easy to detect<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>high cost of production<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>lack of filling stations/availability to consumer «in many countries»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “«hydrogen combustion contributes to» knocking in engines” <strong>OR</strong> “modified engine required” for M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “explosive” but not “more dangerous” for M2.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>